Model_id Action ARO_name ARO_category Changes To Summary 344 UPDATE SHV-188 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 345 UPDATE bcrA peptide antibiotic; ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; antibiotic efflux; bacitracin B; bacitracin F; bacitracin A; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36002 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are present in all cells of all organisms and use the energy of ATP binding/hydrolysis to transport substrates across cell membranes. UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with bacitracin F UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36975 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000631 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bacitracin F is a component of bacitracin, an antibiotic mixture that interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis. It is formed when the thiazoline ring of bacitracin A is oxidatively deaminated. UPDATED category_aro_name with bacitracin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36973 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000629 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bacitracin A is the primary component of bacitracin. It contains many uncommon amino acids and interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with bacitracin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36974 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000630 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bacitracin B is a component of bacitracin, an antibiotic mixture that interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis. It differs from Bacitracin A with a valine instead of an isoleucine in its peptide. " 346 UPDATE QnrB23 sparfloxacin; norfloxacin; quinolone resistance protein (qnr); gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; antibiotic target protection; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; nalidixic acid; moxifloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with quinolone resistance protein (qnr) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36558 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000419 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Qnr proteins are pentapeptide repeat proteins that mimic DNA and protect the cell from the activity of fluoroquinolone antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target protection UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. " 347 UPDATE SFH-1 SFH beta-lactamase; carbapenem; antibiotic inactivation; ARO_description; ARO_category "UPDATED ARO_description with SFH-1 confers resistance to carbapenems in Serratia fonticola. UPDATED category_aro_name with SFH beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41374 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004210 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with This type of Subclass B2 beta-lactamases was first identified from a Serratia fonticola environmental isolate. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. " 340 UPDATE CMY-51 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 341 UPDATE IMP-1 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; carbapenem; cephalosporin; IMP beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with IMP beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36029 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Plasmid mediated IMP-type carbapenemases, of which at least 26 varieties are currently known, became established in Japan in the 1990s in enteric gram-negative organisms, Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter species. Integron-associated, sometimes within plasmids. Hydrolyses all beta-lactams except monobactams, and evades all beta-lactam inhibitors. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 342 UPDATE smeS penam; antibiotic efflux; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; protein(s) and two-component regulatory system modulating antibiotic efflux; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; cephalosporin; cephamycin; aminoglycoside antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Regulator UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 343 UPDATE OXA-31 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 348 UPDATE OXY-3-1 penam; OXY beta-lactamase; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; monobactam; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 38788 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3002388 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXY beta-lactamases are chromosomal class A beta-lactamases that are found in Klebsiella oxytoca. At constitutive low levels, OXY beta-lactamases confer resistance to aminopenicillins and carboxypenicillins. At high induced levels, OXY beta-lactamases confer resistance to penicillins, cephalosporins and aztreonam. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 349 UPDATE vanL glycopeptide antibiotic; glycopeptide resistance gene cluster; van ligase; antibiotic target alteration; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide resistance gene cluster UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36373 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000234 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Genes that when expressed confer resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin type antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with van ligase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 39340 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3002906 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with van ligases synthesize alternative substrates for peptidoglycan synthesis that reduce vancomycin binding affinity. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. " 2317 UPDATE mgrB antibiotic efflux; ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump; protein(s) and two-component regulatory system modulating antibiotic efflux; pmr phosphoethanolamine transferase; macrolide antibiotic; peptide antibiotic; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; antibiotic target alteration; resistance by absence; erythromycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Regulator DELETED 39418 UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36002 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are present in all cells of all organisms and use the energy of ATP binding/hydrolysis to transport substrates across cell membranes. UPDATED category_aro_name with pmr phosphoethanolamine transferase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41433 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004269 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with This family of phosphoethanolamine transferase catalyze the addition of 4-amino-4-deoxy-L-arabinose (L-Ara4N) and phosphoethanolamine to lipid A, which impedes the binding of colistin to the cell membrane. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance by absence UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40429 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003764 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mechanism of antibiotic resistance conferred by deletion of gene (usually a porin) UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. " 2310 UPDATE Streptomyces cinnamoneus EF-Tu mutants conferring resistance to elfamycin kirromycin; pulvomycin; elfamycin resistant EF-Tu; GE2270A; kirromycin self resistant EF-Tu; LFF571; elfamycin antibiotic; enacyloxin IIa; antibiotic target alteration; model_type; model_description; ARO_category; model_param; model_type_id "UPDATED model_type with protein variant model UPDATED model_description with The protein variant model is an AMR detection model. Protein variant models are similar to protein homolog models - they detect the presence of a protein sequence based on its similarity to a curated reference sequence, but secondarily search submitted query sequences for curated sets of mutations shown clinically to confer resistance relative to wild-type. This model includes a protein reference sequence, a curated BLASTP cut-off, and mapped resistance variants. Mapped resistance variants may include any or all of: single resistance variants, insertions, deletions, co-dependent resistance variants, nonsense SNPs, and/or frameshift mutations. Protein variant model matches to reference sequences are categorized on two criteria: ""strict"" and ""loose"". A strict match has a BLASTP bitscore above the curated BLASTP cutoff value and contains at least one detected mutation from amongst the mapped resistance variants; a loose match has a BLASTP bitscore below the curated BLASTP cutoff value but still contains at least one detected mutation from amongst the mapped resistance variants. Regardless of BLASTP bitscore, if a sequence does not contain one of the mapped resistance variants, it is not considered a match and not detected by the protein variant model. UPDATED category_aro_name with kirromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37633 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3001234 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kirromycin, also known as mocimycin, is the representative molecule of its own class of elfamycins which is composed of more than 10 analogs. Kirromycin binds to the domain 1,2 interface of elongation factor Tu. This interaction maintains the EF-Tu*GTP conformation even after GTP is hydrolyzed to GDP. EF-Tu*GDP normally releases aa-tRNA and then exits the ribosome; however, kirromycin*EF-Tu*GDP*aa-tRNA forms a strong complex and remains bound to the ribosome, prohibits translocation of the peptide chain and translation is halted. UPDATED category_aro_name with pulvomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36725 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000586 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pulvomycin is a polyketide antibiotic that binds elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu) to inhibit protein biosynthesis by preventing the formation of the ternary complex (EF-Tu*GTP*aa-tRNA). Phenotypically, it was shown that pulvomycin sensitivity is dominant over resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with elfamycin resistant EF-Tu UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37711 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3001312 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Sequence variants of elongation factor Tu that confer resistance to elfamycin antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with GE2270A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37636 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3001237 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with GE2270A is the model molecule of cyclic thiazolyl peptide elfamycins. GE2270A is produced by Planobispora rosea. Biosynthesis of the molecule has been shown to originate as a ribosomally synthesized peptide that undergoes significant post-translational modification. Clinical use of cyclic thiazolyl peptides is hindered by their low water solubility and bioavailability. UPDATED category_aro_name with kirromycin self resistant EF-Tu UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40497 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003810 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Natural producers of kirromycin and kirromycin-like antibiotics (i.e., kirrothrycin) possess self-resistance, which is classified here UPDATED category_aro_name with LFF571 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 39998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003414 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with LFF571 is a novel semi-synthetic thiopeptide antibiotic derived from GE2270. It has been shown to possess potent in vitro and in vivo activity against Gram-positive bacteria. It is hypothesized that it a translation inhibitor leading to cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with elfamycin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37618 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3001219 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Elfamycins are molecules that inhibit bacterial elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu), a key protein which brings aminoacyl-tRNA (aa-tRNA) to the ribosome during protein synthesis. Elfamycins defined by their target (EF-Tu), rather than a conserved chemical backbone. Elfamycins follow two mechanisms to disrupt protein synthesis: 1. kirromycins and enacyloxin fix EF-Tu in the GTP bound conformation and lock EF-Tu onto the ribosome, and 2. pulvomycin and GE2270 cover the binding site of aa-tRNA disallowing EF-Tu from being charged with aa-tRNA. All elfamycins cause increased the affinity of EF-Tu for GTP. UPDATED category_aro_name with enacyloxin IIa UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37641 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3001242 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Enacyloxin IIa is structurally distinct but acts in a similar mechanism to kirromycin-like elfamycins. It prohibits the transfer of the amino acid at the A site to the elongating peptide chain. It is most likely that the mechanism of action is that EF-Tu*GDP is locked in the EF-Tu*GTP form, and EF-Tu*GDP*aa-tRNA is immobilized on the ribosome. It is an open question whether enacyloxin IIa actually belongs to the kirromycin-like group of elfamycins due to their high similarity. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED 8300 with A379T UPDATED 8300 with A379T UPDATED param_type with single resistance variant UPDATED param_type_id with 36301 UPDATED param_description with A nucleotide or amino acid substitution that confers elevated resistance to antibiotic(s) relative to wild type. The most common type encoded in the CARD is an amino acid substitution gleaned from the literature with format [wild-type][position][mutation], e.g. R184Q. When present in the associated gene or protein, a single resistance variant confers resistance to an antibiotic drug or drug class. Single resistance variants are used by the protein variant and rRNA mutation models to detect antibiotic resistance from submitted sequences. UPDATED model_type_id with 40293 " 298 UPDATE vanYG1 glycopeptide antibiotic; glycopeptide resistance gene cluster; antibiotic target alteration; vanY; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide resistance gene cluster UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36373 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000234 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Genes that when expressed confer resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin type antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with vanY UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36216 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000077 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with VanY is a D,D-carboxypeptidase that cleaves removes the terminal D-Ala from peptidoglycan for the addition of D-Lactate. The D-Ala-D-Lac peptidoglycan subunits have reduced binding affinity with vancomycin compared to D-Ala-D-Ala. " 299 UPDATE CepS CepS beta-lactamase; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with CepS beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41363 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004199 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CepS beta-lactamases are Class C beta-lactamases capable of hydrolyzing cephalosporin. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 296 UPDATE VIM-23 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; carbapenem; cephalosporin; cephamycin; VIM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with VIM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36030 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000021 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with The Verone integron-encoded metallo-beta-lactamase (VIM) family was reported from Italy in 1999. There are, to date, 23 reported variants. VIM enzymes mostly occur in P. aeruginosa, also P. putida and, very rarely, Enterobacteriaceae. Integron-associated, sometimes within plasmids. Hydrolyses all beta-lactams except monobactams, and evades all beta-lactam inhibitors. There is a strong incidence of these in East Asia. " 297 UPDATE CMY-98 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 294 UPDATE CfxA4 antibiotic inactivation; cephamycin; CfxA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with CfxA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 39434 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with cfxA beta-lactamases are class A beta-lactamases " 295 UPDATE OXA-145 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 292 UPDATE TEM-17 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 293 UPDATE SHV-180 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 290 UPDATE vatD dalfopristin; antibiotic inactivation; streptogramin vat acetyltransferase; pristinamycin IIA; madumycin II; griseoviridin; streptogramin antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with dalfopristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37018 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000674 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dalfopristin is a water-soluble semi-synthetic derivative of pristinamycin IIA. It is produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis and is used in combination with quinupristin in a 7:3 ratio. Both work together to inhibit protein synthesis, and is active against Gram-positive bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptogramin vat acetyltransferase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36592 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000453 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with vat (Virginiamycin acetyltransferases) enzymes catalyze the transfer of an acetyl group from acetyl-CoA to the secondary alcohol of streptogramin A compounds, thus inactivating virginiamycin-like antibiotics and conferring resistance to these compounds. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IIA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37013 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000669 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IIA is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with madumycin II UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37016 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000672 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Madumycin II is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with griseoviridin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000673 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Griseoviridin is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptogramin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35945 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000026 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptogramin antibiotics are natural products produced by various members of the Streptomyces genus. These antibiotics bind to the P site of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The family consists of two subgroups, type A and type B, which are simultaneously produced by the same bacterial species in a ratio of roughly 70:30. " 291 UPDATE APH(3')-Ia antibiotic inactivation; aminoglycoside antibiotic; paromomycin; kanamycin A; APH(3'); lividomycin B; ribostamycin; G418; neomycin; lividomycin A; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with paromomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000657 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with An aminoglycoside antibiotic used for the treatment of parasitic infections. It is similar to neomycin sharing a similar spectrum of activity, but its hydroxyl group at the 6'-position instead of an amino group makes it resistant to AAC(6') modifying enzymes. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with APH(3') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36265 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000126 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Phosphorylation of 2-deoxystreptamine aminoglycosides on the hydroxyl group at position 3' UPDATED category_aro_name with lividomycin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37045 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000701 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Lividomycin B is a derivative of lividomycin A with a removed mannose group (demannosyllividomycin A). Livodomycins interfere with bacterial protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with ribostamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35940 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000021 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ribostamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Ribostamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with G418 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000653 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A gentamicin class aminoglycoside antibiotic often used in mammalian cell culture work as a selectable marker for the neo cassette (APH3'). UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with lividomycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37044 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000700 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Lividomycin A is a pentasaccharide antibiotic which interferes with bacterial protein synthesis. " 270 UPDATE LEN-20 penam; LEN beta-lactamase; antibiotic inactivation; penem; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with LEN beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36236 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000097 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with LEN beta-lactamases are chromosomal class A beta-lactamases that confer resistance to ampicillin, amoxicillin, carbenicillin, and ticarcillin but not to extended-spectrum beta-lactams. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. " 271 UPDATE CMY-4 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 272 UPDATE QnrB36 sparfloxacin; norfloxacin; quinolone resistance protein (qnr); gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; antibiotic target protection; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; nalidixic acid; moxifloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with quinolone resistance protein (qnr) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36558 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000419 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Qnr proteins are pentapeptide repeat proteins that mimic DNA and protect the cell from the activity of fluoroquinolone antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target protection UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. " 273 UPDATE VEB-7 antibiotic inactivation; monobactam; cephalosporin; VEB beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with VEB beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36182 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000043 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with VEB beta-lactamases or Vietnamese extended-spectrum beta-lactamases are class A beta-lactamases that confer high-level resistance to oxyimino cephalosporins and to aztreonam " 274 UPDATE OXA-174 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 275 UPDATE OKP-B-2 penam; antibiotic inactivation; OKP beta-lactamase; cephalosporin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with OKP beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 38817 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3002417 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OKP beta-lactamases are chromosomal class A beta-lactamase that confer resistance to penicillins and early cephalosporins in Klebsiella pneumoniae. OKP beta-lactamases can be subdivided into two groups: OKP-A and OKP-B which diverge by about 4.2% UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 276 UPDATE tetR antibiotic efflux; major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump; protein(s) and two-component regulatory system modulating antibiotic efflux; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; tigecycline; glycylcycline; tetracycline antibiotic; antibiotic target alteration; tetracycline; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Regulator DELETED 35950 UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and ABC transporters comprise the two largest and most functionally diverse of the transporter superfamilies. However, MFS transporters are distinct from ABC transporters in both their primary sequence and structure and in the mechanism of energy coupling. As secondary transporters they are, like RND and SMR transporters, energized by the electrochemical proton gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with tigecycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35949 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000030 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tigecycline is an glycylcycline antibiotic. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycylcycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35960 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000042 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycylcyclines are a new class of antibiotics derived from tetracycline. These tetracycline analogues are specifically designed to overcome two common mechanisms of tetracycline resistance. Presently, there is only one glycylcycline antibiotic for clinical use: tigecycline. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome, preventing the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. " 277 UPDATE TEM-91 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 278 UPDATE imiS carbapenem; CphA beta-lactamase; antibiotic inactivation; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CphA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36720 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000581 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CphA is an Ambler Class B MBL; subclass B2 originally isolated from Aeromonas hydrophilia. This enzyme has specific activity against carbapenems and is active as a mono-zinc protein. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. " 279 UPDATE CTX-M-107 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 642 UPDATE aadA25 antibiotic inactivation; aminoglycoside antibiotic; ANT(3''); streptomycin; spectinomycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with ANT(3'') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41439 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004275 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucleotidylylation of streptomycin at the hydroxyl group at position 3'' UPDATED category_aro_name with streptomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35958 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000040 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Streptomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with spectinomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35957 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000039 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Spectinomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Spectinomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit inhibiting translation. " 2262 UPDATE mefC efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump; macrolide antibiotic; antibiotic efflux; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and ABC transporters comprise the two largest and most functionally diverse of the transporter superfamilies. However, MFS transporters are distinct from ABC transporters in both their primary sequence and structure and in the mechanism of energy coupling. As secondary transporters they are, like RND and SMR transporters, energized by the electrochemical proton gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. " 2260 UPDATE vatF dalfopristin; antibiotic inactivation; streptogramin vat acetyltransferase; pristinamycin IIA; madumycin II; griseoviridin; streptogramin antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with dalfopristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37018 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000674 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dalfopristin is a water-soluble semi-synthetic derivative of pristinamycin IIA. It is produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis and is used in combination with quinupristin in a 7:3 ratio. Both work together to inhibit protein synthesis, and is active against Gram-positive bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptogramin vat acetyltransferase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36592 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000453 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with vat (Virginiamycin acetyltransferases) enzymes catalyze the transfer of an acetyl group from acetyl-CoA to the secondary alcohol of streptogramin A compounds, thus inactivating virginiamycin-like antibiotics and conferring resistance to these compounds. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IIA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37013 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000669 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IIA is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with madumycin II UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37016 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000672 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Madumycin II is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with griseoviridin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000673 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Griseoviridin is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptogramin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35945 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000026 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptogramin antibiotics are natural products produced by various members of the Streptomyces genus. These antibiotics bind to the P site of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The family consists of two subgroups, type A and type B, which are simultaneously produced by the same bacterial species in a ratio of roughly 70:30. " 2261 UPDATE lnuE antibiotic inactivation; lincosamide nucleotidyltransferase (LNU); lincosamide antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincosamide nucleotidyltransferase (LNU) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000221 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Resistance to the lincosamide antibiotic by ATP-dependent modification of the 3' and/or 4'-hydroxyl groups of the methylthiolincosamide sugar. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincosamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35936 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincosamides (e.g. lincomycin, clindamycin) are a class of drugs which bind to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. This interaction inhibits early elongation of peptide chains by inhibiting the transpeptidase reaction, acting similarly to macrolides. " 2267 UPDATE Escherichia coli nfsA mutations conferring resistance to nitrofurantoin antibiotic target alteration; nitrofuran antibiotic; nitrofurantoin; antibiotic resistant nfsA; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with nitrofuran antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41240 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004116 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Nitrofurans are chemotherapeutic agents with antibacterial and antiprotozoal activity. UPDATED category_aro_name with nitrofurantoin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35992 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000075 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nitrofurantoin is an antibiotic used to treat urinary tract infections. It inhibits enzyme synthesis by inhibiting essential enzymes involved in the citric acid cycle, as well as those involved in DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis. It is marketed under the following brand names: Furadantin, Macrobid, Macrodantin, Nitro Macro and Urantoin. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic resistant nfsA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40411 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003754 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with The nfsA-encoded nitroreductase is the major oxygen-insensitive nitroreductase present in E. coli. NfsA uses only NADPH and has broad electron acceptor specificity. Mutations in nfsA cause resistance to nitrofurazone and furazolidone. Resistance to nitrofurantoin via mutation of nfsA reduces the fitness of clinical isolates of E. coli. " 2264 UPDATE oleC efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump; macrolide antibiotic; oleandomycin; antibiotic efflux; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36002 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are present in all cells of all organisms and use the energy of ATP binding/hydrolysis to transport substrates across cell membranes. UPDATED category_aro_name with oleandomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37247 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000867 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Oleandomycin is a 14-membered macrolide produced by Streptomyces antibioticus. It is ssimilar to erythromycin, and contains a desosamine amino sugar and an oleandrose sugar. It targets the 50S ribosomal subunit to prevent protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. " 2265 UPDATE salA pleuromutilin; ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump; antibiotic efflux; pleuromutilin antibiotic; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; streptogramin antibiotic; lincosamide antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with pleuromutilin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37716 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3001317 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pleuromutilin is a natural product antibiotic produced by Clitopilus passeckerianus. Related antibiotics of clinical significance, such as tiamulin and retapamulin, are semi-synthetic derivatives of this compound. UPDATED category_aro_name with ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36002 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are present in all cells of all organisms and use the energy of ATP binding/hydrolysis to transport substrates across cell membranes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with pleuromutilin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37014 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000670 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Pleuromutilins are natural fungal products that target bacterial protein translation by binding the the 23S rRNA, blocking the ribosome P site at the 50S subunit. They are mostly used for agriculture and veterinary purposes. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptogramin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35945 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000026 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptogramin antibiotics are natural products produced by various members of the Streptomyces genus. These antibiotics bind to the P site of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The family consists of two subgroups, type A and type B, which are simultaneously produced by the same bacterial species in a ratio of roughly 70:30. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincosamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35936 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincosamides (e.g. lincomycin, clindamycin) are a class of drugs which bind to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. This interaction inhibits early elongation of peptide chains by inhibiting the transpeptidase reaction, acting similarly to macrolides. " 1781 UPDATE AAC(2')-Ia antibiotic inactivation; AAC(2'); arbekacin; gentamicin B; gentamicin C; amikacin; aminoglycoside antibiotic; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with AAC(2') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36480 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000341 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Acetylation of the aminoglycoside antibiotic on the amino group at position 2'. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin C UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35933 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin C is a mixture of gentamicin C1, gentamicin C1a, and gentamicin C2 (these differ in substituents at position C6'). Gentamicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 2445 UPDATE Erm(44) antibiotic target alteration; streptogramin antibiotic; Erm 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase; macrolide antibiotic; lincosamide antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptogramin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35945 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000026 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptogramin antibiotics are natural products produced by various members of the Streptomyces genus. These antibiotics bind to the P site of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The family consists of two subgroups, type A and type B, which are simultaneously produced by the same bacterial species in a ratio of roughly 70:30. UPDATED category_aro_name with Erm 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36699 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000560 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Erm proteins are part of the RNA methyltransferase family and methylate A2058 (E. coli nomenclature) of the 23S ribosomal RNA conferring degrees of resistance to Macrolides, Lincosamides and Streptogramin b. This is called the MLSb phenotype. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincosamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35936 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincosamides (e.g. lincomycin, clindamycin) are a class of drugs which bind to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. This interaction inhibits early elongation of peptide chains by inhibiting the transpeptidase reaction, acting similarly to macrolides. " 108 UPDATE PDC-8 PDC beta-lactamase; monobactam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; carbapenem; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with PDC beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36237 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000098 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with PDC beta-lactamases are class C beta-lactamases that are found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 109 UPDATE ErmE antibiotic target alteration; vernamycin B-gamma; oleandomycin; macrolide antibiotic; telithromycin; tylosin; lincosamide antibiotic; dirithromycin; clarithromycin; clindamycin; dalfopristin; pristinamycin IB; quinupristin; pristinamycin IA; Erm 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase; pristinamycin IIA; madumycin II; griseoviridin; lincomycin; streptogramin antibiotic; roxithromycin; spiramycin; azithromycin; erythromycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with vernamycin B-gamma UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37022 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000678 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Vernamycin B-gamma is a class B streptogramin derived from virginiamycin S1. UPDATED category_aro_name with oleandomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37247 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000867 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Oleandomycin is a 14-membered macrolide produced by Streptomyces antibioticus. It is ssimilar to erythromycin, and contains a desosamine amino sugar and an oleandrose sugar. It targets the 50S ribosomal subunit to prevent protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with telithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35974 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000057 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Telithromycin is a semi-synthetic derivative of erythromycin. It is a 14-membered macrolide and is the first ketolide antibiotic to be used in clinics. Telithromycin binds the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with tylosin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36284 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000145 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tylosin is a 16-membered macrolide, naturally produced by Streptomyces fradiae. It interacts with the bacterial ribosome 50S subunit to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincosamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35936 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincosamides (e.g. lincomycin, clindamycin) are a class of drugs which bind to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. This interaction inhibits early elongation of peptide chains by inhibiting the transpeptidase reaction, acting similarly to macrolides. UPDATED category_aro_name with dirithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36315 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000176 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dirithromycin is an oxazine derivative of erythromycin, sharing the 14-carbon macrolide ring. The antibiotic binds to the 50S subunit of the ribosome to inhibit bacterial protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with clarithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35982 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000065 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Clarithromycin is a methyl derivative of erythromycin, sharing the 14-carbon macrolide ring. The antibiotic binds to the 50S subunit of the ribosome and is used to treat pharyngitis, tonsillitis, acute maxillary sinusitis, acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, pneumonia (especially atypical pneumonias associated with Chlamydia pneumoniae or TWAR), and skin structure infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with clindamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35983 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000066 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Clindamycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that blocks A-site aminoacyl-tRNA binding. It is usually used to treat infections with anaerobic bacteria but can also be used to treat some protozoal diseases, such as malaria. UPDATED category_aro_name with dalfopristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37018 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000674 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dalfopristin is a water-soluble semi-synthetic derivative of pristinamycin IIA. It is produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis and is used in combination with quinupristin in a 7:3 ratio. Both work together to inhibit protein synthesis, and is active against Gram-positive bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IB UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37019 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000675 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IB is a class B streptogramin similar to pristinamycin IA, the former containing a N-methyl-4-(methylamino)phenylalanine instead of a N-methyl-4-(dimethylamino)phenylalanine in its class A streptogramin counterpart (one less methyl group). UPDATED category_aro_name with quinupristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36723 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000584 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Quinupristin is a type B streptogramin and a semisynthetic derivative of pristinamycin 1A. It is a component of the drug Synercid and interacts with the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36722 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000583 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin 1A is a type B streptogramin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis. It binds to the P site of the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, preventing the extension of protein chains. UPDATED category_aro_name with Erm 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36699 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000560 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Erm proteins are part of the RNA methyltransferase family and methylate A2058 (E. coli nomenclature) of the 23S ribosomal RNA conferring degrees of resistance to Macrolides, Lincosamides and Streptogramin b. This is called the MLSb phenotype. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IIA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37013 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000669 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IIA is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with madumycin II UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37016 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000672 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Madumycin II is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with griseoviridin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000673 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Griseoviridin is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35964 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000046 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincomycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that comes from the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis. It binds to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes and inhibit early elongation of peptide chain by inhibiting transpeptidase reaction. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptogramin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35945 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000026 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptogramin antibiotics are natural products produced by various members of the Streptomyces genus. These antibiotics bind to the P site of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The family consists of two subgroups, type A and type B, which are simultaneously produced by the same bacterial species in a ratio of roughly 70:30. UPDATED category_aro_name with roxithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35946 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000027 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Roxithromycin is a semi-synthetic, 14-carbon ring macrolide antibiotic derived from erythromycin. It is used to treat respiratory tract, urinary and soft tissue infections. Roxithromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. UPDATED category_aro_name with spiramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36295 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000156 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Spiramycin is a 16-membered macrolide and is natural product produced by Streptomyces ambofaciens. It binds to the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes and inhibits peptidyl transfer activity to disrupt protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with azithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36297 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000158 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Azithromycin is a 15-membered macrolide and falls under the subclass of azalide. Like other macrolides, azithromycin binds bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The nitrogen substitution at the C-9a position prevents its degradation. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. " 102 UPDATE TLA-2 antibiotic inactivation; monobactam; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; cephalosporin; TLA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TLA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 39785 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003201 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with The TLA beta-lactamases are resistant to expanded-spectrum cephalosporins, aztreonam, ciprofloxacin, and ofloxacin but was susceptible to amikacin, cefotetan, and imipenem. " 103 UPDATE SHV-12 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; carbapenem; ceftazidime; cefalotin; ceftriaxone; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftazidime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35977 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000060 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftazidime is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Unlike most third-generation agents, it is active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, however it has weaker activity against Gram-positive microorganisms and is not used for such infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefalotin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37084 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000704 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. It is resistant to staphylococci beta-lactamases but hydrolyzed by enterobacterial beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftriaxone UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35979 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000062 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftriaxone is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. The presence of an aminothiazolyl sidechain increases ceftriazone's resistance to beta-lactamases. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 100 UPDATE Mycobacterium tuberculosis ethA with mutation conferring resistance to ethionamide isoniazid; antibiotic target alteration; ethionamide; ethionamide resistant ethA; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with isoniazid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36659 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000520 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Isoniazid is an organic compound that is the first-line anti tuberculosis medication in prevention and treatment. As a prodrug, it is activated by mycobacterial catalase-peroxidases such as M. tuberculosis KatG. Isoniazid inhibits mycolic acid synthesis, which prevents cell wall synthesis in mycobacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ethionamide UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40067 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003474 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with ethionamide is a second-line antitubercular agent that inhibits mycolic acid synthesis UPDATED category_aro_name with ethionamide resistant ethA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40050 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003457 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutations that occurs on the ethA genes resulting in the inability to catalyzes the oxidation of ethionamide (ETH) to the corresponding sulfoxide (the active drug) " 101 UPDATE TEM-109 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 106 UPDATE catB9 antibiotic inactivation; thiamphenicol; chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT); azidamfenicol; phenicol antibiotic; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with thiamphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36595 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000456 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Derivative of Chloramphenicol. The nitro group (-NO2) is substituted by a sulfomethyl group (-SO2CH3). UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36261 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000122 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Inactivates chloramphenicol by addition of an acyl group. cat is used to describe many variants of the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene in a range of organisms including Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Bacillus clausii, Bacillus subtilis, Campylobacter coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, Lactococcus lactis, Listeria monocytogenes, Listonella anguillarum Morganella morganii, Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella typhi, Serratia marcescens, Shigella flexneri, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Staphylococcus intermedius, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus suis and Streptomyces acrimycini UPDATED category_aro_name with azidamfenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36521 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000382 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Azidamfenicol is a water soluble derivative of chloramphenicol, sharing the same mode of action of inhibiting peptide synthesis by interacting with the 23S RNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. " 107 UPDATE TEM-43 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 104 UPDATE OXA-61 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 105 UPDATE CARB-4 penam; antibiotic inactivation; CARB beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CARB beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36230 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000091 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CARB beta-lactamases are class A lactamases that can hydrolyze carbenicillin. Many of the PSE beta-lactamases have been renamed as CARB-lactamases with the notable exception of PSE-2 which is now OXA-10. " 2046 UPDATE tet(33) tetracycline antibiotic; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump; tetracycline; antibiotic efflux; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and ABC transporters comprise the two largest and most functionally diverse of the transporter superfamilies. However, MFS transporters are distinct from ABC transporters in both their primary sequence and structure and in the mechanism of energy coupling. As secondary transporters they are, like RND and SMR transporters, energized by the electrochemical proton gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. " 2047 UPDATE OXA-322 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 2044 UPDATE QnrB31 sparfloxacin; norfloxacin; quinolone resistance protein (qnr); gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; antibiotic target protection; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; nalidixic acid; moxifloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with quinolone resistance protein (qnr) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36558 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000419 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Qnr proteins are pentapeptide repeat proteins that mimic DNA and protect the cell from the activity of fluoroquinolone antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target protection UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. " 2045 UPDATE OXY-2-3 penam; OXY beta-lactamase; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; monobactam; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 38788 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3002388 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXY beta-lactamases are chromosomal class A beta-lactamases that are found in Klebsiella oxytoca. At constitutive low levels, OXY beta-lactamases confer resistance to aminopenicillins and carboxypenicillins. At high induced levels, OXY beta-lactamases confer resistance to penicillins, cephalosporins and aztreonam. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 2042 UPDATE IND-8 carbapenem; antibiotic inactivation; IND beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with IND beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36199 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000060 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with IND beta-lactamases are class B carbapenem-hydrolyzing beta-lactamases " 2043 UPDATE aadA8 antibiotic inactivation; aminoglycoside antibiotic; ANT(3''); streptomycin; spectinomycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with ANT(3'') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41439 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004275 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucleotidylylation of streptomycin at the hydroxyl group at position 3'' UPDATED category_aro_name with streptomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35958 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000040 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Streptomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with spectinomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35957 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000039 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Spectinomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Spectinomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit inhibiting translation. " 2040 UPDATE TEM-60 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 2041 UPDATE OXA-424 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 2048 UPDATE OXA-57 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 2049 UPDATE QnrB72 sparfloxacin; norfloxacin; quinolone resistance protein (qnr); gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; antibiotic target protection; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; nalidixic acid; moxifloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with quinolone resistance protein (qnr) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36558 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000419 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Qnr proteins are pentapeptide repeat proteins that mimic DNA and protect the cell from the activity of fluoroquinolone antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target protection UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. " 1213 UPDATE nalD sulfonamide antibiotic; penem; panipenem; tetracycline antibiotic; clavulanate; meropenem; antibiotic efflux; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; aztreonam; nalidixic acid; aminocoumarin antibiotic; cephalosporin; macrolide antibiotic; carbapenem; ceftazidime; ciprofloxacin; cephamycin; ceftriaxone; protein(s) and two-component regulatory system modulating antibiotic efflux; peptide antibiotic; diaminopyrimidine antibiotic; ticarcillin; ampicillin; amoxicillin; penam; sulfamethoxazole; novobiocin; phenicol antibiotic; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole; tetracycline; monobactam; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; erythromycin; trimethoprim; azithromycin; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Regulator UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with panipenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40362 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003708 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Panipenem is a carbapenem antibacterial agent with a broad spectrum of in vitro activity covering a wide range of Gram-negative and Gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic bacterial. It is used in combination with betamipron to inhibit panipenem uptake into the renal tubule and prevent nephrotoxicity. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with clavulanate UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000079 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Adjuvant UPDATED category_aro_description with Clavulanic acid is a beta-lactamase inhibitor (marketed by GlaxoSmithKline, formerly Beecham) combined with penicillin group antibiotics to overcome certain types of antibiotic resistance. It is used to overcome resistance in bacteria that secrete beta-lactamase, which otherwise inactivates most penicillins. UPDATED category_aro_name with meropenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35990 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000073 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Meropenem is an ultra-broad spectrum injectable antibiotic used to treat a wide variety of infections, including meningitis and pneumonia. It is a beta-lactam and belongs to the subgroup of carbapenem, similar to imipenem and ertapenem. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with aztreonam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36689 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000550 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Aztreonam was the first monobactam discovered, and is greatly effective against Gram-negative bacteria while inactive against Gram-positive bacteria. Artreonam is a poor substrate for beta-lactamases, and may even act as an inhibitor. In Gram-negative bacteria, Aztreonam interferes with filamentation, inhibiting cell division and leading to cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminocoumarin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36242 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000103 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminocoumarin antibiotics bind DNA gyrase subunit B to inhibit ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftazidime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35977 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000060 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftazidime is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Unlike most third-generation agents, it is active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, however it has weaker activity against Gram-positive microorganisms and is not used for such infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40957 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004024 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with An antibiotic cocktail containing the diaminopyrimidine antibiotic Trimethoprim and the sulfonamide antibiotic sulfamethoxazole (1 TMP:5 SMX). UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftriaxone UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35979 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000062 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftriaxone is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. The presence of an aminothiazolyl sidechain increases ceftriazone's resistance to beta-lactamases. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with diaminopyrimidine antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36310 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000171 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Diaminopyrimidines are a class of organic compounds containing a pyrimidine ring substituted by two amine groups. They are inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme critical for DNA synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with ticarcillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40523 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003832 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ticarcillin is a carboxypenicillin used for the treatment of Gram-negative bacteria, particularly P. aeruginosa. Ticarcillin's antibiotic properties arise from its ability to prevent cross-linking of peptidoglycan during cell wall synthesis, when the bacteria try to divide, causing cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with ampicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36981 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000637 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ampicillin is a penicillin derivative that is highly acid stable, with its activity similar to benzylpenicillin. UPDATED category_aro_name with amoxicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35981 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000064 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amoxicillin is a moderate-spectrum, bacteriolytic, beta-lactam antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections caused by susceptible microorganisms. A derivative of penicillin, it has a wider range of treatment but remains relatively ineffective against Gram-negative bacteria. It is commonly taken with clavulanic acid, a beta-lactamase inhibitor. Like other beta-lactams, amoxicillin interferes with the synthesis of peptidoglycan. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36327 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000188 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Trimethoprim is a synthetic 5-(3,4,5- trimethoxybenzyl) pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, inhibiting synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid. Tetrahydrofolic acid is an essential precursor in the de novo synthesis of the DNA nucleotide thymidine. Trimethoprim is a bacteriostatic antibiotic mainly used in the prophylaxis and treatment of urinary tract infections in combination with sulfamethoxazole, a sulfonamide antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with sulfamethoxazole UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36468 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000329 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sulfamethoxazole is a sulfonamide antibiotic usually taken with trimethoprim, a diaminopyrimidine antibiotic. Sulfamethoxazole inhibits dihydropteroate synthase, essential to tetrahydrofolic acid biosynthesis. This pathway generates compounds used in the synthesis of many amino acids and nucleotides. UPDATED category_aro_name with novobiocin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36250 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000111 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Novobiocin is an aminocoumarin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spheroides and Streptomyces niveus, and binds DNA gyrase subunit B inhibiting ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with azithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36297 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000158 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Azithromycin is a 15-membered macrolide and falls under the subclass of azalide. Like other macrolides, azithromycin binds bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The nitrogen substitution at the C-9a position prevents its degradation. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with sulfonamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36421 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000282 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Sulfonamides are broad spectrum, synthetic antibiotics that contain the sulfonamide group. Sulfonamides inhibit dihydropteroate synthase, which catalyzes the conversion of p-aminobenzoic acid to dihydropteroic acid as part of the tetrahydrofolic acid biosynthetic pathway. Tetrahydrofolic acid is essential for folate synthesis, a precursor of many nucleotides and amino acids. Many sulfamides are taken with trimethoprim, an inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, also disturbing the trihydrofolic acid synthesis pathway. " 1210 UPDATE novA efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump; aminocoumarin antibiotic; novobiocin; antibiotic efflux; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36002 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are present in all cells of all organisms and use the energy of ATP binding/hydrolysis to transport substrates across cell membranes. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminocoumarin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36242 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000103 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminocoumarin antibiotics bind DNA gyrase subunit B to inhibit ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with novobiocin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36250 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000111 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Novobiocin is an aminocoumarin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spheroides and Streptomyces niveus, and binds DNA gyrase subunit B inhibiting ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. " 2688 UPDATE ArmR sulfonamide antibiotic; penem; panipenem; tetracycline antibiotic; clavulanate; meropenem; antibiotic efflux; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; aztreonam; trimethoprim; aminocoumarin antibiotic; cephalosporin; macrolide antibiotic; carbapenem; ceftazidime; ciprofloxacin; cephamycin; ceftriaxone; protein(s) and two-component regulatory system modulating antibiotic efflux; peptide antibiotic; diaminopyrimidine antibiotic; ampicillin; amoxicillin; penam; sulfamethoxazole; novobiocin; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole; tetracycline; monobactam; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; erythromycin; phenicol antibiotic; azithromycin; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Regulator UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with panipenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40362 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003708 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Panipenem is a carbapenem antibacterial agent with a broad spectrum of in vitro activity covering a wide range of Gram-negative and Gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic bacterial. It is used in combination with betamipron to inhibit panipenem uptake into the renal tubule and prevent nephrotoxicity. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with clavulanate UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000079 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Adjuvant UPDATED category_aro_description with Clavulanic acid is a beta-lactamase inhibitor (marketed by GlaxoSmithKline, formerly Beecham) combined with penicillin group antibiotics to overcome certain types of antibiotic resistance. It is used to overcome resistance in bacteria that secrete beta-lactamase, which otherwise inactivates most penicillins. UPDATED category_aro_name with meropenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35990 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000073 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Meropenem is an ultra-broad spectrum injectable antibiotic used to treat a wide variety of infections, including meningitis and pneumonia. It is a beta-lactam and belongs to the subgroup of carbapenem, similar to imipenem and ertapenem. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with aztreonam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36689 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000550 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Aztreonam was the first monobactam discovered, and is greatly effective against Gram-negative bacteria while inactive against Gram-positive bacteria. Artreonam is a poor substrate for beta-lactamases, and may even act as an inhibitor. In Gram-negative bacteria, Aztreonam interferes with filamentation, inhibiting cell division and leading to cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36327 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000188 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Trimethoprim is a synthetic 5-(3,4,5- trimethoxybenzyl) pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, inhibiting synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid. Tetrahydrofolic acid is an essential precursor in the de novo synthesis of the DNA nucleotide thymidine. Trimethoprim is a bacteriostatic antibiotic mainly used in the prophylaxis and treatment of urinary tract infections in combination with sulfamethoxazole, a sulfonamide antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminocoumarin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36242 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000103 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminocoumarin antibiotics bind DNA gyrase subunit B to inhibit ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftazidime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35977 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000060 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftazidime is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Unlike most third-generation agents, it is active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, however it has weaker activity against Gram-positive microorganisms and is not used for such infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40957 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004024 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with An antibiotic cocktail containing the diaminopyrimidine antibiotic Trimethoprim and the sulfonamide antibiotic sulfamethoxazole (1 TMP:5 SMX). UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftriaxone UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35979 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000062 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftriaxone is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. The presence of an aminothiazolyl sidechain increases ceftriazone's resistance to beta-lactamases. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with diaminopyrimidine antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36310 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000171 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Diaminopyrimidines are a class of organic compounds containing a pyrimidine ring substituted by two amine groups. They are inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme critical for DNA synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with ampicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36981 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000637 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ampicillin is a penicillin derivative that is highly acid stable, with its activity similar to benzylpenicillin. UPDATED category_aro_name with amoxicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35981 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000064 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amoxicillin is a moderate-spectrum, bacteriolytic, beta-lactam antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections caused by susceptible microorganisms. A derivative of penicillin, it has a wider range of treatment but remains relatively ineffective against Gram-negative bacteria. It is commonly taken with clavulanic acid, a beta-lactamase inhibitor. Like other beta-lactams, amoxicillin interferes with the synthesis of peptidoglycan. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with sulfamethoxazole UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36468 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000329 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sulfamethoxazole is a sulfonamide antibiotic usually taken with trimethoprim, a diaminopyrimidine antibiotic. Sulfamethoxazole inhibits dihydropteroate synthase, essential to tetrahydrofolic acid biosynthesis. This pathway generates compounds used in the synthesis of many amino acids and nucleotides. UPDATED category_aro_name with novobiocin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36250 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000111 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Novobiocin is an aminocoumarin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spheroides and Streptomyces niveus, and binds DNA gyrase subunit B inhibiting ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with azithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36297 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000158 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Azithromycin is a 15-membered macrolide and falls under the subclass of azalide. Like other macrolides, azithromycin binds bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The nitrogen substitution at the C-9a position prevents its degradation. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with sulfonamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36421 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000282 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Sulfonamides are broad spectrum, synthetic antibiotics that contain the sulfonamide group. Sulfonamides inhibit dihydropteroate synthase, which catalyzes the conversion of p-aminobenzoic acid to dihydropteroic acid as part of the tetrahydrofolic acid biosynthetic pathway. Tetrahydrofolic acid is essential for folate synthesis, a precursor of many nucleotides and amino acids. Many sulfamides are taken with trimethoprim, an inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, also disturbing the trihydrofolic acid synthesis pathway. " 2689 UPDATE Staphylococcus aureus 23S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to linezolid antibiotic target alteration; glycopeptide antibiotic; vernamycin B-gamma; macrolide antibiotic; florfenicol; lincosamide antibiotic; thiamphenicol; 23S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to linezolid antibiotics; linezolid; oxazolidinone antibiotic; clindamycin; dalfopristin; pristinamycin IB; quinupristin; pristinamycin IA; bleomycin B2; bleomycinic acid; bleomycin A2; pristinamycin IIA; pleuromutilin antibiotic; madumycin II; griseoviridin; lincomycin; streptogramin antibiotic; azidamfenicol; phenicol antibiotic; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with vernamycin B-gamma UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37022 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000678 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Vernamycin B-gamma is a class B streptogramin derived from virginiamycin S1. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with florfenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36600 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000461 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Florfenicol is a fluorine derivative of chloramphenicol, where the nitro group (-NO2) is substituted by a sulfomethyl group (-SO2CH3) and the hydroxyl group (-OH), by a fluorine group (-F). The action mechanism is the same as chloramphenicol's, where the antibiotic binds to the 23S RNA of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincosamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35936 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincosamides (e.g. lincomycin, clindamycin) are a class of drugs which bind to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. This interaction inhibits early elongation of peptide chains by inhibiting the transpeptidase reaction, acting similarly to macrolides. UPDATED category_aro_name with thiamphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36595 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000456 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Derivative of Chloramphenicol. The nitro group (-NO2) is substituted by a sulfomethyl group (-SO2CH3). UPDATED category_aro_name with 23S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to linezolid antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41123 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004057 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Point mutations in the 23S rRNA subunit may confer resistance to linezolid and other oxazolidinone antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with linezolid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35989 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000072 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Linezolid is a synthetic antibiotic used for the treatment of serious infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria that are resistant to several other antibiotics. It inhibits protein synthesis by binding to domain V of the 23S rRNA of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with oxazolidinone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36218 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000079 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Oxazolidinones are a class of synthetic antibiotics discovered the the 1980's. They inhibit protein synthesis by binding to domain V of the 23S rRNA of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. Linezolid is the only member of this class currently in clinical use. UPDATED category_aro_name with clindamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35983 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000066 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Clindamycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that blocks A-site aminoacyl-tRNA binding. It is usually used to treat infections with anaerobic bacteria but can also be used to treat some protozoal diseases, such as malaria. UPDATED category_aro_name with dalfopristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37018 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000674 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dalfopristin is a water-soluble semi-synthetic derivative of pristinamycin IIA. It is produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis and is used in combination with quinupristin in a 7:3 ratio. Both work together to inhibit protein synthesis, and is active against Gram-positive bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IB UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37019 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000675 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IB is a class B streptogramin similar to pristinamycin IA, the former containing a N-methyl-4-(methylamino)phenylalanine instead of a N-methyl-4-(dimethylamino)phenylalanine in its class A streptogramin counterpart (one less methyl group). UPDATED category_aro_name with quinupristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36723 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000584 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Quinupristin is a type B streptogramin and a semisynthetic derivative of pristinamycin 1A. It is a component of the drug Synercid and interacts with the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36722 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000583 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin 1A is a type B streptogramin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis. It binds to the P site of the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, preventing the extension of protein chains. