Model_id Action ARO_name ARO_category Changes To Summary 344 UPDATE SHV-188 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 345 UPDATE bcrA peptide antibiotic; ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; antibiotic efflux; bacitracin B; bacitracin F; bacitracin A; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36002 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are present in all cells of all organisms and use the energy of ATP binding/hydrolysis to transport substrates across cell membranes. UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with bacitracin F UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36975 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000631 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bacitracin F is a component of bacitracin, an antibiotic mixture that interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis. It is formed when the thiazoline ring of bacitracin A is oxidatively deaminated. UPDATED category_aro_name with bacitracin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36973 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000629 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bacitracin A is the primary component of bacitracin. It contains many uncommon amino acids and interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with bacitracin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36974 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000630 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bacitracin B is a component of bacitracin, an antibiotic mixture that interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis. It differs from Bacitracin A with a valine instead of an isoleucine in its peptide. " 346 UPDATE QnrB23 sparfloxacin; norfloxacin; quinolone resistance protein (qnr); gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; antibiotic target protection; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; nalidixic acid; moxifloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with quinolone resistance protein (qnr) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36558 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000419 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Qnr proteins are pentapeptide repeat proteins that mimic DNA and protect the cell from the activity of fluoroquinolone antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target protection UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. " 347 UPDATE SFH-1 SFH beta-lactamase; carbapenem; antibiotic inactivation; ARO_description; ARO_category "UPDATED ARO_description with SFH-1 confers resistance to carbapenems in Serratia fonticola. UPDATED category_aro_name with SFH beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41374 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004210 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with This type of Subclass B2 beta-lactamases was first identified from a Serratia fonticola environmental isolate. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. " 340 UPDATE CMY-51 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 341 UPDATE IMP-1 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; carbapenem; cephalosporin; IMP beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with IMP beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36029 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Plasmid mediated IMP-type carbapenemases, of which at least 26 varieties are currently known, became established in Japan in the 1990s in enteric gram-negative organisms, Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter species. Integron-associated, sometimes within plasmids. Hydrolyses all beta-lactams except monobactams, and evades all beta-lactam inhibitors. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 342 UPDATE smeS penam; antibiotic efflux; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; protein(s) and two-component regulatory system modulating antibiotic efflux; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; cephalosporin; cephamycin; aminoglycoside antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Regulator UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 343 UPDATE OXA-31 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 348 UPDATE OXY-3-1 penam; OXY beta-lactamase; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; monobactam; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 38788 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3002388 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXY beta-lactamases are chromosomal class A beta-lactamases that are found in Klebsiella oxytoca. At constitutive low levels, OXY beta-lactamases confer resistance to aminopenicillins and carboxypenicillins. At high induced levels, OXY beta-lactamases confer resistance to penicillins, cephalosporins and aztreonam. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 349 UPDATE vanL glycopeptide antibiotic; glycopeptide resistance gene cluster; van ligase; antibiotic target alteration; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide resistance gene cluster UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36373 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000234 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Genes that when expressed confer resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin type antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with van ligase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 39340 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3002906 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with van ligases synthesize alternative substrates for peptidoglycan synthesis that reduce vancomycin binding affinity. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. " 2317 UPDATE mgrB antibiotic efflux; ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump; protein(s) and two-component regulatory system modulating antibiotic efflux; pmr phosphoethanolamine transferase; macrolide antibiotic; peptide antibiotic; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; antibiotic target alteration; resistance by absence; erythromycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Regulator DELETED 39418 UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36002 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are present in all cells of all organisms and use the energy of ATP binding/hydrolysis to transport substrates across cell membranes. UPDATED category_aro_name with pmr phosphoethanolamine transferase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41433 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004269 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with This family of phosphoethanolamine transferase catalyze the addition of 4-amino-4-deoxy-L-arabinose (L-Ara4N) and phosphoethanolamine to lipid A, which impedes the binding of colistin to the cell membrane. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance by absence UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40429 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003764 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mechanism of antibiotic resistance conferred by deletion of gene (usually a porin) UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. " 2310 UPDATE Streptomyces cinnamoneus EF-Tu mutants conferring resistance to elfamycin kirromycin; pulvomycin; elfamycin resistant EF-Tu; GE2270A; kirromycin self resistant EF-Tu; LFF571; elfamycin antibiotic; enacyloxin IIa; antibiotic target alteration; model_type; model_description; ARO_category; model_param; model_type_id "UPDATED model_type with protein variant model UPDATED model_description with The protein variant model is an AMR detection model. Protein variant models are similar to protein homolog models - they detect the presence of a protein sequence based on its similarity to a curated reference sequence, but secondarily search submitted query sequences for curated sets of mutations shown clinically to confer resistance relative to wild-type. This model includes a protein reference sequence, a curated BLASTP cut-off, and mapped resistance variants. Mapped resistance variants may include any or all of: single resistance variants, insertions, deletions, co-dependent resistance variants, nonsense SNPs, and/or frameshift mutations. Protein variant model matches to reference sequences are categorized on two criteria: ""strict"" and ""loose"". A strict match has a BLASTP bitscore above the curated BLASTP cutoff value and contains at least one detected mutation from amongst the mapped resistance variants; a loose match has a BLASTP bitscore below the curated BLASTP cutoff value but still contains at least one detected mutation from amongst the mapped resistance variants. Regardless of BLASTP bitscore, if a sequence does not contain one of the mapped resistance variants, it is not considered a match and not detected by the protein variant model. UPDATED category_aro_name with kirromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37633 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3001234 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kirromycin, also known as mocimycin, is the representative molecule of its own class of elfamycins which is composed of more than 10 analogs. Kirromycin binds to the domain 1,2 interface of elongation factor Tu. This interaction maintains the EF-Tu*GTP conformation even after GTP is hydrolyzed to GDP. EF-Tu*GDP normally releases aa-tRNA and then exits the ribosome; however, kirromycin*EF-Tu*GDP*aa-tRNA forms a strong complex and remains bound to the ribosome, prohibits translocation of the peptide chain and translation is halted. UPDATED category_aro_name with pulvomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36725 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000586 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pulvomycin is a polyketide antibiotic that binds elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu) to inhibit protein biosynthesis by preventing the formation of the ternary complex (EF-Tu*GTP*aa-tRNA). Phenotypically, it was shown that pulvomycin sensitivity is dominant over resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with elfamycin resistant EF-Tu UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37711 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3001312 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Sequence variants of elongation factor Tu that confer resistance to elfamycin antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with GE2270A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37636 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3001237 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with GE2270A is the model molecule of cyclic thiazolyl peptide elfamycins. GE2270A is produced by Planobispora rosea. Biosynthesis of the molecule has been shown to originate as a ribosomally synthesized peptide that undergoes significant post-translational modification. Clinical use of cyclic thiazolyl peptides is hindered by their low water solubility and bioavailability. UPDATED category_aro_name with kirromycin self resistant EF-Tu UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40497 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003810 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Natural producers of kirromycin and kirromycin-like antibiotics (i.e., kirrothrycin) possess self-resistance, which is classified here UPDATED category_aro_name with LFF571 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 39998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003414 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with LFF571 is a novel semi-synthetic thiopeptide antibiotic derived from GE2270. It has been shown to possess potent in vitro and in vivo activity against Gram-positive bacteria. It is hypothesized that it a translation inhibitor leading to cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with elfamycin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37618 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3001219 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Elfamycins are molecules that inhibit bacterial elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu), a key protein which brings aminoacyl-tRNA (aa-tRNA) to the ribosome during protein synthesis. Elfamycins defined by their target (EF-Tu), rather than a conserved chemical backbone. Elfamycins follow two mechanisms to disrupt protein synthesis: 1. kirromycins and enacyloxin fix EF-Tu in the GTP bound conformation and lock EF-Tu onto the ribosome, and 2. pulvomycin and GE2270 cover the binding site of aa-tRNA disallowing EF-Tu from being charged with aa-tRNA. All elfamycins cause increased the affinity of EF-Tu for GTP. UPDATED category_aro_name with enacyloxin IIa UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37641 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3001242 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Enacyloxin IIa is structurally distinct but acts in a similar mechanism to kirromycin-like elfamycins. It prohibits the transfer of the amino acid at the A site to the elongating peptide chain. It is most likely that the mechanism of action is that EF-Tu*GDP is locked in the EF-Tu*GTP form, and EF-Tu*GDP*aa-tRNA is immobilized on the ribosome. It is an open question whether enacyloxin IIa actually belongs to the kirromycin-like group of elfamycins due to their high similarity. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED 8300 with A379T UPDATED 8300 with A379T UPDATED param_type with single resistance variant UPDATED param_type_id with 36301 UPDATED param_description with A nucleotide or amino acid substitution that confers elevated resistance to antibiotic(s) relative to wild type. The most common type encoded in the CARD is an amino acid substitution gleaned from the literature with format [wild-type][position][mutation], e.g. R184Q. When present in the associated gene or protein, a single resistance variant confers resistance to an antibiotic drug or drug class. Single resistance variants are used by the protein variant and rRNA mutation models to detect antibiotic resistance from submitted sequences. UPDATED model_type_id with 40293 " 298 UPDATE vanYG1 glycopeptide antibiotic; glycopeptide resistance gene cluster; antibiotic target alteration; vanY; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide resistance gene cluster UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36373 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000234 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Genes that when expressed confer resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin type antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with vanY UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36216 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000077 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with VanY is a D,D-carboxypeptidase that cleaves removes the terminal D-Ala from peptidoglycan for the addition of D-Lactate. The D-Ala-D-Lac peptidoglycan subunits have reduced binding affinity with vancomycin compared to D-Ala-D-Ala. " 299 UPDATE CepS CepS beta-lactamase; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with CepS beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41363 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004199 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CepS beta-lactamases are Class C beta-lactamases capable of hydrolyzing cephalosporin. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 296 UPDATE VIM-23 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; carbapenem; cephalosporin; cephamycin; VIM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with VIM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36030 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000021 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with The Verone integron-encoded metallo-beta-lactamase (VIM) family was reported from Italy in 1999. There are, to date, 23 reported variants. VIM enzymes mostly occur in P. aeruginosa, also P. putida and, very rarely, Enterobacteriaceae. Integron-associated, sometimes within plasmids. Hydrolyses all beta-lactams except monobactams, and evades all beta-lactam inhibitors. There is a strong incidence of these in East Asia. " 297 UPDATE CMY-98 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 294 UPDATE CfxA4 antibiotic inactivation; cephamycin; CfxA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with CfxA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 39434 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with cfxA beta-lactamases are class A beta-lactamases " 295 UPDATE OXA-145 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 292 UPDATE TEM-17 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 293 UPDATE SHV-180 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 290 UPDATE vatD dalfopristin; antibiotic inactivation; streptogramin vat acetyltransferase; pristinamycin IIA; madumycin II; griseoviridin; streptogramin antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with dalfopristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37018 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000674 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dalfopristin is a water-soluble semi-synthetic derivative of pristinamycin IIA. It is produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis and is used in combination with quinupristin in a 7:3 ratio. Both work together to inhibit protein synthesis, and is active against Gram-positive bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptogramin vat acetyltransferase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36592 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000453 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with vat (Virginiamycin acetyltransferases) enzymes catalyze the transfer of an acetyl group from acetyl-CoA to the secondary alcohol of streptogramin A compounds, thus inactivating virginiamycin-like antibiotics and conferring resistance to these compounds. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IIA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37013 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000669 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IIA is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with madumycin II UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37016 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000672 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Madumycin II is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with griseoviridin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000673 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Griseoviridin is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptogramin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35945 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000026 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptogramin antibiotics are natural products produced by various members of the Streptomyces genus. These antibiotics bind to the P site of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The family consists of two subgroups, type A and type B, which are simultaneously produced by the same bacterial species in a ratio of roughly 70:30. " 291 UPDATE APH(3')-Ia antibiotic inactivation; aminoglycoside antibiotic; paromomycin; kanamycin A; APH(3'); lividomycin B; ribostamycin; G418; neomycin; lividomycin A; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with paromomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000657 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with An aminoglycoside antibiotic used for the treatment of parasitic infections. It is similar to neomycin sharing a similar spectrum of activity, but its hydroxyl group at the 6'-position instead of an amino group makes it resistant to AAC(6') modifying enzymes. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with APH(3') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36265 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000126 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Phosphorylation of 2-deoxystreptamine aminoglycosides on the hydroxyl group at position 3' UPDATED category_aro_name with lividomycin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37045 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000701 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Lividomycin B is a derivative of lividomycin A with a removed mannose group (demannosyllividomycin A). Livodomycins interfere with bacterial protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with ribostamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35940 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000021 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ribostamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Ribostamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with G418 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000653 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A gentamicin class aminoglycoside antibiotic often used in mammalian cell culture work as a selectable marker for the neo cassette (APH3'). UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with lividomycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37044 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000700 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Lividomycin A is a pentasaccharide antibiotic which interferes with bacterial protein synthesis. " 270 UPDATE LEN-20 penam; LEN beta-lactamase; antibiotic inactivation; penem; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with LEN beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36236 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000097 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with LEN beta-lactamases are chromosomal class A beta-lactamases that confer resistance to ampicillin, amoxicillin, carbenicillin, and ticarcillin but not to extended-spectrum beta-lactams. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. " 271 UPDATE CMY-4 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 272 UPDATE QnrB36 sparfloxacin; norfloxacin; quinolone resistance protein (qnr); gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; antibiotic target protection; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; nalidixic acid; moxifloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with quinolone resistance protein (qnr) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36558 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000419 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Qnr proteins are pentapeptide repeat proteins that mimic DNA and protect the cell from the activity of fluoroquinolone antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target protection UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. " 273 UPDATE VEB-7 antibiotic inactivation; monobactam; cephalosporin; VEB beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with VEB beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36182 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000043 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with VEB beta-lactamases or Vietnamese extended-spectrum beta-lactamases are class A beta-lactamases that confer high-level resistance to oxyimino cephalosporins and to aztreonam " 274 UPDATE OXA-174 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 275 UPDATE OKP-B-2 penam; antibiotic inactivation; OKP beta-lactamase; cephalosporin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with OKP beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 38817 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3002417 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OKP beta-lactamases are chromosomal class A beta-lactamase that confer resistance to penicillins and early cephalosporins in Klebsiella pneumoniae. OKP beta-lactamases can be subdivided into two groups: OKP-A and OKP-B which diverge by about 4.2% UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 276 UPDATE tetR antibiotic efflux; major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump; protein(s) and two-component regulatory system modulating antibiotic efflux; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; tigecycline; glycylcycline; tetracycline antibiotic; antibiotic target alteration; tetracycline; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Regulator DELETED 35950 UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and ABC transporters comprise the two largest and most functionally diverse of the transporter superfamilies. However, MFS transporters are distinct from ABC transporters in both their primary sequence and structure and in the mechanism of energy coupling. As secondary transporters they are, like RND and SMR transporters, energized by the electrochemical proton gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with tigecycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35949 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000030 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tigecycline is an glycylcycline antibiotic. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycylcycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35960 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000042 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycylcyclines are a new class of antibiotics derived from tetracycline. These tetracycline analogues are specifically designed to overcome two common mechanisms of tetracycline resistance. Presently, there is only one glycylcycline antibiotic for clinical use: tigecycline. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome, preventing the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. " 277 UPDATE TEM-91 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 278 UPDATE imiS carbapenem; CphA beta-lactamase; antibiotic inactivation; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CphA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36720 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000581 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CphA is an Ambler Class B MBL; subclass B2 originally isolated from Aeromonas hydrophilia. This enzyme has specific activity against carbapenems and is active as a mono-zinc protein. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. " 279 UPDATE CTX-M-107 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 642 UPDATE aadA25 antibiotic inactivation; aminoglycoside antibiotic; ANT(3''); streptomycin; spectinomycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with ANT(3'') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41439 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004275 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucleotidylylation of streptomycin at the hydroxyl group at position 3'' UPDATED category_aro_name with streptomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35958 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000040 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Streptomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with spectinomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35957 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000039 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Spectinomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Spectinomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit inhibiting translation. " 2262 UPDATE mefC efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump; macrolide antibiotic; antibiotic efflux; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and ABC transporters comprise the two largest and most functionally diverse of the transporter superfamilies. However, MFS transporters are distinct from ABC transporters in both their primary sequence and structure and in the mechanism of energy coupling. As secondary transporters they are, like RND and SMR transporters, energized by the electrochemical proton gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. " 2260 UPDATE vatF dalfopristin; antibiotic inactivation; streptogramin vat acetyltransferase; pristinamycin IIA; madumycin II; griseoviridin; streptogramin antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with dalfopristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37018 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000674 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dalfopristin is a water-soluble semi-synthetic derivative of pristinamycin IIA. It is produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis and is used in combination with quinupristin in a 7:3 ratio. Both work together to inhibit protein synthesis, and is active against Gram-positive bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptogramin vat acetyltransferase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36592 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000453 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with vat (Virginiamycin acetyltransferases) enzymes catalyze the transfer of an acetyl group from acetyl-CoA to the secondary alcohol of streptogramin A compounds, thus inactivating virginiamycin-like antibiotics and conferring resistance to these compounds. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IIA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37013 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000669 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IIA is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with madumycin II UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37016 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000672 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Madumycin II is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with griseoviridin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000673 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Griseoviridin is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptogramin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35945 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000026 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptogramin antibiotics are natural products produced by various members of the Streptomyces genus. These antibiotics bind to the P site of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The family consists of two subgroups, type A and type B, which are simultaneously produced by the same bacterial species in a ratio of roughly 70:30. " 2261 UPDATE lnuE antibiotic inactivation; lincosamide nucleotidyltransferase (LNU); lincosamide antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincosamide nucleotidyltransferase (LNU) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000221 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Resistance to the lincosamide antibiotic by ATP-dependent modification of the 3' and/or 4'-hydroxyl groups of the methylthiolincosamide sugar. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincosamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35936 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincosamides (e.g. lincomycin, clindamycin) are a class of drugs which bind to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. This interaction inhibits early elongation of peptide chains by inhibiting the transpeptidase reaction, acting similarly to macrolides. " 2267 UPDATE Escherichia coli nfsA mutations conferring resistance to nitrofurantoin antibiotic target alteration; nitrofuran antibiotic; nitrofurantoin; antibiotic resistant nfsA; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with nitrofuran antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41240 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004116 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Nitrofurans are chemotherapeutic agents with antibacterial and antiprotozoal activity. UPDATED category_aro_name with nitrofurantoin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35992 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000075 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nitrofurantoin is an antibiotic used to treat urinary tract infections. It inhibits enzyme synthesis by inhibiting essential enzymes involved in the citric acid cycle, as well as those involved in DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis. It is marketed under the following brand names: Furadantin, Macrobid, Macrodantin, Nitro Macro and Urantoin. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic resistant nfsA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40411 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003754 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with The nfsA-encoded nitroreductase is the major oxygen-insensitive nitroreductase present in E. coli. NfsA uses only NADPH and has broad electron acceptor specificity. Mutations in nfsA cause resistance to nitrofurazone and furazolidone. Resistance to nitrofurantoin via mutation of nfsA reduces the fitness of clinical isolates of E. coli. " 2264 UPDATE oleC efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump; macrolide antibiotic; oleandomycin; antibiotic efflux; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36002 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are present in all cells of all organisms and use the energy of ATP binding/hydrolysis to transport substrates across cell membranes. UPDATED category_aro_name with oleandomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37247 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000867 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Oleandomycin is a 14-membered macrolide produced by Streptomyces antibioticus. It is ssimilar to erythromycin, and contains a desosamine amino sugar and an oleandrose sugar. It targets the 50S ribosomal subunit to prevent protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. " 2265 UPDATE salA pleuromutilin; ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump; antibiotic efflux; pleuromutilin antibiotic; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; streptogramin antibiotic; lincosamide antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with pleuromutilin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37716 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3001317 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pleuromutilin is a natural product antibiotic produced by Clitopilus passeckerianus. Related antibiotics of clinical significance, such as tiamulin and retapamulin, are semi-synthetic derivatives of this compound. UPDATED category_aro_name with ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36002 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are present in all cells of all organisms and use the energy of ATP binding/hydrolysis to transport substrates across cell membranes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with pleuromutilin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37014 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000670 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Pleuromutilins are natural fungal products that target bacterial protein translation by binding the the 23S rRNA, blocking the ribosome P site at the 50S subunit. They are mostly used for agriculture and veterinary purposes. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptogramin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35945 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000026 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptogramin antibiotics are natural products produced by various members of the Streptomyces genus. These antibiotics bind to the P site of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The family consists of two subgroups, type A and type B, which are simultaneously produced by the same bacterial species in a ratio of roughly 70:30. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincosamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35936 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincosamides (e.g. lincomycin, clindamycin) are a class of drugs which bind to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. This interaction inhibits early elongation of peptide chains by inhibiting the transpeptidase reaction, acting similarly to macrolides. " 1781 UPDATE AAC(2')-Ia antibiotic inactivation; AAC(2'); arbekacin; gentamicin B; gentamicin C; amikacin; aminoglycoside antibiotic; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with AAC(2') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36480 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000341 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Acetylation of the aminoglycoside antibiotic on the amino group at position 2'. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin C UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35933 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin C is a mixture of gentamicin C1, gentamicin C1a, and gentamicin C2 (these differ in substituents at position C6'). Gentamicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 2445 UPDATE Erm(44) antibiotic target alteration; streptogramin antibiotic; Erm 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase; macrolide antibiotic; lincosamide antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptogramin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35945 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000026 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptogramin antibiotics are natural products produced by various members of the Streptomyces genus. These antibiotics bind to the P site of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The family consists of two subgroups, type A and type B, which are simultaneously produced by the same bacterial species in a ratio of roughly 70:30. UPDATED category_aro_name with Erm 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36699 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000560 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Erm proteins are part of the RNA methyltransferase family and methylate A2058 (E. coli nomenclature) of the 23S ribosomal RNA conferring degrees of resistance to Macrolides, Lincosamides and Streptogramin b. This is called the MLSb phenotype. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincosamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35936 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincosamides (e.g. lincomycin, clindamycin) are a class of drugs which bind to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. This interaction inhibits early elongation of peptide chains by inhibiting the transpeptidase reaction, acting similarly to macrolides. " 108 UPDATE PDC-8 PDC beta-lactamase; monobactam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; carbapenem; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with PDC beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36237 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000098 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with PDC beta-lactamases are class C beta-lactamases that are found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 109 UPDATE ErmE antibiotic target alteration; vernamycin B-gamma; oleandomycin; macrolide antibiotic; telithromycin; tylosin; lincosamide antibiotic; dirithromycin; clarithromycin; clindamycin; dalfopristin; pristinamycin IB; quinupristin; pristinamycin IA; Erm 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase; pristinamycin IIA; madumycin II; griseoviridin; lincomycin; streptogramin antibiotic; roxithromycin; spiramycin; azithromycin; erythromycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with vernamycin B-gamma UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37022 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000678 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Vernamycin B-gamma is a class B streptogramin derived from virginiamycin S1. UPDATED category_aro_name with oleandomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37247 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000867 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Oleandomycin is a 14-membered macrolide produced by Streptomyces antibioticus. It is ssimilar to erythromycin, and contains a desosamine amino sugar and an oleandrose sugar. It targets the 50S ribosomal subunit to prevent protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with telithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35974 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000057 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Telithromycin is a semi-synthetic derivative of erythromycin. It is a 14-membered macrolide and is the first ketolide antibiotic to be used in clinics. Telithromycin binds the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with tylosin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36284 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000145 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tylosin is a 16-membered macrolide, naturally produced by Streptomyces fradiae. It interacts with the bacterial ribosome 50S subunit to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincosamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35936 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincosamides (e.g. lincomycin, clindamycin) are a class of drugs which bind to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. This interaction inhibits early elongation of peptide chains by inhibiting the transpeptidase reaction, acting similarly to macrolides. UPDATED category_aro_name with dirithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36315 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000176 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dirithromycin is an oxazine derivative of erythromycin, sharing the 14-carbon macrolide ring. The antibiotic binds to the 50S subunit of the ribosome to inhibit bacterial protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with clarithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35982 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000065 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Clarithromycin is a methyl derivative of erythromycin, sharing the 14-carbon macrolide ring. The antibiotic binds to the 50S subunit of the ribosome and is used to treat pharyngitis, tonsillitis, acute maxillary sinusitis, acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, pneumonia (especially atypical pneumonias associated with Chlamydia pneumoniae or TWAR), and skin structure infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with clindamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35983 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000066 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Clindamycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that blocks A-site aminoacyl-tRNA binding. It is usually used to treat infections with anaerobic bacteria but can also be used to treat some protozoal diseases, such as malaria. UPDATED category_aro_name with dalfopristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37018 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000674 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dalfopristin is a water-soluble semi-synthetic derivative of pristinamycin IIA. It is produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis and is used in combination with quinupristin in a 7:3 ratio. Both work together to inhibit protein synthesis, and is active against Gram-positive bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IB UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37019 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000675 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IB is a class B streptogramin similar to pristinamycin IA, the former containing a N-methyl-4-(methylamino)phenylalanine instead of a N-methyl-4-(dimethylamino)phenylalanine in its class A streptogramin counterpart (one less methyl group). UPDATED category_aro_name with quinupristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36723 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000584 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Quinupristin is a type B streptogramin and a semisynthetic derivative of pristinamycin 1A. It is a component of the drug Synercid and interacts with the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36722 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000583 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin 1A is a type B streptogramin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis. It binds to the P site of the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, preventing the extension of protein chains. UPDATED category_aro_name with Erm 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36699 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000560 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Erm proteins are part of the RNA methyltransferase family and methylate A2058 (E. coli nomenclature) of the 23S ribosomal RNA conferring degrees of resistance to Macrolides, Lincosamides and Streptogramin b. This is called the MLSb phenotype. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IIA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37013 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000669 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IIA is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with madumycin II UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37016 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000672 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Madumycin II is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with griseoviridin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000673 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Griseoviridin is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35964 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000046 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincomycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that comes from the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis. It binds to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes and inhibit early elongation of peptide chain by inhibiting transpeptidase reaction. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptogramin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35945 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000026 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptogramin antibiotics are natural products produced by various members of the Streptomyces genus. These antibiotics bind to the P site of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The family consists of two subgroups, type A and type B, which are simultaneously produced by the same bacterial species in a ratio of roughly 70:30. UPDATED category_aro_name with roxithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35946 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000027 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Roxithromycin is a semi-synthetic, 14-carbon ring macrolide antibiotic derived from erythromycin. It is used to treat respiratory tract, urinary and soft tissue infections. Roxithromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. UPDATED category_aro_name with spiramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36295 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000156 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Spiramycin is a 16-membered macrolide and is natural product produced by Streptomyces ambofaciens. It binds to the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes and inhibits peptidyl transfer activity to disrupt protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with azithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36297 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000158 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Azithromycin is a 15-membered macrolide and falls under the subclass of azalide. Like other macrolides, azithromycin binds bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The nitrogen substitution at the C-9a position prevents its degradation. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. " 102 UPDATE TLA-2 antibiotic inactivation; monobactam; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; cephalosporin; TLA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TLA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 39785 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003201 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with The TLA beta-lactamases are resistant to expanded-spectrum cephalosporins, aztreonam, ciprofloxacin, and ofloxacin but was susceptible to amikacin, cefotetan, and imipenem. " 103 UPDATE SHV-12 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; carbapenem; ceftazidime; cefalotin; ceftriaxone; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftazidime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35977 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000060 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftazidime is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Unlike most third-generation agents, it is active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, however it has weaker activity against Gram-positive microorganisms and is not used for such infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefalotin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37084 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000704 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. It is resistant to staphylococci beta-lactamases but hydrolyzed by enterobacterial beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftriaxone UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35979 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000062 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftriaxone is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. The presence of an aminothiazolyl sidechain increases ceftriazone's resistance to beta-lactamases. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 100 UPDATE Mycobacterium tuberculosis ethA with mutation conferring resistance to ethionamide isoniazid; antibiotic target alteration; ethionamide; ethionamide resistant ethA; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with isoniazid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36659 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000520 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Isoniazid is an organic compound that is the first-line anti tuberculosis medication in prevention and treatment. As a prodrug, it is activated by mycobacterial catalase-peroxidases such as M. tuberculosis KatG. Isoniazid inhibits mycolic acid synthesis, which prevents cell wall synthesis in mycobacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ethionamide UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40067 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003474 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with ethionamide is a second-line antitubercular agent that inhibits mycolic acid synthesis UPDATED category_aro_name with ethionamide resistant ethA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40050 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003457 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutations that occurs on the ethA genes resulting in the inability to catalyzes the oxidation of ethionamide (ETH) to the corresponding sulfoxide (the active drug) " 101 UPDATE TEM-109 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 106 UPDATE catB9 antibiotic inactivation; thiamphenicol; chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT); azidamfenicol; phenicol antibiotic; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with thiamphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36595 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000456 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Derivative of Chloramphenicol. The nitro group (-NO2) is substituted by a sulfomethyl group (-SO2CH3). UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36261 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000122 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Inactivates chloramphenicol by addition of an acyl group. cat is used to describe many variants of the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene in a range of organisms including Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Bacillus clausii, Bacillus subtilis, Campylobacter coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, Lactococcus lactis, Listeria monocytogenes, Listonella anguillarum Morganella morganii, Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella typhi, Serratia marcescens, Shigella flexneri, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Staphylococcus intermedius, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus suis and Streptomyces acrimycini UPDATED category_aro_name with azidamfenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36521 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000382 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Azidamfenicol is a water soluble derivative of chloramphenicol, sharing the same mode of action of inhibiting peptide synthesis by interacting with the 23S RNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. " 107 UPDATE TEM-43 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 104 UPDATE OXA-61 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 105 UPDATE CARB-4 penam; antibiotic inactivation; CARB beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CARB beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36230 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000091 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CARB beta-lactamases are class A lactamases that can hydrolyze carbenicillin. Many of the PSE beta-lactamases have been renamed as CARB-lactamases with the notable exception of PSE-2 which is now OXA-10. " 2046 UPDATE tet(33) tetracycline antibiotic; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump; tetracycline; antibiotic efflux; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and ABC transporters comprise the two largest and most functionally diverse of the transporter superfamilies. However, MFS transporters are distinct from ABC transporters in both their primary sequence and structure and in the mechanism of energy coupling. As secondary transporters they are, like RND and SMR transporters, energized by the electrochemical proton gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. " 2047 UPDATE OXA-322 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 2044 UPDATE QnrB31 sparfloxacin; norfloxacin; quinolone resistance protein (qnr); gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; antibiotic target protection; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; nalidixic acid; moxifloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with quinolone resistance protein (qnr) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36558 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000419 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Qnr proteins are pentapeptide repeat proteins that mimic DNA and protect the cell from the activity of fluoroquinolone antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target protection UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. " 2045 UPDATE OXY-2-3 penam; OXY beta-lactamase; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; monobactam; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 38788 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3002388 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXY beta-lactamases are chromosomal class A beta-lactamases that are found in Klebsiella oxytoca. At constitutive low levels, OXY beta-lactamases confer resistance to aminopenicillins and carboxypenicillins. At high induced levels, OXY beta-lactamases confer resistance to penicillins, cephalosporins and aztreonam. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 2042 UPDATE IND-8 carbapenem; antibiotic inactivation; IND beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with IND beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36199 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000060 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with IND beta-lactamases are class B carbapenem-hydrolyzing beta-lactamases " 2043 UPDATE aadA8 antibiotic inactivation; aminoglycoside antibiotic; ANT(3''); streptomycin; spectinomycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with ANT(3'') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41439 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004275 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucleotidylylation of streptomycin at the hydroxyl group at position 3'' UPDATED category_aro_name with streptomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35958 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000040 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Streptomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with spectinomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35957 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000039 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Spectinomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Spectinomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit inhibiting translation. " 2040 UPDATE TEM-60 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 2041 UPDATE OXA-424 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 2048 UPDATE OXA-57 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 2049 UPDATE QnrB72 sparfloxacin; norfloxacin; quinolone resistance protein (qnr); gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; antibiotic target protection; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; nalidixic acid; moxifloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with quinolone resistance protein (qnr) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36558 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000419 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Qnr proteins are pentapeptide repeat proteins that mimic DNA and protect the cell from the activity of fluoroquinolone antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target protection UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. " 1213 UPDATE nalD sulfonamide antibiotic; penem; panipenem; tetracycline antibiotic; clavulanate; meropenem; antibiotic efflux; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; aztreonam; nalidixic acid; aminocoumarin antibiotic; cephalosporin; macrolide antibiotic; carbapenem; ceftazidime; ciprofloxacin; cephamycin; ceftriaxone; protein(s) and two-component regulatory system modulating antibiotic efflux; peptide antibiotic; diaminopyrimidine antibiotic; ticarcillin; ampicillin; amoxicillin; penam; sulfamethoxazole; novobiocin; phenicol antibiotic; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole; tetracycline; monobactam; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; erythromycin; trimethoprim; azithromycin; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Regulator UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with panipenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40362 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003708 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Panipenem is a carbapenem antibacterial agent with a broad spectrum of in vitro activity covering a wide range of Gram-negative and Gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic bacterial. It is used in combination with betamipron to inhibit panipenem uptake into the renal tubule and prevent nephrotoxicity. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with clavulanate UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000079 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Adjuvant UPDATED category_aro_description with Clavulanic acid is a beta-lactamase inhibitor (marketed by GlaxoSmithKline, formerly Beecham) combined with penicillin group antibiotics to overcome certain types of antibiotic resistance. It is used to overcome resistance in bacteria that secrete beta-lactamase, which otherwise inactivates most penicillins. UPDATED category_aro_name with meropenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35990 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000073 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Meropenem is an ultra-broad spectrum injectable antibiotic used to treat a wide variety of infections, including meningitis and pneumonia. It is a beta-lactam and belongs to the subgroup of carbapenem, similar to imipenem and ertapenem. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with aztreonam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36689 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000550 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Aztreonam was the first monobactam discovered, and is greatly effective against Gram-negative bacteria while inactive against Gram-positive bacteria. Artreonam is a poor substrate for beta-lactamases, and may even act as an inhibitor. In Gram-negative bacteria, Aztreonam interferes with filamentation, inhibiting cell division and leading to cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminocoumarin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36242 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000103 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminocoumarin antibiotics bind DNA gyrase subunit B to inhibit ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftazidime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35977 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000060 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftazidime is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Unlike most third-generation agents, it is active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, however it has weaker activity against Gram-positive microorganisms and is not used for such infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40957 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004024 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with An antibiotic cocktail containing the diaminopyrimidine antibiotic Trimethoprim and the sulfonamide antibiotic sulfamethoxazole (1 TMP:5 SMX). UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftriaxone UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35979 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000062 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftriaxone is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. The presence of an aminothiazolyl sidechain increases ceftriazone's resistance to beta-lactamases. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with diaminopyrimidine antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36310 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000171 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Diaminopyrimidines are a class of organic compounds containing a pyrimidine ring substituted by two amine groups. They are inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme critical for DNA synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with ticarcillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40523 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003832 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ticarcillin is a carboxypenicillin used for the treatment of Gram-negative bacteria, particularly P. aeruginosa. Ticarcillin's antibiotic properties arise from its ability to prevent cross-linking of peptidoglycan during cell wall synthesis, when the bacteria try to divide, causing cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with ampicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36981 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000637 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ampicillin is a penicillin derivative that is highly acid stable, with its activity similar to benzylpenicillin. UPDATED category_aro_name with amoxicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35981 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000064 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amoxicillin is a moderate-spectrum, bacteriolytic, beta-lactam antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections caused by susceptible microorganisms. A derivative of penicillin, it has a wider range of treatment but remains relatively ineffective against Gram-negative bacteria. It is commonly taken with clavulanic acid, a beta-lactamase inhibitor. Like other beta-lactams, amoxicillin interferes with the synthesis of peptidoglycan. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36327 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000188 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Trimethoprim is a synthetic 5-(3,4,5- trimethoxybenzyl) pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, inhibiting synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid. Tetrahydrofolic acid is an essential precursor in the de novo synthesis of the DNA nucleotide thymidine. Trimethoprim is a bacteriostatic antibiotic mainly used in the prophylaxis and treatment of urinary tract infections in combination with sulfamethoxazole, a sulfonamide antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with sulfamethoxazole UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36468 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000329 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sulfamethoxazole is a sulfonamide antibiotic usually taken with trimethoprim, a diaminopyrimidine antibiotic. Sulfamethoxazole inhibits dihydropteroate synthase, essential to tetrahydrofolic acid biosynthesis. This pathway generates compounds used in the synthesis of many amino acids and nucleotides. UPDATED category_aro_name with novobiocin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36250 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000111 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Novobiocin is an aminocoumarin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spheroides and Streptomyces niveus, and binds DNA gyrase subunit B inhibiting ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with azithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36297 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000158 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Azithromycin is a 15-membered macrolide and falls under the subclass of azalide. Like other macrolides, azithromycin binds bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The nitrogen substitution at the C-9a position prevents its degradation. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with sulfonamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36421 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000282 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Sulfonamides are broad spectrum, synthetic antibiotics that contain the sulfonamide group. Sulfonamides inhibit dihydropteroate synthase, which catalyzes the conversion of p-aminobenzoic acid to dihydropteroic acid as part of the tetrahydrofolic acid biosynthetic pathway. Tetrahydrofolic acid is essential for folate synthesis, a precursor of many nucleotides and amino acids. Many sulfamides are taken with trimethoprim, an inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, also disturbing the trihydrofolic acid synthesis pathway. " 1210 UPDATE novA efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump; aminocoumarin antibiotic; novobiocin; antibiotic efflux; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36002 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are present in all cells of all organisms and use the energy of ATP binding/hydrolysis to transport substrates across cell membranes. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminocoumarin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36242 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000103 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminocoumarin antibiotics bind DNA gyrase subunit B to inhibit ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with novobiocin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36250 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000111 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Novobiocin is an aminocoumarin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spheroides and Streptomyces niveus, and binds DNA gyrase subunit B inhibiting ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. " 2688 UPDATE ArmR sulfonamide antibiotic; penem; panipenem; tetracycline antibiotic; clavulanate; meropenem; antibiotic efflux; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; aztreonam; trimethoprim; aminocoumarin antibiotic; cephalosporin; macrolide antibiotic; carbapenem; ceftazidime; ciprofloxacin; cephamycin; ceftriaxone; protein(s) and two-component regulatory system modulating antibiotic efflux; peptide antibiotic; diaminopyrimidine antibiotic; ampicillin; amoxicillin; penam; sulfamethoxazole; novobiocin; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole; tetracycline; monobactam; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; erythromycin; phenicol antibiotic; azithromycin; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Regulator UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with panipenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40362 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003708 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Panipenem is a carbapenem antibacterial agent with a broad spectrum of in vitro activity covering a wide range of Gram-negative and Gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic bacterial. It is used in combination with betamipron to inhibit panipenem uptake into the renal tubule and prevent nephrotoxicity. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with clavulanate UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000079 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Adjuvant UPDATED category_aro_description with Clavulanic acid is a beta-lactamase inhibitor (marketed by GlaxoSmithKline, formerly Beecham) combined with penicillin group antibiotics to overcome certain types of antibiotic resistance. It is used to overcome resistance in bacteria that secrete beta-lactamase, which otherwise inactivates most penicillins. UPDATED category_aro_name with meropenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35990 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000073 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Meropenem is an ultra-broad spectrum injectable antibiotic used to treat a wide variety of infections, including meningitis and pneumonia. It is a beta-lactam and belongs to the subgroup of carbapenem, similar to imipenem and ertapenem. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with aztreonam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36689 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000550 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Aztreonam was the first monobactam discovered, and is greatly effective against Gram-negative bacteria while inactive against Gram-positive bacteria. Artreonam is a poor substrate for beta-lactamases, and may even act as an inhibitor. In Gram-negative bacteria, Aztreonam interferes with filamentation, inhibiting cell division and leading to cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36327 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000188 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Trimethoprim is a synthetic 5-(3,4,5- trimethoxybenzyl) pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, inhibiting synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid. Tetrahydrofolic acid is an essential precursor in the de novo synthesis of the DNA nucleotide thymidine. Trimethoprim is a bacteriostatic antibiotic mainly used in the prophylaxis and treatment of urinary tract infections in combination with sulfamethoxazole, a sulfonamide antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminocoumarin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36242 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000103 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminocoumarin antibiotics bind DNA gyrase subunit B to inhibit ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftazidime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35977 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000060 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftazidime is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Unlike most third-generation agents, it is active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, however it has weaker activity against Gram-positive microorganisms and is not used for such infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40957 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004024 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with An antibiotic cocktail containing the diaminopyrimidine antibiotic Trimethoprim and the sulfonamide antibiotic sulfamethoxazole (1 TMP:5 SMX). UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftriaxone UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35979 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000062 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftriaxone is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. The presence of an aminothiazolyl sidechain increases ceftriazone's resistance to beta-lactamases. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with diaminopyrimidine antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36310 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000171 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Diaminopyrimidines are a class of organic compounds containing a pyrimidine ring substituted by two amine groups. They are inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme critical for DNA synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with ampicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36981 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000637 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ampicillin is a penicillin derivative that is highly acid stable, with its activity similar to benzylpenicillin. UPDATED category_aro_name with amoxicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35981 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000064 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amoxicillin is a moderate-spectrum, bacteriolytic, beta-lactam antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections caused by susceptible microorganisms. A derivative of penicillin, it has a wider range of treatment but remains relatively ineffective against Gram-negative bacteria. It is commonly taken with clavulanic acid, a beta-lactamase inhibitor. Like other beta-lactams, amoxicillin interferes with the synthesis of peptidoglycan. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with sulfamethoxazole UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36468 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000329 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sulfamethoxazole is a sulfonamide antibiotic usually taken with trimethoprim, a diaminopyrimidine antibiotic. Sulfamethoxazole inhibits dihydropteroate synthase, essential to tetrahydrofolic acid biosynthesis. This pathway generates compounds used in the synthesis of many amino acids and nucleotides. UPDATED category_aro_name with novobiocin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36250 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000111 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Novobiocin is an aminocoumarin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spheroides and Streptomyces niveus, and binds DNA gyrase subunit B inhibiting ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with azithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36297 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000158 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Azithromycin is a 15-membered macrolide and falls under the subclass of azalide. Like other macrolides, azithromycin binds bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The nitrogen substitution at the C-9a position prevents its degradation. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with sulfonamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36421 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000282 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Sulfonamides are broad spectrum, synthetic antibiotics that contain the sulfonamide group. Sulfonamides inhibit dihydropteroate synthase, which catalyzes the conversion of p-aminobenzoic acid to dihydropteroic acid as part of the tetrahydrofolic acid biosynthetic pathway. Tetrahydrofolic acid is essential for folate synthesis, a precursor of many nucleotides and amino acids. Many sulfamides are taken with trimethoprim, an inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, also disturbing the trihydrofolic acid synthesis pathway. " 2689 UPDATE Staphylococcus aureus 23S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to linezolid antibiotic target alteration; glycopeptide antibiotic; vernamycin B-gamma; macrolide antibiotic; florfenicol; lincosamide antibiotic; thiamphenicol; 23S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to linezolid antibiotics; linezolid; oxazolidinone antibiotic; clindamycin; dalfopristin; pristinamycin IB; quinupristin; pristinamycin IA; bleomycin B2; bleomycinic acid; bleomycin A2; pristinamycin IIA; pleuromutilin antibiotic; madumycin II; griseoviridin; lincomycin; streptogramin antibiotic; azidamfenicol; phenicol antibiotic; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with vernamycin B-gamma UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37022 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000678 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Vernamycin B-gamma is a class B streptogramin derived from virginiamycin S1. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with florfenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36600 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000461 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Florfenicol is a fluorine derivative of chloramphenicol, where the nitro group (-NO2) is substituted by a sulfomethyl group (-SO2CH3) and the hydroxyl group (-OH), by a fluorine group (-F). The action mechanism is the same as chloramphenicol's, where the antibiotic binds to the 23S RNA of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincosamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35936 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincosamides (e.g. lincomycin, clindamycin) are a class of drugs which bind to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. This interaction inhibits early elongation of peptide chains by inhibiting the transpeptidase reaction, acting similarly to macrolides. UPDATED category_aro_name with thiamphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36595 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000456 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Derivative of Chloramphenicol. The nitro group (-NO2) is substituted by a sulfomethyl group (-SO2CH3). UPDATED category_aro_name with 23S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to linezolid antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41123 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004057 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Point mutations in the 23S rRNA subunit may confer resistance to linezolid and other oxazolidinone antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with linezolid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35989 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000072 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Linezolid is a synthetic antibiotic used for the treatment of serious infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria that are resistant to several other antibiotics. It inhibits protein synthesis by binding to domain V of the 23S rRNA of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with oxazolidinone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36218 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000079 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Oxazolidinones are a class of synthetic antibiotics discovered the the 1980's. They inhibit protein synthesis by binding to domain V of the 23S rRNA of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. Linezolid is the only member of this class currently in clinical use. UPDATED category_aro_name with clindamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35983 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000066 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Clindamycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that blocks A-site aminoacyl-tRNA binding. It is usually used to treat infections with anaerobic bacteria but can also be used to treat some protozoal diseases, such as malaria. UPDATED category_aro_name with dalfopristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37018 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000674 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dalfopristin is a water-soluble semi-synthetic derivative of pristinamycin IIA. It is produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis and is used in combination with quinupristin in a 7:3 ratio. Both work together to inhibit protein synthesis, and is active against Gram-positive bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IB UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37019 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000675 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IB is a class B streptogramin similar to pristinamycin IA, the former containing a N-methyl-4-(methylamino)phenylalanine instead of a N-methyl-4-(dimethylamino)phenylalanine in its class A streptogramin counterpart (one less methyl group). UPDATED category_aro_name with quinupristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36723 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000584 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Quinupristin is a type B streptogramin and a semisynthetic derivative of pristinamycin 1A. It is a component of the drug Synercid and interacts with the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36722 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000583 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin 1A is a type B streptogramin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis. It binds to the P site of the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, preventing the extension of protein chains. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin B2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37036 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000692 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin B2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycinic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37034 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000690 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycinic acid is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin A2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37035 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000691 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin A2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IIA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37013 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000669 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IIA is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with pleuromutilin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37014 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000670 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Pleuromutilins are natural fungal products that target bacterial protein translation by binding the the 23S rRNA, blocking the ribosome P site at the 50S subunit. They are mostly used for agriculture and veterinary purposes. UPDATED category_aro_name with madumycin II UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37016 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000672 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Madumycin II is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with griseoviridin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000673 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Griseoviridin is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35964 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000046 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincomycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that comes from the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis. It binds to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes and inhibit early elongation of peptide chain by inhibiting transpeptidase reaction. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptogramin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35945 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000026 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptogramin antibiotics are natural products produced by various members of the Streptomyces genus. These antibiotics bind to the P site of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The family consists of two subgroups, type A and type B, which are simultaneously produced by the same bacterial species in a ratio of roughly 70:30. UPDATED category_aro_name with azidamfenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36521 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000382 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Azidamfenicol is a water soluble derivative of chloramphenicol, sharing the same mode of action of inhibiting peptide synthesis by interacting with the 23S RNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. " 2685 UPDATE Pseudomonas aeruginosa CpxR sulfonamide antibiotic; penem; panipenem; tetracycline antibiotic; clavulanate; meropenem; antibiotic efflux; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; aztreonam; trimethoprim; aminocoumarin antibiotic; cephalosporin; macrolide antibiotic; carbapenem; ceftazidime; ciprofloxacin; cephamycin; aminoglycoside antibiotic; protein(s) and two-component regulatory system modulating antibiotic efflux; peptide antibiotic; diaminopyrimidine antibiotic; ampicillin; amoxicillin; penam; ceftriaxone; sulfamethoxazole; novobiocin; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole; tetracycline; monobactam; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; erythromycin; phenicol antibiotic; azithromycin; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Regulator UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with panipenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40362 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003708 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Panipenem is a carbapenem antibacterial agent with a broad spectrum of in vitro activity covering a wide range of Gram-negative and Gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic bacterial. It is used in combination with betamipron to inhibit panipenem uptake into the renal tubule and prevent nephrotoxicity. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with clavulanate UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000079 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Adjuvant UPDATED category_aro_description with Clavulanic acid is a beta-lactamase inhibitor (marketed by GlaxoSmithKline, formerly Beecham) combined with penicillin group antibiotics to overcome certain types of antibiotic resistance. It is used to overcome resistance in bacteria that secrete beta-lactamase, which otherwise inactivates most penicillins. UPDATED category_aro_name with meropenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35990 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000073 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Meropenem is an ultra-broad spectrum injectable antibiotic used to treat a wide variety of infections, including meningitis and pneumonia. It is a beta-lactam and belongs to the subgroup of carbapenem, similar to imipenem and ertapenem. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with aztreonam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36689 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000550 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Aztreonam was the first monobactam discovered, and is greatly effective against Gram-negative bacteria while inactive against Gram-positive bacteria. Artreonam is a poor substrate for beta-lactamases, and may even act as an inhibitor. In Gram-negative bacteria, Aztreonam interferes with filamentation, inhibiting cell division and leading to cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36327 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000188 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Trimethoprim is a synthetic 5-(3,4,5- trimethoxybenzyl) pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, inhibiting synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid. Tetrahydrofolic acid is an essential precursor in the de novo synthesis of the DNA nucleotide thymidine. Trimethoprim is a bacteriostatic antibiotic mainly used in the prophylaxis and treatment of urinary tract infections in combination with sulfamethoxazole, a sulfonamide antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminocoumarin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36242 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000103 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminocoumarin antibiotics bind DNA gyrase subunit B to inhibit ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftazidime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35977 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000060 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftazidime is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Unlike most third-generation agents, it is active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, however it has weaker activity against Gram-positive microorganisms and is not used for such infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40957 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004024 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with An antibiotic cocktail containing the diaminopyrimidine antibiotic Trimethoprim and the sulfonamide antibiotic sulfamethoxazole (1 TMP:5 SMX). UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with diaminopyrimidine antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36310 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000171 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Diaminopyrimidines are a class of organic compounds containing a pyrimidine ring substituted by two amine groups. They are inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme critical for DNA synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with ampicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36981 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000637 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ampicillin is a penicillin derivative that is highly acid stable, with its activity similar to benzylpenicillin. UPDATED category_aro_name with amoxicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35981 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000064 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amoxicillin is a moderate-spectrum, bacteriolytic, beta-lactam antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections caused by susceptible microorganisms. A derivative of penicillin, it has a wider range of treatment but remains relatively ineffective against Gram-negative bacteria. It is commonly taken with clavulanic acid, a beta-lactamase inhibitor. Like other beta-lactams, amoxicillin interferes with the synthesis of peptidoglycan. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftriaxone UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35979 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000062 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftriaxone is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. The presence of an aminothiazolyl sidechain increases ceftriazone's resistance to beta-lactamases. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with sulfamethoxazole UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36468 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000329 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sulfamethoxazole is a sulfonamide antibiotic usually taken with trimethoprim, a diaminopyrimidine antibiotic. Sulfamethoxazole inhibits dihydropteroate synthase, essential to tetrahydrofolic acid biosynthesis. This pathway generates compounds used in the synthesis of many amino acids and nucleotides. UPDATED category_aro_name with novobiocin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36250 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000111 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Novobiocin is an aminocoumarin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spheroides and Streptomyces niveus, and binds DNA gyrase subunit B inhibiting ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with azithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36297 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000158 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Azithromycin is a 15-membered macrolide and falls under the subclass of azalide. Like other macrolides, azithromycin binds bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The nitrogen substitution at the C-9a position prevents its degradation. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with sulfonamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36421 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000282 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Sulfonamides are broad spectrum, synthetic antibiotics that contain the sulfonamide group. Sulfonamides inhibit dihydropteroate synthase, which catalyzes the conversion of p-aminobenzoic acid to dihydropteroic acid as part of the tetrahydrofolic acid biosynthetic pathway. Tetrahydrofolic acid is essential for folate synthesis, a precursor of many nucleotides and amino acids. Many sulfamides are taken with trimethoprim, an inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, also disturbing the trihydrofolic acid synthesis pathway. " 2686 UPDATE MexAB-OprM with CpxR regulator conferring resistance to ciprofloxacin, ceftazidime, and aztreonam sulfonamide antibiotic; penem; panipenem; tetracycline antibiotic; clavulanate; meropenem; antibiotic efflux; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; aztreonam; trimethoprim; aminocoumarin antibiotic; cephalosporin; macrolide antibiotic; carbapenem; ceftazidime; ciprofloxacin; cephamycin; ceftriaxone; peptide antibiotic; diaminopyrimidine antibiotic; ampicillin; amoxicillin; penam; sulfamethoxazole; novobiocin; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole; tetracycline; monobactam; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; erythromycin; phenicol antibiotic; azithromycin; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with panipenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40362 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003708 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Panipenem is a carbapenem antibacterial agent with a broad spectrum of in vitro activity covering a wide range of Gram-negative and Gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic bacterial. It is used in combination with betamipron to inhibit panipenem uptake into the renal tubule and prevent nephrotoxicity. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with clavulanate UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000079 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Adjuvant UPDATED category_aro_description with Clavulanic acid is a beta-lactamase inhibitor (marketed by GlaxoSmithKline, formerly Beecham) combined with penicillin group antibiotics to overcome certain types of antibiotic resistance. It is used to overcome resistance in bacteria that secrete beta-lactamase, which otherwise inactivates most penicillins. UPDATED category_aro_name with meropenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35990 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000073 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Meropenem is an ultra-broad spectrum injectable antibiotic used to treat a wide variety of infections, including meningitis and pneumonia. It is a beta-lactam and belongs to the subgroup of carbapenem, similar to imipenem and ertapenem. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with aztreonam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36689 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000550 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Aztreonam was the first monobactam discovered, and is greatly effective against Gram-negative bacteria while inactive against Gram-positive bacteria. Artreonam is a poor substrate for beta-lactamases, and may even act as an inhibitor. In Gram-negative bacteria, Aztreonam interferes with filamentation, inhibiting cell division and leading to cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36327 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000188 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Trimethoprim is a synthetic 5-(3,4,5- trimethoxybenzyl) pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, inhibiting synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid. Tetrahydrofolic acid is an essential precursor in the de novo synthesis of the DNA nucleotide thymidine. Trimethoprim is a bacteriostatic antibiotic mainly used in the prophylaxis and treatment of urinary tract infections in combination with sulfamethoxazole, a sulfonamide antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminocoumarin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36242 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000103 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminocoumarin antibiotics bind DNA gyrase subunit B to inhibit ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftazidime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35977 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000060 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftazidime is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Unlike most third-generation agents, it is active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, however it has weaker activity against Gram-positive microorganisms and is not used for such infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40957 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004024 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with An antibiotic cocktail containing the diaminopyrimidine antibiotic Trimethoprim and the sulfonamide antibiotic sulfamethoxazole (1 TMP:5 SMX). UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftriaxone UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35979 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000062 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftriaxone is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. The presence of an aminothiazolyl sidechain increases ceftriazone's resistance to beta-lactamases. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with diaminopyrimidine antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36310 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000171 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Diaminopyrimidines are a class of organic compounds containing a pyrimidine ring substituted by two amine groups. They are inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme critical for DNA synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with ampicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36981 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000637 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ampicillin is a penicillin derivative that is highly acid stable, with its activity similar to benzylpenicillin. UPDATED category_aro_name with amoxicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35981 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000064 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amoxicillin is a moderate-spectrum, bacteriolytic, beta-lactam antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections caused by susceptible microorganisms. A derivative of penicillin, it has a wider range of treatment but remains relatively ineffective against Gram-negative bacteria. It is commonly taken with clavulanic acid, a beta-lactamase inhibitor. Like other beta-lactams, amoxicillin interferes with the synthesis of peptidoglycan. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with sulfamethoxazole UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36468 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000329 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sulfamethoxazole is a sulfonamide antibiotic usually taken with trimethoprim, a diaminopyrimidine antibiotic. Sulfamethoxazole inhibits dihydropteroate synthase, essential to tetrahydrofolic acid biosynthesis. This pathway generates compounds used in the synthesis of many amino acids and nucleotides. UPDATED category_aro_name with novobiocin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36250 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000111 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Novobiocin is an aminocoumarin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spheroides and Streptomyces niveus, and binds DNA gyrase subunit B inhibiting ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with azithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36297 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000158 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Azithromycin is a 15-membered macrolide and falls under the subclass of azalide. Like other macrolides, azithromycin binds bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The nitrogen substitution at the C-9a position prevents its degradation. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with sulfonamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36421 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000282 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Sulfonamides are broad spectrum, synthetic antibiotics that contain the sulfonamide group. Sulfonamides inhibit dihydropteroate synthase, which catalyzes the conversion of p-aminobenzoic acid to dihydropteroic acid as part of the tetrahydrofolic acid biosynthetic pathway. Tetrahydrofolic acid is essential for folate synthesis, a precursor of many nucleotides and amino acids. Many sulfamides are taken with trimethoprim, an inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, also disturbing the trihydrofolic acid synthesis pathway. " 2680 UPDATE MexAB-OprM with prematurely terminated MexR conferring resistance to meropenem and ciprofloxacin sulfonamide antibiotic; penem; panipenem; tetracycline antibiotic; clavulanate; meropenem; antibiotic efflux; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; aztreonam; trimethoprim; aminocoumarin antibiotic; cephalosporin; macrolide antibiotic; carbapenem; ceftazidime; ciprofloxacin; cephamycin; ceftriaxone; peptide antibiotic; diaminopyrimidine antibiotic; ampicillin; amoxicillin; penam; sulfamethoxazole; novobiocin; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole; tetracycline; monobactam; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; erythromycin; phenicol antibiotic; azithromycin; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with panipenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40362 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003708 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Panipenem is a carbapenem antibacterial agent with a broad spectrum of in vitro activity covering a wide range of Gram-negative and Gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic bacterial. It is used in combination with betamipron to inhibit panipenem uptake into the renal tubule and prevent nephrotoxicity. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with clavulanate UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000079 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Adjuvant UPDATED category_aro_description with Clavulanic acid is a beta-lactamase inhibitor (marketed by GlaxoSmithKline, formerly Beecham) combined with penicillin group antibiotics to overcome certain types of antibiotic resistance. It is used to overcome resistance in bacteria that secrete beta-lactamase, which otherwise inactivates most penicillins. UPDATED category_aro_name with meropenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35990 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000073 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Meropenem is an ultra-broad spectrum injectable antibiotic used to treat a wide variety of infections, including meningitis and pneumonia. It is a beta-lactam and belongs to the subgroup of carbapenem, similar to imipenem and ertapenem. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with aztreonam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36689 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000550 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Aztreonam was the first monobactam discovered, and is greatly effective against Gram-negative bacteria while inactive against Gram-positive bacteria. Artreonam is a poor substrate for beta-lactamases, and may even act as an inhibitor. In Gram-negative bacteria, Aztreonam interferes with filamentation, inhibiting cell division and leading to cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36327 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000188 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Trimethoprim is a synthetic 5-(3,4,5- trimethoxybenzyl) pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, inhibiting synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid. Tetrahydrofolic acid is an essential precursor in the de novo synthesis of the DNA nucleotide thymidine. Trimethoprim is a bacteriostatic antibiotic mainly used in the prophylaxis and treatment of urinary tract infections in combination with sulfamethoxazole, a sulfonamide antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminocoumarin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36242 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000103 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminocoumarin antibiotics bind DNA gyrase subunit B to inhibit ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftazidime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35977 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000060 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftazidime is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Unlike most third-generation agents, it is active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, however it has weaker activity against Gram-positive microorganisms and is not used for such infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40957 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004024 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with An antibiotic cocktail containing the diaminopyrimidine antibiotic Trimethoprim and the sulfonamide antibiotic sulfamethoxazole (1 TMP:5 SMX). UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftriaxone UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35979 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000062 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftriaxone is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. The presence of an aminothiazolyl sidechain increases ceftriazone's resistance to beta-lactamases. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with diaminopyrimidine antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36310 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000171 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Diaminopyrimidines are a class of organic compounds containing a pyrimidine ring substituted by two amine groups. They are inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme critical for DNA synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with ampicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36981 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000637 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ampicillin is a penicillin derivative that is highly acid stable, with its activity similar to benzylpenicillin. UPDATED category_aro_name with amoxicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35981 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000064 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amoxicillin is a moderate-spectrum, bacteriolytic, beta-lactam antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections caused by susceptible microorganisms. A derivative of penicillin, it has a wider range of treatment but remains relatively ineffective against Gram-negative bacteria. It is commonly taken with clavulanic acid, a beta-lactamase inhibitor. Like other beta-lactams, amoxicillin interferes with the synthesis of peptidoglycan. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with sulfamethoxazole UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36468 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000329 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sulfamethoxazole is a sulfonamide antibiotic usually taken with trimethoprim, a diaminopyrimidine antibiotic. Sulfamethoxazole inhibits dihydropteroate synthase, essential to tetrahydrofolic acid biosynthesis. This pathway generates compounds used in the synthesis of many amino acids and nucleotides. UPDATED category_aro_name with novobiocin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36250 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000111 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Novobiocin is an aminocoumarin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spheroides and Streptomyces niveus, and binds DNA gyrase subunit B inhibiting ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with azithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36297 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000158 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Azithromycin is a 15-membered macrolide and falls under the subclass of azalide. Like other macrolides, azithromycin binds bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The nitrogen substitution at the C-9a position prevents its degradation. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with sulfonamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36421 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000282 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Sulfonamides are broad spectrum, synthetic antibiotics that contain the sulfonamide group. Sulfonamides inhibit dihydropteroate synthase, which catalyzes the conversion of p-aminobenzoic acid to dihydropteroic acid as part of the tetrahydrofolic acid biosynthetic pathway. Tetrahydrofolic acid is essential for folate synthesis, a precursor of many nucleotides and amino acids. Many sulfamides are taken with trimethoprim, an inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, also disturbing the trihydrofolic acid synthesis pathway. " 2681 UPDATE antibiotic resistant fabG antibiotic target alteration; antibiotic resistance fabG; triclosan; ARO_category; ARO_name "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic resistance fabG UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41448 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004284 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with fabG is a 3-oxoacyl-acyl carrier protein reductase involved in lipid metabolism and fatty acid biosynthesis. The bacterial biocide Triclosan blocks the final reduction step in fatty acid elongation, inhibiting biosynthesis. Point mutations in fabG can confer resistance to Triclosan. UPDATED category_aro_name with triclosan UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37250 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000870 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Triclosan is a common antibacterial agent added to many consumer products as a biocide. It is an inhibitor of fatty acid biosynthesis by blocking enoyl-carrier protein reductase (FabI). UPDATED ARO_name with Escherichia coli fabG mutations conferring resistance to triclosan " 2682 UPDATE MexAB-OprM with NalC mutations conferring resistance to aztreonam sulfonamide antibiotic; penem; panipenem; tetracycline antibiotic; clavulanate; meropenem; antibiotic efflux; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; aztreonam; trimethoprim; aminocoumarin antibiotic; cephalosporin; macrolide antibiotic; carbapenem; ceftazidime; ciprofloxacin; cephamycin; ceftriaxone; peptide antibiotic; diaminopyrimidine antibiotic; ampicillin; amoxicillin; penam; sulfamethoxazole; novobiocin; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole; tetracycline; monobactam; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; erythromycin; phenicol antibiotic; azithromycin; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with panipenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40362 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003708 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Panipenem is a carbapenem antibacterial agent with a broad spectrum of in vitro activity covering a wide range of Gram-negative and Gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic bacterial. It is used in combination with betamipron to inhibit panipenem uptake into the renal tubule and prevent nephrotoxicity. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with clavulanate UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000079 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Adjuvant UPDATED category_aro_description with Clavulanic acid is a beta-lactamase inhibitor (marketed by GlaxoSmithKline, formerly Beecham) combined with penicillin group antibiotics to overcome certain types of antibiotic resistance. It is used to overcome resistance in bacteria that secrete beta-lactamase, which otherwise inactivates most penicillins. UPDATED category_aro_name with meropenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35990 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000073 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Meropenem is an ultra-broad spectrum injectable antibiotic used to treat a wide variety of infections, including meningitis and pneumonia. It is a beta-lactam and belongs to the subgroup of carbapenem, similar to imipenem and ertapenem. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with aztreonam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36689 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000550 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Aztreonam was the first monobactam discovered, and is greatly effective against Gram-negative bacteria while inactive against Gram-positive bacteria. Artreonam is a poor substrate for beta-lactamases, and may even act as an inhibitor. In Gram-negative bacteria, Aztreonam interferes with filamentation, inhibiting cell division and leading to cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36327 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000188 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Trimethoprim is a synthetic 5-(3,4,5- trimethoxybenzyl) pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, inhibiting synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid. Tetrahydrofolic acid is an essential precursor in the de novo synthesis of the DNA nucleotide thymidine. Trimethoprim is a bacteriostatic antibiotic mainly used in the prophylaxis and treatment of urinary tract infections in combination with sulfamethoxazole, a sulfonamide antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminocoumarin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36242 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000103 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminocoumarin antibiotics bind DNA gyrase subunit B to inhibit ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftazidime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35977 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000060 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftazidime is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Unlike most third-generation agents, it is active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, however it has weaker activity against Gram-positive microorganisms and is not used for such infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40957 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004024 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with An antibiotic cocktail containing the diaminopyrimidine antibiotic Trimethoprim and the sulfonamide antibiotic sulfamethoxazole (1 TMP:5 SMX). UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftriaxone UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35979 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000062 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftriaxone is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. The presence of an aminothiazolyl sidechain increases ceftriazone's resistance to beta-lactamases. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with diaminopyrimidine antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36310 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000171 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Diaminopyrimidines are a class of organic compounds containing a pyrimidine ring substituted by two amine groups. They are inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme critical for DNA synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with ampicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36981 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000637 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ampicillin is a penicillin derivative that is highly acid stable, with its activity similar to benzylpenicillin. UPDATED category_aro_name with amoxicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35981 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000064 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amoxicillin is a moderate-spectrum, bacteriolytic, beta-lactam antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections caused by susceptible microorganisms. A derivative of penicillin, it has a wider range of treatment but remains relatively ineffective against Gram-negative bacteria. It is commonly taken with clavulanic acid, a beta-lactamase inhibitor. Like other beta-lactams, amoxicillin interferes with the synthesis of peptidoglycan. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with sulfamethoxazole UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36468 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000329 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sulfamethoxazole is a sulfonamide antibiotic usually taken with trimethoprim, a diaminopyrimidine antibiotic. Sulfamethoxazole inhibits dihydropteroate synthase, essential to tetrahydrofolic acid biosynthesis. This pathway generates compounds used in the synthesis of many amino acids and nucleotides. UPDATED category_aro_name with novobiocin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36250 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000111 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Novobiocin is an aminocoumarin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spheroides and Streptomyces niveus, and binds DNA gyrase subunit B inhibiting ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with azithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36297 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000158 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Azithromycin is a 15-membered macrolide and falls under the subclass of azalide. Like other macrolides, azithromycin binds bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The nitrogen substitution at the C-9a position prevents its degradation. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with sulfonamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36421 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000282 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Sulfonamides are broad spectrum, synthetic antibiotics that contain the sulfonamide group. Sulfonamides inhibit dihydropteroate synthase, which catalyzes the conversion of p-aminobenzoic acid to dihydropteroic acid as part of the tetrahydrofolic acid biosynthetic pathway. Tetrahydrofolic acid is essential for folate synthesis, a precursor of many nucleotides and amino acids. Many sulfamides are taken with trimethoprim, an inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, also disturbing the trihydrofolic acid synthesis pathway. " 2683 UPDATE MexAB-OprM with NalD mutations conferring resistance to multiple antibiotics sulfonamide antibiotic; penem; panipenem; tetracycline antibiotic; clavulanate; meropenem; antibiotic efflux; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; aztreonam; nalidixic acid; aminocoumarin antibiotic; cephalosporin; macrolide antibiotic; carbapenem; ceftazidime; ciprofloxacin; cephamycin; ceftriaxone; peptide antibiotic; diaminopyrimidine antibiotic; ticarcillin; ampicillin; amoxicillin; penam; sulfamethoxazole; novobiocin; phenicol antibiotic; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole; tetracycline; monobactam; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; erythromycin; trimethoprim; azithromycin; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with panipenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40362 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003708 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Panipenem is a carbapenem antibacterial agent with a broad spectrum of in vitro activity covering a wide range of Gram-negative and Gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic bacterial. It is used in combination with betamipron to inhibit panipenem uptake into the renal tubule and prevent nephrotoxicity. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with clavulanate UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000079 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Adjuvant UPDATED category_aro_description with Clavulanic acid is a beta-lactamase inhibitor (marketed by GlaxoSmithKline, formerly Beecham) combined with penicillin group antibiotics to overcome certain types of antibiotic resistance. It is used to overcome resistance in bacteria that secrete beta-lactamase, which otherwise inactivates most penicillins. UPDATED category_aro_name with meropenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35990 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000073 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Meropenem is an ultra-broad spectrum injectable antibiotic used to treat a wide variety of infections, including meningitis and pneumonia. It is a beta-lactam and belongs to the subgroup of carbapenem, similar to imipenem and ertapenem. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with aztreonam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36689 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000550 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Aztreonam was the first monobactam discovered, and is greatly effective against Gram-negative bacteria while inactive against Gram-positive bacteria. Artreonam is a poor substrate for beta-lactamases, and may even act as an inhibitor. In Gram-negative bacteria, Aztreonam interferes with filamentation, inhibiting cell division and leading to cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminocoumarin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36242 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000103 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminocoumarin antibiotics bind DNA gyrase subunit B to inhibit ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftazidime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35977 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000060 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftazidime is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Unlike most third-generation agents, it is active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, however it has weaker activity against Gram-positive microorganisms and is not used for such infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40957 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004024 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with An antibiotic cocktail containing the diaminopyrimidine antibiotic Trimethoprim and the sulfonamide antibiotic sulfamethoxazole (1 TMP:5 SMX). UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftriaxone UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35979 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000062 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftriaxone is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. The presence of an aminothiazolyl sidechain increases ceftriazone's resistance to beta-lactamases. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with diaminopyrimidine antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36310 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000171 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Diaminopyrimidines are a class of organic compounds containing a pyrimidine ring substituted by two amine groups. They are inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme critical for DNA synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with ticarcillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40523 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003832 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ticarcillin is a carboxypenicillin used for the treatment of Gram-negative bacteria, particularly P. aeruginosa. Ticarcillin's antibiotic properties arise from its ability to prevent cross-linking of peptidoglycan during cell wall synthesis, when the bacteria try to divide, causing cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with ampicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36981 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000637 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ampicillin is a penicillin derivative that is highly acid stable, with its activity similar to benzylpenicillin. UPDATED category_aro_name with amoxicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35981 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000064 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amoxicillin is a moderate-spectrum, bacteriolytic, beta-lactam antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections caused by susceptible microorganisms. A derivative of penicillin, it has a wider range of treatment but remains relatively ineffective against Gram-negative bacteria. It is commonly taken with clavulanic acid, a beta-lactamase inhibitor. Like other beta-lactams, amoxicillin interferes with the synthesis of peptidoglycan. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36327 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000188 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Trimethoprim is a synthetic 5-(3,4,5- trimethoxybenzyl) pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, inhibiting synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid. Tetrahydrofolic acid is an essential precursor in the de novo synthesis of the DNA nucleotide thymidine. Trimethoprim is a bacteriostatic antibiotic mainly used in the prophylaxis and treatment of urinary tract infections in combination with sulfamethoxazole, a sulfonamide antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with sulfamethoxazole UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36468 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000329 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sulfamethoxazole is a sulfonamide antibiotic usually taken with trimethoprim, a diaminopyrimidine antibiotic. Sulfamethoxazole inhibits dihydropteroate synthase, essential to tetrahydrofolic acid biosynthesis. This pathway generates compounds used in the synthesis of many amino acids and nucleotides. UPDATED category_aro_name with novobiocin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36250 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000111 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Novobiocin is an aminocoumarin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spheroides and Streptomyces niveus, and binds DNA gyrase subunit B inhibiting ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with azithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36297 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000158 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Azithromycin is a 15-membered macrolide and falls under the subclass of azalide. Like other macrolides, azithromycin binds bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The nitrogen substitution at the C-9a position prevents its degradation. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with sulfonamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36421 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000282 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Sulfonamides are broad spectrum, synthetic antibiotics that contain the sulfonamide group. Sulfonamides inhibit dihydropteroate synthase, which catalyzes the conversion of p-aminobenzoic acid to dihydropteroic acid as part of the tetrahydrofolic acid biosynthetic pathway. Tetrahydrofolic acid is essential for folate synthesis, a precursor of many nucleotides and amino acids. Many sulfamides are taken with trimethoprim, an inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, also disturbing the trihydrofolic acid synthesis pathway. " 645 UPDATE mecR1 antibiotic target replacement; ceftaroline; ampicillin; flucloxacillin; ceftibuten; cefditoren; piperacillin; cefpodoxime; cefixime; cefdinir; meropenem; carbapenem; imipenem; aztreonam; cefradine; isopenicillin N; cefazolin; penicillin N; ceftazidime; cefepime; penicillin; oxacillin; cefmetazole; moxalactam; cloxacillin; cefadroxil; ceftriaxone; methicillin; loracarbef; ceftizoxime; cephalosporin; cefotaxime; cefaclor; phenoxymethylpenicillin; cefonicid; monobactam; cefuroxime; amoxicillin; mezlocillin; azlocillin; cefalexin; doripenem; cefotiam; ertapenem; penam; cefprozil; cephapirin; ceftobiprole; benzylpenicillin; methicillin resistant PBP2; cephamycin; carbenicillin; cefalotin; ceftiofur; mecillinam; propicillin; cefoxitin; dicloxacillin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with ampicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36981 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000637 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ampicillin is a penicillin derivative that is highly acid stable, with its activity similar to benzylpenicillin. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target replacement UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Replacement or substitution of antibiotic action target, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftibuten UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36992 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000648 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftibuten is a semisynthetic cephalosporin active against Gram-negative bacilli. It is resistant against many plasmid-mediated beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefditoren UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36993 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000649 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefditoren is a semisynthetic cephalosporin active against staphylococci, streptococci, and and most enterobacteria. It is resistant to staphylococcal and most enterobacterial beta-lactamases, and is usually taken as the prodrug cefditoren pivoxil. UPDATED category_aro_name with piperacillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35995 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000078 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Piperacillin is an acetylureidopenicillin and has an extended spectrum of targets relative to other beta-lactam antibiotics. It inhibits cell wall synthesis in bacteria, and is usually taken with the beta-lactamase inhibitor tazobactam to overcome penicillin-resistant bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefpodoxime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000647 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefpodoxime is a semisynthetic cephalosporin that acts similarly to cefotaxime with broad-spectrum activity. It is stable to many plasmid-mediated beta-lactamses. Cefpodoxime is consumed as the prodrug cefpodoxime proxetil. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefixime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36990 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000646 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefixime is a cephalosporin resistant to most beta-lactamases. It is active against many enterobacteria, but activity against staphylococci is poor. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefdinir UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36994 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000650 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefdinir is similar to cefixime with a modified side-chain at its 7-amino position. It also shares similar activity with cefixime but is more active against staphylococci. It has also be shown to enhance phagocytosis. UPDATED category_aro_name with meropenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35990 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000073 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Meropenem is an ultra-broad spectrum injectable antibiotic used to treat a wide variety of infections, including meningitis and pneumonia. It is a beta-lactam and belongs to the subgroup of carbapenem, similar to imipenem and ertapenem. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with imipenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36309 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000170 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Imipenem is a broad-spectrum antibiotic and is usually taken with cilastatin, which prevents hydrolysis of imipenem by renal dehydropeptidase-I. It is resistant to hydrolysis by most other beta-lactamases. Notable exceptions are the KPC beta-lactamases and Ambler Class B enzymes. UPDATED category_aro_name with azlocillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36982 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000638 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Azlocillin is a semisynthetic derivative of penicillin that is notably active against Ps. aeruginosa and other Gram-negative bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with aztreonam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36689 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000550 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Aztreonam was the first monobactam discovered, and is greatly effective against Gram-negative bacteria while inactive against Gram-positive bacteria. Artreonam is a poor substrate for beta-lactamases, and may even act as an inhibitor. In Gram-negative bacteria, Aztreonam interferes with filamentation, inhibiting cell division and leading to cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftazidime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35977 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000060 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftazidime is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Unlike most third-generation agents, it is active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, however it has weaker activity against Gram-positive microorganisms and is not used for such infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefazolin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35975 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000058 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefazolin (INN), also known as cefazoline or cephazolin, is a first generation cephalosporin antibiotic. It is administered parenterally, and is active against a broad spectrum of bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with penicillin N UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37086 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Penicillin N is a penicillin derivative produced by Cephalosporium acremonium. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefmetazole UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40928 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefmetazole is a semi-synthetic cephamycin antibiotic with broad spectrum antibiotic activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, that disrupt cell wall synthesis through binding to PBPs causing cell lysis. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefepime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35976 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000059 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefepime (INN) is a fourth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic developed in 1994. It contains an aminothiazolyl group that decreases its affinity with beta-lactamases. Cefepime shows high binding affinity with penicillin-binding proteins and has an extended spectrum of activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, with greater activity against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms than third-generation agents. UPDATED category_aro_name with penicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35971 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000054 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Penicillin (sometimes abbreviated PCN) is a beta-lactam antibiotic used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. It works by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with oxacillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35973 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000056 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Oxacillin is a penicillinase-resistant beta-lactam. It is similar to methicillin, and has replaced methicillin in clinical use. Oxacillin, especially in combination with other antibiotics, is effective against many penicillinase-producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxalactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40944 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxalactam (Latamoxef) is a broad spectrum cephalosporin (oxacephem) and beta-lactam antibiotic. Moxalactam binding to PBPs inhibits peptidoglycan cross-linkage in the cell wall, resulting in cell death. Moxalactam is proposed to be effective against meningitides as it passes the blood-brain barrier. UPDATED category_aro_name with cloxacillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35930 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000011 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cloxacillin is a semisynthetic, isoxazolyl penicillin derivative in the beta-lactam class of antibiotics. It interferes with peptidogylcan synthesis and is commonly used for treating penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftaroline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36995 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000651 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftaroline is a novel cephalosporin active against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Like other cephalosporins it binds penicillin-binding proteins to inhibit cell wall synthesis. It strongly binds with PBP2a, associated with methicillin resistance. It is taken orally as the prodrug ceftaroline fosamil. UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftriaxone UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35979 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000062 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftriaxone is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. The presence of an aminothiazolyl sidechain increases ceftriazone's resistance to beta-lactamases. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with methicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35934 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Derived from penicillin to combat penicillin-resistance, methicillin is insensitive to beta-lactamases (also known as penicillinases) secreted by many penicillin-resistant bacteria. Methicillin is bactericidal, and acts by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with loracarbef UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40943 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Loracarbef is a second-generation cephalosporin (carbacephem) and broad spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic. Loracarbef inhibits PBPs through binding, disrupting peptidoglycan cell wall cross-linkage and resulting in cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with flucloxacillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36980 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000636 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Flucloxacillin is similar to cloxacillin, with an extra additional fluorine atom. UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftizoxime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40934 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftizoxime is a third-generation cephalosporin and broad spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic. Ceftizoxime causes bacterial cell lysis through peptidoglycan cross-linking inhibition by binding to PBPs. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefotaxime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36989 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000645 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefotaxime is a semisynthetic cephalosporin taken parenterally. It is resistant to most beta-lactamases and active against Gram-negative rods and cocci due to its aminothiazoyl and methoximino functional groups. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefaclor UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000644 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefaclor is a semisynthetic cephalosporin derived from cephalexin. It has broad-spectrum antibiotic activity. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenoxymethylpenicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36977 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000633 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenoxymethylpenicillin, or penicillin V, is a penicillin derivative that is acid stable but less active than benzylpenicillin (penicillin G). UPDATED category_aro_name with cefonicid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40929 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefonicid is a second-generation cephalosporin-class beta-lactam antibiotic with broad spectrum activity. Particularly used against urinary tract infections and lower respiratory infections. Causes cell lysis by inactivation of PBPs through binding, inhibiting peptidoglycan synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefuroxime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35980 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000063 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefuroxime is a second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with increased stability with beta-lactamases than first-generation cephalosporins. Cefuroxime is active against Gram-positive organisms but less active against methicillin-resistant strains. UPDATED category_aro_name with amoxicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35981 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000064 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amoxicillin is a moderate-spectrum, bacteriolytic, beta-lactam antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections caused by susceptible microorganisms. A derivative of penicillin, it has a wider range of treatment but remains relatively ineffective against Gram-negative bacteria. It is commonly taken with clavulanic acid, a beta-lactamase inhibitor. Like other beta-lactams, amoxicillin interferes with the synthesis of peptidoglycan. UPDATED category_aro_name with mezlocillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36983 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000639 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Mezlocillin is a penicillin derivative taken parenterally. UPDATED category_aro_name with isopenicillin N UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37085 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000705 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Isopenicillin N is a natural penicillin derivative produced by Penicillium chrysogenum with activity similar to penicillin N. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefalexin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36985 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000641 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefalexin is a cephalosporin antibiotic that causes filamentation. It is resistant to staphylococcal beta-lactamase, but degraded by enterobacterial beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with doripenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36984 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000640 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Doripenem is a carbapenem with a broad range of activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and along with meropenem, it is the most active beta-lactam antibiotic against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefotiam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36987 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000643 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefotiam is a cephalosporin antibiotic with similar activity to cefuroxime but more active against enterobacteria. It is consumed orally as the prodrug cefotiam hexetil. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefadroxil UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36986 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000642 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefadroxil, or p-hydroxycephalexin, is an cephalosporin antibiotic similar to cefalexin. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefprozil UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefprozil is a cephalosporin and beta-lactam antibiotic with bactericidal activity. It selectively binds to PBPs and inhibits peptidoglycan synthesis, a major cell wall component, resulting in cell lysis. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephapirin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephapirin is a first-generation cephalosporin and broad spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic. Inactivation of penicillin-binding proteins through cephapirin binding disrupts peptidoglycan cross-linking, resulting in cell lysis. UPDATED category_aro_name with dicloxacillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36979 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000635 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dicloxacillin is a penicillin derivative that has an extra chlorine atom in comparison to cloxacillin. While more active than cloxacillin, its high affinity for serum protein reduces its activity in human serum in vitro. UPDATED category_aro_name with benzylpenicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36976 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000632 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Benzylpenicillin, commonly referred to as penicillin G, is effective against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. It is unstable in acid. UPDATED category_aro_name with methicillin resistant PBP2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37589 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3001208 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with In methicillin sensitive S. aureus (MSSA), beta-lactams bind to native penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) and disrupt synthesis of the cell membrane's peptidoglycan layer. In methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA), foreign PBP2a acquired by lateral gene transfer is able to perform peptidoglycan synthesis in the presence of beta-lactams. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftobiprole UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35978 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000061 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftobiprole (Zeftera/Zevtera) is a next generation (5th generation) cephalosporin antibiotic with activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterococci. Ceftobiprole inhibits transpeptidases essential to building cell walls, and is a poor substrate for most beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbenicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35961 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000043 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbenicillin is a semi-synthetic antibiotic belonging to the carboxypenicillin subgroup of the penicillins. It has gram-negative coverage which includes Pseudomonas aeruginosa but limited gram-positive coverage. The carboxypenicillins are susceptible to degradation by beta-lactamase enzymes. Carbenicillin antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefalotin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37084 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000704 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. It is resistant to staphylococci beta-lactamases but hydrolyzed by enterobacterial beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftiofur UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40933 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftiofur is a third-generation broad spectrum cephalosporin and beta-lactam antibiotic. It causes cell lysis by disrupting peptidoglycan cross-linkage and cell wall formation by binding to PBPs. UPDATED category_aro_name with mecillinam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37141 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000761 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Mecillinam is a broad-spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic that was semi-synthetically derived to have a different drug centre, being a 6-alpha-amidinopenicillanate instead of a 6-alpha-acylaminopenicillanate. Contrasting most beta-lactam drugs, mecillinam is most active against Gram-negative bacteria. It binds specifically to penicillin binding protein 2 (PBP2). UPDATED category_aro_name with propicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36978 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000634 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Propicillin is an orally taken penicillin derivative that has high absorption but poor activity. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefoxitin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35927 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefoxitin is a cephamycin antibiotic often grouped with the second generation cephalosporins. Cefoxitin is bactericidal and acts by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. Cefoxitin's 7-alpha-methoxy group and 3' leaving group make it a poor substrate for most beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with ertapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35987 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000070 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ertapenem is a carbapenem antibiotic and is highly resistant to beta-lactamases like other carbapenems. It inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefradine UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40936 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004009 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefradine is a first-generation cephalosporin and broad spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic. Cefradine binding to penicillin-binding proteins disrupts cell wall peptidoglycan cross-linkage, resulting in cell lysis. " 99 UPDATE QnrB38 sparfloxacin; norfloxacin; quinolone resistance protein (qnr); gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; antibiotic target protection; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; nalidixic acid; moxifloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with quinolone resistance protein (qnr) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36558 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000419 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Qnr proteins are pentapeptide repeat proteins that mimic DNA and protect the cell from the activity of fluoroquinolone antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target protection UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. " 98 UPDATE CMY-48 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 91 UPDATE gadX penam; antibiotic efflux; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; protein(s) and two-component regulatory system modulating antibiotic efflux; norfloxacin; macrolide antibiotic; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; oxacillin; cloxacillin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; erythromycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Regulator UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with oxacillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35973 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000056 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Oxacillin is a penicillinase-resistant beta-lactam. It is similar to methicillin, and has replaced methicillin in clinical use. Oxacillin, especially in combination with other antibiotics, is effective against many penicillinase-producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. UPDATED category_aro_name with cloxacillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35930 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000011 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cloxacillin is a semisynthetic, isoxazolyl penicillin derivative in the beta-lactam class of antibiotics. It interferes with peptidogylcan synthesis and is commonly used for treating penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. " 90 UPDATE Staphylococcus aureus rpoB mutants conferring resistance to rifampicin rifampin; rifapentine; rifabutin; peptide antibiotic; rifamycin-resistant beta-subunit of RNA polymerase (rpoB); antibiotic target replacement; antibiotic target alteration; rifamycin antibiotic; rifaximin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with rifampin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36308 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000169 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifampin is a semi-synthetic rifamycin, and inhibits RNA synthesis by binding to RNA polymerase. Rifampin is the mainstay agent for the treatment of tuberculosis, leprosy and complicated Gram-positive infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifapentine UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36673 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000534 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifapentine is a semisynthetic rifamycin that inhibits DNA-dependent RNA synthesis. It is often used in the treatment of tuberculosis and leprosy. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifabutin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36669 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000530 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifabutin is a semisynthetic rifamycin used in tuberculosis therapy. It inhibits DNA-dependent RNA synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifamycin-resistant beta-subunit of RNA polymerase (rpoB) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36349 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000210 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifampin resistant RNA polymerases include amino acids substitutions which disrupt the affinity of rifampin for its binding site. These mutations are frequently concentrated in the rif I region of the beta-subunit and most often involve amino acids which make direct interactions with rifampin. However, mutations which also confer resistance can occur outside this region and may involve amino acids which do not directly make contact with rifampin. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target replacement UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Replacement or substitution of antibiotic action target, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifamycin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36296 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000157 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifamycin antibiotics are a group of broad-spectrum ansamycin antibiotics that inhibit bacterial RNA polymerase by binding to a highly conserved region, blocking the oligonucleotide exit tunnel, and preventing the extension of nascent mRNAs. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifaximin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36656 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000517 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifaximin is a semi-synthetic rifamycin used to treat traveller's diarrhea. Rifaximin inhibits RNA synthesis by binding to the beta subunit of bacterial RNA polymerase. " 93 UPDATE SHV-105 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 92 UPDATE CTX-M-42 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 95 UPDATE CMY-56 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 94 UPDATE CMY-79 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 97 UPDATE vanXYC glycopeptide antibiotic; glycopeptide resistance gene cluster; antibiotic target alteration; vanXY; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide resistance gene cluster UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36373 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000234 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Genes that when expressed confer resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin type antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with vanXY UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36635 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000496 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with VanXY is a protein with both D,D-carboxypeptidase and D,D-dipeptidase activity, found in Enterococcus gallinarum. It cleaves and removes the terminal D-Ala of peptidoglycan subunits for the incorporation of D-Ser by VanC. D-Ala-D-Ser has low binding affinity with vancomycin. " 96 UPDATE OXA-426 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1991 UPDATE otrC tetracycline antibiotic; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump; tetracycline; antibiotic efflux; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36002 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are present in all cells of all organisms and use the energy of ATP binding/hydrolysis to transport substrates across cell membranes. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. " 1990 UPDATE CMY-82 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 1993 UPDATE QnrB74 sparfloxacin; norfloxacin; quinolone resistance protein (qnr); gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; antibiotic target protection; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; nalidixic acid; moxifloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with quinolone resistance protein (qnr) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36558 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000419 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Qnr proteins are pentapeptide repeat proteins that mimic DNA and protect the cell from the activity of fluoroquinolone antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target protection UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. " 1620 UPDATE CTX-M-156 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 1627 UPDATE CTX-M-95 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 1994 UPDATE gimA antibiotic inactivation; methymycin; oleandomycin; chalcomycin; gimA family macrolide glycosyltransferase; macrolide antibiotic; tylosin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with methymycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37631 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3001232 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Produced by Streptomyces venezuelae ATCC 15439. UPDATED category_aro_name with oleandomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37247 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000867 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Oleandomycin is a 14-membered macrolide produced by Streptomyces antibioticus. It is ssimilar to erythromycin, and contains a desosamine amino sugar and an oleandrose sugar. It targets the 50S ribosomal subunit to prevent protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with chalcomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37621 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3001222 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Produced by Streptomyces bikiniensis UPDATED category_aro_name with gimA family macrolide glycosyltransferase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41400 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004236 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with This family of macrolide glycosyltransferases derive from gimA, which was discovered in Streptomyces ambofaciens. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with tylosin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36284 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000145 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tylosin is a 16-membered macrolide, naturally produced by Streptomyces fradiae. It interacts with the bacterial ribosome 50S subunit to inhibit protein synthesis. " 1625 UPDATE OXA-179 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1996 UPDATE vanXM glycopeptide antibiotic; glycopeptide resistance gene cluster; vanX; antibiotic target alteration; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide resistance gene cluster UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36373 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000234 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Genes that when expressed confer resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin type antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with vanX UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36020 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000011 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with VanX is a D,D-dipeptidase that cleaves D-Ala-D-Ala but not D-Ala-D-Lac, ensuring that the latter dipeptide that has reduced binding affinity with vancomycin is used to synthesize peptidoglycan substrate. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. " 1999 UPDATE TEM-215 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 1998 UPDATE CTX-M-83 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 1629 UPDATE TEM-197 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 1628 UPDATE SHV-154 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 559 UPDATE vanXYE glycopeptide antibiotic; glycopeptide resistance gene cluster; antibiotic target alteration; vanXY; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide resistance gene cluster UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36373 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000234 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Genes that when expressed confer resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin type antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with vanXY UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36635 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000496 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with VanXY is a protein with both D,D-carboxypeptidase and D,D-dipeptidase activity, found in Enterococcus gallinarum. It cleaves and removes the terminal D-Ala of peptidoglycan subunits for the incorporation of D-Ser by VanC. D-Ala-D-Ser has low binding affinity with vancomycin. " 558 UPDATE qacB efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump; antibiotic efflux; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and ABC transporters comprise the two largest and most functionally diverse of the transporter superfamilies. However, MFS transporters are distinct from ABC transporters in both their primary sequence and structure and in the mechanism of energy coupling. As secondary transporters they are, like RND and SMR transporters, energized by the electrochemical proton gradient. " 555 UPDATE OXA-133 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 554 UPDATE OXA-163 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 557 UPDATE SHV-9 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 556 UPDATE vanYB glycopeptide antibiotic; glycopeptide resistance gene cluster; antibiotic target alteration; vanY; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide resistance gene cluster UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36373 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000234 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Genes that when expressed confer resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin type antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with vanY UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36216 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000077 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with VanY is a D,D-carboxypeptidase that cleaves removes the terminal D-Ala from peptidoglycan for the addition of D-Lactate. The D-Ala-D-Lac peptidoglycan subunits have reduced binding affinity with vancomycin compared to D-Ala-D-Ala. " 551 UPDATE CTX-M-117 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 550 UPDATE CMY-71 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 553 UPDATE VIM-35 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; carbapenem; cephalosporin; cephamycin; VIM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with VIM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36030 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000021 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with The Verone integron-encoded metallo-beta-lactamase (VIM) family was reported from Italy in 1999. There are, to date, 23 reported variants. VIM enzymes mostly occur in P. aeruginosa, also P. putida and, very rarely, Enterobacteriaceae. Integron-associated, sometimes within plasmids. Hydrolyses all beta-lactams except monobactams, and evades all beta-lactam inhibitors. There is a strong incidence of these in East Asia. " 552 UPDATE QnrB28 sparfloxacin; norfloxacin; quinolone resistance protein (qnr); gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; antibiotic target protection; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; nalidixic acid; moxifloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with quinolone resistance protein (qnr) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36558 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000419 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Qnr proteins are pentapeptide repeat proteins that mimic DNA and protect the cell from the activity of fluoroquinolone antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target protection UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. " 1199 UPDATE SHV-168 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 1198 UPDATE mef(B) efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump; macrolide antibiotic; antibiotic efflux; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and ABC transporters comprise the two largest and most functionally diverse of the transporter superfamilies. However, MFS transporters are distinct from ABC transporters in both their primary sequence and structure and in the mechanism of energy coupling. As secondary transporters they are, like RND and SMR transporters, energized by the electrochemical proton gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. " 1191 UPDATE mdtM antibiotic efflux; major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; norfloxacin; acridine dye; lincomycin; puromycin; acriflavin; nucleoside antibiotic; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; lincosamide antibiotic; phenicol antibiotic; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and ABC transporters comprise the two largest and most functionally diverse of the transporter superfamilies. However, MFS transporters are distinct from ABC transporters in both their primary sequence and structure and in the mechanism of energy coupling. As secondary transporters they are, like RND and SMR transporters, energized by the electrochemical proton gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with acridine dye UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36193 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000054 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Acridine dyes are cell permeable, basic molecules with an acridine chromophore. These compounds intercalate DNA. The image shown represents the core structure of the acridine family, with specific dyes containing varying substituents. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35964 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000046 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincomycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that comes from the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis. It binds to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes and inhibit early elongation of peptide chain by inhibiting transpeptidase reaction. UPDATED category_aro_name with puromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35965 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000047 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Puromycin is an aminonucleoside antibiotic, derived from Streptomyces alboniger, that causes premature chain termination during ribosomal protein translation. UPDATED category_aro_name with acriflavin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35963 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000045 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Acriflavin is a topical antiseptic. It has the form of an orange or brown powder. It may be harmful in the eyes or if inhaled. Acriflavine is also used as treatment for external fungal infections of aquarium fish. UPDATED category_aro_name with nucleoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36174 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000034 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucleoside antibiotics are made of modified nucleosides and nucleotides with wide-ranging activities and means of antibacterial effects. This drug class includes aminonucleoside antibiotics, which contain an amino group. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincosamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35936 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincosamides (e.g. lincomycin, clindamycin) are a class of drugs which bind to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. This interaction inhibits early elongation of peptide chains by inhibiting the transpeptidase reaction, acting similarly to macrolides. " 1190 UPDATE OXA-354 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1193 UPDATE ErmH antibiotic target alteration; streptogramin antibiotic; Erm 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase; macrolide antibiotic; lincosamide antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptogramin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35945 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000026 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptogramin antibiotics are natural products produced by various members of the Streptomyces genus. These antibiotics bind to the P site of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The family consists of two subgroups, type A and type B, which are simultaneously produced by the same bacterial species in a ratio of roughly 70:30. UPDATED category_aro_name with Erm 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36699 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000560 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Erm proteins are part of the RNA methyltransferase family and methylate A2058 (E. coli nomenclature) of the 23S ribosomal RNA conferring degrees of resistance to Macrolides, Lincosamides and Streptogramin b. This is called the MLSb phenotype. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincosamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35936 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincosamides (e.g. lincomycin, clindamycin) are a class of drugs which bind to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. This interaction inhibits early elongation of peptide chains by inhibiting the transpeptidase reaction, acting similarly to macrolides. " 1192 UPDATE VEB-1 antibiotic inactivation; monobactam; cephalosporin; VEB beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with VEB beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36182 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000043 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with VEB beta-lactamases or Vietnamese extended-spectrum beta-lactamases are class A beta-lactamases that confer high-level resistance to oxyimino cephalosporins and to aztreonam " 1195 UPDATE SHV-55 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 1194 UPDATE OXA-16 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1197 UPDATE Mycobacterium tuberculosis rpsL mutations conferring resistance to Streptomycin antibiotic target alteration; antibiotic resistant rpsL; streptomycin; aminoglycoside antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic resistant rpsL UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003419 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Ribosomal protein S12 stabilizes the highly conserved pseudoknot structure formed by 16S rRNA. Amino acid substitutions in RpsL affect the higher-order structure of 16S rRNA and confer antibiotic resistance UPDATED category_aro_name with streptomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35958 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000040 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Streptomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 1196 UPDATE OXA-71 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1759 UPDATE vanF glycopeptide antibiotic; glycopeptide resistance gene cluster; van ligase; antibiotic target alteration; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide resistance gene cluster UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36373 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000234 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Genes that when expressed confer resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin type antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with van ligase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 39340 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3002906 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with van ligases synthesize alternative substrates for peptidoglycan synthesis that reduce vancomycin binding affinity. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. " 1758 UPDATE OXA-326 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1757 UPDATE emrA efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; nalidixic acid; major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; antibiotic efflux; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and ABC transporters comprise the two largest and most functionally diverse of the transporter superfamilies. However, MFS transporters are distinct from ABC transporters in both their primary sequence and structure and in the mechanism of energy coupling. As secondary transporters they are, like RND and SMR transporters, energized by the electrochemical proton gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. " 1756 UPDATE CMY-93 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 1755 UPDATE CTX-M-23 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 1754 UPDATE vanO glycopeptide antibiotic; glycopeptide resistance gene cluster; van ligase; antibiotic target alteration; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide resistance gene cluster UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36373 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000234 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Genes that when expressed confer resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin type antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with van ligase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 39340 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3002906 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with van ligases synthesize alternative substrates for peptidoglycan synthesis that reduce vancomycin binding affinity. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. " 1753 UPDATE SHV-148 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 1752 UPDATE MdtK efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; antibiotic efflux; multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) transporter; ciprofloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) transporter UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36251 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000112 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) transporters utilize the cationic gradient across the membrane as an energy source. Although there is a diverse substrate specificity, almost all MATE transporters recognize fluoroquinolones. Arciflavine, ethidium and aminoglycosides are also good substrates. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. " 1751 UPDATE Erm(33) antibiotic target alteration; vernamycin B-gamma; oleandomycin; macrolide antibiotic; telithromycin; tylosin; lincosamide antibiotic; dirithromycin; clarithromycin; clindamycin; dalfopristin; pristinamycin IB; quinupristin; pristinamycin IA; Erm 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase; pristinamycin IIA; madumycin II; griseoviridin; lincomycin; streptogramin antibiotic; roxithromycin; spiramycin; azithromycin; erythromycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with vernamycin B-gamma UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37022 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000678 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Vernamycin B-gamma is a class B streptogramin derived from virginiamycin S1. UPDATED category_aro_name with oleandomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37247 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000867 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Oleandomycin is a 14-membered macrolide produced by Streptomyces antibioticus. It is ssimilar to erythromycin, and contains a desosamine amino sugar and an oleandrose sugar. It targets the 50S ribosomal subunit to prevent protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with telithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35974 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000057 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Telithromycin is a semi-synthetic derivative of erythromycin. It is a 14-membered macrolide and is the first ketolide antibiotic to be used in clinics. Telithromycin binds the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with tylosin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36284 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000145 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tylosin is a 16-membered macrolide, naturally produced by Streptomyces fradiae. It interacts with the bacterial ribosome 50S subunit to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincosamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35936 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincosamides (e.g. lincomycin, clindamycin) are a class of drugs which bind to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. This interaction inhibits early elongation of peptide chains by inhibiting the transpeptidase reaction, acting similarly to macrolides. UPDATED category_aro_name with dirithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36315 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000176 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dirithromycin is an oxazine derivative of erythromycin, sharing the 14-carbon macrolide ring. The antibiotic binds to the 50S subunit of the ribosome to inhibit bacterial protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with clarithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35982 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000065 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Clarithromycin is a methyl derivative of erythromycin, sharing the 14-carbon macrolide ring. The antibiotic binds to the 50S subunit of the ribosome and is used to treat pharyngitis, tonsillitis, acute maxillary sinusitis, acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, pneumonia (especially atypical pneumonias associated with Chlamydia pneumoniae or TWAR), and skin structure infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with clindamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35983 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000066 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Clindamycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that blocks A-site aminoacyl-tRNA binding. It is usually used to treat infections with anaerobic bacteria but can also be used to treat some protozoal diseases, such as malaria. UPDATED category_aro_name with dalfopristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37018 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000674 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dalfopristin is a water-soluble semi-synthetic derivative of pristinamycin IIA. It is produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis and is used in combination with quinupristin in a 7:3 ratio. Both work together to inhibit protein synthesis, and is active against Gram-positive bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IB UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37019 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000675 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IB is a class B streptogramin similar to pristinamycin IA, the former containing a N-methyl-4-(methylamino)phenylalanine instead of a N-methyl-4-(dimethylamino)phenylalanine in its class A streptogramin counterpart (one less methyl group). UPDATED category_aro_name with quinupristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36723 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000584 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Quinupristin is a type B streptogramin and a semisynthetic derivative of pristinamycin 1A. It is a component of the drug Synercid and interacts with the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36722 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000583 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin 1A is a type B streptogramin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis. It binds to the P site of the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, preventing the extension of protein chains. UPDATED category_aro_name with Erm 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36699 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000560 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Erm proteins are part of the RNA methyltransferase family and methylate A2058 (E. coli nomenclature) of the 23S ribosomal RNA conferring degrees of resistance to Macrolides, Lincosamides and Streptogramin b. This is called the MLSb phenotype. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IIA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37013 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000669 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IIA is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with madumycin II UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37016 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000672 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Madumycin II is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with griseoviridin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000673 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Griseoviridin is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35964 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000046 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincomycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that comes from the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis. It binds to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes and inhibit early elongation of peptide chain by inhibiting transpeptidase reaction. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptogramin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35945 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000026 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptogramin antibiotics are natural products produced by various members of the Streptomyces genus. These antibiotics bind to the P site of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The family consists of two subgroups, type A and type B, which are simultaneously produced by the same bacterial species in a ratio of roughly 70:30. UPDATED category_aro_name with roxithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35946 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000027 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Roxithromycin is a semi-synthetic, 14-carbon ring macrolide antibiotic derived from erythromycin. It is used to treat respiratory tract, urinary and soft tissue infections. Roxithromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. UPDATED category_aro_name with spiramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36295 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000156 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Spiramycin is a 16-membered macrolide and is natural product produced by Streptomyces ambofaciens. It binds to the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes and inhibits peptidyl transfer activity to disrupt protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with azithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36297 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000158 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Azithromycin is a 15-membered macrolide and falls under the subclass of azalide. Like other macrolides, azithromycin binds bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The nitrogen substitution at the C-9a position prevents its degradation. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. " 1750 UPDATE OXA-254 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1177 UPDATE KPC-12 antibiotic inactivation; penam; carbapenem; cephalosporin; monobactam; KPC beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with KPC beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36198 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000059 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenem resistant (KPC) beta-lactamases are notorious for their ability to efficiently hydrolyze carbapenems, unlike other Ambler Class A beta-lactamases. There are currently 9 variants reported worldwide. These enzymes were first isolated from Klebsiella pneumoniae strains in 2001 in the United States. Hospital outbreaks have since been reported in Greece and Israel and KPC carrying strains are now endemic to New York facilities. KPC-1 and KPC-2 have been shown to be identical and are now referred to as KPC-2. " 1176 UPDATE Mycobacterium tuberculosis katG mutations conferring resistance to isoniazid isoniazid; isoniazid resistant katG; antibiotic target alteration; ARO_category; model_param "UPDATED category_aro_name with isoniazid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36659 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000520 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Isoniazid is an organic compound that is the first-line anti tuberculosis medication in prevention and treatment. As a prodrug, it is activated by mycobacterial catalase-peroxidases such as M. tuberculosis KatG. Isoniazid inhibits mycolic acid synthesis, which prevents cell wall synthesis in mycobacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with isoniazid resistant katG UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003416 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Bifunctional enzyme with both catalase and broad-spectrum peroxidase activity. It is a catalase-peroxidases that catalyzes the activation of isoniazid. Mutations that arises within this protein cause changes that results in the inability for katG to activate antibiotics, conferring resistance UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED 8241 with Y304STOP UPDATED 8255 with V473I UPDATED 8254 with V473D UPDATED 8257 with V473R UPDATED 8256 with V473K UPDATED 8251 with L472K UPDATED 8250 with Q471H UPDATED 8253 with L472I UPDATED 8252 with L472Q UPDATED 8239 with S303L UPDATED 3719 with T275V UPDATED 8258 with V473M UPDATED 8242 with D311N UPDATED 3716 with M255C UPDATED 3717 with M255I UPDATED 8260 with V473F UPDATED 8261 with V473W UPDATED 8244 with L427I UPDATED 8259 with V473S UPDATED 3718 with M255Y UPDATED 8248 with L436G UPDATED 8249 with Q471Y UPDATED 8264 with V473N UPDATED 8243 with D311S UPDATED 8240 with S303C UPDATED 8246 with L430V UPDATED 3721 with W328F UPDATED 3722 with R418L UPDATED 8263 with V473G UPDATED 3715 with W107F UPDATED 8262 with V473Y UPDATED 3720 with W321F UPDATED 8247 with T435R UPDATED 8255 with V473I UPDATED 8254 with V473D UPDATED 8257 with V473R UPDATED 8256 with V473K UPDATED 8251 with L472K UPDATED 8250 with Q471H UPDATED 8253 with L472I UPDATED 8252 with L472Q UPDATED 8239 with S303L UPDATED 8259 with V473S UPDATED 8258 with V473M UPDATED 8264 with V473N UPDATED 8246 with L430V UPDATED 8247 with T435R UPDATED 8244 with L427I UPDATED 8248 with L436G UPDATED 8249 with Q471Y UPDATED 8242 with D311N UPDATED 8243 with D311S UPDATED 8240 with S303C UPDATED 8260 with V473F UPDATED 8261 with V473W UPDATED 8262 with V473Y UPDATED 8263 with V473G UPDATED 3715 with W107F UPDATED 3717 with M255I UPDATED 3716 with M255C UPDATED 3719 with T275V UPDATED 3718 with M255Y UPDATED 3720 with W321F UPDATED 3721 with W328F UPDATED 3722 with R418L " 1175 UPDATE Enterococcus faecium cls conferring resistance to daptomycin peptide antibiotic; antibiotic target alteration; daptomycin resistant cls; daptomycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with daptomycin resistant cls UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 39856 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003272 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Cardiolipin synthetase catalyzes the formation of cardiolipin from two phosphatidylglycerol molecules. Cardiolipin is important in membrane translocation and permeabilization. Current known mutations on the enzyme confer resistance to daptomycin. UPDATED category_aro_name with daptomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35985 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000068 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Daptomycin is a novel lipopeptide antibiotic used in the treatment of certain infections caused by Gram-positive organisms. Daptomycin interferes with the bacterial cell membrane, reducing membrane potential and inhibiting cell wall synthesis. " 1174 UPDATE QnrB22 sparfloxacin; norfloxacin; quinolone resistance protein (qnr); gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; antibiotic target protection; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; nalidixic acid; moxifloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with quinolone resistance protein (qnr) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36558 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000419 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Qnr proteins are pentapeptide repeat proteins that mimic DNA and protect the cell from the activity of fluoroquinolone antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target protection UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. " 1173 UPDATE TEM-54 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 1172 UPDATE OXA-194 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1171 UPDATE tet44 chlortetracycline; demeclocycline; oxytetracycline; tetracycline antibiotic; tetracycline; antibiotic target protection; minocycline; tetracycline-resistant ribosomal protection protein; doxycycline; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with chlortetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36667 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000528 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chlortetracycline was an early, first-generation tetracycline antibiotic developed in the 1940's. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes, preventing the aminoacyl-tRNA from binding to the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with demeclocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37011 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000667 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Demeclocycline is a tetracycline analog with 7-chloro and 6-methyl groups. Due to its fast absorption and slow excretion, it maintains higher effective blood levels compared to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with oxytetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37012 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000668 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Oxytetracycline is a derivative of tetracycline with a 5-hydroxyl group. Its activity is similar to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target protection UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with minocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36291 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000152 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Minocycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline-resistant ribosomal protection protein UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35921 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with A family of proteins known to bind to the 30S ribosomal subunit. This interaction prevents tetracycline and tetracycline derivatives from inhibiting ribosomal function. Thus, these proteins confer elevated resistance to tetracycline derivatives as a ribosomal protection protein. UPDATED category_aro_name with doxycycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35986 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Doxycycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. " 1170 UPDATE CMY-46 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 1179 UPDATE IMP-4 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; carbapenem; cephalosporin; IMP beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with IMP beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36029 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Plasmid mediated IMP-type carbapenemases, of which at least 26 varieties are currently known, became established in Japan in the 1990s in enteric gram-negative organisms, Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter species. Integron-associated, sometimes within plasmids. Hydrolyses all beta-lactams except monobactams, and evades all beta-lactam inhibitors. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 1178 UPDATE CMY-81 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 511 UPDATE dfrA3 iclaprim; trimethoprim; brodimoprim; tetroxoprim; diaminopyrimidine antibiotic; antibiotic target replacement; trimethoprim resistant dihydrofolate reductase dfr; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with iclaprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36476 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000337 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Iclaprim is a bactericidal compound that inhibits dihydrofolate reductase. It is used against clinically important Gram-positive pathogens, including methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36327 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000188 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Trimethoprim is a synthetic 5-(3,4,5- trimethoxybenzyl) pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, inhibiting synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid. Tetrahydrofolic acid is an essential precursor in the de novo synthesis of the DNA nucleotide thymidine. Trimethoprim is a bacteriostatic antibiotic mainly used in the prophylaxis and treatment of urinary tract infections in combination with sulfamethoxazole, a sulfonamide antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with brodimoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36408 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000269 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Brodimoprim is a structural derivative of trimethoprim and an inhibitor of bacterial dihydrofolate reductase. The 4-methoxy group of trimethoprim is replaced with a bromine atom. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetroxoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36423 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000284 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetroxoprim is a trimethoprim derivative that inhibits bacterial dihydrofolate reductase. UPDATED category_aro_name with diaminopyrimidine antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36310 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000171 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Diaminopyrimidines are a class of organic compounds containing a pyrimidine ring substituted by two amine groups. They are inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme critical for DNA synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target replacement UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Replacement or substitution of antibiotic action target, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim resistant dihydrofolate reductase dfr UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37617 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3001218 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Alternative dihydropteroate synthase dfr present on plasmids produces alternate proteins that are less sensitive to trimethoprim from inhibiting its role in folate synthesis, thus conferring trimethoprim resistance. " 510 UPDATE CTX-M-9 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 1005 UPDATE Escherichia coli soxR with mutation conferring antibiotic resistance tetracycline antibiotic; antibiotic target alteration; antibiotic efflux; ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump; major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; norfloxacin; cephalosporin; cefalotin; ciprofloxacin; protein(s) and two-component regulatory system modulating antibiotic efflux; rifampin; ampicillin; penam; triclosan; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; tigecycline; glycylcycline; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; chloramphenicol; phenicol antibiotic; tetracycline; rifamycin antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Regulator DELETED 35950 UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36002 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are present in all cells of all organisms and use the energy of ATP binding/hydrolysis to transport substrates across cell membranes. UPDATED category_aro_name with major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and ABC transporters comprise the two largest and most functionally diverse of the transporter superfamilies. However, MFS transporters are distinct from ABC transporters in both their primary sequence and structure and in the mechanism of energy coupling. As secondary transporters they are, like RND and SMR transporters, energized by the electrochemical proton gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with ampicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36981 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000637 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ampicillin is a penicillin derivative that is highly acid stable, with its activity similar to benzylpenicillin. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with triclosan UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37250 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000870 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Triclosan is a common antibacterial agent added to many consumer products as a biocide. It is an inhibitor of fatty acid biosynthesis by blocking enoyl-carrier protein reductase (FabI). UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefalotin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37084 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000704 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. It is resistant to staphylococci beta-lactamases but hydrolyzed by enterobacterial beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with tigecycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35949 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000030 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tigecycline is an glycylcycline antibiotic. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycylcycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35960 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000042 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycylcyclines are a new class of antibiotics derived from tetracycline. These tetracycline analogues are specifically designed to overcome two common mechanisms of tetracycline resistance. Presently, there is only one glycylcycline antibiotic for clinical use: tigecycline. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome, preventing the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifampin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36308 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000169 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifampin is a semi-synthetic rifamycin, and inhibits RNA synthesis by binding to RNA polymerase. Rifampin is the mainstay agent for the treatment of tuberculosis, leprosy and complicated Gram-positive infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifamycin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36296 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000157 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifamycin antibiotics are a group of broad-spectrum ansamycin antibiotics that inhibit bacterial RNA polymerase by binding to a highly conserved region, blocking the oligonucleotide exit tunnel, and preventing the extension of nascent mRNAs. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. " 1285 UPDATE SAT-1 streptothricin acetyltransferase (SAT); streptothricin; antibiotic inactivation; nucleoside antibiotic; ARO_description; ARO_category; ARO_name "UPDATED ARO_description with SAT-2 is a plasmid-mediated streptothricin acetyltransferase, which confers resistance to streptothricin, a nucleoside antibiotic. Originally described from an E. coli plasmid sequence by Heim et al., 1989. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptothricin acetyltransferase (SAT) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37249 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000869 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with AcetylCoA dependent acetyltransferase that acetylate streptothricins such as nourseothricin at position 16 (beta position of beta-lysine). UPDATED category_aro_name with streptothricin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35931 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000012 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptothricins are a group of N-glycoside antibiotics that include a carbamoylated D-glucosamine to which are attached a series of L-beta-lysine residues at position 2 and a streptolidine at position 1. Streptothricins vary by the number of beta-lysine residues (from 1 (nourseothricin) to 7) and target protein synthesis in bacteria and eukaryotes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with nucleoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36174 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000034 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucleoside antibiotics are made of modified nucleosides and nucleotides with wide-ranging activities and means of antibacterial effects. This drug class includes aminonucleoside antibiotics, which contain an amino group. UPDATED ARO_name with SAT-2 " 1284 UPDATE IND-15 carbapenem; antibiotic inactivation; IND beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with IND beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36199 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000060 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with IND beta-lactamases are class B carbapenem-hydrolyzing beta-lactamases " 1287 UPDATE CTX-M-110 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 512 UPDATE CTX-M-82 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 1281 UPDATE OXA-110 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1280 UPDATE QnrB12 sparfloxacin; norfloxacin; quinolone resistance protein (qnr); gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; antibiotic target protection; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; nalidixic acid; moxifloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with quinolone resistance protein (qnr) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36558 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000419 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Qnr proteins are pentapeptide repeat proteins that mimic DNA and protect the cell from the activity of fluoroquinolone antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target protection UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. " 1283 UPDATE KPC-6 antibiotic inactivation; penam; carbapenem; cephalosporin; monobactam; KPC beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with KPC beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36198 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000059 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenem resistant (KPC) beta-lactamases are notorious for their ability to efficiently hydrolyze carbapenems, unlike other Ambler Class A beta-lactamases. There are currently 9 variants reported worldwide. These enzymes were first isolated from Klebsiella pneumoniae strains in 2001 in the United States. Hospital outbreaks have since been reported in Greece and Israel and KPC carrying strains are now endemic to New York facilities. KPC-1 and KPC-2 have been shown to be identical and are now referred to as KPC-2. " 1282 UPDATE SIM-1 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SIM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SIM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41370 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004206 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SIM beta-lactamases are Class B beta-lactamases that are capable of hydrolyzing a wide variety of beta-lactams, including penicillins, narrow- to expanded-spectrum cephalosporins, and carbapenem. The SIM family of beta-lactamases appear to be transferable through integrons. " 1003 UPDATE OXA-18 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 879 UPDATE TEM-185 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 1289 UPDATE OKP-B-7 penam; antibiotic inactivation; OKP beta-lactamase; cephalosporin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with OKP beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 38817 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3002417 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OKP beta-lactamases are chromosomal class A beta-lactamase that confer resistance to penicillins and early cephalosporins in Klebsiella pneumoniae. OKP beta-lactamases can be subdivided into two groups: OKP-A and OKP-B which diverge by about 4.2% UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 1288 UPDATE OXA-82 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 514 UPDATE LEN-10 penam; LEN beta-lactamase; antibiotic inactivation; penem; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with LEN beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36236 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000097 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with LEN beta-lactamases are chromosomal class A beta-lactamases that confer resistance to ampicillin, amoxicillin, carbenicillin, and ticarcillin but not to extended-spectrum beta-lactams. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. " 1579 UPDATE QnrB9 sparfloxacin; norfloxacin; quinolone resistance protein (qnr); gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; antibiotic target protection; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; nalidixic acid; moxifloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with quinolone resistance protein (qnr) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36558 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000419 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Qnr proteins are pentapeptide repeat proteins that mimic DNA and protect the cell from the activity of fluoroquinolone antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target protection UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. " 1578 UPDATE SHV-123 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 689 UPDATE CTX-M-123 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 688 UPDATE MOX-2 penam; antibiotic inactivation; MOX beta-lactamase; cephamycin; cephalosporin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with MOX beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36222 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000083 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with MOX beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated AmpC-type beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 685 UPDATE OXA-239 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 684 UPDATE SHV-37 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 687 UPDATE APH(3')-Vc antibiotic inactivation; aminoglycoside antibiotic; paromomycin; APH(3'); ribostamycin; G418; neomycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with paromomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000657 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with An aminoglycoside antibiotic used for the treatment of parasitic infections. It is similar to neomycin sharing a similar spectrum of activity, but its hydroxyl group at the 6'-position instead of an amino group makes it resistant to AAC(6') modifying enzymes. UPDATED category_aro_name with APH(3') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36265 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000126 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Phosphorylation of 2-deoxystreptamine aminoglycosides on the hydroxyl group at position 3' UPDATED category_aro_name with ribostamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35940 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000021 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ribostamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Ribostamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with G418 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000653 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A gentamicin class aminoglycoside antibiotic often used in mammalian cell culture work as a selectable marker for the neo cassette (APH3'). UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 686 UPDATE OXA-162 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 681 UPDATE TEM-120 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 680 UPDATE CMY-54 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 683 UPDATE CMY-75 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 682 UPDATE QnrS4 sparfloxacin; norfloxacin; quinolone resistance protein (qnr); gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; antibiotic target protection; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; nalidixic acid; moxifloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with quinolone resistance protein (qnr) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36558 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000419 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Qnr proteins are pentapeptide repeat proteins that mimic DNA and protect the cell from the activity of fluoroquinolone antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target protection UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. " 623 UPDATE OXA-68 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1226 UPDATE adeG antibiotic efflux; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; tetracycline antibiotic; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; tetracycline; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. " 621 UPDATE ErmF antibiotic target alteration; vernamycin B-gamma; oleandomycin; macrolide antibiotic; telithromycin; tylosin; lincosamide antibiotic; dirithromycin; clarithromycin; clindamycin; dalfopristin; pristinamycin IB; quinupristin; pristinamycin IA; Erm 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase; pristinamycin IIA; madumycin II; griseoviridin; lincomycin; streptogramin antibiotic; roxithromycin; spiramycin; azithromycin; erythromycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with vernamycin B-gamma UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37022 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000678 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Vernamycin B-gamma is a class B streptogramin derived from virginiamycin S1. UPDATED category_aro_name with oleandomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37247 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000867 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Oleandomycin is a 14-membered macrolide produced by Streptomyces antibioticus. It is ssimilar to erythromycin, and contains a desosamine amino sugar and an oleandrose sugar. It targets the 50S ribosomal subunit to prevent protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with telithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35974 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000057 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Telithromycin is a semi-synthetic derivative of erythromycin. It is a 14-membered macrolide and is the first ketolide antibiotic to be used in clinics. Telithromycin binds the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with tylosin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36284 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000145 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tylosin is a 16-membered macrolide, naturally produced by Streptomyces fradiae. It interacts with the bacterial ribosome 50S subunit to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincosamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35936 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincosamides (e.g. lincomycin, clindamycin) are a class of drugs which bind to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. This interaction inhibits early elongation of peptide chains by inhibiting the transpeptidase reaction, acting similarly to macrolides. UPDATED category_aro_name with dirithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36315 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000176 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dirithromycin is an oxazine derivative of erythromycin, sharing the 14-carbon macrolide ring. The antibiotic binds to the 50S subunit of the ribosome to inhibit bacterial protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with clarithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35982 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000065 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Clarithromycin is a methyl derivative of erythromycin, sharing the 14-carbon macrolide ring. The antibiotic binds to the 50S subunit of the ribosome and is used to treat pharyngitis, tonsillitis, acute maxillary sinusitis, acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, pneumonia (especially atypical pneumonias associated with Chlamydia pneumoniae or TWAR), and skin structure infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with clindamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35983 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000066 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Clindamycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that blocks A-site aminoacyl-tRNA binding. It is usually used to treat infections with anaerobic bacteria but can also be used to treat some protozoal diseases, such as malaria. UPDATED category_aro_name with dalfopristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37018 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000674 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dalfopristin is a water-soluble semi-synthetic derivative of pristinamycin IIA. It is produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis and is used in combination with quinupristin in a 7:3 ratio. Both work together to inhibit protein synthesis, and is active against Gram-positive bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IB UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37019 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000675 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IB is a class B streptogramin similar to pristinamycin IA, the former containing a N-methyl-4-(methylamino)phenylalanine instead of a N-methyl-4-(dimethylamino)phenylalanine in its class A streptogramin counterpart (one less methyl group). UPDATED category_aro_name with quinupristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36723 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000584 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Quinupristin is a type B streptogramin and a semisynthetic derivative of pristinamycin 1A. It is a component of the drug Synercid and interacts with the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36722 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000583 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin 1A is a type B streptogramin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis. It binds to the P site of the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, preventing the extension of protein chains. UPDATED category_aro_name with Erm 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36699 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000560 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Erm proteins are part of the RNA methyltransferase family and methylate A2058 (E. coli nomenclature) of the 23S ribosomal RNA conferring degrees of resistance to Macrolides, Lincosamides and Streptogramin b. This is called the MLSb phenotype. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IIA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37013 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000669 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IIA is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with madumycin II UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37016 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000672 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Madumycin II is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with griseoviridin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000673 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Griseoviridin is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35964 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000046 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincomycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that comes from the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis. It binds to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes and inhibit early elongation of peptide chain by inhibiting transpeptidase reaction. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptogramin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35945 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000026 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptogramin antibiotics are natural products produced by various members of the Streptomyces genus. These antibiotics bind to the P site of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The family consists of two subgroups, type A and type B, which are simultaneously produced by the same bacterial species in a ratio of roughly 70:30. UPDATED category_aro_name with roxithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35946 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000027 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Roxithromycin is a semi-synthetic, 14-carbon ring macrolide antibiotic derived from erythromycin. It is used to treat respiratory tract, urinary and soft tissue infections. Roxithromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. UPDATED category_aro_name with spiramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36295 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000156 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Spiramycin is a 16-membered macrolide and is natural product produced by Streptomyces ambofaciens. It binds to the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes and inhibits peptidyl transfer activity to disrupt protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with azithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36297 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000158 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Azithromycin is a 15-membered macrolide and falls under the subclass of azalide. Like other macrolides, azithromycin binds bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The nitrogen substitution at the C-9a position prevents its degradation. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. " 1224 UPDATE Erm(30) antibiotic target alteration; streptogramin antibiotic; Erm 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase; macrolide antibiotic; lincosamide antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptogramin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35945 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000026 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptogramin antibiotics are natural products produced by various members of the Streptomyces genus. These antibiotics bind to the P site of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The family consists of two subgroups, type A and type B, which are simultaneously produced by the same bacterial species in a ratio of roughly 70:30. UPDATED category_aro_name with Erm 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36699 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000560 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Erm proteins are part of the RNA methyltransferase family and methylate A2058 (E. coli nomenclature) of the 23S ribosomal RNA conferring degrees of resistance to Macrolides, Lincosamides and Streptogramin b. This is called the MLSb phenotype. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincosamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35936 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincosamides (e.g. lincomycin, clindamycin) are a class of drugs which bind to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. This interaction inhibits early elongation of peptide chains by inhibiting the transpeptidase reaction, acting similarly to macrolides. " 627 UPDATE Escherichia coli rpoB mutants conferring resistance to rifampicin rifampin; rifapentine; rifabutin; peptide antibiotic; rifamycin-resistant beta-subunit of RNA polymerase (rpoB); antibiotic target replacement; antibiotic target alteration; rifamycin antibiotic; rifaximin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with rifampin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36308 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000169 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifampin is a semi-synthetic rifamycin, and inhibits RNA synthesis by binding to RNA polymerase. Rifampin is the mainstay agent for the treatment of tuberculosis, leprosy and complicated Gram-positive infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifapentine UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36673 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000534 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifapentine is a semisynthetic rifamycin that inhibits DNA-dependent RNA synthesis. It is often used in the treatment of tuberculosis and leprosy. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifabutin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36669 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000530 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifabutin is a semisynthetic rifamycin used in tuberculosis therapy. It inhibits DNA-dependent RNA synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifamycin-resistant beta-subunit of RNA polymerase (rpoB) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36349 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000210 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifampin resistant RNA polymerases include amino acids substitutions which disrupt the affinity of rifampin for its binding site. These mutations are frequently concentrated in the rif I region of the beta-subunit and most often involve amino acids which make direct interactions with rifampin. However, mutations which also confer resistance can occur outside this region and may involve amino acids which do not directly make contact with rifampin. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target replacement UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Replacement or substitution of antibiotic action target, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifamycin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36296 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000157 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifamycin antibiotics are a group of broad-spectrum ansamycin antibiotics that inhibit bacterial RNA polymerase by binding to a highly conserved region, blocking the oligonucleotide exit tunnel, and preventing the extension of nascent mRNAs. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifaximin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36656 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000517 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifaximin is a semi-synthetic rifamycin used to treat traveller's diarrhea. Rifaximin inhibits RNA synthesis by binding to the beta subunit of bacterial RNA polymerase. " 1222 UPDATE FosA fosfomycin; fosfomycin thiol transferase; antibiotic inactivation; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with fosfomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35944 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000025 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Fosfomycin (also known as phosphomycin and phosphonomycin) is a broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by certain Streptomyces species. It is effective on gram positive and negative bacteria as it targets the cell wall, an essential feature shared by both bacteria. Its specific target is MurA (MurZ in E.coli), which attaches phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, a step of commitment to cell wall synthesis. In the active site of MurA, the active cysteine molecule is alkylated which stops the catalytic reaction. UPDATED category_aro_name with fosfomycin thiol transferase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36272 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000133 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Catalyzes the addition of a thiol group from a nucleophilic molecule to fosfomycin. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. " 1221 UPDATE OXA-231 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1243 UPDATE mphA antibiotic inactivation; macrolide phosphotransferase (MPH); oleandomycin; dirithromycin; macrolide antibiotic; telithromycin; roxithromycin; clarithromycin; azithromycin; erythromycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide phosphotransferase (MPH) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36472 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000333 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolide phosphotransferases (MPH) are enzymes encoded by macrolide phosphotransferase genes (mph genes). These enzymes phosphorylate macrolides in GTP dependent manner at 2'-OH of desosamine sugar thereby inactivating them. Characterized MPH's are differentiated based on their substrate specificity. UPDATED category_aro_name with oleandomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37247 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000867 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Oleandomycin is a 14-membered macrolide produced by Streptomyces antibioticus. It is ssimilar to erythromycin, and contains a desosamine amino sugar and an oleandrose sugar. It targets the 50S ribosomal subunit to prevent protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with dirithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36315 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000176 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dirithromycin is an oxazine derivative of erythromycin, sharing the 14-carbon macrolide ring. The antibiotic binds to the 50S subunit of the ribosome to inhibit bacterial protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with telithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35974 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000057 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Telithromycin is a semi-synthetic derivative of erythromycin. It is a 14-membered macrolide and is the first ketolide antibiotic to be used in clinics. Telithromycin binds the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with roxithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35946 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000027 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Roxithromycin is a semi-synthetic, 14-carbon ring macrolide antibiotic derived from erythromycin. It is used to treat respiratory tract, urinary and soft tissue infections. Roxithromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. UPDATED category_aro_name with clarithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35982 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000065 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Clarithromycin is a methyl derivative of erythromycin, sharing the 14-carbon macrolide ring. The antibiotic binds to the 50S subunit of the ribosome and is used to treat pharyngitis, tonsillitis, acute maxillary sinusitis, acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, pneumonia (especially atypical pneumonias associated with Chlamydia pneumoniae or TWAR), and skin structure infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with azithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36297 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000158 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Azithromycin is a 15-membered macrolide and falls under the subclass of azalide. Like other macrolides, azithromycin binds bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The nitrogen substitution at the C-9a position prevents its degradation. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. " 1220 UPDATE OCH-5 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; cephamycin; monobactam; OCH beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OCH beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36233 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000094 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OCH beta-lactamases are Ambler class C chromosomal-encoded beta-lactamases in Ochrobactrum anthropi " 2035 UPDATE CTX-M-15 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; ceftazidime; cefalotin; ceftriaxone; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftazidime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35977 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000060 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftazidime is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Unlike most third-generation agents, it is active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, however it has weaker activity against Gram-positive microorganisms and is not used for such infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefalotin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37084 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000704 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. It is resistant to staphylococci beta-lactamases but hydrolyzed by enterobacterial beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftriaxone UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35979 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000062 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftriaxone is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. The presence of an aminothiazolyl sidechain increases ceftriazone's resistance to beta-lactamases. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 407 UPDATE OXA-352 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1370 UPDATE AAC(6')-Ib10 antibiotic inactivation; kanamycin A; aminoglycoside antibiotic; AAC(6'); isepamicin; sisomicin; arbekacin; gentamicin B; netilmicin; amikacin; dibekacin; neomycin; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with AAC(6') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36484 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000345 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Acetylation of the aminoglycoside antibiotic on the amino group at position 6'. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with netilmicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35956 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000038 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with dibekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35926 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 405 UPDATE OXA-202 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1372 UPDATE ANT(2'')-Ia antibiotic inactivation; kanamycin A; ANT(2''); gentamicin B; gentamicin C; aminoglycoside antibiotic; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with ANT(2'') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41440 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004276 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucelotidylylation of streptomycin at the hydroxyl group at position 2''. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin C UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35933 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin C is a mixture of gentamicin C1, gentamicin C1a, and gentamicin C2 (these differ in substituents at position C6'). Gentamicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 1375 UPDATE CMY-11 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 1374 UPDATE blaI penam; antibiotic inactivation; blaZ beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with blaZ beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41361 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004197 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with blaZ beta-lactamases are Class A beta-lactamases. These beta-lactamases are responsible for penicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aures. " 1377 UPDATE CTX-M-60 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 400 UPDATE PDC-1 PDC beta-lactamase; monobactam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; carbapenem; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with PDC beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36237 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000098 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with PDC beta-lactamases are class C beta-lactamases that are found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 1379 UPDATE OXA-313 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1378 UPDATE AAC(3)-IIc antibiotic inactivation; AAC(3); paromomycin; kanamycin A; aminoglycoside antibiotic; neomycin; butirosin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with AAC(3) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36461 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000322 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Acetylation of the aminoglycoside antibiotic on the amino group at position 3. UPDATED category_aro_name with paromomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000657 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with An aminoglycoside antibiotic used for the treatment of parasitic infections. It is similar to neomycin sharing a similar spectrum of activity, but its hydroxyl group at the 6'-position instead of an amino group makes it resistant to AAC(6') modifying enzymes. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with butirosin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35943 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000024 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Butirosin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Butirosin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 452 UPDATE QnrVC4 sparfloxacin; norfloxacin; quinolone resistance protein (qnr); gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; antibiotic target protection; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; nalidixic acid; moxifloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with quinolone resistance protein (qnr) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36558 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000419 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Qnr proteins are pentapeptide repeat proteins that mimic DNA and protect the cell from the activity of fluoroquinolone antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target protection UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. " 409 UPDATE vanRL glycopeptide antibiotic; glycopeptide resistance gene cluster; antibiotic target alteration; vanR; vancomycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide resistance gene cluster UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36373 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000234 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Genes that when expressed confer resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin type antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with vanR UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36713 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000574 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with VanR is a OmpR-family transcriptional activator in the VanSR regulatory system. When activated by VanS, it promotes cotranscription of VanA, VanH, and VanX. UPDATED category_aro_name with vancomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35947 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000028 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Vancomycin is a glycopeptide antibiotic used in the prophylaxis and treatment of infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria. Vancomycin inhibits the synthesis of peptidoglycan, the major component of the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria. Its mechanism of action is unusual in that it acts by binding precursors of peptidoglycan, rather than by interacting with an enzyme. " 408 UPDATE OXA-380 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1343 UPDATE OXA-166 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 2031 UPDATE OXA-173 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1344 UPDATE MexH antibiotic efflux; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; norfloxacin; acridine dye; acriflavin; tetracycline antibiotic; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; tetracycline; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with acridine dye UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36193 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000054 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Acridine dyes are cell permeable, basic molecules with an acridine chromophore. These compounds intercalate DNA. The image shown represents the core structure of the acridine family, with specific dyes containing varying substituents. UPDATED category_aro_name with acriflavin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35963 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000045 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Acriflavin is a topical antiseptic. It has the form of an orange or brown powder. It may be harmful in the eyes or if inhaled. Acriflavine is also used as treatment for external fungal infections of aquarium fish. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. " 2030 UPDATE AAC(3)-IXa antibiotic inactivation; AAC(3); aminoglycoside antibiotic; neomycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with AAC(3) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36461 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000322 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Acetylation of the aminoglycoside antibiotic on the amino group at position 3. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 455 UPDATE vanC glycopeptide antibiotic; glycopeptide resistance gene cluster; van ligase; antibiotic target alteration; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide resistance gene cluster UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36373 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000234 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Genes that when expressed confer resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin type antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with van ligase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 39340 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3002906 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with van ligases synthesize alternative substrates for peptidoglycan synthesis that reduce vancomycin binding affinity. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. " 9 UPDATE ACT-35 antibiotic inactivation; carbapenem; penam; ACT beta-lactamase; cephalosporin; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with ACT beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36211 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000072 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with ACT beta-lactamases, also known as AmpC beta-lactamases, are cephalosporinases that cannot be inhibited by clavulanate. These enzymes are encoded by genes located on the chromosome and can be induced by the presence of beta-lactam antibiotics. However recently, these genes have been found on plasmids and expressed at high constitutive levels in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 456 UPDATE adeR antibiotic efflux; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; protein(s) and two-component regulatory system modulating antibiotic efflux; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; tigecycline; glycylcycline; tetracycline antibiotic; tetracycline; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Regulator UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with tigecycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35949 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000030 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tigecycline is an glycylcycline antibiotic. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycylcycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35960 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000042 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycylcyclines are a new class of antibiotics derived from tetracycline. These tetracycline analogues are specifically designed to overcome two common mechanisms of tetracycline resistance. Presently, there is only one glycylcycline antibiotic for clinical use: tigecycline. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome, preventing the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. " 457 UPDATE OXA-93 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 379 UPDATE OXA-148 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 378 UPDATE TEM-214 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 647 UPDATE TEM-89 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 371 UPDATE SHV-8 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 370 UPDATE SHV-112 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 373 UPDATE MIR-3 antibiotic inactivation; monobactam; cephalosporin; cephamycin; MIR beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with MIR beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36197 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000058 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with MIR beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated beta-lactamases that confer resistance to oxyimino- and alpha-methoxy beta-lactams " 372 UPDATE qacA efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump; antibiotic efflux; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and ABC transporters comprise the two largest and most functionally diverse of the transporter superfamilies. However, MFS transporters are distinct from ABC transporters in both their primary sequence and structure and in the mechanism of energy coupling. As secondary transporters they are, like RND and SMR transporters, energized by the electrochemical proton gradient. " 375 UPDATE mdtH antibiotic efflux; major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump; norfloxacin; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; enoxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and ABC transporters comprise the two largest and most functionally diverse of the transporter superfamilies. However, MFS transporters are distinct from ABC transporters in both their primary sequence and structure and in the mechanism of energy coupling. As secondary transporters they are, like RND and SMR transporters, energized by the electrochemical proton gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with enoxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35942 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000023 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Enoxacin belongs to a group called fluoroquinolones. Its mode of action depends upon blocking bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to DNA gyrase and causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. " 374 UPDATE SHV-21 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 377 UPDATE mepA antibiotic efflux; multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) transporter; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; tigecycline; glycylcycline; tetracycline antibiotic; tetracycline; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) transporter UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36251 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000112 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) transporters utilize the cationic gradient across the membrane as an energy source. Although there is a diverse substrate specificity, almost all MATE transporters recognize fluoroquinolones. Arciflavine, ethidium and aminoglycosides are also good substrates. UPDATED category_aro_name with tigecycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35949 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000030 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tigecycline is an glycylcycline antibiotic. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycylcycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35960 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000042 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycylcyclines are a new class of antibiotics derived from tetracycline. These tetracycline analogues are specifically designed to overcome two common mechanisms of tetracycline resistance. Presently, there is only one glycylcycline antibiotic for clinical use: tigecycline. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome, preventing the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. " 376 UPDATE lnuC antibiotic inactivation; lincosamide nucleotidyltransferase (LNU); lincosamide antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincosamide nucleotidyltransferase (LNU) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000221 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Resistance to the lincosamide antibiotic by ATP-dependent modification of the 3' and/or 4'-hydroxyl groups of the methylthiolincosamide sugar. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincosamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35936 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincosamides (e.g. lincomycin, clindamycin) are a class of drugs which bind to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. This interaction inhibits early elongation of peptide chains by inhibiting the transpeptidase reaction, acting similarly to macrolides. " 1244 UPDATE OXY-5-1 penam; OXY beta-lactamase; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; monobactam; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 38788 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3002388 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXY beta-lactamases are chromosomal class A beta-lactamases that are found in Klebsiella oxytoca. At constitutive low levels, OXY beta-lactamases confer resistance to aminopenicillins and carboxypenicillins. At high induced levels, OXY beta-lactamases confer resistance to penicillins, cephalosporins and aztreonam. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 393 UPDATE QnrS5 sparfloxacin; norfloxacin; quinolone resistance protein (qnr); gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; antibiotic target protection; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; nalidixic acid; moxifloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with quinolone resistance protein (qnr) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36558 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000419 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Qnr proteins are pentapeptide repeat proteins that mimic DNA and protect the cell from the activity of fluoroquinolone antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target protection UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. " 392 UPDATE TUS-1 carbapenem; antibiotic inactivation; TUS beta-lactamase; cephamycin; cephalosporin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with TUS beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41369 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004205 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TUS beta-lactamases are Class B beta-lactamases that can hydrolyze a variety of beta-lactams, such as cephems and carbapenems UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 391 UPDATE VIM-2 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; carbapenem; cephalosporin; cephamycin; VIM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with VIM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36030 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000021 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with The Verone integron-encoded metallo-beta-lactamase (VIM) family was reported from Italy in 1999. There are, to date, 23 reported variants. VIM enzymes mostly occur in P. aeruginosa, also P. putida and, very rarely, Enterobacteriaceae. Integron-associated, sometimes within plasmids. Hydrolyses all beta-lactams except monobactams, and evades all beta-lactam inhibitors. There is a strong incidence of these in East Asia. " 390 UPDATE vanSG glycopeptide antibiotic; vanS; antibiotic target alteration; vancomycin; glycopeptide resistance gene cluster; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with vanS UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36210 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with VanS is similar to histidine protein kinases like EnvZ and acts as a response regulator by activating VanR. VanS is required for high level transcription of other van glycopeptide resistance genes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with vancomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35947 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000028 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Vancomycin is a glycopeptide antibiotic used in the prophylaxis and treatment of infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria. Vancomycin inhibits the synthesis of peptidoglycan, the major component of the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria. Its mechanism of action is unusual in that it acts by binding precursors of peptidoglycan, rather than by interacting with an enzyme. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide resistance gene cluster UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36373 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000234 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Genes that when expressed confer resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin type antibiotics. " 397 UPDATE OXA-357 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 396 UPDATE sul3 sulfadiazine; sulfadoxine; sulfacetamide; sulfadimidine; mafenide; sulfamethoxazole; sulfisoxazole; sulfonamide resistant sul; sulfone antibiotic; sulfamethizole; sulfasalazine; sulfonamide antibiotic; antibiotic target replacement; dapsone; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with sulfadiazine UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36463 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000324 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sulfadiazine is a potent inhibitor of dihydropteroate synthase, interfering with the tetrahydrofolic biosynthesis pathway. Tetrahydrofolic acid is essential for folate synthesis, a precursor to many nucleotides and amino acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with sulfadoxine UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36466 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000327 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sulfadoxine is an inhibitor of dihydropteroate synthase, interfering with the tetrahydrofolic biosynthesis pathway. Tetrahydrofolic acid is essential for folate synthesis, a precursor to many nucleotides and amino acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with sulfacetamide UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37027 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000683 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sulfacetamide is a very soluable sulfonamide antibiotic previously used to treat urinary tract infections. Its relatively low activity and toxicity to those with Stevens-Johnson syndrome have reduced its use and availability. UPDATED category_aro_name with sulfadimidine UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36464 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000325 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sulfadimidine is an alkaline sulfonamide antibiotic that inhibits dihydropteroate synthase, and enzyme in the tetrahydrofolic acid biosynthesis pathway. This interferes with the production of folate, which is a precursor to many amino acids and nucleotides. UPDATED category_aro_name with mafenide UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37028 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000684 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Mafenide is a sulfonamide used topically for treating burns. UPDATED category_aro_name with sulfamethoxazole UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36468 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000329 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sulfamethoxazole is a sulfonamide antibiotic usually taken with trimethoprim, a diaminopyrimidine antibiotic. Sulfamethoxazole inhibits dihydropteroate synthase, essential to tetrahydrofolic acid biosynthesis. This pathway generates compounds used in the synthesis of many amino acids and nucleotides. UPDATED category_aro_name with sulfisoxazole UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36469 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000330 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sulfisoxazole is an inhibitor of dihydropteroate synthase, interfering with the tetrahydrofolic biosynthesis pathway. Tetrahydrofolic acid is essential for folate synthesis, a precursor to many nucleotides and amino acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with sulfonamide resistant sul UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41402 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004238 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with The sul genes encode forms of dihydropteroate synthase that confer resistance to sulfonamide. UPDATED category_aro_name with sulfone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 39985 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003401 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with A sulfone active against a wide range of bacteria but mainly employed for its actions against mycobacterium laprae. Its mechanism of action involves inhibition of folic acid synthesis in susceptible organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with sulfamethizole UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37043 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000699 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sulfamethizole is a short-acting sulfonamide that inhibits dihydropteroate synthetase. UPDATED category_aro_name with sulfasalazine UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37042 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000698 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sulfasalazine is a derivative of the early sulfonamide sulfapyridine (salicylazosulfapyridine). It was developed to increase water solubility and is taken orally for ulcerative colitis. UPDATED category_aro_name with sulfonamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36421 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000282 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Sulfonamides are broad spectrum, synthetic antibiotics that contain the sulfonamide group. Sulfonamides inhibit dihydropteroate synthase, which catalyzes the conversion of p-aminobenzoic acid to dihydropteroic acid as part of the tetrahydrofolic acid biosynthetic pathway. Tetrahydrofolic acid is essential for folate synthesis, a precursor of many nucleotides and amino acids. Many sulfamides are taken with trimethoprim, an inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, also disturbing the trihydrofolic acid synthesis pathway. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target replacement UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Replacement or substitution of antibiotic action target, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with dapsone UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 39996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003412 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dapsone is a sulfone in which it inhibits folic acid synthesis, such as the dihydropteroate synthase. " 395 UPDATE blaF penam; amoxicillin; antibiotic inactivation; blaF family beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with amoxicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35981 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000064 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amoxicillin is a moderate-spectrum, bacteriolytic, beta-lactam antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections caused by susceptible microorganisms. A derivative of penicillin, it has a wider range of treatment but remains relatively ineffective against Gram-negative bacteria. It is commonly taken with clavulanic acid, a beta-lactamase inhibitor. Like other beta-lactams, amoxicillin interferes with the synthesis of peptidoglycan. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with blaF family beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41397 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004233 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Class A Beta-lactamases first isolated from Mycobacterium fortuitum. " 394 UPDATE OXA-130 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 399 UPDATE MIR-16 antibiotic inactivation; monobactam; cephalosporin; cephamycin; MIR beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with MIR beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36197 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000058 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with MIR beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated beta-lactamases that confer resistance to oxyimino- and alpha-methoxy beta-lactams " 398 UPDATE TEM-71 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 2303 UPDATE bcr-1 antibiotic efflux; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump; bicyclomycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and ABC transporters comprise the two largest and most functionally diverse of the transporter superfamilies. However, MFS transporters are distinct from ABC transporters in both their primary sequence and structure and in the mechanism of energy coupling. As secondary transporters they are, like RND and SMR transporters, energized by the electrochemical proton gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with bicyclomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35972 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000055 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Bicyclomycin represents a unique class of antibiotics, discovered in 1972. It is obtained by the fermentation of Streptomyces sapporonensis. In the crystalline form bicyclomycin is observed to be rhombic or monoclinic, depending on the solvent used. This antibiotic kills bacteria by inhibiting the Rho transcription terminator factor, halting ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis. " 2306 UPDATE Escherichia coli acrR with mutation conferring multidrug antibiotic resistance penam; antibiotic efflux; triclosan; rifampin; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; protein(s) and two-component regulatory system modulating antibiotic efflux; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; antibiotic target alteration; tetracycline antibiotic; cephalosporin; cefalotin; tigecycline; glycylcycline; ampicillin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; rifamycin antibiotic; phenicol antibiotic; tetracycline; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Regulator DELETED 35950 UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with triclosan UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37250 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000870 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Triclosan is a common antibacterial agent added to many consumer products as a biocide. It is an inhibitor of fatty acid biosynthesis by blocking enoyl-carrier protein reductase (FabI). UPDATED category_aro_name with rifampin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36308 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000169 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifampin is a semi-synthetic rifamycin, and inhibits RNA synthesis by binding to RNA polymerase. Rifampin is the mainstay agent for the treatment of tuberculosis, leprosy and complicated Gram-positive infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. UPDATED category_aro_name with ampicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36981 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000637 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ampicillin is a penicillin derivative that is highly acid stable, with its activity similar to benzylpenicillin. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefalotin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37084 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000704 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. It is resistant to staphylococci beta-lactamases but hydrolyzed by enterobacterial beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with tigecycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35949 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000030 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tigecycline is an glycylcycline antibiotic. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycylcycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35960 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000042 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycylcyclines are a new class of antibiotics derived from tetracycline. These tetracycline analogues are specifically designed to overcome two common mechanisms of tetracycline resistance. Presently, there is only one glycylcycline antibiotic for clinical use: tigecycline. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome, preventing the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifamycin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36296 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000157 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifamycin antibiotics are a group of broad-spectrum ansamycin antibiotics that inhibit bacterial RNA polymerase by binding to a highly conserved region, blocking the oligonucleotide exit tunnel, and preventing the extension of nascent mRNAs. " 1246 UPDATE AAC(2')-Ic antibiotic inactivation; AAC(2'); arbekacin; gentamicin B; gentamicin C; amikacin; aminoglycoside antibiotic; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with AAC(2') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36480 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000341 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Acetylation of the aminoglycoside antibiotic on the amino group at position 2'. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin C UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35933 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin C is a mixture of gentamicin C1, gentamicin C1a, and gentamicin C2 (these differ in substituents at position C6'). Gentamicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 245 UPDATE cmlA5 antibiotic efflux; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump; phenicol antibiotic; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and ABC transporters comprise the two largest and most functionally diverse of the transporter superfamilies. However, MFS transporters are distinct from ABC transporters in both their primary sequence and structure and in the mechanism of energy coupling. As secondary transporters they are, like RND and SMR transporters, energized by the electrochemical proton gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. " 244 UPDATE SHV-164 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 247 UPDATE TEM-158 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 246 UPDATE CTX-M-126 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 241 UPDATE ACT-30 antibiotic inactivation; carbapenem; penam; ACT beta-lactamase; cephalosporin; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with ACT beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36211 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000072 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with ACT beta-lactamases, also known as AmpC beta-lactamases, are cephalosporinases that cannot be inhibited by clavulanate. These enzymes are encoded by genes located on the chromosome and can be induced by the presence of beta-lactam antibiotics. However recently, these genes have been found on plasmids and expressed at high constitutive levels in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 240 UPDATE vanRF glycopeptide antibiotic; glycopeptide resistance gene cluster; antibiotic target alteration; vanR; vancomycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide resistance gene cluster UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36373 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000234 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Genes that when expressed confer resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin type antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with vanR UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36713 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000574 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with VanR is a OmpR-family transcriptional activator in the VanSR regulatory system. When activated by VanS, it promotes cotranscription of VanA, VanH, and VanX. UPDATED category_aro_name with vancomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35947 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000028 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Vancomycin is a glycopeptide antibiotic used in the prophylaxis and treatment of infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria. Vancomycin inhibits the synthesis of peptidoglycan, the major component of the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria. Its mechanism of action is unusual in that it acts by binding precursors of peptidoglycan, rather than by interacting with an enzyme. " 243 UPDATE OXA-9 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 242 UPDATE SHV-152 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 249 UPDATE basS pmr phosphoethanolamine transferase; peptide antibiotic; antibiotic target alteration; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with pmr phosphoethanolamine transferase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41433 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004269 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with This family of phosphoethanolamine transferase catalyze the addition of 4-amino-4-deoxy-L-arabinose (L-Ara4N) and phosphoethanolamine to lipid A, which impedes the binding of colistin to the cell membrane. UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. " 248 UPDATE OKP-B-9 penam; antibiotic inactivation; OKP beta-lactamase; cephalosporin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with OKP beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 38817 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3002417 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OKP beta-lactamases are chromosomal class A beta-lactamase that confer resistance to penicillins and early cephalosporins in Klebsiella pneumoniae. OKP beta-lactamases can be subdivided into two groups: OKP-A and OKP-B which diverge by about 4.2% UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 2274 UPDATE RlmA(II) antibiotic target alteration; non-erm 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase (G748); macrolide antibiotic; lincosamide antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with non-erm 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase (G748) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37697 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3001298 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Non-erm 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferases modify guanosine 748 (E. coli numbering) to confer resistance to some macrolides and lincosamides UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincosamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35936 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincosamides (e.g. lincomycin, clindamycin) are a class of drugs which bind to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. This interaction inhibits early elongation of peptide chains by inhibiting the transpeptidase reaction, acting similarly to macrolides. " 2277 UPDATE Bacillus Cluster B intrinsic mph antibiotic inactivation; macrolide phosphotransferase (MPH); macrolide antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide phosphotransferase (MPH) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36472 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000333 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolide phosphotransferases (MPH) are enzymes encoded by macrolide phosphotransferase genes (mph genes). These enzymes phosphorylate macrolides in GTP dependent manner at 2'-OH of desosamine sugar thereby inactivating them. Characterized MPH's are differentiated based on their substrate specificity. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. " 2404 UPDATE Neisseria gonorrhoeae gyrA conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones antibiotic target alteration; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; nybomycin; fluoroquinolone resistant gyrA; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nybomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40463 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003780 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with A heterocyclic antibiotic that targets mutant gyrA (type II topoisomerase) containing an S84L substitution, counteracting acquired quinolone resistance. It is effective against quinolone-resistant Gram-positive bacteria including S. aureus and E. faecalis. Due to its ability to counteract quinolone resistance by targeting the mutant form of the gyrA protein, it is classified as a reverse antibiotic (RA). UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone resistant gyrA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 39876 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003292 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with DNA gyrase is responsible for DNA supercoiling and consists of two alpha and two beta subunits. GyrA point mutations confer resistance by preventing fluoroquinolone antibiotics from binding the alpha-subunit. " 2279 UPDATE Listeria monocytogenes mprF peptide antibiotic; antibiotic target alteration; defensin resistant mprF; defensin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with defensin resistant mprF UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37243 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000863 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with MprF is a integral membrane protein that modifies the negatively-charged phosphatidylglycerol on the membrane surface of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. This confers resistance to cationic peptides that disrupt the cell membrane, including defensins. UPDATED category_aro_name with defensin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37037 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000693 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Defensins are natural cationic peptides that have antibiotic properties. It is part of the innate immune system of plants and animals. " 2278 UPDATE Bifidobacteria intrinsic ileS conferring resistance to mupirocin antibiotic resistant isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase (ileS); antibiotic target alteration; mupirocin; ARO_category; ARO_name "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic resistant isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase (ileS) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36585 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000446 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Mupirocin inhibits protein synthesis by interfering with isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase (ileS). Mutations in ileS can confer low-level mupirocin resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with mupirocin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36693 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000554 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Mupirocin, also known as pseudomonic acid, is a bacteriostatic polyketide antibiotic from Pseudomonas fluorescens used to treat S. aureus and MRSA. It inhibits Ile tRNA synthetase. UPDATED ARO_name with Bifidobacterium ileS conferring resistance to mupirocin " 179 UPDATE QnrA5 sparfloxacin; norfloxacin; quinolone resistance protein (qnr); gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; antibiotic target protection; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; nalidixic acid; moxifloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with quinolone resistance protein (qnr) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36558 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000419 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Qnr proteins are pentapeptide repeat proteins that mimic DNA and protect the cell from the activity of fluoroquinolone antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target protection UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. " 178 UPDATE vanHA vanH; glycopeptide resistance gene cluster; teicoplanin; glycopeptide antibiotic; antibiotic target alteration; vancomycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with vanH UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36015 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with VanH is a D-specific alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase that synthesizes D-lactate. D-lactate is incorporated into the end of the peptidoglycan subunits, decreasing vancomycin binding affinity. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide resistance gene cluster UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36373 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000234 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Genes that when expressed confer resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin type antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with teicoplanin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35948 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000029 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Teicoplanin is a glycopeptide antibiotic used in the prophylaxis and treatment of serious infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria. Teicoplanin has a unique acyl-aliphatic chain, and binds to cell wall precursors to inhibit transglycosylation and transpeptidation. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with vancomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35947 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000028 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Vancomycin is a glycopeptide antibiotic used in the prophylaxis and treatment of infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria. Vancomycin inhibits the synthesis of peptidoglycan, the major component of the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria. Its mechanism of action is unusual in that it acts by binding precursors of peptidoglycan, rather than by interacting with an enzyme. " 177 UPDATE IMP-51 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; carbapenem; cephalosporin; IMP beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with IMP beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36029 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Plasmid mediated IMP-type carbapenemases, of which at least 26 varieties are currently known, became established in Japan in the 1990s in enteric gram-negative organisms, Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter species. Integron-associated, sometimes within plasmids. Hydrolyses all beta-lactams except monobactams, and evades all beta-lactam inhibitors. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 176 UPDATE CMY-25 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 175 UPDATE CTX-M-24 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 174 UPDATE CfxA2 antibiotic inactivation; cephamycin; CfxA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with CfxA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 39434 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with cfxA beta-lactamases are class A beta-lactamases " 173 UPDATE arr-4 antibiotic inactivation; rifampin; rifapentine; rifabutin; rifampin ADP-ribosyltransferase (Arr); rifaximin; rifamycin antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifampin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36308 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000169 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifampin is a semi-synthetic rifamycin, and inhibits RNA synthesis by binding to RNA polymerase. Rifampin is the mainstay agent for the treatment of tuberculosis, leprosy and complicated Gram-positive infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifapentine UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36673 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000534 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifapentine is a semisynthetic rifamycin that inhibits DNA-dependent RNA synthesis. It is often used in the treatment of tuberculosis and leprosy. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifabutin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36669 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000530 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifabutin is a semisynthetic rifamycin used in tuberculosis therapy. It inhibits DNA-dependent RNA synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifampin ADP-ribosyltransferase (Arr) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36529 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000390 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzyme responsible for the ADP-ribosylative inactivation of rifampin at the 23-OH position using NAD+. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifaximin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36656 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000517 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifaximin is a semi-synthetic rifamycin used to treat traveller's diarrhea. Rifaximin inhibits RNA synthesis by binding to the beta subunit of bacterial RNA polymerase. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifamycin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36296 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000157 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifamycin antibiotics are a group of broad-spectrum ansamycin antibiotics that inhibit bacterial RNA polymerase by binding to a highly conserved region, blocking the oligonucleotide exit tunnel, and preventing the extension of nascent mRNAs. " 172 UPDATE OprN antibiotic efflux; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; norfloxacin; trimethoprim; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; diaminopyrimidine antibiotic; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; phenicol antibiotic; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36327 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000188 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Trimethoprim is a synthetic 5-(3,4,5- trimethoxybenzyl) pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, inhibiting synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid. Tetrahydrofolic acid is an essential precursor in the de novo synthesis of the DNA nucleotide thymidine. Trimethoprim is a bacteriostatic antibiotic mainly used in the prophylaxis and treatment of urinary tract infections in combination with sulfamethoxazole, a sulfonamide antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with diaminopyrimidine antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36310 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000171 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Diaminopyrimidines are a class of organic compounds containing a pyrimidine ring substituted by two amine groups. They are inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme critical for DNA synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. " 171 UPDATE TEM-78 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 170 UPDATE IMP-19 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; carbapenem; cephalosporin; IMP beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with IMP beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36029 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Plasmid mediated IMP-type carbapenemases, of which at least 26 varieties are currently known, became established in Japan in the 1990s in enteric gram-negative organisms, Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter species. Integron-associated, sometimes within plasmids. Hydrolyses all beta-lactams except monobactams, and evades all beta-lactam inhibitors. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 2051 UPDATE dfrA15 iclaprim; trimethoprim; brodimoprim; tetroxoprim; diaminopyrimidine antibiotic; antibiotic target replacement; trimethoprim resistant dihydrofolate reductase dfr; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with iclaprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36476 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000337 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Iclaprim is a bactericidal compound that inhibits dihydrofolate reductase. It is used against clinically important Gram-positive pathogens, including methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36327 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000188 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Trimethoprim is a synthetic 5-(3,4,5- trimethoxybenzyl) pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, inhibiting synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid. Tetrahydrofolic acid is an essential precursor in the de novo synthesis of the DNA nucleotide thymidine. Trimethoprim is a bacteriostatic antibiotic mainly used in the prophylaxis and treatment of urinary tract infections in combination with sulfamethoxazole, a sulfonamide antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with brodimoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36408 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000269 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Brodimoprim is a structural derivative of trimethoprim and an inhibitor of bacterial dihydrofolate reductase. The 4-methoxy group of trimethoprim is replaced with a bromine atom. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetroxoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36423 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000284 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetroxoprim is a trimethoprim derivative that inhibits bacterial dihydrofolate reductase. UPDATED category_aro_name with diaminopyrimidine antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36310 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000171 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Diaminopyrimidines are a class of organic compounds containing a pyrimidine ring substituted by two amine groups. They are inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme critical for DNA synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target replacement UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Replacement or substitution of antibiotic action target, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim resistant dihydrofolate reductase dfr UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37617 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3001218 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Alternative dihydropteroate synthase dfr present on plasmids produces alternate proteins that are less sensitive to trimethoprim from inhibiting its role in folate synthesis, thus conferring trimethoprim resistance. " 2050 UPDATE OXA-331 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 2053 UPDATE dfrA7 iclaprim; trimethoprim; brodimoprim; tetroxoprim; diaminopyrimidine antibiotic; antibiotic target replacement; trimethoprim resistant dihydrofolate reductase dfr; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with iclaprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36476 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000337 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Iclaprim is a bactericidal compound that inhibits dihydrofolate reductase. It is used against clinically important Gram-positive pathogens, including methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36327 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000188 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Trimethoprim is a synthetic 5-(3,4,5- trimethoxybenzyl) pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, inhibiting synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid. Tetrahydrofolic acid is an essential precursor in the de novo synthesis of the DNA nucleotide thymidine. Trimethoprim is a bacteriostatic antibiotic mainly used in the prophylaxis and treatment of urinary tract infections in combination with sulfamethoxazole, a sulfonamide antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with brodimoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36408 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000269 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Brodimoprim is a structural derivative of trimethoprim and an inhibitor of bacterial dihydrofolate reductase. The 4-methoxy group of trimethoprim is replaced with a bromine atom. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetroxoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36423 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000284 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetroxoprim is a trimethoprim derivative that inhibits bacterial dihydrofolate reductase. UPDATED category_aro_name with diaminopyrimidine antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36310 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000171 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Diaminopyrimidines are a class of organic compounds containing a pyrimidine ring substituted by two amine groups. They are inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme critical for DNA synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target replacement UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Replacement or substitution of antibiotic action target, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim resistant dihydrofolate reductase dfr UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37617 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3001218 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Alternative dihydropteroate synthase dfr present on plasmids produces alternate proteins that are less sensitive to trimethoprim from inhibiting its role in folate synthesis, thus conferring trimethoprim resistance. " 2052 UPDATE APH(3'')-Ic antibiotic inactivation; APH(3''); streptomycin; aminoglycoside antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with APH(3'') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36266 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000127 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Phosphorylation of streptomycin on the hydroxyl group at position 3'' UPDATED category_aro_name with streptomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35958 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000040 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Streptomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 2055 UPDATE LRA-3 penam; antibiotic inactivation; subclass B3 LRA beta-lactamase; cephalosporin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with subclass B3 LRA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41390 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004226 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Beta-lactamases that are part of the LRA gene family and are classified as B3 (metallo-) beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 2054 UPDATE msrC streptogramin antibiotic; ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump; antibiotic efflux; macrolide antibiotic; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with streptogramin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35945 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000026 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptogramin antibiotics are natural products produced by various members of the Streptomyces genus. These antibiotics bind to the P site of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The family consists of two subgroups, type A and type B, which are simultaneously produced by the same bacterial species in a ratio of roughly 70:30. UPDATED category_aro_name with ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36002 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are present in all cells of all organisms and use the energy of ATP binding/hydrolysis to transport substrates across cell membranes. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. " 2057 UPDATE SHV-179 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 2056 UPDATE mdtO antibiotic efflux; major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; acridine dye; puromycin; acriflavin; nucleoside antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and ABC transporters comprise the two largest and most functionally diverse of the transporter superfamilies. However, MFS transporters are distinct from ABC transporters in both their primary sequence and structure and in the mechanism of energy coupling. As secondary transporters they are, like RND and SMR transporters, energized by the electrochemical proton gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with acridine dye UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36193 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000054 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Acridine dyes are cell permeable, basic molecules with an acridine chromophore. These compounds intercalate DNA. The image shown represents the core structure of the acridine family, with specific dyes containing varying substituents. UPDATED category_aro_name with puromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35965 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000047 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Puromycin is an aminonucleoside antibiotic, derived from Streptomyces alboniger, that causes premature chain termination during ribosomal protein translation. UPDATED category_aro_name with acriflavin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35963 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000045 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Acriflavin is a topical antiseptic. It has the form of an orange or brown powder. It may be harmful in the eyes or if inhaled. Acriflavine is also used as treatment for external fungal infections of aquarium fish. UPDATED category_aro_name with nucleoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36174 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000034 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucleoside antibiotics are made of modified nucleosides and nucleotides with wide-ranging activities and means of antibacterial effects. This drug class includes aminonucleoside antibiotics, which contain an amino group. " 2059 UPDATE OKP-A-1 penam; antibiotic inactivation; OKP beta-lactamase; cephalosporin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with OKP beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 38817 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3002417 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OKP beta-lactamases are chromosomal class A beta-lactamase that confer resistance to penicillins and early cephalosporins in Klebsiella pneumoniae. OKP beta-lactamases can be subdivided into two groups: OKP-A and OKP-B which diverge by about 4.2% UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 2058 UPDATE pp-flo antibiotic efflux; major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; florfenicol; phenicol antibiotic; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and ABC transporters comprise the two largest and most functionally diverse of the transporter superfamilies. However, MFS transporters are distinct from ABC transporters in both their primary sequence and structure and in the mechanism of energy coupling. As secondary transporters they are, like RND and SMR transporters, energized by the electrochemical proton gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with florfenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36600 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000461 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Florfenicol is a fluorine derivative of chloramphenicol, where the nitro group (-NO2) is substituted by a sulfomethyl group (-SO2CH3) and the hydroxyl group (-OH), by a fluorine group (-F). The action mechanism is the same as chloramphenicol's, where the antibiotic binds to the 23S RNA of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. " 654 UPDATE dfrA26 iclaprim; trimethoprim; brodimoprim; tetroxoprim; diaminopyrimidine antibiotic; antibiotic target replacement; trimethoprim resistant dihydrofolate reductase dfr; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with iclaprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36476 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000337 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Iclaprim is a bactericidal compound that inhibits dihydrofolate reductase. It is used against clinically important Gram-positive pathogens, including methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36327 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000188 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Trimethoprim is a synthetic 5-(3,4,5- trimethoxybenzyl) pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, inhibiting synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid. Tetrahydrofolic acid is an essential precursor in the de novo synthesis of the DNA nucleotide thymidine. Trimethoprim is a bacteriostatic antibiotic mainly used in the prophylaxis and treatment of urinary tract infections in combination with sulfamethoxazole, a sulfonamide antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with brodimoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36408 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000269 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Brodimoprim is a structural derivative of trimethoprim and an inhibitor of bacterial dihydrofolate reductase. The 4-methoxy group of trimethoprim is replaced with a bromine atom. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetroxoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36423 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000284 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetroxoprim is a trimethoprim derivative that inhibits bacterial dihydrofolate reductase. UPDATED category_aro_name with diaminopyrimidine antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36310 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000171 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Diaminopyrimidines are a class of organic compounds containing a pyrimidine ring substituted by two amine groups. They are inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme critical for DNA synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target replacement UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Replacement or substitution of antibiotic action target, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim resistant dihydrofolate reductase dfr UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37617 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3001218 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Alternative dihydropteroate synthase dfr present on plasmids produces alternate proteins that are less sensitive to trimethoprim from inhibiting its role in folate synthesis, thus conferring trimethoprim resistance. " 655 UPDATE OXA-243 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 652 UPDATE tcr3 tetracycline antibiotic; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump; tetracycline; antibiotic efflux; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and ABC transporters comprise the two largest and most functionally diverse of the transporter superfamilies. However, MFS transporters are distinct from ABC transporters in both their primary sequence and structure and in the mechanism of energy coupling. As secondary transporters they are, like RND and SMR transporters, energized by the electrochemical proton gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. " 653 UPDATE AAC(3)-VIIa antibiotic inactivation; AAC(3); aminoglycoside antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with AAC(3) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36461 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000322 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Acetylation of the aminoglycoside antibiotic on the amino group at position 3. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 1367 UPDATE oleD antibiotic inactivation; ole glycosyltransferase; macrolide antibiotic; tylosin; erythromycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ole glycosyltransferase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36604 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000465 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OleI and OleD are glycosyltransferases found in Streptomyces antibioticus which is a natural producer of antibiotic oleandomycin. OleI glycosylates antibiotic oleandomycin whereas OleD can glycosylate a wide variety of macrolides. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with tylosin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36284 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000145 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tylosin is a 16-membered macrolide, naturally produced by Streptomyces fradiae. It interacts with the bacterial ribosome 50S subunit to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. " 650 UPDATE aadA antibiotic inactivation; aminoglycoside antibiotic; ANT(3''); streptomycin; spectinomycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with ANT(3'') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41439 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004275 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucleotidylylation of streptomycin at the hydroxyl group at position 3'' UPDATED category_aro_name with streptomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35958 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000040 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Streptomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with spectinomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35957 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000039 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Spectinomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Spectinomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit inhibiting translation. " 1364 UPDATE CMY-101 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 1977 UPDATE AAC(6')-Ik antibiotic inactivation; kanamycin A; aminoglycoside antibiotic; AAC(6'); isepamicin; sisomicin; arbekacin; gentamicin B; netilmicin; amikacin; dibekacin; neomycin; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with AAC(6') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36484 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000345 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Acetylation of the aminoglycoside antibiotic on the amino group at position 6'. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with netilmicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35956 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000038 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with dibekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35926 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 1600 UPDATE Pseudomonas mutant PhoP conferring resistance to colistin antibiotic efflux; ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump; colistin B; protein(s) and two-component regulatory system modulating antibiotic efflux; pmr phosphoethanolamine transferase; colistin A; macrolide antibiotic; peptide antibiotic; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; antibiotic target alteration; erythromycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Regulator DELETED 39418 UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36002 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are present in all cells of all organisms and use the energy of ATP binding/hydrolysis to transport substrates across cell membranes. UPDATED category_aro_name with colistin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000624 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Colistin B, or polymyxin E2, has a 6-heptanoic acid lipid tail. Polymyxins disrupt the cell membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with pmr phosphoethanolamine transferase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41433 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004269 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with This family of phosphoethanolamine transferase catalyze the addition of 4-amino-4-deoxy-L-arabinose (L-Ara4N) and phosphoethanolamine to lipid A, which impedes the binding of colistin to the cell membrane. UPDATED category_aro_name with colistin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000622 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Colistin A, or polymyxin E1, has a 6-octanoic acid lipid tail. Polymyxins disrupt the cell membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. " 2697 UPDATE EdeQ peptide antibiotic; antibiotic inactivation; polyamine antibiotic; Edeine acetyltransferase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with polyamine antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36666 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000527 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Polyamine antibiotics are organic compounds having two or more primary amino groups. UPDATED category_aro_name with Edeine acetyltransferase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41131 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004064 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Edeine acetyltransferase enzymes catalyze the transfer of an acetyl group to active edeine, converting it to an inactive form in vivo. This mechanism is used for high-level self-resistance in edeine-producing Brevibacillus spp. " 2695 UPDATE MexCD-OprJ with type B NfxB mutation penam; antibiotic efflux; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; ofloxacin; trimethoprim; aminocoumarin antibiotic; novobiocin; macrolide antibiotic; phenicol antibiotic; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; cephalosporin; diaminopyrimidine antibiotic; tetracycline antibiotic; gentamicin C; chloramphenicol; aminoglycoside antibiotic; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; tetracycline; erythromycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin C UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35933 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin C is a mixture of gentamicin C1, gentamicin C1a, and gentamicin C2 (these differ in substituents at position C6'). Gentamicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with ofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37007 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000663 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ofloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a methyl-substituted oxazine ring. It has a broad spectrum of activity including many enterobacteria and mycoplasma but most anaerobes are resistant. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36327 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000188 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Trimethoprim is a synthetic 5-(3,4,5- trimethoxybenzyl) pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, inhibiting synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid. Tetrahydrofolic acid is an essential precursor in the de novo synthesis of the DNA nucleotide thymidine. Trimethoprim is a bacteriostatic antibiotic mainly used in the prophylaxis and treatment of urinary tract infections in combination with sulfamethoxazole, a sulfonamide antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminocoumarin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36242 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000103 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminocoumarin antibiotics bind DNA gyrase subunit B to inhibit ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with novobiocin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36250 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000111 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Novobiocin is an aminocoumarin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spheroides and Streptomyces niveus, and binds DNA gyrase subunit B inhibiting ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with diaminopyrimidine antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36310 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000171 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Diaminopyrimidines are a class of organic compounds containing a pyrimidine ring substituted by two amine groups. They are inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme critical for DNA synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. " 2694 UPDATE MexCD-OprJ with type A NfxB mutation penam; antibiotic efflux; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; ofloxacin; trimethoprim; aminocoumarin antibiotic; novobiocin; macrolide antibiotic; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; cephalosporin; diaminopyrimidine antibiotic; tetracycline antibiotic; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; erythromycin; phenicol antibiotic; tetracycline; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with ofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37007 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000663 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ofloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a methyl-substituted oxazine ring. It has a broad spectrum of activity including many enterobacteria and mycoplasma but most anaerobes are resistant. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36327 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000188 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Trimethoprim is a synthetic 5-(3,4,5- trimethoxybenzyl) pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, inhibiting synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid. Tetrahydrofolic acid is an essential precursor in the de novo synthesis of the DNA nucleotide thymidine. Trimethoprim is a bacteriostatic antibiotic mainly used in the prophylaxis and treatment of urinary tract infections in combination with sulfamethoxazole, a sulfonamide antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminocoumarin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36242 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000103 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminocoumarin antibiotics bind DNA gyrase subunit B to inhibit ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with novobiocin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36250 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000111 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Novobiocin is an aminocoumarin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spheroides and Streptomyces niveus, and binds DNA gyrase subunit B inhibiting ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with diaminopyrimidine antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36310 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000171 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Diaminopyrimidines are a class of organic compounds containing a pyrimidine ring substituted by two amine groups. They are inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme critical for DNA synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. " 2693 UPDATE Type B NfxB penam; antibiotic efflux; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; protein(s) and two-component regulatory system modulating antibiotic efflux; ofloxacin; trimethoprim; aminocoumarin antibiotic; novobiocin; macrolide antibiotic; phenicol antibiotic; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; cephalosporin; diaminopyrimidine antibiotic; tetracycline antibiotic; gentamicin C; chloramphenicol; aminoglycoside antibiotic; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; tetracycline; erythromycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Regulator UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin C UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35933 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin C is a mixture of gentamicin C1, gentamicin C1a, and gentamicin C2 (these differ in substituents at position C6'). Gentamicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with ofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37007 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000663 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ofloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a methyl-substituted oxazine ring. It has a broad spectrum of activity including many enterobacteria and mycoplasma but most anaerobes are resistant. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36327 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000188 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Trimethoprim is a synthetic 5-(3,4,5- trimethoxybenzyl) pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, inhibiting synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid. Tetrahydrofolic acid is an essential precursor in the de novo synthesis of the DNA nucleotide thymidine. Trimethoprim is a bacteriostatic antibiotic mainly used in the prophylaxis and treatment of urinary tract infections in combination with sulfamethoxazole, a sulfonamide antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminocoumarin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36242 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000103 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminocoumarin antibiotics bind DNA gyrase subunit B to inhibit ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with novobiocin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36250 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000111 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Novobiocin is an aminocoumarin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spheroides and Streptomyces niveus, and binds DNA gyrase subunit B inhibiting ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with diaminopyrimidine antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36310 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000171 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Diaminopyrimidines are a class of organic compounds containing a pyrimidine ring substituted by two amine groups. They are inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme critical for DNA synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. " 1975 UPDATE blt antibiotic efflux; major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; acridine dye; acriflavin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and ABC transporters comprise the two largest and most functionally diverse of the transporter superfamilies. However, MFS transporters are distinct from ABC transporters in both their primary sequence and structure and in the mechanism of energy coupling. As secondary transporters they are, like RND and SMR transporters, energized by the electrochemical proton gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with acriflavin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35963 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000045 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Acriflavin is a topical antiseptic. It has the form of an orange or brown powder. It may be harmful in the eyes or if inhaled. Acriflavine is also used as treatment for external fungal infections of aquarium fish. UPDATED category_aro_name with acridine dye UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36193 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000054 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Acridine dyes are cell permeable, basic molecules with an acridine chromophore. These compounds intercalate DNA. The image shown represents the core structure of the acridine family, with specific dyes containing varying substituents. " 2691 UPDATE Type A NfxB penam; antibiotic efflux; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; protein(s) and two-component regulatory system modulating antibiotic efflux; ofloxacin; trimethoprim; aminocoumarin antibiotic; novobiocin; macrolide antibiotic; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; cephalosporin; diaminopyrimidine antibiotic; tetracycline antibiotic; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; erythromycin; phenicol antibiotic; tetracycline; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Regulator UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with ofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37007 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000663 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ofloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a methyl-substituted oxazine ring. It has a broad spectrum of activity including many enterobacteria and mycoplasma but most anaerobes are resistant. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36327 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000188 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Trimethoprim is a synthetic 5-(3,4,5- trimethoxybenzyl) pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, inhibiting synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid. Tetrahydrofolic acid is an essential precursor in the de novo synthesis of the DNA nucleotide thymidine. Trimethoprim is a bacteriostatic antibiotic mainly used in the prophylaxis and treatment of urinary tract infections in combination with sulfamethoxazole, a sulfonamide antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminocoumarin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36242 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000103 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminocoumarin antibiotics bind DNA gyrase subunit B to inhibit ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with novobiocin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36250 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000111 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Novobiocin is an aminocoumarin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spheroides and Streptomyces niveus, and binds DNA gyrase subunit B inhibiting ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with diaminopyrimidine antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36310 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000171 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Diaminopyrimidines are a class of organic compounds containing a pyrimidine ring substituted by two amine groups. They are inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme critical for DNA synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. " 1365 UPDATE AAC(6')-I30 antibiotic inactivation; kanamycin A; aminoglycoside antibiotic; AAC(6'); isepamicin; sisomicin; arbekacin; gentamicin B; netilmicin; amikacin; dibekacin; neomycin; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with AAC(6') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36484 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000345 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Acetylation of the aminoglycoside antibiotic on the amino group at position 6'. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with netilmicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35956 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000038 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with dibekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35926 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 2405 UPDATE Neisseria gonorrhoeae parC conferring resistance to fluoroquinolone ofloxacin; norfloxacin; levofloxacin; fluoroquinolone resistant parC; antibiotic target alteration; ciprofloxacin; pefloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with ofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37007 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000663 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ofloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a methyl-substituted oxazine ring. It has a broad spectrum of activity including many enterobacteria and mycoplasma but most anaerobes are resistant. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone resistant parC UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36913 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000619 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with ParC is a subunit of topoisomerase IV, which decatenates and relaxes DNA to allow access to genes for transcription or translation. Point mutations in ParC prevent fluoroquinolone antibiotics from inhibiting DNA synthesis, and confer low-level resistance. Higher-level resistance results from both gyrA and parC mutations. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with pefloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37142 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000762 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pefloxacin is structurally and functionally similar to norfloxacin. It is poorly active against mycobacteria, while anaerobes are resistant. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. " 1974 UPDATE emrD efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump; antibiotic efflux; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and ABC transporters comprise the two largest and most functionally diverse of the transporter superfamilies. However, MFS transporters are distinct from ABC transporters in both their primary sequence and structure and in the mechanism of energy coupling. As secondary transporters they are, like RND and SMR transporters, energized by the electrochemical proton gradient. " 1973 UPDATE TEM-111 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 1972 UPDATE OXA-149 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1971 UPDATE dfrB2 iclaprim; trimethoprim; brodimoprim; tetroxoprim; diaminopyrimidine antibiotic; antibiotic target replacement; trimethoprim resistant dihydrofolate reductase dfr; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with iclaprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36476 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000337 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Iclaprim is a bactericidal compound that inhibits dihydrofolate reductase. It is used against clinically important Gram-positive pathogens, including methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36327 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000188 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Trimethoprim is a synthetic 5-(3,4,5- trimethoxybenzyl) pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, inhibiting synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid. Tetrahydrofolic acid is an essential precursor in the de novo synthesis of the DNA nucleotide thymidine. Trimethoprim is a bacteriostatic antibiotic mainly used in the prophylaxis and treatment of urinary tract infections in combination with sulfamethoxazole, a sulfonamide antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with brodimoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36408 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000269 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Brodimoprim is a structural derivative of trimethoprim and an inhibitor of bacterial dihydrofolate reductase. The 4-methoxy group of trimethoprim is replaced with a bromine atom. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetroxoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36423 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000284 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetroxoprim is a trimethoprim derivative that inhibits bacterial dihydrofolate reductase. UPDATED category_aro_name with diaminopyrimidine antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36310 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000171 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Diaminopyrimidines are a class of organic compounds containing a pyrimidine ring substituted by two amine groups. They are inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme critical for DNA synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target replacement UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Replacement or substitution of antibiotic action target, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim resistant dihydrofolate reductase dfr UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37617 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3001218 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Alternative dihydropteroate synthase dfr present on plasmids produces alternate proteins that are less sensitive to trimethoprim from inhibiting its role in folate synthesis, thus conferring trimethoprim resistance. " 1970 UPDATE SHV-44 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 1362 UPDATE IMP-31 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; carbapenem; cephalosporin; IMP beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with IMP beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36029 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Plasmid mediated IMP-type carbapenemases, of which at least 26 varieties are currently known, became established in Japan in the 1990s in enteric gram-negative organisms, Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter species. Integron-associated, sometimes within plasmids. Hydrolyses all beta-lactams except monobactams, and evades all beta-lactam inhibitors. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 1968 UPDATE SHV-189 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 1969 UPDATE tet(35) tetracycline antibiotic; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump; tetracycline; antibiotic efflux; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36002 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are present in all cells of all organisms and use the energy of ATP binding/hydrolysis to transport substrates across cell membranes. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. " 1618 UPDATE OXA-362 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1619 UPDATE L1 beta-lactamase antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; L1 family beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with L1 family beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41379 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004215 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with This subclass B3 of beta-lactamses have the ability to hydrolyze cephalosporins. " 1616 UPDATE CTX-M-152 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 1617 UPDATE vanE glycopeptide antibiotic; glycopeptide resistance gene cluster; van ligase; antibiotic target alteration; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide resistance gene cluster UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36373 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000234 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Genes that when expressed confer resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin type antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with van ligase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 39340 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3002906 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with van ligases synthesize alternative substrates for peptidoglycan synthesis that reduce vancomycin binding affinity. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. " 1614 UPDATE TEM-194 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 1615 UPDATE APH(2'')-IIa antibiotic inactivation; kanamycin A; gentamicin B; aminoglycoside antibiotic; sisomicin; arbekacin; APH(2''); netilmicin; gentamicin C; amikacin; isepamicin; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with APH(2'') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36267 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000128 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Phosphorylation of 2-deoxystreptamine aminoglycosides on the hydroxyl group at position 2'' UPDATED category_aro_name with netilmicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35956 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000038 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin C UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35933 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin C is a mixture of gentamicin C1, gentamicin C1a, and gentamicin C2 (these differ in substituents at position C6'). Gentamicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 1960 UPDATE smeB penam; antibiotic efflux; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; cephalosporin; cephamycin; aminoglycoside antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 1613 UPDATE CMY-38 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 1610 UPDATE OXA-74 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1611 UPDATE SME-4 carbapenem; antibiotic inactivation; SME beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SME beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36194 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000055 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SME beta-lactamases are chromosome-mediated class A beta-lactamases that hydrolyze carbapenems in Serratia marcescens. " 1363 UPDATE CARB-1 penam; antibiotic inactivation; CARB beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CARB beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36230 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000091 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CARB beta-lactamases are class A lactamases that can hydrolyze carbenicillin. Many of the PSE beta-lactamases have been renamed as CARB-lactamases with the notable exception of PSE-2 which is now OXA-10. " 1768 UPDATE CTX-M-144 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 1769 UPDATE CTX-M-115 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 1361 UPDATE OXA-223 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1762 UPDATE aadA16 antibiotic inactivation; aminoglycoside antibiotic; ANT(3''); streptomycin; spectinomycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with ANT(3'') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41439 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004275 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucleotidylylation of streptomycin at the hydroxyl group at position 3'' UPDATED category_aro_name with streptomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35958 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000040 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Streptomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with spectinomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35957 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000039 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Spectinomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Spectinomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit inhibiting translation. " 1763 UPDATE NDM-2 antibiotic inactivation; penam; carbapenem; cephalosporin; cephamycin; NDM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with NDM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36196 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000057 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with NDM beta-lactamases or New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamases are class B beta-lactamases that confer resistance to a broad range of antibiotics including carbapenems, cephalosporins and penicillins. " 1760 UPDATE QnrB35 sparfloxacin; norfloxacin; quinolone resistance protein (qnr); gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; antibiotic target protection; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; nalidixic acid; moxifloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with quinolone resistance protein (qnr) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36558 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000419 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Qnr proteins are pentapeptide repeat proteins that mimic DNA and protect the cell from the activity of fluoroquinolone antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target protection UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. " 1761 UPDATE OXA-351 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1766 UPDATE VIM-14 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; carbapenem; cephalosporin; cephamycin; VIM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with VIM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36030 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000021 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with The Verone integron-encoded metallo-beta-lactamase (VIM) family was reported from Italy in 1999. There are, to date, 23 reported variants. VIM enzymes mostly occur in P. aeruginosa, also P. putida and, very rarely, Enterobacteriaceae. Integron-associated, sometimes within plasmids. Hydrolyses all beta-lactams except monobactams, and evades all beta-lactam inhibitors. There is a strong incidence of these in East Asia. " 1767 UPDATE OKP-A-16 penam; antibiotic inactivation; OKP beta-lactamase; cephalosporin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with OKP beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 38817 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3002417 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OKP beta-lactamases are chromosomal class A beta-lactamase that confer resistance to penicillins and early cephalosporins in Klebsiella pneumoniae. OKP beta-lactamases can be subdivided into two groups: OKP-A and OKP-B which diverge by about 4.2% UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 1764 UPDATE OXA-97 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1765 UPDATE OXA-56 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1142 UPDATE dfrA17 iclaprim; trimethoprim; brodimoprim; tetroxoprim; diaminopyrimidine antibiotic; antibiotic target replacement; trimethoprim resistant dihydrofolate reductase dfr; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with iclaprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36476 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000337 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Iclaprim is a bactericidal compound that inhibits dihydrofolate reductase. It is used against clinically important Gram-positive pathogens, including methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36327 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000188 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Trimethoprim is a synthetic 5-(3,4,5- trimethoxybenzyl) pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, inhibiting synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid. Tetrahydrofolic acid is an essential precursor in the de novo synthesis of the DNA nucleotide thymidine. Trimethoprim is a bacteriostatic antibiotic mainly used in the prophylaxis and treatment of urinary tract infections in combination with sulfamethoxazole, a sulfonamide antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with brodimoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36408 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000269 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Brodimoprim is a structural derivative of trimethoprim and an inhibitor of bacterial dihydrofolate reductase. The 4-methoxy group of trimethoprim is replaced with a bromine atom. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetroxoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36423 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000284 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetroxoprim is a trimethoprim derivative that inhibits bacterial dihydrofolate reductase. UPDATED category_aro_name with diaminopyrimidine antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36310 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000171 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Diaminopyrimidines are a class of organic compounds containing a pyrimidine ring substituted by two amine groups. They are inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme critical for DNA synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target replacement UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Replacement or substitution of antibiotic action target, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim resistant dihydrofolate reductase dfr UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37617 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3001218 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Alternative dihydropteroate synthase dfr present on plasmids produces alternate proteins that are less sensitive to trimethoprim from inhibiting its role in folate synthesis, thus conferring trimethoprim resistance. " 1143 UPDATE OXA-7 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1140 UPDATE CMY-86 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 1141 UPDATE OXA-169 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1146 UPDATE TEM-156 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 1147 UPDATE CMY-63 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 1144 UPDATE vgbB antibiotic inactivation; pristinamycin IB; quinupristin; vernamycin B-gamma; pristinamycin IA; streptogramin antibiotic; streptogramin vgb lyase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IB UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37019 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000675 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IB is a class B streptogramin similar to pristinamycin IA, the former containing a N-methyl-4-(methylamino)phenylalanine instead of a N-methyl-4-(dimethylamino)phenylalanine in its class A streptogramin counterpart (one less methyl group). UPDATED category_aro_name with quinupristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36723 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000584 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Quinupristin is a type B streptogramin and a semisynthetic derivative of pristinamycin 1A. It is a component of the drug Synercid and interacts with the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with vernamycin B-gamma UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37022 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000678 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Vernamycin B-gamma is a class B streptogramin derived from virginiamycin S1. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36722 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000583 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin 1A is a type B streptogramin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis. It binds to the P site of the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, preventing the extension of protein chains. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptogramin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35945 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000026 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptogramin antibiotics are natural products produced by various members of the Streptomyces genus. These antibiotics bind to the P site of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The family consists of two subgroups, type A and type B, which are simultaneously produced by the same bacterial species in a ratio of roughly 70:30. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptogramin vgb lyase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36515 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000376 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with vgb (Virginiamycin B) lyase inactivates type B streptogramin antibiotics by linearizing the streptogramin lactone ring at the ester linkage through an elimination mechanism, thus conferring resistance to these compounds. " 1145 UPDATE CTX-M-124 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 1148 UPDATE OXA-363 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1149 UPDATE AER-1 AER beta-lactamase; penam; antibiotic inactivation; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with AER beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36228 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000089 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with AER beta-lactamases are capable of hydrolyzing arbenicillin. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. " 769 UPDATE KPC-11 antibiotic inactivation; penam; carbapenem; cephalosporin; monobactam; KPC beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with KPC beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36198 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000059 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenem resistant (KPC) beta-lactamases are notorious for their ability to efficiently hydrolyze carbapenems, unlike other Ambler Class A beta-lactamases. There are currently 9 variants reported worldwide. These enzymes were first isolated from Klebsiella pneumoniae strains in 2001 in the United States. Hospital outbreaks have since been reported in Greece and Israel and KPC carrying strains are now endemic to New York facilities. KPC-1 and KPC-2 have been shown to be identical and are now referred to as KPC-2. " 692 UPDATE TEM-159 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 693 UPDATE OXA-22 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1544 UPDATE dfrE iclaprim; trimethoprim; brodimoprim; tetroxoprim; diaminopyrimidine antibiotic; antibiotic target replacement; trimethoprim resistant dihydrofolate reductase dfr; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with iclaprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36476 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000337 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Iclaprim is a bactericidal compound that inhibits dihydrofolate reductase. It is used against clinically important Gram-positive pathogens, including methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36327 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000188 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Trimethoprim is a synthetic 5-(3,4,5- trimethoxybenzyl) pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, inhibiting synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid. Tetrahydrofolic acid is an essential precursor in the de novo synthesis of the DNA nucleotide thymidine. Trimethoprim is a bacteriostatic antibiotic mainly used in the prophylaxis and treatment of urinary tract infections in combination with sulfamethoxazole, a sulfonamide antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with brodimoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36408 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000269 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Brodimoprim is a structural derivative of trimethoprim and an inhibitor of bacterial dihydrofolate reductase. The 4-methoxy group of trimethoprim is replaced with a bromine atom. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetroxoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36423 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000284 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetroxoprim is a trimethoprim derivative that inhibits bacterial dihydrofolate reductase. UPDATED category_aro_name with diaminopyrimidine antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36310 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000171 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Diaminopyrimidines are a class of organic compounds containing a pyrimidine ring substituted by two amine groups. They are inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme critical for DNA synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target replacement UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Replacement or substitution of antibiotic action target, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim resistant dihydrofolate reductase dfr UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37617 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3001218 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Alternative dihydropteroate synthase dfr present on plasmids produces alternate proteins that are less sensitive to trimethoprim from inhibiting its role in folate synthesis, thus conferring trimethoprim resistance. " 691 UPDATE vanRE glycopeptide antibiotic; glycopeptide resistance gene cluster; antibiotic target alteration; vanR; vancomycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide resistance gene cluster UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36373 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000234 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Genes that when expressed confer resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin type antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with vanR UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36713 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000574 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with VanR is a OmpR-family transcriptional activator in the VanSR regulatory system. When activated by VanS, it promotes cotranscription of VanA, VanH, and VanX. UPDATED category_aro_name with vancomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35947 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000028 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Vancomycin is a glycopeptide antibiotic used in the prophylaxis and treatment of infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria. Vancomycin inhibits the synthesis of peptidoglycan, the major component of the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria. Its mechanism of action is unusual in that it acts by binding precursors of peptidoglycan, rather than by interacting with an enzyme. " 696 UPDATE cfrA dalfopristin; thiamphenicol; oxazolidinone antibiotic; pristinamycin IIA; pleuromutilin antibiotic; tiamulin; madumycin II; griseoviridin; linezolid; lincomycin; macrolide antibiotic; streptogramin antibiotic; antibiotic target alteration; lincosamide antibiotic; azidamfenicol; clindamycin; phenicol antibiotic; Cfr 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with dalfopristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37018 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000674 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dalfopristin is a water-soluble semi-synthetic derivative of pristinamycin IIA. It is produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis and is used in combination with quinupristin in a 7:3 ratio. Both work together to inhibit protein synthesis, and is active against Gram-positive bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincosamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35936 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincosamides (e.g. lincomycin, clindamycin) are a class of drugs which bind to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. This interaction inhibits early elongation of peptide chains by inhibiting the transpeptidase reaction, acting similarly to macrolides. UPDATED category_aro_name with thiamphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36595 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000456 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Derivative of Chloramphenicol. The nitro group (-NO2) is substituted by a sulfomethyl group (-SO2CH3). UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IIA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37013 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000669 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IIA is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with pleuromutilin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37014 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000670 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Pleuromutilins are natural fungal products that target bacterial protein translation by binding the the 23S rRNA, blocking the ribosome P site at the 50S subunit. They are mostly used for agriculture and veterinary purposes. UPDATED category_aro_name with tiamulin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37015 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000671 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tiamulin is a pleuromutilin derivative currently used in veterinary medicine. It binds to the 23 rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit to inhibit protein translation. UPDATED category_aro_name with madumycin II UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37016 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000672 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Madumycin II is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with griseoviridin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000673 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Griseoviridin is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with linezolid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35989 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000072 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Linezolid is a synthetic antibiotic used for the treatment of serious infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria that are resistant to several other antibiotics. It inhibits protein synthesis by binding to domain V of the 23S rRNA of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35964 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000046 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincomycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that comes from the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis. It binds to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes and inhibit early elongation of peptide chain by inhibiting transpeptidase reaction. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with oxazolidinone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36218 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000079 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Oxazolidinones are a class of synthetic antibiotics discovered the the 1980's. They inhibit protein synthesis by binding to domain V of the 23S rRNA of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. Linezolid is the only member of this class currently in clinical use. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptogramin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35945 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000026 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptogramin antibiotics are natural products produced by various members of the Streptomyces genus. These antibiotics bind to the P site of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The family consists of two subgroups, type A and type B, which are simultaneously produced by the same bacterial species in a ratio of roughly 70:30. UPDATED category_aro_name with azidamfenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36521 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000382 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Azidamfenicol is a water soluble derivative of chloramphenicol, sharing the same mode of action of inhibiting peptide synthesis by interacting with the 23S RNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit. UPDATED category_aro_name with clindamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35983 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000066 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Clindamycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that blocks A-site aminoacyl-tRNA binding. It is usually used to treat infections with anaerobic bacteria but can also be used to treat some protozoal diseases, such as malaria. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with Cfr 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36341 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000202 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Cfr genes produce enzymes which catalyze the methylation of the 23S rRNA subunit at position 8 of adenine-2503. Methylation of 23S rRNA at this site confers resistance to some classes of antibiotics, including streptogramins, chloramphenicols, florfenicols, linezolids and clindamycin. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. " 697 UPDATE Erm(42) antibiotic target alteration; streptogramin antibiotic; Erm 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase; macrolide antibiotic; lincosamide antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptogramin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35945 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000026 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptogramin antibiotics are natural products produced by various members of the Streptomyces genus. These antibiotics bind to the P site of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The family consists of two subgroups, type A and type B, which are simultaneously produced by the same bacterial species in a ratio of roughly 70:30. UPDATED category_aro_name with Erm 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36699 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000560 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Erm proteins are part of the RNA methyltransferase family and methylate A2058 (E. coli nomenclature) of the 23S ribosomal RNA conferring degrees of resistance to Macrolides, Lincosamides and Streptogramin b. This is called the MLSb phenotype. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincosamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35936 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincosamides (e.g. lincomycin, clindamycin) are a class of drugs which bind to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. This interaction inhibits early elongation of peptide chains by inhibiting the transpeptidase reaction, acting similarly to macrolides. " 694 UPDATE CTX-M-40 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 695 UPDATE CMY-66 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 698 UPDATE TEM-205 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 699 UPDATE QnrS9 sparfloxacin; norfloxacin; quinolone resistance protein (qnr); gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; antibiotic target protection; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; nalidixic acid; moxifloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with quinolone resistance protein (qnr) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36558 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000419 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Qnr proteins are pentapeptide repeat proteins that mimic DNA and protect the cell from the activity of fluoroquinolone antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target protection UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. " 1548 UPDATE APH(3')-Vb antibiotic inactivation; aminoglycoside antibiotic; paromomycin; APH(3'); ribostamycin; G418; neomycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with paromomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000657 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with An aminoglycoside antibiotic used for the treatment of parasitic infections. It is similar to neomycin sharing a similar spectrum of activity, but its hydroxyl group at the 6'-position instead of an amino group makes it resistant to AAC(6') modifying enzymes. UPDATED category_aro_name with APH(3') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36265 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000126 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Phosphorylation of 2-deoxystreptamine aminoglycosides on the hydroxyl group at position 3' UPDATED category_aro_name with ribostamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35940 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000021 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ribostamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Ribostamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with G418 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000653 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A gentamicin class aminoglycoside antibiotic often used in mammalian cell culture work as a selectable marker for the neo cassette (APH3'). UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 1549 UPDATE ErmB antibiotic target alteration; vernamycin B-gamma; oleandomycin; macrolide antibiotic; telithromycin; tylosin; lincosamide antibiotic; dirithromycin; clarithromycin; clindamycin; dalfopristin; pristinamycin IB; quinupristin; pristinamycin IA; Erm 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase; pristinamycin IIA; madumycin II; griseoviridin; lincomycin; streptogramin antibiotic; roxithromycin; spiramycin; azithromycin; erythromycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with vernamycin B-gamma UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37022 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000678 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Vernamycin B-gamma is a class B streptogramin derived from virginiamycin S1. UPDATED category_aro_name with oleandomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37247 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000867 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Oleandomycin is a 14-membered macrolide produced by Streptomyces antibioticus. It is ssimilar to erythromycin, and contains a desosamine amino sugar and an oleandrose sugar. It targets the 50S ribosomal subunit to prevent protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with telithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35974 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000057 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Telithromycin is a semi-synthetic derivative of erythromycin. It is a 14-membered macrolide and is the first ketolide antibiotic to be used in clinics. Telithromycin binds the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with tylosin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36284 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000145 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tylosin is a 16-membered macrolide, naturally produced by Streptomyces fradiae. It interacts with the bacterial ribosome 50S subunit to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincosamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35936 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincosamides (e.g. lincomycin, clindamycin) are a class of drugs which bind to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. This interaction inhibits early elongation of peptide chains by inhibiting the transpeptidase reaction, acting similarly to macrolides. UPDATED category_aro_name with dirithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36315 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000176 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dirithromycin is an oxazine derivative of erythromycin, sharing the 14-carbon macrolide ring. The antibiotic binds to the 50S subunit of the ribosome to inhibit bacterial protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with clarithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35982 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000065 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Clarithromycin is a methyl derivative of erythromycin, sharing the 14-carbon macrolide ring. The antibiotic binds to the 50S subunit of the ribosome and is used to treat pharyngitis, tonsillitis, acute maxillary sinusitis, acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, pneumonia (especially atypical pneumonias associated with Chlamydia pneumoniae or TWAR), and skin structure infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with clindamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35983 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000066 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Clindamycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that blocks A-site aminoacyl-tRNA binding. It is usually used to treat infections with anaerobic bacteria but can also be used to treat some protozoal diseases, such as malaria. UPDATED category_aro_name with dalfopristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37018 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000674 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dalfopristin is a water-soluble semi-synthetic derivative of pristinamycin IIA. It is produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis and is used in combination with quinupristin in a 7:3 ratio. Both work together to inhibit protein synthesis, and is active against Gram-positive bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IB UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37019 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000675 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IB is a class B streptogramin similar to pristinamycin IA, the former containing a N-methyl-4-(methylamino)phenylalanine instead of a N-methyl-4-(dimethylamino)phenylalanine in its class A streptogramin counterpart (one less methyl group). UPDATED category_aro_name with quinupristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36723 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000584 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Quinupristin is a type B streptogramin and a semisynthetic derivative of pristinamycin 1A. It is a component of the drug Synercid and interacts with the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36722 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000583 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin 1A is a type B streptogramin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis. It binds to the P site of the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, preventing the extension of protein chains. UPDATED category_aro_name with Erm 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36699 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000560 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Erm proteins are part of the RNA methyltransferase family and methylate A2058 (E. coli nomenclature) of the 23S ribosomal RNA conferring degrees of resistance to Macrolides, Lincosamides and Streptogramin b. This is called the MLSb phenotype. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IIA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37013 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000669 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IIA is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with madumycin II UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37016 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000672 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Madumycin II is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with griseoviridin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000673 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Griseoviridin is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35964 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000046 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincomycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that comes from the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis. It binds to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes and inhibit early elongation of peptide chain by inhibiting transpeptidase reaction. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptogramin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35945 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000026 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptogramin antibiotics are natural products produced by various members of the Streptomyces genus. These antibiotics bind to the P site of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The family consists of two subgroups, type A and type B, which are simultaneously produced by the same bacterial species in a ratio of roughly 70:30. UPDATED category_aro_name with roxithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35946 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000027 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Roxithromycin is a semi-synthetic, 14-carbon ring macrolide antibiotic derived from erythromycin. It is used to treat respiratory tract, urinary and soft tissue infections. Roxithromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. UPDATED category_aro_name with spiramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36295 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000156 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Spiramycin is a 16-membered macrolide and is natural product produced by Streptomyces ambofaciens. It binds to the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes and inhibits peptidyl transfer activity to disrupt protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with azithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36297 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000158 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Azithromycin is a 15-membered macrolide and falls under the subclass of azalide. Like other macrolides, azithromycin binds bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The nitrogen substitution at the C-9a position prevents its degradation. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. " 542 UPDATE adeH antibiotic efflux; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; tetracycline antibiotic; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; tetracycline; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. " 543 UPDATE TEM-106 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 540 UPDATE emrY tetracycline antibiotic; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump; tetracycline; antibiotic efflux; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and ABC transporters comprise the two largest and most functionally diverse of the transporter superfamilies. However, MFS transporters are distinct from ABC transporters in both their primary sequence and structure and in the mechanism of energy coupling. As secondary transporters they are, like RND and SMR transporters, energized by the electrochemical proton gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. " 541 UPDATE TEM-133 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 546 UPDATE TLA-1 antibiotic inactivation; monobactam; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; cephalosporin; TLA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TLA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 39785 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003201 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with The TLA beta-lactamases are resistant to expanded-spectrum cephalosporins, aztreonam, ciprofloxacin, and ofloxacin but was susceptible to amikacin, cefotetan, and imipenem. " 547 UPDATE arr-5 antibiotic inactivation; rifampin; rifapentine; rifabutin; rifampin ADP-ribosyltransferase (Arr); rifaximin; rifamycin antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifampin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36308 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000169 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifampin is a semi-synthetic rifamycin, and inhibits RNA synthesis by binding to RNA polymerase. Rifampin is the mainstay agent for the treatment of tuberculosis, leprosy and complicated Gram-positive infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifapentine UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36673 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000534 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifapentine is a semisynthetic rifamycin that inhibits DNA-dependent RNA synthesis. It is often used in the treatment of tuberculosis and leprosy. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifabutin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36669 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000530 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifabutin is a semisynthetic rifamycin used in tuberculosis therapy. It inhibits DNA-dependent RNA synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifampin ADP-ribosyltransferase (Arr) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36529 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000390 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzyme responsible for the ADP-ribosylative inactivation of rifampin at the 23-OH position using NAD+. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifaximin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36656 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000517 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifaximin is a semi-synthetic rifamycin used to treat traveller's diarrhea. Rifaximin inhibits RNA synthesis by binding to the beta subunit of bacterial RNA polymerase. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifamycin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36296 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000157 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifamycin antibiotics are a group of broad-spectrum ansamycin antibiotics that inhibit bacterial RNA polymerase by binding to a highly conserved region, blocking the oligonucleotide exit tunnel, and preventing the extension of nascent mRNAs. " 544 UPDATE AAC(6')-Is antibiotic inactivation; kanamycin A; aminoglycoside antibiotic; AAC(6'); isepamicin; sisomicin; arbekacin; gentamicin B; netilmicin; amikacin; dibekacin; neomycin; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with AAC(6') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36484 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000345 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Acetylation of the aminoglycoside antibiotic on the amino group at position 6'. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with netilmicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35956 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000038 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with dibekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35926 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 545 UPDATE GES-22 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; GES beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with GES beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36205 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000066 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with GES beta-lactamases or Guiana extended-spectrum beta-lactamases are related to the other plasmid-located class A beta-lactamases " 548 UPDATE QnrB3 sparfloxacin; norfloxacin; quinolone resistance protein (qnr); gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; antibiotic target protection; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; nalidixic acid; moxifloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with quinolone resistance protein (qnr) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36558 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000419 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Qnr proteins are pentapeptide repeat proteins that mimic DNA and protect the cell from the activity of fluoroquinolone antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target protection UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. " 549 UPDATE TEM-107 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 760 UPDATE TEM-6 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 761 UPDATE GES-13 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; GES beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with GES beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36205 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000066 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with GES beta-lactamases or Guiana extended-spectrum beta-lactamases are related to the other plasmid-located class A beta-lactamases " 766 UPDATE SHV-102 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 767 UPDATE OXA-207 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 764 UPDATE FOX-2 antibiotic inactivation; cephamycin; cephalosporin; FOX beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with FOX beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36206 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000067 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with FOX beta-lactamases are plasmid-encoded AmpC-type beta-lactamase which conferred resistance to broad-spectrum cephalosporins and cephamycins " 765 UPDATE QnrB7 sparfloxacin; norfloxacin; quinolone resistance protein (qnr); gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; antibiotic target protection; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; nalidixic acid; moxifloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with quinolone resistance protein (qnr) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36558 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000419 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Qnr proteins are pentapeptide repeat proteins that mimic DNA and protect the cell from the activity of fluoroquinolone antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target protection UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. " 414 UPDATE OXA-377 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 415 UPDATE TEM-33 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 416 UPDATE OXA-204 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 417 UPDATE QnrB6 sparfloxacin; norfloxacin; quinolone resistance protein (qnr); gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; antibiotic target protection; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; nalidixic acid; moxifloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with quinolone resistance protein (qnr) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36558 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000419 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Qnr proteins are pentapeptide repeat proteins that mimic DNA and protect the cell from the activity of fluoroquinolone antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target protection UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. " 410 UPDATE AAC(3)-IIIb kanamycin A; antibiotic inactivation; AAC(3); aminoglycoside antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with AAC(3) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36461 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000322 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Acetylation of the aminoglycoside antibiotic on the amino group at position 3. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 411 UPDATE QnrB11 sparfloxacin; norfloxacin; quinolone resistance protein (qnr); gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; antibiotic target protection; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; nalidixic acid; moxifloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with quinolone resistance protein (qnr) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36558 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000419 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Qnr proteins are pentapeptide repeat proteins that mimic DNA and protect the cell from the activity of fluoroquinolone antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target protection UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. " 412 UPDATE OXA-117 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 413 UPDATE OXA-144 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1384 UPDATE OXA-382 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1385 UPDATE mdsB penam; antibiotic efflux; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; penem; carbapenem; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; cephalosporin; cephamycin; monobactam; phenicol antibiotic; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. " 1386 UPDATE ANT(9)-Ia antibiotic inactivation; aminoglycoside antibiotic; spectinomycin; ANT(9); ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with spectinomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35957 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000039 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Spectinomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Spectinomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit inhibiting translation. UPDATED category_aro_name with ANT(9) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36367 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000228 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucleotidylylation of spectinomycin at the hydroxyl group at position 9 " 1387 UPDATE OXA-99 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1380 UPDATE TEM-193 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 419 UPDATE SLB-1 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; SHW beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHW beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40158 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003555 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with This family of sublcass B1 beta-lactamases were discovered in species of the Shewanella genus. " 1382 UPDATE rmtG antibiotic target alteration; aminoglycoside antibiotic; 16S rRNA methyltransferase (G1405