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin B2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37036 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000692 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin B2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycinic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37034 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000690 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycinic acid is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin A2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37035 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000691 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin A2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IIA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37013 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000669 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IIA is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with pleuromutilin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37014 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000670 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Pleuromutilins are natural fungal products that target bacterial protein translation by binding the the 23S rRNA, blocking the ribosome P site at the 50S subunit. They are mostly used for agriculture and veterinary purposes. UPDATED category_aro_name with madumycin II UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37016 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000672 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Madumycin II is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with griseoviridin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000673 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Griseoviridin is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35964 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000046 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincomycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that comes from the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis. It binds to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes and inhibit early elongation of peptide chain by inhibiting transpeptidase reaction. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptogramin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35945 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000026 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptogramin antibiotics are natural products produced by various members of the Streptomyces genus. These antibiotics bind to the P site of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The family consists of two subgroups, type A and type B, which are simultaneously produced by the same bacterial species in a ratio of roughly 70:30. UPDATED category_aro_name with azidamfenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36521 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000382 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Azidamfenicol is a water soluble derivative of chloramphenicol, sharing the same mode of action of inhibiting peptide synthesis by interacting with the 23S RNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. " 2685 UPDATE Pseudomonas aeruginosa CpxR sulfonamide antibiotic; penem; panipenem; tetracycline antibiotic; clavulanate; meropenem; antibiotic efflux; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; aztreonam; trimethoprim; aminocoumarin antibiotic; cephalosporin; macrolide antibiotic; carbapenem; ceftazidime; ciprofloxacin; cephamycin; aminoglycoside antibiotic; protein(s) and two-component regulatory system modulating antibiotic efflux; peptide antibiotic; diaminopyrimidine antibiotic; ampicillin; amoxicillin; penam; ceftriaxone; sulfamethoxazole; novobiocin; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole; tetracycline; monobactam; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; erythromycin; phenicol antibiotic; azithromycin; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Regulator UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with panipenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40362 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003708 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Panipenem is a carbapenem antibacterial agent with a broad spectrum of in vitro activity covering a wide range of Gram-negative and Gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic bacterial. It is used in combination with betamipron to inhibit panipenem uptake into the renal tubule and prevent nephrotoxicity. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with clavulanate UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000079 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Adjuvant UPDATED category_aro_description with Clavulanic acid is a beta-lactamase inhibitor (marketed by GlaxoSmithKline, formerly Beecham) combined with penicillin group antibiotics to overcome certain types of antibiotic resistance. It is used to overcome resistance in bacteria that secrete beta-lactamase, which otherwise inactivates most penicillins. UPDATED category_aro_name with meropenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35990 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000073 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Meropenem is an ultra-broad spectrum injectable antibiotic used to treat a wide variety of infections, including meningitis and pneumonia. It is a beta-lactam and belongs to the subgroup of carbapenem, similar to imipenem and ertapenem. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with aztreonam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36689 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000550 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Aztreonam was the first monobactam discovered, and is greatly effective against Gram-negative bacteria while inactive against Gram-positive bacteria. Artreonam is a poor substrate for beta-lactamases, and may even act as an inhibitor. In Gram-negative bacteria, Aztreonam interferes with filamentation, inhibiting cell division and leading to cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36327 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000188 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Trimethoprim is a synthetic 5-(3,4,5- trimethoxybenzyl) pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, inhibiting synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid. Tetrahydrofolic acid is an essential precursor in the de novo synthesis of the DNA nucleotide thymidine. Trimethoprim is a bacteriostatic antibiotic mainly used in the prophylaxis and treatment of urinary tract infections in combination with sulfamethoxazole, a sulfonamide antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminocoumarin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36242 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000103 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminocoumarin antibiotics bind DNA gyrase subunit B to inhibit ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftazidime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35977 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000060 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftazidime is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Unlike most third-generation agents, it is active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, however it has weaker activity against Gram-positive microorganisms and is not used for such infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40957 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004024 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with An antibiotic cocktail containing the diaminopyrimidine antibiotic Trimethoprim and the sulfonamide antibiotic sulfamethoxazole (1 TMP:5 SMX). UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with diaminopyrimidine antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36310 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000171 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Diaminopyrimidines are a class of organic compounds containing a pyrimidine ring substituted by two amine groups. They are inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme critical for DNA synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with ampicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36981 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000637 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ampicillin is a penicillin derivative that is highly acid stable, with its activity similar to benzylpenicillin. UPDATED category_aro_name with amoxicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35981 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000064 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amoxicillin is a moderate-spectrum, bacteriolytic, beta-lactam antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections caused by susceptible microorganisms. A derivative of penicillin, it has a wider range of treatment but remains relatively ineffective against Gram-negative bacteria. It is commonly taken with clavulanic acid, a beta-lactamase inhibitor. Like other beta-lactams, amoxicillin interferes with the synthesis of peptidoglycan. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftriaxone UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35979 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000062 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftriaxone is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. The presence of an aminothiazolyl sidechain increases ceftriazone's resistance to beta-lactamases. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with sulfamethoxazole UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36468 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000329 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sulfamethoxazole is a sulfonamide antibiotic usually taken with trimethoprim, a diaminopyrimidine antibiotic. Sulfamethoxazole inhibits dihydropteroate synthase, essential to tetrahydrofolic acid biosynthesis. This pathway generates compounds used in the synthesis of many amino acids and nucleotides. UPDATED category_aro_name with novobiocin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36250 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000111 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Novobiocin is an aminocoumarin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spheroides and Streptomyces niveus, and binds DNA gyrase subunit B inhibiting ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with azithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36297 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000158 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Azithromycin is a 15-membered macrolide and falls under the subclass of azalide. Like other macrolides, azithromycin binds bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The nitrogen substitution at the C-9a position prevents its degradation. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with sulfonamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36421 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000282 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Sulfonamides are broad spectrum, synthetic antibiotics that contain the sulfonamide group. Sulfonamides inhibit dihydropteroate synthase, which catalyzes the conversion of p-aminobenzoic acid to dihydropteroic acid as part of the tetrahydrofolic acid biosynthetic pathway. Tetrahydrofolic acid is essential for folate synthesis, a precursor of many nucleotides and amino acids. Many sulfamides are taken with trimethoprim, an inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, also disturbing the trihydrofolic acid synthesis pathway. " 2686 UPDATE MexAB-OprM with CpxR regulator conferring resistance to ciprofloxacin, ceftazidime, and aztreonam sulfonamide antibiotic; penem; panipenem; tetracycline antibiotic; clavulanate; meropenem; antibiotic efflux; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; aztreonam; trimethoprim; aminocoumarin antibiotic; cephalosporin; macrolide antibiotic; carbapenem; ceftazidime; ciprofloxacin; cephamycin; ceftriaxone; peptide antibiotic; diaminopyrimidine antibiotic; ampicillin; amoxicillin; penam; sulfamethoxazole; novobiocin; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole; tetracycline; monobactam; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; erythromycin; phenicol antibiotic; azithromycin; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with panipenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40362 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003708 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Panipenem is a carbapenem antibacterial agent with a broad spectrum of in vitro activity covering a wide range of Gram-negative and Gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic bacterial. It is used in combination with betamipron to inhibit panipenem uptake into the renal tubule and prevent nephrotoxicity. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with clavulanate UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000079 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Adjuvant UPDATED category_aro_description with Clavulanic acid is a beta-lactamase inhibitor (marketed by GlaxoSmithKline, formerly Beecham) combined with penicillin group antibiotics to overcome certain types of antibiotic resistance. It is used to overcome resistance in bacteria that secrete beta-lactamase, which otherwise inactivates most penicillins. UPDATED category_aro_name with meropenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35990 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000073 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Meropenem is an ultra-broad spectrum injectable antibiotic used to treat a wide variety of infections, including meningitis and pneumonia. It is a beta-lactam and belongs to the subgroup of carbapenem, similar to imipenem and ertapenem. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with aztreonam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36689 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000550 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Aztreonam was the first monobactam discovered, and is greatly effective against Gram-negative bacteria while inactive against Gram-positive bacteria. Artreonam is a poor substrate for beta-lactamases, and may even act as an inhibitor. In Gram-negative bacteria, Aztreonam interferes with filamentation, inhibiting cell division and leading to cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36327 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000188 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Trimethoprim is a synthetic 5-(3,4,5- trimethoxybenzyl) pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, inhibiting synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid. Tetrahydrofolic acid is an essential precursor in the de novo synthesis of the DNA nucleotide thymidine. Trimethoprim is a bacteriostatic antibiotic mainly used in the prophylaxis and treatment of urinary tract infections in combination with sulfamethoxazole, a sulfonamide antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminocoumarin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36242 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000103 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminocoumarin antibiotics bind DNA gyrase subunit B to inhibit ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftazidime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35977 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000060 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftazidime is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Unlike most third-generation agents, it is active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, however it has weaker activity against Gram-positive microorganisms and is not used for such infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40957 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004024 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with An antibiotic cocktail containing the diaminopyrimidine antibiotic Trimethoprim and the sulfonamide antibiotic sulfamethoxazole (1 TMP:5 SMX). UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftriaxone UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35979 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000062 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftriaxone is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. The presence of an aminothiazolyl sidechain increases ceftriazone's resistance to beta-lactamases. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with diaminopyrimidine antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36310 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000171 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Diaminopyrimidines are a class of organic compounds containing a pyrimidine ring substituted by two amine groups. They are inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme critical for DNA synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with ampicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36981 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000637 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ampicillin is a penicillin derivative that is highly acid stable, with its activity similar to benzylpenicillin. UPDATED category_aro_name with amoxicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35981 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000064 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amoxicillin is a moderate-spectrum, bacteriolytic, beta-lactam antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections caused by susceptible microorganisms. A derivative of penicillin, it has a wider range of treatment but remains relatively ineffective against Gram-negative bacteria. It is commonly taken with clavulanic acid, a beta-lactamase inhibitor. Like other beta-lactams, amoxicillin interferes with the synthesis of peptidoglycan. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with sulfamethoxazole UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36468 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000329 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sulfamethoxazole is a sulfonamide antibiotic usually taken with trimethoprim, a diaminopyrimidine antibiotic. Sulfamethoxazole inhibits dihydropteroate synthase, essential to tetrahydrofolic acid biosynthesis. This pathway generates compounds used in the synthesis of many amino acids and nucleotides. UPDATED category_aro_name with novobiocin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36250 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000111 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Novobiocin is an aminocoumarin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spheroides and Streptomyces niveus, and binds DNA gyrase subunit B inhibiting ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with azithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36297 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000158 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Azithromycin is a 15-membered macrolide and falls under the subclass of azalide. Like other macrolides, azithromycin binds bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The nitrogen substitution at the C-9a position prevents its degradation. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with sulfonamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36421 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000282 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Sulfonamides are broad spectrum, synthetic antibiotics that contain the sulfonamide group. Sulfonamides inhibit dihydropteroate synthase, which catalyzes the conversion of p-aminobenzoic acid to dihydropteroic acid as part of the tetrahydrofolic acid biosynthetic pathway. Tetrahydrofolic acid is essential for folate synthesis, a precursor of many nucleotides and amino acids. Many sulfamides are taken with trimethoprim, an inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, also disturbing the trihydrofolic acid synthesis pathway. " 2680 UPDATE MexAB-OprM with prematurely terminated MexR conferring resistance to meropenem and ciprofloxacin sulfonamide antibiotic; penem; panipenem; tetracycline antibiotic; clavulanate; meropenem; antibiotic efflux; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; aztreonam; trimethoprim; aminocoumarin antibiotic; cephalosporin; macrolide antibiotic; carbapenem; ceftazidime; ciprofloxacin; cephamycin; ceftriaxone; peptide antibiotic; diaminopyrimidine antibiotic; ampicillin; amoxicillin; penam; sulfamethoxazole; novobiocin; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole; tetracycline; monobactam; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; erythromycin; phenicol antibiotic; azithromycin; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with panipenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40362 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003708 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Panipenem is a carbapenem antibacterial agent with a broad spectrum of in vitro activity covering a wide range of Gram-negative and Gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic bacterial. It is used in combination with betamipron to inhibit panipenem uptake into the renal tubule and prevent nephrotoxicity. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with clavulanate UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000079 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Adjuvant UPDATED category_aro_description with Clavulanic acid is a beta-lactamase inhibitor (marketed by GlaxoSmithKline, formerly Beecham) combined with penicillin group antibiotics to overcome certain types of antibiotic resistance. It is used to overcome resistance in bacteria that secrete beta-lactamase, which otherwise inactivates most penicillins. UPDATED category_aro_name with meropenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35990 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000073 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Meropenem is an ultra-broad spectrum injectable antibiotic used to treat a wide variety of infections, including meningitis and pneumonia. It is a beta-lactam and belongs to the subgroup of carbapenem, similar to imipenem and ertapenem. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with aztreonam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36689 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000550 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Aztreonam was the first monobactam discovered, and is greatly effective against Gram-negative bacteria while inactive against Gram-positive bacteria. Artreonam is a poor substrate for beta-lactamases, and may even act as an inhibitor. In Gram-negative bacteria, Aztreonam interferes with filamentation, inhibiting cell division and leading to cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36327 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000188 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Trimethoprim is a synthetic 5-(3,4,5- trimethoxybenzyl) pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, inhibiting synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid. Tetrahydrofolic acid is an essential precursor in the de novo synthesis of the DNA nucleotide thymidine. Trimethoprim is a bacteriostatic antibiotic mainly used in the prophylaxis and treatment of urinary tract infections in combination with sulfamethoxazole, a sulfonamide antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminocoumarin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36242 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000103 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminocoumarin antibiotics bind DNA gyrase subunit B to inhibit ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftazidime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35977 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000060 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftazidime is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Unlike most third-generation agents, it is active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, however it has weaker activity against Gram-positive microorganisms and is not used for such infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40957 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004024 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with An antibiotic cocktail containing the diaminopyrimidine antibiotic Trimethoprim and the sulfonamide antibiotic sulfamethoxazole (1 TMP:5 SMX). UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftriaxone UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35979 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000062 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftriaxone is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. The presence of an aminothiazolyl sidechain increases ceftriazone's resistance to beta-lactamases. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with diaminopyrimidine antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36310 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000171 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Diaminopyrimidines are a class of organic compounds containing a pyrimidine ring substituted by two amine groups. They are inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme critical for DNA synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with ampicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36981 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000637 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ampicillin is a penicillin derivative that is highly acid stable, with its activity similar to benzylpenicillin. UPDATED category_aro_name with amoxicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35981 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000064 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amoxicillin is a moderate-spectrum, bacteriolytic, beta-lactam antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections caused by susceptible microorganisms. A derivative of penicillin, it has a wider range of treatment but remains relatively ineffective against Gram-negative bacteria. It is commonly taken with clavulanic acid, a beta-lactamase inhibitor. Like other beta-lactams, amoxicillin interferes with the synthesis of peptidoglycan. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with sulfamethoxazole UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36468 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000329 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sulfamethoxazole is a sulfonamide antibiotic usually taken with trimethoprim, a diaminopyrimidine antibiotic. Sulfamethoxazole inhibits dihydropteroate synthase, essential to tetrahydrofolic acid biosynthesis. This pathway generates compounds used in the synthesis of many amino acids and nucleotides. UPDATED category_aro_name with novobiocin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36250 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000111 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Novobiocin is an aminocoumarin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spheroides and Streptomyces niveus, and binds DNA gyrase subunit B inhibiting ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with azithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36297 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000158 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Azithromycin is a 15-membered macrolide and falls under the subclass of azalide. Like other macrolides, azithromycin binds bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The nitrogen substitution at the C-9a position prevents its degradation. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with sulfonamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36421 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000282 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Sulfonamides are broad spectrum, synthetic antibiotics that contain the sulfonamide group. Sulfonamides inhibit dihydropteroate synthase, which catalyzes the conversion of p-aminobenzoic acid to dihydropteroic acid as part of the tetrahydrofolic acid biosynthetic pathway. Tetrahydrofolic acid is essential for folate synthesis, a precursor of many nucleotides and amino acids. Many sulfamides are taken with trimethoprim, an inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, also disturbing the trihydrofolic acid synthesis pathway. " 2681 UPDATE antibiotic resistant fabG antibiotic target alteration; antibiotic resistance fabG; triclosan; ARO_category; ARO_name "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic resistance fabG UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41448 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004284 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with fabG is a 3-oxoacyl-acyl carrier protein reductase involved in lipid metabolism and fatty acid biosynthesis. The bacterial biocide Triclosan blocks the final reduction step in fatty acid elongation, inhibiting biosynthesis. Point mutations in fabG can confer resistance to Triclosan. UPDATED category_aro_name with triclosan UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37250 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000870 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Triclosan is a common antibacterial agent added to many consumer products as a biocide. It is an inhibitor of fatty acid biosynthesis by blocking enoyl-carrier protein reductase (FabI). UPDATED ARO_name with Escherichia coli fabG mutations conferring resistance to triclosan " 2682 UPDATE MexAB-OprM with NalC mutations conferring resistance to aztreonam sulfonamide antibiotic; penem; panipenem; tetracycline antibiotic; clavulanate; meropenem; antibiotic efflux; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; aztreonam; trimethoprim; aminocoumarin antibiotic; cephalosporin; macrolide antibiotic; carbapenem; ceftazidime; ciprofloxacin; cephamycin; ceftriaxone; peptide antibiotic; diaminopyrimidine antibiotic; ampicillin; amoxicillin; penam; sulfamethoxazole; novobiocin; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole; tetracycline; monobactam; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; erythromycin; phenicol antibiotic; azithromycin; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with panipenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40362 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003708 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Panipenem is a carbapenem antibacterial agent with a broad spectrum of in vitro activity covering a wide range of Gram-negative and Gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic bacterial. It is used in combination with betamipron to inhibit panipenem uptake into the renal tubule and prevent nephrotoxicity. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with clavulanate UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000079 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Adjuvant UPDATED category_aro_description with Clavulanic acid is a beta-lactamase inhibitor (marketed by GlaxoSmithKline, formerly Beecham) combined with penicillin group antibiotics to overcome certain types of antibiotic resistance. It is used to overcome resistance in bacteria that secrete beta-lactamase, which otherwise inactivates most penicillins. UPDATED category_aro_name with meropenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35990 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000073 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Meropenem is an ultra-broad spectrum injectable antibiotic used to treat a wide variety of infections, including meningitis and pneumonia. It is a beta-lactam and belongs to the subgroup of carbapenem, similar to imipenem and ertapenem. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with aztreonam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36689 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000550 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Aztreonam was the first monobactam discovered, and is greatly effective against Gram-negative bacteria while inactive against Gram-positive bacteria. Artreonam is a poor substrate for beta-lactamases, and may even act as an inhibitor. In Gram-negative bacteria, Aztreonam interferes with filamentation, inhibiting cell division and leading to cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36327 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000188 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Trimethoprim is a synthetic 5-(3,4,5- trimethoxybenzyl) pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, inhibiting synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid. Tetrahydrofolic acid is an essential precursor in the de novo synthesis of the DNA nucleotide thymidine. Trimethoprim is a bacteriostatic antibiotic mainly used in the prophylaxis and treatment of urinary tract infections in combination with sulfamethoxazole, a sulfonamide antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminocoumarin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36242 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000103 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminocoumarin antibiotics bind DNA gyrase subunit B to inhibit ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftazidime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35977 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000060 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftazidime is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Unlike most third-generation agents, it is active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, however it has weaker activity against Gram-positive microorganisms and is not used for such infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40957 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004024 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with An antibiotic cocktail containing the diaminopyrimidine antibiotic Trimethoprim and the sulfonamide antibiotic sulfamethoxazole (1 TMP:5 SMX). UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftriaxone UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35979 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000062 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftriaxone is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. The presence of an aminothiazolyl sidechain increases ceftriazone's resistance to beta-lactamases. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with diaminopyrimidine antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36310 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000171 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Diaminopyrimidines are a class of organic compounds containing a pyrimidine ring substituted by two amine groups. They are inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme critical for DNA synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with ampicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36981 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000637 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ampicillin is a penicillin derivative that is highly acid stable, with its activity similar to benzylpenicillin. UPDATED category_aro_name with amoxicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35981 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000064 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amoxicillin is a moderate-spectrum, bacteriolytic, beta-lactam antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections caused by susceptible microorganisms. A derivative of penicillin, it has a wider range of treatment but remains relatively ineffective against Gram-negative bacteria. It is commonly taken with clavulanic acid, a beta-lactamase inhibitor. Like other beta-lactams, amoxicillin interferes with the synthesis of peptidoglycan. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with sulfamethoxazole UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36468 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000329 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sulfamethoxazole is a sulfonamide antibiotic usually taken with trimethoprim, a diaminopyrimidine antibiotic. Sulfamethoxazole inhibits dihydropteroate synthase, essential to tetrahydrofolic acid biosynthesis. This pathway generates compounds used in the synthesis of many amino acids and nucleotides. UPDATED category_aro_name with novobiocin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36250 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000111 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Novobiocin is an aminocoumarin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spheroides and Streptomyces niveus, and binds DNA gyrase subunit B inhibiting ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with azithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36297 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000158 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Azithromycin is a 15-membered macrolide and falls under the subclass of azalide. Like other macrolides, azithromycin binds bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The nitrogen substitution at the C-9a position prevents its degradation. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with sulfonamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36421 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000282 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Sulfonamides are broad spectrum, synthetic antibiotics that contain the sulfonamide group. Sulfonamides inhibit dihydropteroate synthase, which catalyzes the conversion of p-aminobenzoic acid to dihydropteroic acid as part of the tetrahydrofolic acid biosynthetic pathway. Tetrahydrofolic acid is essential for folate synthesis, a precursor of many nucleotides and amino acids. Many sulfamides are taken with trimethoprim, an inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, also disturbing the trihydrofolic acid synthesis pathway. " 2683 UPDATE MexAB-OprM with NalD mutations conferring resistance to multiple antibiotics sulfonamide antibiotic; penem; panipenem; tetracycline antibiotic; clavulanate; meropenem; antibiotic efflux; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; aztreonam; nalidixic acid; aminocoumarin antibiotic; cephalosporin; macrolide antibiotic; carbapenem; ceftazidime; ciprofloxacin; cephamycin; ceftriaxone; peptide antibiotic; diaminopyrimidine antibiotic; ticarcillin; ampicillin; amoxicillin; penam; sulfamethoxazole; novobiocin; phenicol antibiotic; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole; tetracycline; monobactam; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; erythromycin; trimethoprim; azithromycin; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with panipenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40362 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003708 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Panipenem is a carbapenem antibacterial agent with a broad spectrum of in vitro activity covering a wide range of Gram-negative and Gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic bacterial. It is used in combination with betamipron to inhibit panipenem uptake into the renal tubule and prevent nephrotoxicity. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with clavulanate UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000079 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Adjuvant UPDATED category_aro_description with Clavulanic acid is a beta-lactamase inhibitor (marketed by GlaxoSmithKline, formerly Beecham) combined with penicillin group antibiotics to overcome certain types of antibiotic resistance. It is used to overcome resistance in bacteria that secrete beta-lactamase, which otherwise inactivates most penicillins. UPDATED category_aro_name with meropenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35990 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000073 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Meropenem is an ultra-broad spectrum injectable antibiotic used to treat a wide variety of infections, including meningitis and pneumonia. It is a beta-lactam and belongs to the subgroup of carbapenem, similar to imipenem and ertapenem. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with aztreonam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36689 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000550 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Aztreonam was the first monobactam discovered, and is greatly effective against Gram-negative bacteria while inactive against Gram-positive bacteria. Artreonam is a poor substrate for beta-lactamases, and may even act as an inhibitor. In Gram-negative bacteria, Aztreonam interferes with filamentation, inhibiting cell division and leading to cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminocoumarin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36242 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000103 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminocoumarin antibiotics bind DNA gyrase subunit B to inhibit ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftazidime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35977 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000060 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftazidime is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Unlike most third-generation agents, it is active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, however it has weaker activity against Gram-positive microorganisms and is not used for such infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40957 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004024 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with An antibiotic cocktail containing the diaminopyrimidine antibiotic Trimethoprim and the sulfonamide antibiotic sulfamethoxazole (1 TMP:5 SMX). UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftriaxone UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35979 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000062 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftriaxone is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. The presence of an aminothiazolyl sidechain increases ceftriazone's resistance to beta-lactamases. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with diaminopyrimidine antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36310 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000171 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Diaminopyrimidines are a class of organic compounds containing a pyrimidine ring substituted by two amine groups. They are inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme critical for DNA synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with ticarcillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40523 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003832 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ticarcillin is a carboxypenicillin used for the treatment of Gram-negative bacteria, particularly P. aeruginosa. Ticarcillin's antibiotic properties arise from its ability to prevent cross-linking of peptidoglycan during cell wall synthesis, when the bacteria try to divide, causing cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with ampicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36981 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000637 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ampicillin is a penicillin derivative that is highly acid stable, with its activity similar to benzylpenicillin. UPDATED category_aro_name with amoxicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35981 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000064 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amoxicillin is a moderate-spectrum, bacteriolytic, beta-lactam antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections caused by susceptible microorganisms. A derivative of penicillin, it has a wider range of treatment but remains relatively ineffective against Gram-negative bacteria. It is commonly taken with clavulanic acid, a beta-lactamase inhibitor. Like other beta-lactams, amoxicillin interferes with the synthesis of peptidoglycan. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36327 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000188 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Trimethoprim is a synthetic 5-(3,4,5- trimethoxybenzyl) pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, inhibiting synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid. Tetrahydrofolic acid is an essential precursor in the de novo synthesis of the DNA nucleotide thymidine. Trimethoprim is a bacteriostatic antibiotic mainly used in the prophylaxis and treatment of urinary tract infections in combination with sulfamethoxazole, a sulfonamide antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with sulfamethoxazole UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36468 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000329 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sulfamethoxazole is a sulfonamide antibiotic usually taken with trimethoprim, a diaminopyrimidine antibiotic. Sulfamethoxazole inhibits dihydropteroate synthase, essential to tetrahydrofolic acid biosynthesis. This pathway generates compounds used in the synthesis of many amino acids and nucleotides. UPDATED category_aro_name with novobiocin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36250 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000111 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Novobiocin is an aminocoumarin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spheroides and Streptomyces niveus, and binds DNA gyrase subunit B inhibiting ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with azithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36297 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000158 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Azithromycin is a 15-membered macrolide and falls under the subclass of azalide. Like other macrolides, azithromycin binds bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The nitrogen substitution at the C-9a position prevents its degradation. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with sulfonamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36421 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000282 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Sulfonamides are broad spectrum, synthetic antibiotics that contain the sulfonamide group. Sulfonamides inhibit dihydropteroate synthase, which catalyzes the conversion of p-aminobenzoic acid to dihydropteroic acid as part of the tetrahydrofolic acid biosynthetic pathway. Tetrahydrofolic acid is essential for folate synthesis, a precursor of many nucleotides and amino acids. Many sulfamides are taken with trimethoprim, an inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, also disturbing the trihydrofolic acid synthesis pathway. " 645 UPDATE mecR1 antibiotic target replacement; ceftaroline; ampicillin; flucloxacillin; ceftibuten; cefditoren; piperacillin; cefpodoxime; cefixime; cefdinir; meropenem; carbapenem; imipenem; aztreonam; cefradine; isopenicillin N; cefazolin; penicillin N; ceftazidime; cefepime; penicillin; oxacillin; cefmetazole; moxalactam; cloxacillin; cefadroxil; ceftriaxone; methicillin; loracarbef; ceftizoxime; cephalosporin; cefotaxime; cefaclor; phenoxymethylpenicillin; cefonicid; monobactam; cefuroxime; amoxicillin; mezlocillin; azlocillin; cefalexin; doripenem; cefotiam; ertapenem; penam; cefprozil; cephapirin; ceftobiprole; benzylpenicillin; methicillin resistant PBP2; cephamycin; carbenicillin; cefalotin; ceftiofur; mecillinam; propicillin; cefoxitin; dicloxacillin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with ampicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36981 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000637 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ampicillin is a penicillin derivative that is highly acid stable, with its activity similar to benzylpenicillin. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target replacement UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Replacement or substitution of antibiotic action target, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftibuten UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36992 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000648 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftibuten is a semisynthetic cephalosporin active against Gram-negative bacilli. It is resistant against many plasmid-mediated beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefditoren UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36993 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000649 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefditoren is a semisynthetic cephalosporin active against staphylococci, streptococci, and and most enterobacteria. It is resistant to staphylococcal and most enterobacterial beta-lactamases, and is usually taken as the prodrug cefditoren pivoxil. UPDATED category_aro_name with piperacillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35995 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000078 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Piperacillin is an acetylureidopenicillin and has an extended spectrum of targets relative to other beta-lactam antibiotics. It inhibits cell wall synthesis in bacteria, and is usually taken with the beta-lactamase inhibitor tazobactam to overcome penicillin-resistant bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefpodoxime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000647 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefpodoxime is a semisynthetic cephalosporin that acts similarly to cefotaxime with broad-spectrum activity. It is stable to many plasmid-mediated beta-lactamses. Cefpodoxime is consumed as the prodrug cefpodoxime proxetil. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefixime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36990 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000646 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefixime is a cephalosporin resistant to most beta-lactamases. It is active against many enterobacteria, but activity against staphylococci is poor. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefdinir UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36994 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000650 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefdinir is similar to cefixime with a modified side-chain at its 7-amino position. It also shares similar activity with cefixime but is more active against staphylococci. It has also be shown to enhance phagocytosis. UPDATED category_aro_name with meropenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35990 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000073 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Meropenem is an ultra-broad spectrum injectable antibiotic used to treat a wide variety of infections, including meningitis and pneumonia. It is a beta-lactam and belongs to the subgroup of carbapenem, similar to imipenem and ertapenem. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with imipenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36309 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000170 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Imipenem is a broad-spectrum antibiotic and is usually taken with cilastatin, which prevents hydrolysis of imipenem by renal dehydropeptidase-I. It is resistant to hydrolysis by most other beta-lactamases. Notable exceptions are the KPC beta-lactamases and Ambler Class B enzymes. UPDATED category_aro_name with azlocillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36982 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000638 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Azlocillin is a semisynthetic derivative of penicillin that is notably active against Ps. aeruginosa and other Gram-negative bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with aztreonam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36689 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000550 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Aztreonam was the first monobactam discovered, and is greatly effective against Gram-negative bacteria while inactive against Gram-positive bacteria. Artreonam is a poor substrate for beta-lactamases, and may even act as an inhibitor. In Gram-negative bacteria, Aztreonam interferes with filamentation, inhibiting cell division and leading to cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftazidime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35977 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000060 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftazidime is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Unlike most third-generation agents, it is active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, however it has weaker activity against Gram-positive microorganisms and is not used for such infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefazolin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35975 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000058 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefazolin (INN), also known as cefazoline or cephazolin, is a first generation cephalosporin antibiotic. It is administered parenterally, and is active against a broad spectrum of bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with penicillin N UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37086 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Penicillin N is a penicillin derivative produced by Cephalosporium acremonium. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefmetazole UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40928 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefmetazole is a semi-synthetic cephamycin antibiotic with broad spectrum antibiotic activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, that disrupt cell wall synthesis through binding to PBPs causing cell lysis. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefepime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35976 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000059 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefepime (INN) is a fourth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic developed in 1994. It contains an aminothiazolyl group that decreases its affinity with beta-lactamases. Cefepime shows high binding affinity with penicillin-binding proteins and has an extended spectrum of activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, with greater activity against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms than third-generation agents. UPDATED category_aro_name with penicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35971 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000054 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Penicillin (sometimes abbreviated PCN) is a beta-lactam antibiotic used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. It works by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with oxacillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35973 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000056 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Oxacillin is a penicillinase-resistant beta-lactam. It is similar to methicillin, and has replaced methicillin in clinical use. Oxacillin, especially in combination with other antibiotics, is effective against many penicillinase-producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxalactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40944 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxalactam (Latamoxef) is a broad spectrum cephalosporin (oxacephem) and beta-lactam antibiotic. Moxalactam binding to PBPs inhibits peptidoglycan cross-linkage in the cell wall, resulting in cell death. Moxalactam is proposed to be effective against meningitides as it passes the blood-brain barrier. UPDATED category_aro_name with cloxacillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35930 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000011 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cloxacillin is a semisynthetic, isoxazolyl penicillin derivative in the beta-lactam class of antibiotics. It interferes with peptidogylcan synthesis and is commonly used for treating penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftaroline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36995 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000651 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftaroline is a novel cephalosporin active against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Like other cephalosporins it binds penicillin-binding proteins to inhibit cell wall synthesis. It strongly binds with PBP2a, associated with methicillin resistance. It is taken orally as the prodrug ceftaroline fosamil. UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftriaxone UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35979 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000062 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftriaxone is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. The presence of an aminothiazolyl sidechain increases ceftriazone's resistance to beta-lactamases. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with methicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35934 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Derived from penicillin to combat penicillin-resistance, methicillin is insensitive to beta-lactamases (also known as penicillinases) secreted by many penicillin-resistant bacteria. Methicillin is bactericidal, and acts by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with loracarbef UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40943 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Loracarbef is a second-generation cephalosporin (carbacephem) and broad spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic. Loracarbef inhibits PBPs through binding, disrupting peptidoglycan cell wall cross-linkage and resulting in cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with flucloxacillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36980 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000636 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Flucloxacillin is similar to cloxacillin, with an extra additional fluorine atom. UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftizoxime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40934 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftizoxime is a third-generation cephalosporin and broad spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic. Ceftizoxime causes bacterial cell lysis through peptidoglycan cross-linking inhibition by binding to PBPs. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefotaxime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36989 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000645 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefotaxime is a semisynthetic cephalosporin taken parenterally. It is resistant to most beta-lactamases and active against Gram-negative rods and cocci due to its aminothiazoyl and methoximino functional groups. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefaclor UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000644 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefaclor is a semisynthetic cephalosporin derived from cephalexin. It has broad-spectrum antibiotic activity. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenoxymethylpenicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36977 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000633 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenoxymethylpenicillin, or penicillin V, is a penicillin derivative that is acid stable but less active than benzylpenicillin (penicillin G). UPDATED category_aro_name with cefonicid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40929 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefonicid is a second-generation cephalosporin-class beta-lactam antibiotic with broad spectrum activity. Particularly used against urinary tract infections and lower respiratory infections. Causes cell lysis by inactivation of PBPs through binding, inhibiting peptidoglycan synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefuroxime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35980 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000063 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefuroxime is a second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with increased stability with beta-lactamases than first-generation cephalosporins. Cefuroxime is active against Gram-positive organisms but less active against methicillin-resistant strains. UPDATED category_aro_name with amoxicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35981 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000064 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amoxicillin is a moderate-spectrum, bacteriolytic, beta-lactam antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections caused by susceptible microorganisms. A derivative of penicillin, it has a wider range of treatment but remains relatively ineffective against Gram-negative bacteria. It is commonly taken with clavulanic acid, a beta-lactamase inhibitor. Like other beta-lactams, amoxicillin interferes with the synthesis of peptidoglycan. UPDATED category_aro_name with mezlocillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36983 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000639 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Mezlocillin is a penicillin derivative taken parenterally. UPDATED category_aro_name with isopenicillin N UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37085 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000705 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Isopenicillin N is a natural penicillin derivative produced by Penicillium chrysogenum with activity similar to penicillin N. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefalexin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36985 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000641 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefalexin is a cephalosporin antibiotic that causes filamentation. It is resistant to staphylococcal beta-lactamase, but degraded by enterobacterial beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with doripenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36984 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000640 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Doripenem is a carbapenem with a broad range of activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and along with meropenem, it is the most active beta-lactam antibiotic against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefotiam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36987 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000643 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefotiam is a cephalosporin antibiotic with similar activity to cefuroxime but more active against enterobacteria. It is consumed orally as the prodrug cefotiam hexetil. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefadroxil UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36986 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000642 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefadroxil, or p-hydroxycephalexin, is an cephalosporin antibiotic similar to cefalexin. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefprozil UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefprozil is a cephalosporin and beta-lactam antibiotic with bactericidal activity. It selectively binds to PBPs and inhibits peptidoglycan synthesis, a major cell wall component, resulting in cell lysis. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephapirin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephapirin is a first-generation cephalosporin and broad spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic. Inactivation of penicillin-binding proteins through cephapirin binding disrupts peptidoglycan cross-linking, resulting in cell lysis. UPDATED category_aro_name with dicloxacillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36979 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000635 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dicloxacillin is a penicillin derivative that has an extra chlorine atom in comparison to cloxacillin. While more active than cloxacillin, its high affinity for serum protein reduces its activity in human serum in vitro. UPDATED category_aro_name with benzylpenicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36976 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000632 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Benzylpenicillin, commonly referred to as penicillin G, is effective against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. It is unstable in acid. UPDATED category_aro_name with methicillin resistant PBP2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37589 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3001208 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with In methicillin sensitive S. aureus (MSSA), beta-lactams bind to native penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) and disrupt synthesis of the cell membrane's peptidoglycan layer. In methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA), foreign PBP2a acquired by lateral gene transfer is able to perform peptidoglycan synthesis in the presence of beta-lactams. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftobiprole UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35978 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000061 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftobiprole (Zeftera/Zevtera) is a next generation (5th generation) cephalosporin antibiotic with activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterococci. Ceftobiprole inhibits transpeptidases essential to building cell walls, and is a poor substrate for most beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbenicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35961 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000043 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbenicillin is a semi-synthetic antibiotic belonging to the carboxypenicillin subgroup of the penicillins. It has gram-negative coverage which includes Pseudomonas aeruginosa but limited gram-positive coverage. The carboxypenicillins are susceptible to degradation by beta-lactamase enzymes. Carbenicillin antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefalotin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37084 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000704 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. It is resistant to staphylococci beta-lactamases but hydrolyzed by enterobacterial beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftiofur UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40933 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftiofur is a third-generation broad spectrum cephalosporin and beta-lactam antibiotic. It causes cell lysis by disrupting peptidoglycan cross-linkage and cell wall formation by binding to PBPs. UPDATED category_aro_name with mecillinam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37141 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000761 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Mecillinam is a broad-spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic that was semi-synthetically derived to have a different drug centre, being a 6-alpha-amidinopenicillanate instead of a 6-alpha-acylaminopenicillanate. Contrasting most beta-lactam drugs, mecillinam is most active against Gram-negative bacteria. It binds specifically to penicillin binding protein 2 (PBP2). UPDATED category_aro_name with propicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36978 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000634 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Propicillin is an orally taken penicillin derivative that has high absorption but poor activity. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefoxitin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35927 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefoxitin is a cephamycin antibiotic often grouped with the second generation cephalosporins. Cefoxitin is bactericidal and acts by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. Cefoxitin's 7-alpha-methoxy group and 3' leaving group make it a poor substrate for most beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with ertapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35987 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000070 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ertapenem is a carbapenem antibiotic and is highly resistant to beta-lactamases like other carbapenems. It inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefradine UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40936 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004009 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefradine is a first-generation cephalosporin and broad spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic. Cefradine binding to penicillin-binding proteins disrupts cell wall peptidoglycan cross-linkage, resulting in cell lysis. " 99 UPDATE QnrB38 sparfloxacin; norfloxacin; quinolone resistance protein (qnr); gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; antibiotic target protection; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; nalidixic acid; moxifloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with quinolone resistance protein (qnr) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36558 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000419 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Qnr proteins are pentapeptide repeat proteins that mimic DNA and protect the cell from the activity of fluoroquinolone antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target protection UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. " 98 UPDATE CMY-48 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 91 UPDATE gadX penam; antibiotic efflux; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; protein(s) and two-component regulatory system modulating antibiotic efflux; norfloxacin; macrolide antibiotic; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; oxacillin; cloxacillin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; erythromycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Regulator UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with oxacillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35973 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000056 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Oxacillin is a penicillinase-resistant beta-lactam. It is similar to methicillin, and has replaced methicillin in clinical use. Oxacillin, especially in combination with other antibiotics, is effective against many penicillinase-producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. UPDATED category_aro_name with cloxacillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35930 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000011 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cloxacillin is a semisynthetic, isoxazolyl penicillin derivative in the beta-lactam class of antibiotics. It interferes with peptidogylcan synthesis and is commonly used for treating penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. " 90 UPDATE Staphylococcus aureus rpoB mutants conferring resistance to rifampicin rifampin; rifapentine; rifabutin; peptide antibiotic; rifamycin-resistant beta-subunit of RNA polymerase (rpoB); antibiotic target replacement; antibiotic target alteration; rifamycin antibiotic; rifaximin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with rifampin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36308 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000169 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifampin is a semi-synthetic rifamycin, and inhibits RNA synthesis by binding to RNA polymerase. Rifampin is the mainstay agent for the treatment of tuberculosis, leprosy and complicated Gram-positive infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifapentine UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36673 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000534 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifapentine is a semisynthetic rifamycin that inhibits DNA-dependent RNA synthesis. It is often used in the treatment of tuberculosis and leprosy. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifabutin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36669 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000530 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifabutin is a semisynthetic rifamycin used in tuberculosis therapy. It inhibits DNA-dependent RNA synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifamycin-resistant beta-subunit of RNA polymerase (rpoB) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36349 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000210 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifampin resistant RNA polymerases include amino acids substitutions which disrupt the affinity of rifampin for its binding site. These mutations are frequently concentrated in the rif I region of the beta-subunit and most often involve amino acids which make direct interactions with rifampin. However, mutations which also confer resistance can occur outside this region and may involve amino acids which do not directly make contact with rifampin. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target replacement UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Replacement or substitution of antibiotic action target, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifamycin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36296 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000157 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifamycin antibiotics are a group of broad-spectrum ansamycin antibiotics that inhibit bacterial RNA polymerase by binding to a highly conserved region, blocking the oligonucleotide exit tunnel, and preventing the extension of nascent mRNAs. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifaximin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36656 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000517 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifaximin is a semi-synthetic rifamycin used to treat traveller's diarrhea. Rifaximin inhibits RNA synthesis by binding to the beta subunit of bacterial RNA polymerase. " 93 UPDATE SHV-105 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 92 UPDATE CTX-M-42 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 95 UPDATE CMY-56 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 94 UPDATE CMY-79 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 97 UPDATE vanXYC glycopeptide antibiotic; glycopeptide resistance gene cluster; antibiotic target alteration; vanXY; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide resistance gene cluster UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36373 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000234 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Genes that when expressed confer resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin type antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with vanXY UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36635 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000496 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with VanXY is a protein with both D,D-carboxypeptidase and D,D-dipeptidase activity, found in Enterococcus gallinarum. It cleaves and removes the terminal D-Ala of peptidoglycan subunits for the incorporation of D-Ser by VanC. D-Ala-D-Ser has low binding affinity with vancomycin. " 96 UPDATE OXA-426 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1991 UPDATE otrC tetracycline antibiotic; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump; tetracycline; antibiotic efflux; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36002 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are present in all cells of all organisms and use the energy of ATP binding/hydrolysis to transport substrates across cell membranes. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. " 1990 UPDATE CMY-82 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 1993 UPDATE QnrB74 sparfloxacin; norfloxacin; quinolone resistance protein (qnr); gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; antibiotic target protection; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; nalidixic acid; moxifloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with quinolone resistance protein (qnr) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36558 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000419 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Qnr proteins are pentapeptide repeat proteins that mimic DNA and protect the cell from the activity of fluoroquinolone antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target protection UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. " 1620 UPDATE CTX-M-156 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 1627 UPDATE CTX-M-95 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 1994 UPDATE gimA antibiotic inactivation; methymycin; oleandomycin; chalcomycin; gimA family macrolide glycosyltransferase; macrolide antibiotic; tylosin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with methymycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37631 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3001232 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Produced by Streptomyces venezuelae ATCC 15439. UPDATED category_aro_name with oleandomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37247 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000867 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Oleandomycin is a 14-membered macrolide produced by Streptomyces antibioticus. It is ssimilar to erythromycin, and contains a desosamine amino sugar and an oleandrose sugar. It targets the 50S ribosomal subunit to prevent protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with chalcomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37621 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3001222 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Produced by Streptomyces bikiniensis UPDATED category_aro_name with gimA family macrolide glycosyltransferase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41400 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004236 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with This family of macrolide glycosyltransferases derive from gimA, which was discovered in Streptomyces ambofaciens. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with tylosin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36284 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000145 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tylosin is a 16-membered macrolide, naturally produced by Streptomyces fradiae. It interacts with the bacterial ribosome 50S subunit to inhibit protein synthesis. " 1625 UPDATE OXA-179 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1996 UPDATE vanXM glycopeptide antibiotic; glycopeptide resistance gene cluster; vanX; antibiotic target alteration; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide resistance gene cluster UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36373 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000234 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Genes that when expressed confer resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin type antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with vanX UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36020 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000011 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with VanX is a D,D-dipeptidase that cleaves D-Ala-D-Ala but not D-Ala-D-Lac, ensuring that the latter dipeptide that has reduced binding affinity with vancomycin is used to synthesize peptidoglycan substrate. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. " 1999 UPDATE TEM-215 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 1998 UPDATE CTX-M-83 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 1629 UPDATE TEM-197 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 1628 UPDATE SHV-154 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 559 UPDATE vanXYE glycopeptide antibiotic; glycopeptide resistance gene cluster; antibiotic target alteration; vanXY; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide resistance gene cluster UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36373 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000234 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Genes that when expressed confer resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin type antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with vanXY UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36635 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000496 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with VanXY is a protein with both D,D-carboxypeptidase and D,D-dipeptidase activity, found in Enterococcus gallinarum. It cleaves and removes the terminal D-Ala of peptidoglycan subunits for the incorporation of D-Ser by VanC. D-Ala-D-Ser has low binding affinity with vancomycin. " 558 UPDATE qacB efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump; antibiotic efflux; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and ABC transporters comprise the two largest and most functionally diverse of the transporter superfamilies. However, MFS transporters are distinct from ABC transporters in both their primary sequence and structure and in the mechanism of energy coupling. As secondary transporters they are, like RND and SMR transporters, energized by the electrochemical proton gradient. " 555 UPDATE OXA-133 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 554 UPDATE OXA-163 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 557 UPDATE SHV-9 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 556 UPDATE vanYB glycopeptide antibiotic; glycopeptide resistance gene cluster; antibiotic target alteration; vanY; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide resistance gene cluster UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36373 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000234 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Genes that when expressed confer resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin type antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with vanY UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36216 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000077 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with VanY is a D,D-carboxypeptidase that cleaves removes the terminal D-Ala from peptidoglycan for the addition of D-Lactate. The D-Ala-D-Lac peptidoglycan subunits have reduced binding affinity with vancomycin compared to D-Ala-D-Ala. " 551 UPDATE CTX-M-117 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 550 UPDATE CMY-71 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 553 UPDATE VIM-35 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; carbapenem; cephalosporin; cephamycin; VIM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with VIM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36030 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000021 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with The Verone integron-encoded metallo-beta-lactamase (VIM) family was reported from Italy in 1999. There are, to date, 23 reported variants. VIM enzymes mostly occur in P. aeruginosa, also P. putida and, very rarely, Enterobacteriaceae. Integron-associated, sometimes within plasmids. Hydrolyses all beta-lactams except monobactams, and evades all beta-lactam inhibitors. There is a strong incidence of these in East Asia. " 552 UPDATE QnrB28 sparfloxacin; norfloxacin; quinolone resistance protein (qnr); gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; antibiotic target protection; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; nalidixic acid; moxifloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with quinolone resistance protein (qnr) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36558 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000419 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Qnr proteins are pentapeptide repeat proteins that mimic DNA and protect the cell from the activity of fluoroquinolone antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target protection UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. " 1199 UPDATE SHV-168 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 1198 UPDATE mef(B) efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump; macrolide antibiotic; antibiotic efflux; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and ABC transporters comprise the two largest and most functionally diverse of the transporter superfamilies. However, MFS transporters are distinct from ABC transporters in both their primary sequence and structure and in the mechanism of energy coupling. As secondary transporters they are, like RND and SMR transporters, energized by the electrochemical proton gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. " 1191 UPDATE mdtM antibiotic efflux; major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; norfloxacin; acridine dye; lincomycin; puromycin; acriflavin; nucleoside antibiotic; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; lincosamide antibiotic; phenicol antibiotic; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and ABC transporters comprise the two largest and most functionally diverse of the transporter superfamilies. However, MFS transporters are distinct from ABC transporters in both their primary sequence and structure and in the mechanism of energy coupling. As secondary transporters they are, like RND and SMR transporters, energized by the electrochemical proton gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with acridine dye UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36193 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000054 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Acridine dyes are cell permeable, basic molecules with an acridine chromophore. These compounds intercalate DNA. The image shown represents the core structure of the acridine family, with specific dyes containing varying substituents. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35964 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000046 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincomycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that comes from the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis. It binds to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes and inhibit early elongation of peptide chain by inhibiting transpeptidase reaction. UPDATED category_aro_name with puromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35965 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000047 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Puromycin is an aminonucleoside antibiotic, derived from Streptomyces alboniger, that causes premature chain termination during ribosomal protein translation. UPDATED category_aro_name with acriflavin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35963 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000045 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Acriflavin is a topical antiseptic. It has the form of an orange or brown powder. It may be harmful in the eyes or if inhaled. Acriflavine is also used as treatment for external fungal infections of aquarium fish. UPDATED category_aro_name with nucleoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36174 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000034 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucleoside antibiotics are made of modified nucleosides and nucleotides with wide-ranging activities and means of antibacterial effects. This drug class includes aminonucleoside antibiotics, which contain an amino group. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincosamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35936 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincosamides (e.g. lincomycin, clindamycin) are a class of drugs which bind to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. This interaction inhibits early elongation of peptide chains by inhibiting the transpeptidase reaction, acting similarly to macrolides. " 1190 UPDATE OXA-354 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1193 UPDATE ErmH antibiotic target alteration; streptogramin antibiotic; Erm 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase; macrolide antibiotic; lincosamide antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptogramin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35945 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000026 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptogramin antibiotics are natural products produced by various members of the Streptomyces genus. These antibiotics bind to the P site of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The family consists of two subgroups, type A and type B, which are simultaneously produced by the same bacterial species in a ratio of roughly 70:30. UPDATED category_aro_name with Erm 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36699 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000560 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Erm proteins are part of the RNA methyltransferase family and methylate A2058 (E. coli nomenclature) of the 23S ribosomal RNA conferring degrees of resistance to Macrolides, Lincosamides and Streptogramin b. This is called the MLSb phenotype. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincosamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35936 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincosamides (e.g. lincomycin, clindamycin) are a class of drugs which bind to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. This interaction inhibits early elongation of peptide chains by inhibiting the transpeptidase reaction, acting similarly to macrolides. " 1192 UPDATE VEB-1 antibiotic inactivation; monobactam; cephalosporin; VEB beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with VEB beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36182 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000043 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with VEB beta-lactamases or Vietnamese extended-spectrum beta-lactamases are class A beta-lactamases that confer high-level resistance to oxyimino cephalosporins and to aztreonam " 1195 UPDATE SHV-55 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 1194 UPDATE OXA-16 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1197 UPDATE Mycobacterium tuberculosis rpsL mutations conferring resistance to Streptomycin antibiotic target alteration; antibiotic resistant rpsL; streptomycin; aminoglycoside antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic resistant rpsL UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003419 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Ribosomal protein S12 stabilizes the highly conserved pseudoknot structure formed by 16S rRNA. Amino acid substitutions in RpsL affect the higher-order structure of 16S rRNA and confer antibiotic resistance UPDATED category_aro_name with streptomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35958 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000040 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Streptomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 1196 UPDATE OXA-71 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1759 UPDATE vanF glycopeptide antibiotic; glycopeptide resistance gene cluster; van ligase; antibiotic target alteration; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide resistance gene cluster UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36373 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000234 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Genes that when expressed confer resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin type antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with van ligase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 39340 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3002906 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with van ligases synthesize alternative substrates for peptidoglycan synthesis that reduce vancomycin binding affinity. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. " 1758 UPDATE OXA-326 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1757 UPDATE emrA efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; nalidixic acid; major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; antibiotic efflux; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and ABC transporters comprise the two largest and most functionally diverse of the transporter superfamilies. However, MFS transporters are distinct from ABC transporters in both their primary sequence and structure and in the mechanism of energy coupling. As secondary transporters they are, like RND and SMR transporters, energized by the electrochemical proton gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. " 1756 UPDATE CMY-93 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 1755 UPDATE CTX-M-23 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 1754 UPDATE vanO glycopeptide antibiotic; glycopeptide resistance gene cluster; van ligase; antibiotic target alteration; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide resistance gene cluster UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36373 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000234 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Genes that when expressed confer resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin type antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with van ligase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 39340 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3002906 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with van ligases synthesize alternative substrates for peptidoglycan synthesis that reduce vancomycin binding affinity. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. " 1753 UPDATE SHV-148 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 1752 UPDATE MdtK efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; antibiotic efflux; multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) transporter; ciprofloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) transporter UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36251 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000112 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) transporters utilize the cationic gradient across the membrane as an energy source. Although there is a diverse substrate specificity, almost all MATE transporters recognize fluoroquinolones. Arciflavine, ethidium and aminoglycosides are also good substrates. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. " 1751 UPDATE Erm(33) antibiotic target alteration; vernamycin B-gamma; oleandomycin; macrolide antibiotic; telithromycin; tylosin; lincosamide antibiotic; dirithromycin; clarithromycin; clindamycin; dalfopristin; pristinamycin IB; quinupristin; pristinamycin IA; Erm 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase; pristinamycin IIA; madumycin II; griseoviridin; lincomycin; streptogramin antibiotic; roxithromycin; spiramycin; azithromycin; erythromycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with vernamycin B-gamma UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37022 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000678 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Vernamycin B-gamma is a class B streptogramin derived from virginiamycin S1. UPDATED category_aro_name with oleandomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37247 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000867 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Oleandomycin is a 14-membered macrolide produced by Streptomyces antibioticus. It is ssimilar to erythromycin, and contains a desosamine amino sugar and an oleandrose sugar. It targets the 50S ribosomal subunit to prevent protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with telithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35974 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000057 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Telithromycin is a semi-synthetic derivative of erythromycin. It is a 14-membered macrolide and is the first ketolide antibiotic to be used in clinics. Telithromycin binds the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with tylosin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36284 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000145 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tylosin is a 16-membered macrolide, naturally produced by Streptomyces fradiae. It interacts with the bacterial ribosome 50S subunit to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincosamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35936 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincosamides (e.g. lincomycin, clindamycin) are a class of drugs which bind to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. This interaction inhibits early elongation of peptide chains by inhibiting the transpeptidase reaction, acting similarly to macrolides. UPDATED category_aro_name with dirithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36315 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000176 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dirithromycin is an oxazine derivative of erythromycin, sharing the 14-carbon macrolide ring. The antibiotic binds to the 50S subunit of the ribosome to inhibit bacterial protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with clarithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35982 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000065 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Clarithromycin is a methyl derivative of erythromycin, sharing the 14-carbon macrolide ring. The antibiotic binds to the 50S subunit of the ribosome and is used to treat pharyngitis, tonsillitis, acute maxillary sinusitis, acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, pneumonia (especially atypical pneumonias associated with Chlamydia pneumoniae or TWAR), and skin structure infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with clindamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35983 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000066 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Clindamycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that blocks A-site aminoacyl-tRNA binding. It is usually used to treat infections with anaerobic bacteria but can also be used to treat some protozoal diseases, such as malaria. UPDATED category_aro_name with dalfopristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37018 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000674 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dalfopristin is a water-soluble semi-synthetic derivative of pristinamycin IIA. It is produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis and is used in combination with quinupristin in a 7:3 ratio. Both work together to inhibit protein synthesis, and is active against Gram-positive bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IB UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37019 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000675 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IB is a class B streptogramin similar to pristinamycin IA, the former containing a N-methyl-4-(methylamino)phenylalanine instead of a N-methyl-4-(dimethylamino)phenylalanine in its class A streptogramin counterpart (one less methyl group). UPDATED category_aro_name with quinupristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36723 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000584 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Quinupristin is a type B streptogramin and a semisynthetic derivative of pristinamycin 1A. It is a component of the drug Synercid and interacts with the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36722 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000583 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin 1A is a type B streptogramin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis. It binds to the P site of the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, preventing the extension of protein chains. UPDATED category_aro_name with Erm 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36699 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000560 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Erm proteins are part of the RNA methyltransferase family and methylate A2058 (E. coli nomenclature) of the 23S ribosomal RNA conferring degrees of resistance to Macrolides, Lincosamides and Streptogramin b. This is called the MLSb phenotype. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IIA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37013 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000669 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IIA is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with madumycin II UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37016 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000672 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Madumycin II is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with griseoviridin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000673 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Griseoviridin is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35964 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000046 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincomycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that comes from the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis. It binds to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes and inhibit early elongation of peptide chain by inhibiting transpeptidase reaction. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptogramin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35945 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000026 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptogramin antibiotics are natural products produced by various members of the Streptomyces genus. These antibiotics bind to the P site of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The family consists of two subgroups, type A and type B, which are simultaneously produced by the same bacterial species in a ratio of roughly 70:30. UPDATED category_aro_name with roxithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35946 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000027 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Roxithromycin is a semi-synthetic, 14-carbon ring macrolide antibiotic derived from erythromycin. It is used to treat respiratory tract, urinary and soft tissue infections. Roxithromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. UPDATED category_aro_name with spiramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36295 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000156 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Spiramycin is a 16-membered macrolide and is natural product produced by Streptomyces ambofaciens. It binds to the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes and inhibits peptidyl transfer activity to disrupt protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with azithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36297 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000158 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Azithromycin is a 15-membered macrolide and falls under the subclass of azalide. Like other macrolides, azithromycin binds bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The nitrogen substitution at the C-9a position prevents its degradation. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. " 1750 UPDATE OXA-254 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1177 UPDATE KPC-12 antibiotic inactivation; penam; carbapenem; cephalosporin; monobactam; KPC beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with KPC beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36198 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000059 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenem resistant (KPC) beta-lactamases are notorious for their ability to efficiently hydrolyze carbapenems, unlike other Ambler Class A beta-lactamases. There are currently 9 variants reported worldwide. These enzymes were first isolated from Klebsiella pneumoniae strains in 2001 in the United States. Hospital outbreaks have since been reported in Greece and Israel and KPC carrying strains are now endemic to New York facilities. KPC-1 and KPC-2 have been shown to be identical and are now referred to as KPC-2. " 1176 UPDATE Mycobacterium tuberculosis katG mutations conferring resistance to isoniazid isoniazid; isoniazid resistant katG; antibiotic target alteration; ARO_category; model_param "UPDATED category_aro_name with isoniazid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36659 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000520 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Isoniazid is an organic compound that is the first-line anti tuberculosis medication in prevention and treatment. As a prodrug, it is activated by mycobacterial catalase-peroxidases such as M. tuberculosis KatG. Isoniazid inhibits mycolic acid synthesis, which prevents cell wall synthesis in mycobacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with isoniazid resistant katG UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003416 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Bifunctional enzyme with both catalase and broad-spectrum peroxidase activity. It is a catalase-peroxidases that catalyzes the activation of isoniazid. Mutations that arises within this protein cause changes that results in the inability for katG to activate antibiotics, conferring resistance UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED 8241 with Y304STOP UPDATED 8255 with V473I UPDATED 8254 with V473D UPDATED 8257 with V473R UPDATED 8256 with V473K UPDATED 8251 with L472K UPDATED 8250 with Q471H UPDATED 8253 with L472I UPDATED 8252 with L472Q UPDATED 8239 with S303L UPDATED 3719 with T275V UPDATED 8258 with V473M UPDATED 8242 with D311N UPDATED 3716 with M255C UPDATED 3717 with M255I UPDATED 8260 with V473F UPDATED 8261 with V473W UPDATED 8244 with L427I UPDATED 8259 with V473S UPDATED 3718 with M255Y UPDATED 8248 with L436G UPDATED 8249 with Q471Y UPDATED 8264 with V473N UPDATED 8243 with D311S UPDATED 8240 with S303C UPDATED 8246 with L430V UPDATED 3721 with W328F UPDATED 3722 with R418L UPDATED 8263 with V473G UPDATED 3715 with W107F UPDATED 8262 with V473Y UPDATED 3720 with W321F UPDATED 8247 with T435R UPDATED 8255 with V473I UPDATED 8254 with V473D UPDATED 8257 with V473R UPDATED 8256 with V473K UPDATED 8251 with L472K UPDATED 8250 with Q471H UPDATED 8253 with L472I UPDATED 8252 with L472Q UPDATED 8239 with S303L UPDATED 8259 with V473S UPDATED 8258 with V473M UPDATED 8264 with V473N UPDATED 8246 with L430V UPDATED 8247 with T435R UPDATED 8244 with L427I UPDATED 8248 with L436G UPDATED 8249 with Q471Y UPDATED 8242 with D311N UPDATED 8243 with D311S UPDATED 8240 with S303C UPDATED 8260 with V473F UPDATED 8261 with V473W UPDATED 8262 with V473Y UPDATED 8263 with V473G UPDATED 3715 with W107F UPDATED 3717 with M255I UPDATED 3716 with M255C UPDATED 3719 with T275V UPDATED 3718 with M255Y UPDATED 3720 with W321F UPDATED 3721 with W328F UPDATED 3722 with R418L " 1175 UPDATE Enterococcus faecium cls conferring resistance to daptomycin peptide antibiotic; antibiotic target alteration; daptomycin resistant cls; daptomycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with daptomycin resistant cls UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 39856 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003272 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Cardiolipin synthetase catalyzes the formation of cardiolipin from two phosphatidylglycerol molecules. Cardiolipin is important in membrane translocation and permeabilization. Current known mutations on the enzyme confer resistance to daptomycin. UPDATED category_aro_name with daptomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35985 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000068 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Daptomycin is a novel lipopeptide antibiotic used in the treatment of certain infections caused by Gram-positive organisms. Daptomycin interferes with the bacterial cell membrane, reducing membrane potential and inhibiting cell wall synthesis. " 1174 UPDATE QnrB22 sparfloxacin; norfloxacin; quinolone resistance protein (qnr); gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; antibiotic target protection; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; nalidixic acid; moxifloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with quinolone resistance protein (qnr) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36558 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000419 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Qnr proteins are pentapeptide repeat proteins that mimic DNA and protect the cell from the activity of fluoroquinolone antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target protection UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. " 1173 UPDATE TEM-54 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 1172 UPDATE OXA-194 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1171 UPDATE tet44 chlortetracycline; demeclocycline; oxytetracycline; tetracycline antibiotic; tetracycline; antibiotic target protection; minocycline; tetracycline-resistant ribosomal protection protein; doxycycline; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with chlortetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36667 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000528 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chlortetracycline was an early, first-generation tetracycline antibiotic developed in the 1940's. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes, preventing the aminoacyl-tRNA from binding to the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with demeclocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37011 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000667 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Demeclocycline is a tetracycline analog with 7-chloro and 6-methyl groups. Due to its fast absorption and slow excretion, it maintains higher effective blood levels compared to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with oxytetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37012 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000668 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Oxytetracycline is a derivative of tetracycline with a 5-hydroxyl group. Its activity is similar to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target protection UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with minocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36291 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000152 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Minocycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline-resistant ribosomal protection protein UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35921 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with A family of proteins known to bind to the 30S ribosomal subunit. This interaction prevents tetracycline and tetracycline derivatives from inhibiting ribosomal function. Thus, these proteins confer elevated resistance to tetracycline derivatives as a ribosomal protection protein. UPDATED category_aro_name with doxycycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35986 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Doxycycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. " 1170 UPDATE CMY-46 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 1179 UPDATE IMP-4 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; carbapenem; cephalosporin; IMP beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with IMP beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36029 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Plasmid mediated IMP-type carbapenemases, of which at least 26 varieties are currently known, became established in Japan in the 1990s in enteric gram-negative organisms, Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter species. Integron-associated, sometimes within plasmids. Hydrolyses all beta-lactams except monobactams, and evades all beta-lactam inhibitors. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 1178 UPDATE CMY-81 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 511 UPDATE dfrA3 iclaprim; trimethoprim; brodimoprim; tetroxoprim; diaminopyrimidine antibiotic; antibiotic target replacement; trimethoprim resistant dihydrofolate reductase dfr; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with iclaprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36476 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000337 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Iclaprim is a bactericidal compound that inhibits dihydrofolate reductase. It is used against clinically important Gram-positive pathogens, including methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36327 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000188 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Trimethoprim is a synthetic 5-(3,4,5- trimethoxybenzyl) pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, inhibiting synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid. Tetrahydrofolic acid is an essential precursor in the de novo synthesis of the DNA nucleotide thymidine. Trimethoprim is a bacteriostatic antibiotic mainly used in the prophylaxis and treatment of urinary tract infections in combination with sulfamethoxazole, a sulfonamide antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with brodimoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36408 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000269 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Brodimoprim is a structural derivative of trimethoprim and an inhibitor of bacterial dihydrofolate reductase. The 4-methoxy group of trimethoprim is replaced with a bromine atom. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetroxoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36423 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000284 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetroxoprim is a trimethoprim derivative that inhibits bacterial dihydrofolate reductase. UPDATED category_aro_name with diaminopyrimidine antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36310 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000171 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Diaminopyrimidines are a class of organic compounds containing a pyrimidine ring substituted by two amine groups. They are inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme critical for DNA synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target replacement UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Replacement or substitution of antibiotic action target, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim resistant dihydrofolate reductase dfr UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37617 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3001218 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Alternative dihydropteroate synthase dfr present on plasmids produces alternate proteins that are less sensitive to trimethoprim from inhibiting its role in folate synthesis, thus conferring trimethoprim resistance. " 510 UPDATE CTX-M-9 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 1005 UPDATE Escherichia coli soxR with mutation conferring antibiotic resistance tetracycline antibiotic; antibiotic target alteration; antibiotic efflux; ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump; major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; norfloxacin; cephalosporin; cefalotin; ciprofloxacin; protein(s) and two-component regulatory system modulating antibiotic efflux; rifampin; ampicillin; penam; triclosan; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; tigecycline; glycylcycline; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; chloramphenicol; phenicol antibiotic; tetracycline; rifamycin antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Regulator DELETED 35950 UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36002 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are present in all cells of all organisms and use the energy of ATP binding/hydrolysis to transport substrates across cell membranes. UPDATED category_aro_name with major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and ABC transporters comprise the two largest and most functionally diverse of the transporter superfamilies. However, MFS transporters are distinct from ABC transporters in both their primary sequence and structure and in the mechanism of energy coupling. As secondary transporters they are, like RND and SMR transporters, energized by the electrochemical proton gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with ampicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36981 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000637 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ampicillin is a penicillin derivative that is highly acid stable, with its activity similar to benzylpenicillin. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with triclosan UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37250 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000870 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Triclosan is a common antibacterial agent added to many consumer products as a biocide. It is an inhibitor of fatty acid biosynthesis by blocking enoyl-carrier protein reductase (FabI). UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefalotin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37084 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000704 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. It is resistant to staphylococci beta-lactamases but hydrolyzed by enterobacterial beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with tigecycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35949 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000030 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tigecycline is an glycylcycline antibiotic. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycylcycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35960 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000042 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycylcyclines are a new class of antibiotics derived from tetracycline. These tetracycline analogues are specifically designed to overcome two common mechanisms of tetracycline resistance. Presently, there is only one glycylcycline antibiotic for clinical use: tigecycline. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome, preventing the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifampin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36308 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000169 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifampin is a semi-synthetic rifamycin, and inhibits RNA synthesis by binding to RNA polymerase. Rifampin is the mainstay agent for the treatment of tuberculosis, leprosy and complicated Gram-positive infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifamycin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36296 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000157 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifamycin antibiotics are a group of broad-spectrum ansamycin antibiotics that inhibit bacterial RNA polymerase by binding to a highly conserved region, blocking the oligonucleotide exit tunnel, and preventing the extension of nascent mRNAs. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. " 1285 UPDATE SAT-1 streptothricin acetyltransferase (SAT); streptothricin; antibiotic inactivation; nucleoside antibiotic; ARO_description; ARO_category; ARO_name "UPDATED ARO_description with SAT-2 is a plasmid-mediated streptothricin acetyltransferase, which confers resistance to streptothricin, a nucleoside antibiotic. Originally described from an E. coli plasmid sequence by Heim et al., 1989. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptothricin acetyltransferase (SAT) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37249 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000869 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with AcetylCoA dependent acetyltransferase that acetylate streptothricins such as nourseothricin at position 16 (beta position of beta-lysine). UPDATED category_aro_name with streptothricin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35931 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000012 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptothricins are a group of N-glycoside antibiotics that include a carbamoylated D-glucosamine to which are attached a series of L-beta-lysine residues at position 2 and a streptolidine at position 1. Streptothricins vary by the number of beta-lysine residues (from 1 (nourseothricin) to 7) and target protein synthesis in bacteria and eukaryotes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with nucleoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36174 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000034 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucleoside antibiotics are made of modified nucleosides and nucleotides with wide-ranging activities and means of antibacterial effects. This drug class includes aminonucleoside antibiotics, which contain an amino group. UPDATED ARO_name with SAT-2 " 1284 UPDATE IND-15 carbapenem; antibiotic inactivation; IND beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with IND beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36199 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000060 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with IND beta-lactamases are class B carbapenem-hydrolyzing beta-lactamases " 1287 UPDATE CTX-M-110 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 512 UPDATE CTX-M-82 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 1281 UPDATE OXA-110 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1280 UPDATE QnrB12 sparfloxacin; norfloxacin; quinolone resistance protein (qnr); gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; antibiotic target protection; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; nalidixic acid; moxifloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with quinolone resistance protein (qnr) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36558 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000419 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Qnr proteins are pentapeptide repeat proteins that mimic DNA and protect the cell from the activity of fluoroquinolone antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target protection UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. " 1283 UPDATE KPC-6 antibiotic inactivation; penam; carbapenem; cephalosporin; monobactam; KPC beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with KPC beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36198 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000059 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenem resistant (KPC) beta-lactamases are notorious for their ability to efficiently hydrolyze carbapenems, unlike other Ambler Class A beta-lactamases. There are currently 9 variants reported worldwide. These enzymes were first isolated from Klebsiella pneumoniae strains in 2001 in the United States. Hospital outbreaks have since been reported in Greece and Israel and KPC carrying strains are now endemic to New York facilities. KPC-1 and KPC-2 have been shown to be identical and are now referred to as KPC-2. " 1282 UPDATE SIM-1 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SIM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SIM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41370 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004206 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SIM beta-lactamases are Class B beta-lactamases that are capable of hydrolyzing a wide variety of beta-lactams, including penicillins, narrow- to expanded-spectrum cephalosporins, and carbapenem. The SIM family of beta-lactamases appear to be transferable through integrons. " 1003 UPDATE OXA-18 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 879 UPDATE TEM-185 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 1289 UPDATE OKP-B-7 penam; antibiotic inactivation; OKP beta-lactamase; cephalosporin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with OKP beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 38817 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3002417 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OKP beta-lactamases are chromosomal class A beta-lactamase that confer resistance to penicillins and early cephalosporins in Klebsiella pneumoniae. OKP beta-lactamases can be subdivided into two groups: OKP-A and OKP-B which diverge by about 4.2% UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 1288 UPDATE OXA-82 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 514 UPDATE LEN-10 penam; LEN beta-lactamase; antibiotic inactivation; penem; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with LEN beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36236 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000097 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with LEN beta-lactamases are chromosomal class A beta-lactamases that confer resistance to ampicillin, amoxicillin, carbenicillin, and ticarcillin but not to extended-spectrum beta-lactams. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. " 1579 UPDATE QnrB9 sparfloxacin; norfloxacin; quinolone resistance protein (qnr); gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; antibiotic target protection; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; nalidixic acid; moxifloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with quinolone resistance protein (qnr) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36558 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000419 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Qnr proteins are pentapeptide repeat proteins that mimic DNA and protect the cell from the activity of fluoroquinolone antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target protection UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. " 1578 UPDATE SHV-123 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 689 UPDATE CTX-M-123 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 688 UPDATE MOX-2 penam; antibiotic inactivation; MOX beta-lactamase; cephamycin; cephalosporin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with MOX beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36222 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000083 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with MOX beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated AmpC-type beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 685 UPDATE OXA-239 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 684 UPDATE SHV-37 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 687 UPDATE APH(3')-Vc antibiotic inactivation; aminoglycoside antibiotic; paromomycin; APH(3'); ribostamycin; G418; neomycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with paromomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000657 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with An aminoglycoside antibiotic used for the treatment of parasitic infections. It is similar to neomycin sharing a similar spectrum of activity, but its hydroxyl group at the 6'-position instead of an amino group makes it resistant to AAC(6') modifying enzymes. UPDATED category_aro_name with APH(3') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36265 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000126 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Phosphorylation of 2-deoxystreptamine aminoglycosides on the hydroxyl group at position 3' UPDATED category_aro_name with ribostamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35940 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000021 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ribostamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Ribostamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with G418 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000653 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A gentamicin class aminoglycoside antibiotic often used in mammalian cell culture work as a selectable marker for the neo cassette (APH3'). UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 686 UPDATE OXA-162 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 681 UPDATE TEM-120 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 680 UPDATE CMY-54 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 683 UPDATE CMY-75 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 682 UPDATE QnrS4 sparfloxacin; norfloxacin; quinolone resistance protein (qnr); gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; antibiotic target protection; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; nalidixic acid; moxifloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with quinolone resistance protein (qnr) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36558 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000419 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Qnr proteins are pentapeptide repeat proteins that mimic DNA and protect the cell from the activity of fluoroquinolone antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target protection UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. " 623 UPDATE OXA-68 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1226 UPDATE adeG antibiotic efflux; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; tetracycline antibiotic; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; tetracycline; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. " 621 UPDATE ErmF antibiotic target alteration; vernamycin B-gamma; oleandomycin; macrolide antibiotic; telithromycin; tylosin; lincosamide antibiotic; dirithromycin; clarithromycin; clindamycin; dalfopristin; pristinamycin IB; quinupristin; pristinamycin IA; Erm 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase; pristinamycin IIA; madumycin II; griseoviridin; lincomycin; streptogramin antibiotic; roxithromycin; spiramycin; azithromycin; erythromycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with vernamycin B-gamma UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37022 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000678 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Vernamycin B-gamma is a class B streptogramin derived from virginiamycin S1. UPDATED category_aro_name with oleandomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37247 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000867 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Oleandomycin is a 14-membered macrolide produced by Streptomyces antibioticus. It is ssimilar to erythromycin, and contains a desosamine amino sugar and an oleandrose sugar. It targets the 50S ribosomal subunit to prevent protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with telithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35974 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000057 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Telithromycin is a semi-synthetic derivative of erythromycin. It is a 14-membered macrolide and is the first ketolide antibiotic to be used in clinics. Telithromycin binds the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with tylosin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36284 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000145 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tylosin is a 16-membered macrolide, naturally produced by Streptomyces fradiae. It interacts with the bacterial ribosome 50S subunit to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincosamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35936 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincosamides (e.g. lincomycin, clindamycin) are a class of drugs which bind to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. This interaction inhibits early elongation of peptide chains by inhibiting the transpeptidase reaction, acting similarly to macrolides. UPDATED category_aro_name with dirithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36315 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000176 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dirithromycin is an oxazine derivative of erythromycin, sharing the 14-carbon macrolide ring. The antibiotic binds to the 50S subunit of the ribosome to inhibit bacterial protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with clarithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35982 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000065 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Clarithromycin is a methyl derivative of erythromycin, sharing the 14-carbon macrolide ring. The antibiotic binds to the 50S subunit of the ribosome and is used to treat pharyngitis, tonsillitis, acute maxillary sinusitis, acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, pneumonia (especially atypical pneumonias associated with Chlamydia pneumoniae or TWAR), and skin structure infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with clindamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35983 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000066 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Clindamycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that blocks A-site aminoacyl-tRNA binding. It is usually used to treat infections with anaerobic bacteria but can also be used to treat some protozoal diseases, such as malaria. UPDATED category_aro_name with dalfopristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37018 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000674 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dalfopristin is a water-soluble semi-synthetic derivative of pristinamycin IIA. It is produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis and is used in combination with quinupristin in a 7:3 ratio. Both work together to inhibit protein synthesis, and is active against Gram-positive bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IB UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37019 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000675 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IB is a class B streptogramin similar to pristinamycin IA, the former containing a N-methyl-4-(methylamino)phenylalanine instead of a N-methyl-4-(dimethylamino)phenylalanine in its class A streptogramin counterpart (one less methyl group). UPDATED category_aro_name with quinupristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36723 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000584 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Quinupristin is a type B streptogramin and a semisynthetic derivative of pristinamycin 1A. It is a component of the drug Synercid and interacts with the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36722 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000583 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin 1A is a type B streptogramin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis. It binds to the P site of the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, preventing the extension of protein chains. UPDATED category_aro_name with Erm 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36699 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000560 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Erm proteins are part of the RNA methyltransferase family and methylate A2058 (E. coli nomenclature) of the 23S ribosomal RNA conferring degrees of resistance to Macrolides, Lincosamides and Streptogramin b. This is called the MLSb phenotype. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IIA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37013 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000669 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IIA is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with madumycin II UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37016 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000672 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Madumycin II is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with griseoviridin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000673 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Griseoviridin is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35964 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000046 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincomycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that comes from the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis. It binds to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes and inhibit early elongation of peptide chain by inhibiting transpeptidase reaction. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptogramin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35945 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000026 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptogramin antibiotics are natural products produced by various members of the Streptomyces genus. These antibiotics bind to the P site of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The family consists of two subgroups, type A and type B, which are simultaneously produced by the same bacterial species in a ratio of roughly 70:30. UPDATED category_aro_name with roxithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35946 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000027 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Roxithromycin is a semi-synthetic, 14-carbon ring macrolide antibiotic derived from erythromycin. It is used to treat respiratory tract, urinary and soft tissue infections. Roxithromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. UPDATED category_aro_name with spiramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36295 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000156 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Spiramycin is a 16-membered macrolide and is natural product produced by Streptomyces ambofaciens. It binds to the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes and inhibits peptidyl transfer activity to disrupt protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with azithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36297 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000158 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Azithromycin is a 15-membered macrolide and falls under the subclass of azalide. Like other macrolides, azithromycin binds bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The nitrogen substitution at the C-9a position prevents its degradation. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. " 1224 UPDATE Erm(30) antibiotic target alteration; streptogramin antibiotic; Erm 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase; macrolide antibiotic; lincosamide antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptogramin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35945 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000026 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptogramin antibiotics are natural products produced by various members of the Streptomyces genus. These antibiotics bind to the P site of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The family consists of two subgroups, type A and type B, which are simultaneously produced by the same bacterial species in a ratio of roughly 70:30. UPDATED category_aro_name with Erm 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36699 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000560 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Erm proteins are part of the RNA methyltransferase family and methylate A2058 (E. coli nomenclature) of the 23S ribosomal RNA conferring degrees of resistance to Macrolides, Lincosamides and Streptogramin b. This is called the MLSb phenotype. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincosamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35936 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincosamides (e.g. lincomycin, clindamycin) are a class of drugs which bind to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. This interaction inhibits early elongation of peptide chains by inhibiting the transpeptidase reaction, acting similarly to macrolides. " 627 UPDATE Escherichia coli rpoB mutants conferring resistance to rifampicin rifampin; rifapentine; rifabutin; peptide antibiotic; rifamycin-resistant beta-subunit of RNA polymerase (rpoB); antibiotic target replacement; antibiotic target alteration; rifamycin antibiotic; rifaximin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with rifampin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36308 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000169 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifampin is a semi-synthetic rifamycin, and inhibits RNA synthesis by binding to RNA polymerase. Rifampin is the mainstay agent for the treatment of tuberculosis, leprosy and complicated Gram-positive infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifapentine UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36673 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000534 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifapentine is a semisynthetic rifamycin that inhibits DNA-dependent RNA synthesis. It is often used in the treatment of tuberculosis and leprosy. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifabutin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36669 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000530 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifabutin is a semisynthetic rifamycin used in tuberculosis therapy. It inhibits DNA-dependent RNA synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifamycin-resistant beta-subunit of RNA polymerase (rpoB) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36349 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000210 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifampin resistant RNA polymerases include amino acids substitutions which disrupt the affinity of rifampin for its binding site. These mutations are frequently concentrated in the rif I region of the beta-subunit and most often involve amino acids which make direct interactions with rifampin. However, mutations which also confer resistance can occur outside this region and may involve amino acids which do not directly make contact with rifampin. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target replacement UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Replacement or substitution of antibiotic action target, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifamycin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36296 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000157 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifamycin antibiotics are a group of broad-spectrum ansamycin antibiotics that inhibit bacterial RNA polymerase by binding to a highly conserved region, blocking the oligonucleotide exit tunnel, and preventing the extension of nascent mRNAs. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifaximin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36656 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000517 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifaximin is a semi-synthetic rifamycin used to treat traveller's diarrhea. Rifaximin inhibits RNA synthesis by binding to the beta subunit of bacterial RNA polymerase. " 1222 UPDATE FosA fosfomycin; fosfomycin thiol transferase; antibiotic inactivation; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with fosfomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35944 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000025 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Fosfomycin (also known as phosphomycin and phosphonomycin) is a broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by certain Streptomyces species. It is effective on gram positive and negative bacteria as it targets the cell wall, an essential feature shared by both bacteria. Its specific target is MurA (MurZ in E.coli), which attaches phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, a step of commitment to cell wall synthesis. In the active site of MurA, the active cysteine molecule is alkylated which stops the catalytic reaction. UPDATED category_aro_name with fosfomycin thiol transferase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36272 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000133 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Catalyzes the addition of a thiol group from a nucleophilic molecule to fosfomycin. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. " 1221 UPDATE OXA-231 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1243 UPDATE mphA antibiotic inactivation; macrolide phosphotransferase (MPH); oleandomycin; dirithromycin; macrolide antibiotic; telithromycin; roxithromycin; clarithromycin; azithromycin; erythromycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide phosphotransferase (MPH) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36472 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000333 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolide phosphotransferases (MPH) are enzymes encoded by macrolide phosphotransferase genes (mph genes). These enzymes phosphorylate macrolides in GTP dependent manner at 2'-OH of desosamine sugar thereby inactivating them. Characterized MPH's are differentiated based on their substrate specificity. UPDATED category_aro_name with oleandomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37247 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000867 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Oleandomycin is a 14-membered macrolide produced by Streptomyces antibioticus. It is ssimilar to erythromycin, and contains a desosamine amino sugar and an oleandrose sugar. It targets the 50S ribosomal subunit to prevent protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with dirithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36315 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000176 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dirithromycin is an oxazine derivative of erythromycin, sharing the 14-carbon macrolide ring. The antibiotic binds to the 50S subunit of the ribosome to inhibit bacterial protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with telithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35974 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000057 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Telithromycin is a semi-synthetic derivative of erythromycin. It is a 14-membered macrolide and is the first ketolide antibiotic to be used in clinics. Telithromycin binds the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with roxithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35946 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000027 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Roxithromycin is a semi-synthetic, 14-carbon ring macrolide antibiotic derived from erythromycin. It is used to treat respiratory tract, urinary and soft tissue infections. Roxithromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. UPDATED category_aro_name with clarithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35982 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000065 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Clarithromycin is a methyl derivative of erythromycin, sharing the 14-carbon macrolide ring. The antibiotic binds to the 50S subunit of the ribosome and is used to treat pharyngitis, tonsillitis, acute maxillary sinusitis, acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, pneumonia (especially atypical pneumonias associated with Chlamydia pneumoniae or TWAR), and skin structure infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with azithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36297 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000158 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Azithromycin is a 15-membered macrolide and falls under the subclass of azalide. Like other macrolides, azithromycin binds bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The nitrogen substitution at the C-9a position prevents its degradation. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. " 1220 UPDATE OCH-5 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; cephamycin; monobactam; OCH beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OCH beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36233 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000094 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OCH beta-lactamases are Ambler class C chromosomal-encoded beta-lactamases in Ochrobactrum anthropi " 2035 UPDATE CTX-M-15 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; ceftazidime; cefalotin; ceftriaxone; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftazidime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35977 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000060 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftazidime is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Unlike most third-generation agents, it is active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, however it has weaker activity against Gram-positive microorganisms and is not used for such infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefalotin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37084 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000704 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. It is resistant to staphylococci beta-lactamases but hydrolyzed by enterobacterial beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftriaxone UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35979 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000062 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftriaxone is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. The presence of an aminothiazolyl sidechain increases ceftriazone's resistance to beta-lactamases. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 407 UPDATE OXA-352 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1370 UPDATE AAC(6')-Ib10 antibiotic inactivation; kanamycin A; aminoglycoside antibiotic; AAC(6'); isepamicin; sisomicin; arbekacin; gentamicin B; netilmicin; amikacin; dibekacin; neomycin; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with AAC(6') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36484 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000345 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Acetylation of the aminoglycoside antibiotic on the amino group at position 6'. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with netilmicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35956 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000038 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with dibekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35926 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 405 UPDATE OXA-202 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1372 UPDATE ANT(2'')-Ia antibiotic inactivation; kanamycin A; ANT(2''); gentamicin B; gentamicin C; aminoglycoside antibiotic; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with ANT(2'') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41440 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004276 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucelotidylylation of streptomycin at the hydroxyl group at position 2''. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin C UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35933 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin C is a mixture of gentamicin C1, gentamicin C1a, and gentamicin C2 (these differ in substituents at position C6'). Gentamicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 1375 UPDATE CMY-11 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 1374 UPDATE blaI penam; antibiotic inactivation; blaZ beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with blaZ beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41361 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004197 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with blaZ beta-lactamases are Class A beta-lactamases. These beta-lactamases are responsible for penicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aures. " 1377 UPDATE CTX-M-60 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 400 UPDATE PDC-1 PDC beta-lactamase; monobactam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; carbapenem; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with PDC beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36237 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000098 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with PDC beta-lactamases are class C beta-lactamases that are found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 1379 UPDATE OXA-313 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1378 UPDATE AAC(3)-IIc antibiotic inactivation; AAC(3); paromomycin; kanamycin A; aminoglycoside antibiotic; neomycin; butirosin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with AAC(3) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36461 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000322 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Acetylation of the aminoglycoside antibiotic on the amino group at position 3. UPDATED category_aro_name with paromomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000657 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with An aminoglycoside antibiotic used for the treatment of parasitic infections. It is similar to neomycin sharing a similar spectrum of activity, but its hydroxyl group at the 6'-position instead of an amino group makes it resistant to AAC(6') modifying enzymes. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with butirosin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35943 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000024 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Butirosin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Butirosin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 452 UPDATE QnrVC4 sparfloxacin; norfloxacin; quinolone resistance protein (qnr); gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; antibiotic target protection; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; nalidixic acid; moxifloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with quinolone resistance protein (qnr) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36558 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000419 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Qnr proteins are pentapeptide repeat proteins that mimic DNA and protect the cell from the activity of fluoroquinolone antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target protection UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. " 409 UPDATE vanRL glycopeptide antibiotic; glycopeptide resistance gene cluster; antibiotic target alteration; vanR; vancomycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide resistance gene cluster UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36373 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000234 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Genes that when expressed confer resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin type antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with vanR UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36713 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000574 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with VanR is a OmpR-family transcriptional activator in the VanSR regulatory system. When activated by VanS, it promotes cotranscription of VanA, VanH, and VanX. UPDATED category_aro_name with vancomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35947 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000028 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Vancomycin is a glycopeptide antibiotic used in the prophylaxis and treatment of infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria. Vancomycin inhibits the synthesis of peptidoglycan, the major component of the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria. Its mechanism of action is unusual in that it acts by binding precursors of peptidoglycan, rather than by interacting with an enzyme. " 408 UPDATE OXA-380 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1343 UPDATE OXA-166 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 2031 UPDATE OXA-173 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1344 UPDATE MexH antibiotic efflux; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; norfloxacin; acridine dye; acriflavin; tetracycline antibiotic; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; tetracycline; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with acridine dye UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36193 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000054 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Acridine dyes are cell permeable, basic molecules with an acridine chromophore. These compounds intercalate DNA. The image shown represents the core structure of the acridine family, with specific dyes containing varying substituents. UPDATED category_aro_name with acriflavin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35963 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000045 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Acriflavin is a topical antiseptic. It has the form of an orange or brown powder. It may be harmful in the eyes or if inhaled. Acriflavine is also used as treatment for external fungal infections of aquarium fish. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. " 2030 UPDATE AAC(3)-IXa antibiotic inactivation; AAC(3); aminoglycoside antibiotic; neomycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with AAC(3) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36461 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000322 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Acetylation of the aminoglycoside antibiotic on the amino group at position 3. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 455 UPDATE vanC glycopeptide antibiotic; glycopeptide resistance gene cluster; van ligase; antibiotic target alteration; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide resistance gene cluster UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36373 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000234 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Genes that when expressed confer resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin type antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with van ligase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 39340 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3002906 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with van ligases synthesize alternative substrates for peptidoglycan synthesis that reduce vancomycin binding affinity. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. " 9 UPDATE ACT-35 antibiotic inactivation; carbapenem; penam; ACT beta-lactamase; cephalosporin; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with ACT beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36211 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000072 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with ACT beta-lactamases, also known as AmpC beta-lactamases, are cephalosporinases that cannot be inhibited by clavulanate. These enzymes are encoded by genes located on the chromosome and can be induced by the presence of beta-lactam antibiotics. However recently, these genes have been found on plasmids and expressed at high constitutive levels in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 456 UPDATE adeR antibiotic efflux; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; protein(s) and two-component regulatory system modulating antibiotic efflux; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; tigecycline; glycylcycline; tetracycline antibiotic; tetracycline; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Regulator UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with tigecycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35949 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000030 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tigecycline is an glycylcycline antibiotic. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycylcycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35960 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000042 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycylcyclines are a new class of antibiotics derived from tetracycline. These tetracycline analogues are specifically designed to overcome two common mechanisms of tetracycline resistance. Presently, there is only one glycylcycline antibiotic for clinical use: tigecycline. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome, preventing the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. " 457 UPDATE OXA-93 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 379 UPDATE OXA-148 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 378 UPDATE TEM-214 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 647 UPDATE TEM-89 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 371 UPDATE SHV-8 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 370 UPDATE SHV-112 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 373 UPDATE MIR-3 antibiotic inactivation; monobactam; cephalosporin; cephamycin; MIR beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with MIR beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36197 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000058 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with MIR beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated beta-lactamases that confer resistance to oxyimino- and alpha-methoxy beta-lactams " 372 UPDATE qacA efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump; antibiotic efflux; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and ABC transporters comprise the two largest and most functionally diverse of the transporter superfamilies. However, MFS transporters are distinct from ABC transporters in both their primary sequence and structure and in the mechanism of energy coupling. As secondary transporters they are, like RND and SMR transporters, energized by the electrochemical proton gradient. " 375 UPDATE mdtH antibiotic efflux; major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump; norfloxacin; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; enoxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and ABC transporters comprise the two largest and most functionally diverse of the transporter superfamilies. However, MFS transporters are distinct from ABC transporters in both their primary sequence and structure and in the mechanism of energy coupling. As secondary transporters they are, like RND and SMR transporters, energized by the electrochemical proton gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with enoxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35942 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000023 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Enoxacin belongs to a group called fluoroquinolones. Its mode of action depends upon blocking bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to DNA gyrase and causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. " 374 UPDATE SHV-21 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 377 UPDATE mepA antibiotic efflux; multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) transporter; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; tigecycline; glycylcycline; tetracycline antibiotic; tetracycline; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) transporter UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36251 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000112 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) transporters utilize the cationic gradient across the membrane as an energy source. Although there is a diverse substrate specificity, almost all MATE transporters recognize fluoroquinolones. Arciflavine, ethidium and aminoglycosides are also good substrates. UPDATED category_aro_name with tigecycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35949 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000030 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tigecycline is an glycylcycline antibiotic. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycylcycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35960 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000042 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycylcyclines are a new class of antibiotics derived from tetracycline. These tetracycline analogues are specifically designed to overcome two common mechanisms of tetracycline resistance. Presently, there is only one glycylcycline antibiotic for clinical use: tigecycline. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome, preventing the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. " 376 UPDATE lnuC antibiotic inactivation; lincosamide nucleotidyltransferase (LNU); lincosamide antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincosamide nucleotidyltransferase (LNU) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000221 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Resistance to the lincosamide antibiotic by ATP-dependent modification of the 3' and/or 4'-hydroxyl groups of the methylthiolincosamide sugar. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincosamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35936 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincosamides (e.g. lincomycin, clindamycin) are a class of drugs which bind to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. This interaction inhibits early elongation of peptide chains by inhibiting the transpeptidase reaction, acting similarly to macrolides. " 1244 UPDATE OXY-5-1 penam; OXY beta-lactamase; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; monobactam; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 38788 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3002388 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXY beta-lactamases are chromosomal class A beta-lactamases that are found in Klebsiella oxytoca. At constitutive low levels, OXY beta-lactamases confer resistance to aminopenicillins and carboxypenicillins. At high induced levels, OXY beta-lactamases confer resistance to penicillins, cephalosporins and aztreonam. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 393 UPDATE QnrS5 sparfloxacin; norfloxacin; quinolone resistance protein (qnr); gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; antibiotic target protection; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; nalidixic acid; moxifloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with quinolone resistance protein (qnr) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36558 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000419 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Qnr proteins are pentapeptide repeat proteins that mimic DNA and protect the cell from the activity of fluoroquinolone antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target protection UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. " 392 UPDATE TUS-1 carbapenem; antibiotic inactivation; TUS beta-lactamase; cephamycin; cephalosporin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with TUS beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41369 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004205 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TUS beta-lactamases are Class B beta-lactamases that can hydrolyze a variety of beta-lactams, such as cephems and carbapenems UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 391 UPDATE VIM-2 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; carbapenem; cephalosporin; cephamycin; VIM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with VIM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36030 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000021 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with The Verone integron-encoded metallo-beta-lactamase (VIM) family was reported from Italy in 1999. There are, to date, 23 reported variants. VIM enzymes mostly occur in P. aeruginosa, also P. putida and, very rarely, Enterobacteriaceae. Integron-associated, sometimes within plasmids. Hydrolyses all beta-lactams except monobactams, and evades all beta-lactam inhibitors. There is a strong incidence of these in East Asia. " 390 UPDATE vanSG glycopeptide antibiotic; vanS; antibiotic target alteration; vancomycin; glycopeptide resistance gene cluster; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with vanS UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36210 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with VanS is similar to histidine protein kinases like EnvZ and acts as a response regulator by activating VanR. VanS is required for high level transcription of other van glycopeptide resistance genes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with vancomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35947 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000028 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Vancomycin is a glycopeptide antibiotic used in the prophylaxis and treatment of infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria. Vancomycin inhibits the synthesis of peptidoglycan, the major component of the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria. Its mechanism of action is unusual in that it acts by binding precursors of peptidoglycan, rather than by interacting with an enzyme. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide resistance gene cluster UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36373 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000234 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Genes that when expressed confer resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin type antibiotics. " 397 UPDATE OXA-357 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 396 UPDATE sul3 sulfadiazine; sulfadoxine; sulfacetamide; sulfadimidine; mafenide; sulfamethoxazole; sulfisoxazole; sulfonamide resistant sul; sulfone antibiotic; sulfamethizole; sulfasalazine; sulfonamide antibiotic; antibiotic target replacement; dapsone; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with sulfadiazine UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36463 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000324 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sulfadiazine is a potent inhibitor of dihydropteroate synthase, interfering with the tetrahydrofolic biosynthesis pathway. Tetrahydrofolic acid is essential for folate synthesis, a precursor to many nucleotides and amino acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with sulfadoxine UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36466 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000327 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sulfadoxine is an inhibitor of dihydropteroate synthase, interfering with the tetrahydrofolic biosynthesis pathway. Tetrahydrofolic acid is essential for folate synthesis, a precursor to many nucleotides and amino acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with sulfacetamide UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37027 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000683 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sulfacetamide is a very soluable sulfonamide antibiotic previously used to treat urinary tract infections. Its relatively low activity and toxicity to those with Stevens-Johnson syndrome have reduced its use and availability. UPDATED category_aro_name with sulfadimidine UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36464 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000325 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sulfadimidine is an alkaline sulfonamide antibiotic that inhibits dihydropteroate synthase, and enzyme in the tetrahydrofolic acid biosynthesis pathway. This interferes with the production of folate, which is a precursor to many amino acids and nucleotides. UPDATED category_aro_name with mafenide UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37028 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000684 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Mafenide is a sulfonamide used topically for treating burns. UPDATED category_aro_name with sulfamethoxazole UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36468 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000329 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sulfamethoxazole is a sulfonamide antibiotic usually taken with trimethoprim, a diaminopyrimidine antibiotic. Sulfamethoxazole inhibits dihydropteroate synthase, essential to tetrahydrofolic acid biosynthesis. This pathway generates compounds used in the synthesis of many amino acids and nucleotides. UPDATED category_aro_name with sulfisoxazole UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36469 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000330 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sulfisoxazole is an inhibitor of dihydropteroate synthase, interfering with the tetrahydrofolic biosynthesis pathway. Tetrahydrofolic acid is essential for folate synthesis, a precursor to many nucleotides and amino acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with sulfonamide resistant sul UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41402 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004238 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with The sul genes encode forms of dihydropteroate synthase that confer resistance to sulfonamide. UPDATED category_aro_name with sulfone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 39985 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003401 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with A sulfone active against a wide range of bacteria but mainly employed for its actions against mycobacterium laprae. Its mechanism of action involves inhibition of folic acid synthesis in susceptible organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with sulfamethizole UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37043 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000699 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sulfamethizole is a short-acting sulfonamide that inhibits dihydropteroate synthetase. UPDATED category_aro_name with sulfasalazine UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37042 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000698 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sulfasalazine is a derivative of the early sulfonamide sulfapyridine (salicylazosulfapyridine). It was developed to increase water solubility and is taken orally for ulcerative colitis. UPDATED category_aro_name with sulfonamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36421 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000282 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Sulfonamides are broad spectrum, synthetic antibiotics that contain the sulfonamide group. Sulfonamides inhibit dihydropteroate synthase, which catalyzes the conversion of p-aminobenzoic acid to dihydropteroic acid as part of the tetrahydrofolic acid biosynthetic pathway. Tetrahydrofolic acid is essential for folate synthesis, a precursor of many nucleotides and amino acids. Many sulfamides are taken with trimethoprim, an inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, also disturbing the trihydrofolic acid synthesis pathway. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target replacement UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Replacement or substitution of antibiotic action target, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with dapsone UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 39996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003412 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dapsone is a sulfone in which it inhibits folic acid synthesis, such as the dihydropteroate synthase. " 395 UPDATE blaF penam; amoxicillin; antibiotic inactivation; blaF family beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with amoxicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35981 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000064 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amoxicillin is a moderate-spectrum, bacteriolytic, beta-lactam antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections caused by susceptible microorganisms. A derivative of penicillin, it has a wider range of treatment but remains relatively ineffective against Gram-negative bacteria. It is commonly taken with clavulanic acid, a beta-lactamase inhibitor. Like other beta-lactams, amoxicillin interferes with the synthesis of peptidoglycan. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with blaF family beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41397 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004233 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Class A Beta-lactamases first isolated from Mycobacterium fortuitum. " 394 UPDATE OXA-130 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 399 UPDATE MIR-16 antibiotic inactivation; monobactam; cephalosporin; cephamycin; MIR beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with MIR beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36197 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000058 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with MIR beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated beta-lactamases that confer resistance to oxyimino- and alpha-methoxy beta-lactams " 398 UPDATE TEM-71 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 2303 UPDATE bcr-1 antibiotic efflux; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump; bicyclomycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and ABC transporters comprise the two largest and most functionally diverse of the transporter superfamilies. However, MFS transporters are distinct from ABC transporters in both their primary sequence and structure and in the mechanism of energy coupling. As secondary transporters they are, like RND and SMR transporters, energized by the electrochemical proton gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with bicyclomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35972 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000055 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Bicyclomycin represents a unique class of antibiotics, discovered in 1972. It is obtained by the fermentation of Streptomyces sapporonensis. In the crystalline form bicyclomycin is observed to be rhombic or monoclinic, depending on the solvent used. This antibiotic kills bacteria by inhibiting the Rho transcription terminator factor, halting ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis. " 2306 UPDATE Escherichia coli acrR with mutation conferring multidrug antibiotic resistance penam; antibiotic efflux; triclosan; rifampin; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; protein(s) and two-component regulatory system modulating antibiotic efflux; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; antibiotic target alteration; tetracycline antibiotic; cephalosporin; cefalotin; tigecycline; glycylcycline; ampicillin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; rifamycin antibiotic; phenicol antibiotic; tetracycline; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Regulator DELETED 35950 UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with triclosan UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37250 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000870 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Triclosan is a common antibacterial agent added to many consumer products as a biocide. It is an inhibitor of fatty acid biosynthesis by blocking enoyl-carrier protein reductase (FabI). UPDATED category_aro_name with rifampin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36308 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000169 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifampin is a semi-synthetic rifamycin, and inhibits RNA synthesis by binding to RNA polymerase. Rifampin is the mainstay agent for the treatment of tuberculosis, leprosy and complicated Gram-positive infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. UPDATED category_aro_name with ampicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36981 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000637 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ampicillin is a penicillin derivative that is highly acid stable, with its activity similar to benzylpenicillin. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefalotin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37084 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000704 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. It is resistant to staphylococci beta-lactamases but hydrolyzed by enterobacterial beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with tigecycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35949 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000030 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tigecycline is an glycylcycline antibiotic. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycylcycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35960 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000042 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycylcyclines are a new class of antibiotics derived from tetracycline. These tetracycline analogues are specifically designed to overcome two common mechanisms of tetracycline resistance. Presently, there is only one glycylcycline antibiotic for clinical use: tigecycline. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome, preventing the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifamycin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36296 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000157 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifamycin antibiotics are a group of broad-spectrum ansamycin antibiotics that inhibit bacterial RNA polymerase by binding to a highly conserved region, blocking the oligonucleotide exit tunnel, and preventing the extension of nascent mRNAs. " 1246 UPDATE AAC(2')-Ic antibiotic inactivation; AAC(2'); arbekacin; gentamicin B; gentamicin C; amikacin; aminoglycoside antibiotic; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with AAC(2') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36480 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000341 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Acetylation of the aminoglycoside antibiotic on the amino group at position 2'. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin C UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35933 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin C is a mixture of gentamicin C1, gentamicin C1a, and gentamicin C2 (these differ in substituents at position C6'). Gentamicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 245 UPDATE cmlA5 antibiotic efflux; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump; phenicol antibiotic; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and ABC transporters comprise the two largest and most functionally diverse of the transporter superfamilies. However, MFS transporters are distinct from ABC transporters in both their primary sequence and structure and in the mechanism of energy coupling. As secondary transporters they are, like RND and SMR transporters, energized by the electrochemical proton gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. " 244 UPDATE SHV-164 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 247 UPDATE TEM-158 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 246 UPDATE CTX-M-126 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 241 UPDATE ACT-30 antibiotic inactivation; carbapenem; penam; ACT beta-lactamase; cephalosporin; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with ACT beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36211 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000072 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with ACT beta-lactamases, also known as AmpC beta-lactamases, are cephalosporinases that cannot be inhibited by clavulanate. These enzymes are encoded by genes located on the chromosome and can be induced by the presence of beta-lactam antibiotics. However recently, these genes have been found on plasmids and expressed at high constitutive levels in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 240 UPDATE vanRF glycopeptide antibiotic; glycopeptide resistance gene cluster; antibiotic target alteration; vanR; vancomycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide resistance gene cluster UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36373 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000234 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Genes that when expressed confer resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin type antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with vanR UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36713 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000574 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with VanR is a OmpR-family transcriptional activator in the VanSR regulatory system. When activated by VanS, it promotes cotranscription of VanA, VanH, and VanX. UPDATED category_aro_name with vancomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35947 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000028 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Vancomycin is a glycopeptide antibiotic used in the prophylaxis and treatment of infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria. Vancomycin inhibits the synthesis of peptidoglycan, the major component of the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria. Its mechanism of action is unusual in that it acts by binding precursors of peptidoglycan, rather than by interacting with an enzyme. " 243 UPDATE OXA-9 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 242 UPDATE SHV-152 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 249 UPDATE basS pmr phosphoethanolamine transferase; peptide antibiotic; antibiotic target alteration; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with pmr phosphoethanolamine transferase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41433 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004269 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with This family of phosphoethanolamine transferase catalyze the addition of 4-amino-4-deoxy-L-arabinose (L-Ara4N) and phosphoethanolamine to lipid A, which impedes the binding of colistin to the cell membrane. UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. " 248 UPDATE OKP-B-9 penam; antibiotic inactivation; OKP beta-lactamase; cephalosporin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with OKP beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 38817 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3002417 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OKP beta-lactamases are chromosomal class A beta-lactamase that confer resistance to penicillins and early cephalosporins in Klebsiella pneumoniae. OKP beta-lactamases can be subdivided into two groups: OKP-A and OKP-B which diverge by about 4.2% UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 2274 UPDATE RlmA(II) antibiotic target alteration; non-erm 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase (G748); macrolide antibiotic; lincosamide antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with non-erm 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase (G748) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37697 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3001298 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Non-erm 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferases modify guanosine 748 (E. coli numbering) to confer resistance to some macrolides and lincosamides UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincosamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35936 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincosamides (e.g. lincomycin, clindamycin) are a class of drugs which bind to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. This interaction inhibits early elongation of peptide chains by inhibiting the transpeptidase reaction, acting similarly to macrolides. " 2277 UPDATE Bacillus Cluster B intrinsic mph antibiotic inactivation; macrolide phosphotransferase (MPH); macrolide antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide phosphotransferase (MPH) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36472 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000333 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolide phosphotransferases (MPH) are enzymes encoded by macrolide phosphotransferase genes (mph genes). These enzymes phosphorylate macrolides in GTP dependent manner at 2'-OH of desosamine sugar thereby inactivating them. Characterized MPH's are differentiated based on their substrate specificity. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. " 2404 UPDATE Neisseria gonorrhoeae gyrA conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones antibiotic target alteration; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; nybomycin; fluoroquinolone resistant gyrA; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nybomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40463 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003780 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with A heterocyclic antibiotic that targets mutant gyrA (type II topoisomerase) containing an S84L substitution, counteracting acquired quinolone resistance. It is effective against quinolone-resistant Gram-positive bacteria including S. aureus and E. faecalis. Due to its ability to counteract quinolone resistance by targeting the mutant form of the gyrA protein, it is classified as a reverse antibiotic (RA). UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone resistant gyrA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 39876 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003292 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with DNA gyrase is responsible for DNA supercoiling and consists of two alpha and two beta subunits. GyrA point mutations confer resistance by preventing fluoroquinolone antibiotics from binding the alpha-subunit. " 2279 UPDATE Listeria monocytogenes mprF peptide antibiotic; antibiotic target alteration; defensin resistant mprF; defensin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with defensin resistant mprF UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37243 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000863 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with MprF is a integral membrane protein that modifies the negatively-charged phosphatidylglycerol on the membrane surface of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. This confers resistance to cationic peptides that disrupt the cell membrane, including defensins. UPDATED category_aro_name with defensin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37037 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000693 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Defensins are natural cationic peptides that have antibiotic properties. It is part of the innate immune system of plants and animals. " 2278 UPDATE Bifidobacteria intrinsic ileS conferring resistance to mupirocin antibiotic resistant isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase (ileS); antibiotic target alteration; mupirocin; ARO_category; ARO_name "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic resistant isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase (ileS) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36585 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000446 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Mupirocin inhibits protein synthesis by interfering with isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase (ileS). Mutations in ileS can confer low-level mupirocin resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with mupirocin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36693 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000554 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Mupirocin, also known as pseudomonic acid, is a bacteriostatic polyketide antibiotic from Pseudomonas fluorescens used to treat S. aureus and MRSA. It inhibits Ile tRNA synthetase. UPDATED ARO_name with Bifidobacterium ileS conferring resistance to mupirocin " 179 UPDATE QnrA5 sparfloxacin; norfloxacin; quinolone resistance protein (qnr); gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; antibiotic target protection; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; nalidixic acid; moxifloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with quinolone resistance protein (qnr) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36558 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000419 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Qnr proteins are pentapeptide repeat proteins that mimic DNA and protect the cell from the activity of fluoroquinolone antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target protection UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. " 178 UPDATE vanHA vanH; glycopeptide resistance gene cluster; teicoplanin; glycopeptide antibiotic; antibiotic target alteration; vancomycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with vanH UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36015 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with VanH is a D-specific alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase that synthesizes D-lactate. D-lactate is incorporated into the end of the peptidoglycan subunits, decreasing vancomycin binding affinity. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide resistance gene cluster UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36373 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000234 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Genes that when expressed confer resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin type antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with teicoplanin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35948 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000029 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Teicoplanin is a glycopeptide antibiotic used in the prophylaxis and treatment of serious infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria. Teicoplanin has a unique acyl-aliphatic chain, and binds to cell wall precursors to inhibit transglycosylation and transpeptidation. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with vancomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35947 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000028 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Vancomycin is a glycopeptide antibiotic used in the prophylaxis and treatment of infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria. Vancomycin inhibits the synthesis of peptidoglycan, the major component of the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria. Its mechanism of action is unusual in that it acts by binding precursors of peptidoglycan, rather than by interacting with an enzyme. " 177 UPDATE IMP-51 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; carbapenem; cephalosporin; IMP beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with IMP beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36029 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Plasmid mediated IMP-type carbapenemases, of which at least 26 varieties are currently known, became established in Japan in the 1990s in enteric gram-negative organisms, Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter species. Integron-associated, sometimes within plasmids. Hydrolyses all beta-lactams except monobactams, and evades all beta-lactam inhibitors. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 176 UPDATE CMY-25 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 175 UPDATE CTX-M-24 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 174 UPDATE CfxA2 antibiotic inactivation; cephamycin; CfxA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with CfxA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 39434 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with cfxA beta-lactamases are class A beta-lactamases " 173 UPDATE arr-4 antibiotic inactivation; rifampin; rifapentine; rifabutin; rifampin ADP-ribosyltransferase (Arr); rifaximin; rifamycin antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifampin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36308 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000169 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifampin is a semi-synthetic rifamycin, and inhibits RNA synthesis by binding to RNA polymerase. Rifampin is the mainstay agent for the treatment of tuberculosis, leprosy and complicated Gram-positive infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifapentine UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36673 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000534 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifapentine is a semisynthetic rifamycin that inhibits DNA-dependent RNA synthesis. It is often used in the treatment of tuberculosis and leprosy. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifabutin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36669 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000530 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifabutin is a semisynthetic rifamycin used in tuberculosis therapy. It inhibits DNA-dependent RNA synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifampin ADP-ribosyltransferase (Arr) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36529 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000390 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzyme responsible for the ADP-ribosylative inactivation of rifampin at the 23-OH position using NAD+. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifaximin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36656 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000517 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifaximin is a semi-synthetic rifamycin used to treat traveller's diarrhea. Rifaximin inhibits RNA synthesis by binding to the beta subunit of bacterial RNA polymerase. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifamycin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36296 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000157 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifamycin antibiotics are a group of broad-spectrum ansamycin antibiotics that inhibit bacterial RNA polymerase by binding to a highly conserved region, blocking the oligonucleotide exit tunnel, and preventing the extension of nascent mRNAs. " 172 UPDATE OprN antibiotic efflux; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; norfloxacin; trimethoprim; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; diaminopyrimidine antibiotic; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; phenicol antibiotic; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36327 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000188 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Trimethoprim is a synthetic 5-(3,4,5- trimethoxybenzyl) pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, inhibiting synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid. Tetrahydrofolic acid is an essential precursor in the de novo synthesis of the DNA nucleotide thymidine. Trimethoprim is a bacteriostatic antibiotic mainly used in the prophylaxis and treatment of urinary tract infections in combination with sulfamethoxazole, a sulfonamide antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with diaminopyrimidine antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36310 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000171 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Diaminopyrimidines are a class of organic compounds containing a pyrimidine ring substituted by two amine groups. They are inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme critical for DNA synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. " 171 UPDATE TEM-78 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 170 UPDATE IMP-19 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; carbapenem; cephalosporin; IMP beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with IMP beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36029 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Plasmid mediated IMP-type carbapenemases, of which at least 26 varieties are currently known, became established in Japan in the 1990s in enteric gram-negative organisms, Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter species. Integron-associated, sometimes within plasmids. Hydrolyses all beta-lactams except monobactams, and evades all beta-lactam inhibitors. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 2051 UPDATE dfrA15 iclaprim; trimethoprim; brodimoprim; tetroxoprim; diaminopyrimidine antibiotic; antibiotic target replacement; trimethoprim resistant dihydrofolate reductase dfr; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with iclaprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36476 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000337 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Iclaprim is a bactericidal compound that inhibits dihydrofolate reductase. It is used against clinically important Gram-positive pathogens, including methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36327 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000188 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Trimethoprim is a synthetic 5-(3,4,5- trimethoxybenzyl) pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, inhibiting synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid. Tetrahydrofolic acid is an essential precursor in the de novo synthesis of the DNA nucleotide thymidine. Trimethoprim is a bacteriostatic antibiotic mainly used in the prophylaxis and treatment of urinary tract infections in combination with sulfamethoxazole, a sulfonamide antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with brodimoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36408 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000269 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Brodimoprim is a structural derivative of trimethoprim and an inhibitor of bacterial dihydrofolate reductase. The 4-methoxy group of trimethoprim is replaced with a bromine atom. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetroxoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36423 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000284 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetroxoprim is a trimethoprim derivative that inhibits bacterial dihydrofolate reductase. UPDATED category_aro_name with diaminopyrimidine antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36310 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000171 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Diaminopyrimidines are a class of organic compounds containing a pyrimidine ring substituted by two amine groups. They are inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme critical for DNA synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target replacement UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Replacement or substitution of antibiotic action target, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim resistant dihydrofolate reductase dfr UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37617 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3001218 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Alternative dihydropteroate synthase dfr present on plasmids produces alternate proteins that are less sensitive to trimethoprim from inhibiting its role in folate synthesis, thus conferring trimethoprim resistance. " 2050 UPDATE OXA-331 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 2053 UPDATE dfrA7 iclaprim; trimethoprim; brodimoprim; tetroxoprim; diaminopyrimidine antibiotic; antibiotic target replacement; trimethoprim resistant dihydrofolate reductase dfr; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with iclaprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36476 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000337 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Iclaprim is a bactericidal compound that inhibits dihydrofolate reductase. It is used against clinically important Gram-positive pathogens, including methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36327 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000188 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Trimethoprim is a synthetic 5-(3,4,5- trimethoxybenzyl) pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, inhibiting synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid. Tetrahydrofolic acid is an essential precursor in the de novo synthesis of the DNA nucleotide thymidine. Trimethoprim is a bacteriostatic antibiotic mainly used in the prophylaxis and treatment of urinary tract infections in combination with sulfamethoxazole, a sulfonamide antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with brodimoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36408 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000269 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Brodimoprim is a structural derivative of trimethoprim and an inhibitor of bacterial dihydrofolate reductase. The 4-methoxy group of trimethoprim is replaced with a bromine atom. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetroxoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36423 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000284 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetroxoprim is a trimethoprim derivative that inhibits bacterial dihydrofolate reductase. UPDATED category_aro_name with diaminopyrimidine antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36310 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000171 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Diaminopyrimidines are a class of organic compounds containing a pyrimidine ring substituted by two amine groups. They are inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme critical for DNA synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target replacement UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Replacement or substitution of antibiotic action target, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim resistant dihydrofolate reductase dfr UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37617 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3001218 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Alternative dihydropteroate synthase dfr present on plasmids produces alternate proteins that are less sensitive to trimethoprim from inhibiting its role in folate synthesis, thus conferring trimethoprim resistance. " 2052 UPDATE APH(3'')-Ic antibiotic inactivation; APH(3''); streptomycin; aminoglycoside antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with APH(3'') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36266 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000127 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Phosphorylation of streptomycin on the hydroxyl group at position 3'' UPDATED category_aro_name with streptomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35958 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000040 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Streptomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 2055 UPDATE LRA-3 penam; antibiotic inactivation; subclass B3 LRA beta-lactamase; cephalosporin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with subclass B3 LRA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41390 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004226 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Beta-lactamases that are part of the LRA gene family and are classified as B3 (metallo-) beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 2054 UPDATE msrC streptogramin antibiotic; ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump; antibiotic efflux; macrolide antibiotic; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with streptogramin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35945 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000026 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptogramin antibiotics are natural products produced by various members of the Streptomyces genus. These antibiotics bind to the P site of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The family consists of two subgroups, type A and type B, which are simultaneously produced by the same bacterial species in a ratio of roughly 70:30. UPDATED category_aro_name with ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36002 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are present in all cells of all organisms and use the energy of ATP binding/hydrolysis to transport substrates across cell membranes. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. " 2057 UPDATE SHV-179 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 2056 UPDATE mdtO antibiotic efflux; major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; acridine dye; puromycin; acriflavin; nucleoside antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and ABC transporters comprise the two largest and most functionally diverse of the transporter superfamilies. However, MFS transporters are distinct from ABC transporters in both their primary sequence and structure and in the mechanism of energy coupling. As secondary transporters they are, like RND and SMR transporters, energized by the electrochemical proton gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with acridine dye UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36193 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000054 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Acridine dyes are cell permeable, basic molecules with an acridine chromophore. These compounds intercalate DNA. The image shown represents the core structure of the acridine family, with specific dyes containing varying substituents. UPDATED category_aro_name with puromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35965 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000047 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Puromycin is an aminonucleoside antibiotic, derived from Streptomyces alboniger, that causes premature chain termination during ribosomal protein translation. UPDATED category_aro_name with acriflavin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35963 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000045 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Acriflavin is a topical antiseptic. It has the form of an orange or brown powder. It may be harmful in the eyes or if inhaled. Acriflavine is also used as treatment for external fungal infections of aquarium fish. UPDATED category_aro_name with nucleoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36174 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000034 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucleoside antibiotics are made of modified nucleosides and nucleotides with wide-ranging activities and means of antibacterial effects. This drug class includes aminonucleoside antibiotics, which contain an amino group. " 2059 UPDATE OKP-A-1 penam; antibiotic inactivation; OKP beta-lactamase; cephalosporin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with OKP beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 38817 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3002417 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OKP beta-lactamases are chromosomal class A beta-lactamase that confer resistance to penicillins and early cephalosporins in Klebsiella pneumoniae. OKP beta-lactamases can be subdivided into two groups: OKP-A and OKP-B which diverge by about 4.2% UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 2058 UPDATE pp-flo antibiotic efflux; major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; florfenicol; phenicol antibiotic; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and ABC transporters comprise the two largest and most functionally diverse of the transporter superfamilies. However, MFS transporters are distinct from ABC transporters in both their primary sequence and structure and in the mechanism of energy coupling. As secondary transporters they are, like RND and SMR transporters, energized by the electrochemical proton gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with florfenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36600 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000461 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Florfenicol is a fluorine derivative of chloramphenicol, where the nitro group (-NO2) is substituted by a sulfomethyl group (-SO2CH3) and the hydroxyl group (-OH), by a fluorine group (-F). The action mechanism is the same as chloramphenicol's, where the antibiotic binds to the 23S RNA of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. " 654 UPDATE dfrA26 iclaprim; trimethoprim; brodimoprim; tetroxoprim; diaminopyrimidine antibiotic; antibiotic target replacement; trimethoprim resistant dihydrofolate reductase dfr; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with iclaprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36476 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000337 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Iclaprim is a bactericidal compound that inhibits dihydrofolate reductase. It is used against clinically important Gram-positive pathogens, including methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36327 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000188 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Trimethoprim is a synthetic 5-(3,4,5- trimethoxybenzyl) pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, inhibiting synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid. Tetrahydrofolic acid is an essential precursor in the de novo synthesis of the DNA nucleotide thymidine. Trimethoprim is a bacteriostatic antibiotic mainly used in the prophylaxis and treatment of urinary tract infections in combination with sulfamethoxazole, a sulfonamide antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with brodimoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36408 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000269 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Brodimoprim is a structural derivative of trimethoprim and an inhibitor of bacterial dihydrofolate reductase. The 4-methoxy group of trimethoprim is replaced with a bromine atom. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetroxoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36423 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000284 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetroxoprim is a trimethoprim derivative that inhibits bacterial dihydrofolate reductase. UPDATED category_aro_name with diaminopyrimidine antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36310 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000171 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Diaminopyrimidines are a class of organic compounds containing a pyrimidine ring substituted by two amine groups. They are inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme critical for DNA synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target replacement UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Replacement or substitution of antibiotic action target, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim resistant dihydrofolate reductase dfr UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37617 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3001218 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Alternative dihydropteroate synthase dfr present on plasmids produces alternate proteins that are less sensitive to trimethoprim from inhibiting its role in folate synthesis, thus conferring trimethoprim resistance. " 655 UPDATE OXA-243 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 652 UPDATE tcr3 tetracycline antibiotic; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump; tetracycline; antibiotic efflux; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and ABC transporters comprise the two largest and most functionally diverse of the transporter superfamilies. However, MFS transporters are distinct from ABC transporters in both their primary sequence and structure and in the mechanism of energy coupling. As secondary transporters they are, like RND and SMR transporters, energized by the electrochemical proton gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. " 653 UPDATE AAC(3)-VIIa antibiotic inactivation; AAC(3); aminoglycoside antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with AAC(3) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36461 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000322 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Acetylation of the aminoglycoside antibiotic on the amino group at position 3. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 1367 UPDATE oleD antibiotic inactivation; ole glycosyltransferase; macrolide antibiotic; tylosin; erythromycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ole glycosyltransferase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36604 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000465 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OleI and OleD are glycosyltransferases found in Streptomyces antibioticus which is a natural producer of antibiotic oleandomycin. OleI glycosylates antibiotic oleandomycin whereas OleD can glycosylate a wide variety of macrolides. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with tylosin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36284 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000145 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tylosin is a 16-membered macrolide, naturally produced by Streptomyces fradiae. It interacts with the bacterial ribosome 50S subunit to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. " 650 UPDATE aadA antibiotic inactivation; aminoglycoside antibiotic; ANT(3''); streptomycin; spectinomycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with ANT(3'') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41439 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004275 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucleotidylylation of streptomycin at the hydroxyl group at position 3'' UPDATED category_aro_name with streptomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35958 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000040 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Streptomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with spectinomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35957 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000039 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Spectinomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Spectinomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit inhibiting translation. " 1364 UPDATE CMY-101 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 1977 UPDATE AAC(6')-Ik antibiotic inactivation; kanamycin A; aminoglycoside antibiotic; AAC(6'); isepamicin; sisomicin; arbekacin; gentamicin B; netilmicin; amikacin; dibekacin; neomycin; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with AAC(6') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36484 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000345 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Acetylation of the aminoglycoside antibiotic on the amino group at position 6'. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with netilmicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35956 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000038 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with dibekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35926 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 1600 UPDATE Pseudomonas mutant PhoP conferring resistance to colistin antibiotic efflux; ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump; colistin B; protein(s) and two-component regulatory system modulating antibiotic efflux; pmr phosphoethanolamine transferase; colistin A; macrolide antibiotic; peptide antibiotic; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; antibiotic target alteration; erythromycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Regulator DELETED 39418 UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36002 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are present in all cells of all organisms and use the energy of ATP binding/hydrolysis to transport substrates across cell membranes. UPDATED category_aro_name with colistin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000624 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Colistin B, or polymyxin E2, has a 6-heptanoic acid lipid tail. Polymyxins disrupt the cell membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with pmr phosphoethanolamine transferase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41433 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004269 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with This family of phosphoethanolamine transferase catalyze the addition of 4-amino-4-deoxy-L-arabinose (L-Ara4N) and phosphoethanolamine to lipid A, which impedes the binding of colistin to the cell membrane. UPDATED category_aro_name with colistin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000622 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Colistin A, or polymyxin E1, has a 6-octanoic acid lipid tail. Polymyxins disrupt the cell membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. " 2697 UPDATE EdeQ peptide antibiotic; antibiotic inactivation; polyamine antibiotic; Edeine acetyltransferase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with polyamine antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36666 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000527 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Polyamine antibiotics are organic compounds having two or more primary amino groups. UPDATED category_aro_name with Edeine acetyltransferase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41131 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004064 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Edeine acetyltransferase enzymes catalyze the transfer of an acetyl group to active edeine, converting it to an inactive form in vivo. This mechanism is used for high-level self-resistance in edeine-producing Brevibacillus spp. " 2695 UPDATE MexCD-OprJ with type B NfxB mutation penam; antibiotic efflux; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; ofloxacin; trimethoprim; aminocoumarin antibiotic; novobiocin; macrolide antibiotic; phenicol antibiotic; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; cephalosporin; diaminopyrimidine antibiotic; tetracycline antibiotic; gentamicin C; chloramphenicol; aminoglycoside antibiotic; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; tetracycline; erythromycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin C UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35933 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin C is a mixture of gentamicin C1, gentamicin C1a, and gentamicin C2 (these differ in substituents at position C6'). Gentamicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with ofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37007 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000663 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ofloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a methyl-substituted oxazine ring. It has a broad spectrum of activity including many enterobacteria and mycoplasma but most anaerobes are resistant. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36327 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000188 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Trimethoprim is a synthetic 5-(3,4,5- trimethoxybenzyl) pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, inhibiting synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid. Tetrahydrofolic acid is an essential precursor in the de novo synthesis of the DNA nucleotide thymidine. Trimethoprim is a bacteriostatic antibiotic mainly used in the prophylaxis and treatment of urinary tract infections in combination with sulfamethoxazole, a sulfonamide antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminocoumarin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36242 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000103 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminocoumarin antibiotics bind DNA gyrase subunit B to inhibit ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with novobiocin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36250 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000111 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Novobiocin is an aminocoumarin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spheroides and Streptomyces niveus, and binds DNA gyrase subunit B inhibiting ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with diaminopyrimidine antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36310 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000171 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Diaminopyrimidines are a class of organic compounds containing a pyrimidine ring substituted by two amine groups. They are inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme critical for DNA synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. " 2694 UPDATE MexCD-OprJ with type A NfxB mutation penam; antibiotic efflux; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; ofloxacin; trimethoprim; aminocoumarin antibiotic; novobiocin; macrolide antibiotic; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; cephalosporin; diaminopyrimidine antibiotic; tetracycline antibiotic; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; erythromycin; phenicol antibiotic; tetracycline; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with ofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37007 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000663 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ofloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a methyl-substituted oxazine ring. It has a broad spectrum of activity including many enterobacteria and mycoplasma but most anaerobes are resistant. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36327 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000188 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Trimethoprim is a synthetic 5-(3,4,5- trimethoxybenzyl) pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, inhibiting synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid. Tetrahydrofolic acid is an essential precursor in the de novo synthesis of the DNA nucleotide thymidine. Trimethoprim is a bacteriostatic antibiotic mainly used in the prophylaxis and treatment of urinary tract infections in combination with sulfamethoxazole, a sulfonamide antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminocoumarin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36242 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000103 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminocoumarin antibiotics bind DNA gyrase subunit B to inhibit ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with novobiocin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36250 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000111 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Novobiocin is an aminocoumarin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spheroides and Streptomyces niveus, and binds DNA gyrase subunit B inhibiting ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with diaminopyrimidine antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36310 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000171 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Diaminopyrimidines are a class of organic compounds containing a pyrimidine ring substituted by two amine groups. They are inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme critical for DNA synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. " 2693 UPDATE Type B NfxB penam; antibiotic efflux; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; protein(s) and two-component regulatory system modulating antibiotic efflux; ofloxacin; trimethoprim; aminocoumarin antibiotic; novobiocin; macrolide antibiotic; phenicol antibiotic; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; cephalosporin; diaminopyrimidine antibiotic; tetracycline antibiotic; gentamicin C; chloramphenicol; aminoglycoside antibiotic; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; tetracycline; erythromycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Regulator UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin C UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35933 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin C is a mixture of gentamicin C1, gentamicin C1a, and gentamicin C2 (these differ in substituents at position C6'). Gentamicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with ofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37007 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000663 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ofloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a methyl-substituted oxazine ring. It has a broad spectrum of activity including many enterobacteria and mycoplasma but most anaerobes are resistant. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36327 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000188 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Trimethoprim is a synthetic 5-(3,4,5- trimethoxybenzyl) pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, inhibiting synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid. Tetrahydrofolic acid is an essential precursor in the de novo synthesis of the DNA nucleotide thymidine. Trimethoprim is a bacteriostatic antibiotic mainly used in the prophylaxis and treatment of urinary tract infections in combination with sulfamethoxazole, a sulfonamide antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminocoumarin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36242 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000103 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminocoumarin antibiotics bind DNA gyrase subunit B to inhibit ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with novobiocin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36250 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000111 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Novobiocin is an aminocoumarin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spheroides and Streptomyces niveus, and binds DNA gyrase subunit B inhibiting ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with diaminopyrimidine antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36310 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000171 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Diaminopyrimidines are a class of organic compounds containing a pyrimidine ring substituted by two amine groups. They are inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme critical for DNA synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. " 1975 UPDATE blt antibiotic efflux; major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; acridine dye; acriflavin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and ABC transporters comprise the two largest and most functionally diverse of the transporter superfamilies. However, MFS transporters are distinct from ABC transporters in both their primary sequence and structure and in the mechanism of energy coupling. As secondary transporters they are, like RND and SMR transporters, energized by the electrochemical proton gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with acriflavin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35963 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000045 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Acriflavin is a topical antiseptic. It has the form of an orange or brown powder. It may be harmful in the eyes or if inhaled. Acriflavine is also used as treatment for external fungal infections of aquarium fish. UPDATED category_aro_name with acridine dye UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36193 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000054 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Acridine dyes are cell permeable, basic molecules with an acridine chromophore. These compounds intercalate DNA. The image shown represents the core structure of the acridine family, with specific dyes containing varying substituents. " 2691 UPDATE Type A NfxB penam; antibiotic efflux; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; protein(s) and two-component regulatory system modulating antibiotic efflux; ofloxacin; trimethoprim; aminocoumarin antibiotic; novobiocin; macrolide antibiotic; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; cephalosporin; diaminopyrimidine antibiotic; tetracycline antibiotic; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; erythromycin; phenicol antibiotic; tetracycline; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Regulator UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with ofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37007 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000663 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ofloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a methyl-substituted oxazine ring. It has a broad spectrum of activity including many enterobacteria and mycoplasma but most anaerobes are resistant. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36327 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000188 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Trimethoprim is a synthetic 5-(3,4,5- trimethoxybenzyl) pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, inhibiting synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid. Tetrahydrofolic acid is an essential precursor in the de novo synthesis of the DNA nucleotide thymidine. Trimethoprim is a bacteriostatic antibiotic mainly used in the prophylaxis and treatment of urinary tract infections in combination with sulfamethoxazole, a sulfonamide antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminocoumarin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36242 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000103 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminocoumarin antibiotics bind DNA gyrase subunit B to inhibit ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with novobiocin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36250 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000111 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Novobiocin is an aminocoumarin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spheroides and Streptomyces niveus, and binds DNA gyrase subunit B inhibiting ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with diaminopyrimidine antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36310 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000171 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Diaminopyrimidines are a class of organic compounds containing a pyrimidine ring substituted by two amine groups. They are inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme critical for DNA synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. " 1365 UPDATE AAC(6')-I30 antibiotic inactivation; kanamycin A; aminoglycoside antibiotic; AAC(6'); isepamicin; sisomicin; arbekacin; gentamicin B; netilmicin; amikacin; dibekacin; neomycin; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with AAC(6') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36484 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000345 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Acetylation of the aminoglycoside antibiotic on the amino group at position 6'. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with netilmicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35956 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000038 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with dibekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35926 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 2405 UPDATE Neisseria gonorrhoeae parC conferring resistance to fluoroquinolone ofloxacin; norfloxacin; levofloxacin; fluoroquinolone resistant parC; antibiotic target alteration; ciprofloxacin; pefloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with ofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37007 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000663 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ofloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a methyl-substituted oxazine ring. It has a broad spectrum of activity including many enterobacteria and mycoplasma but most anaerobes are resistant. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone resistant parC UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36913 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000619 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with ParC is a subunit of topoisomerase IV, which decatenates and relaxes DNA to allow access to genes for transcription or translation. Point mutations in ParC prevent fluoroquinolone antibiotics from inhibiting DNA synthesis, and confer low-level resistance. Higher-level resistance results from both gyrA and parC mutations. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with pefloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37142 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000762 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pefloxacin is structurally and functionally similar to norfloxacin. It is poorly active against mycobacteria, while anaerobes are resistant. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. " 1974 UPDATE emrD efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump; antibiotic efflux; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and ABC transporters comprise the two largest and most functionally diverse of the transporter superfamilies. However, MFS transporters are distinct from ABC transporters in both their primary sequence and structure and in the mechanism of energy coupling. As secondary transporters they are, like RND and SMR transporters, energized by the electrochemical proton gradient. " 1973 UPDATE TEM-111 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 1972 UPDATE OXA-149 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1971 UPDATE dfrB2 iclaprim; trimethoprim; brodimoprim; tetroxoprim; diaminopyrimidine antibiotic; antibiotic target replacement; trimethoprim resistant dihydrofolate reductase dfr; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with iclaprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36476 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000337 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Iclaprim is a bactericidal compound that inhibits dihydrofolate reductase. It is used against clinically important Gram-positive pathogens, including methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36327 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000188 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Trimethoprim is a synthetic 5-(3,4,5- trimethoxybenzyl) pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, inhibiting synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid. Tetrahydrofolic acid is an essential precursor in the de novo synthesis of the DNA nucleotide thymidine. Trimethoprim is a bacteriostatic antibiotic mainly used in the prophylaxis and treatment of urinary tract infections in combination with sulfamethoxazole, a sulfonamide antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with brodimoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36408 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000269 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Brodimoprim is a structural derivative of trimethoprim and an inhibitor of bacterial dihydrofolate reductase. The 4-methoxy group of trimethoprim is replaced with a bromine atom. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetroxoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36423 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000284 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetroxoprim is a trimethoprim derivative that inhibits bacterial dihydrofolate reductase. UPDATED category_aro_name with diaminopyrimidine antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36310 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000171 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Diaminopyrimidines are a class of organic compounds containing a pyrimidine ring substituted by two amine groups. They are inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme critical for DNA synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target replacement UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Replacement or substitution of antibiotic action target, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim resistant dihydrofolate reductase dfr UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37617 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3001218 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Alternative dihydropteroate synthase dfr present on plasmids produces alternate proteins that are less sensitive to trimethoprim from inhibiting its role in folate synthesis, thus conferring trimethoprim resistance. " 1970 UPDATE SHV-44 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 1362 UPDATE IMP-31 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; carbapenem; cephalosporin; IMP beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with IMP beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36029 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Plasmid mediated IMP-type carbapenemases, of which at least 26 varieties are currently known, became established in Japan in the 1990s in enteric gram-negative organisms, Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter species. Integron-associated, sometimes within plasmids. Hydrolyses all beta-lactams except monobactams, and evades all beta-lactam inhibitors. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 1968 UPDATE SHV-189 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name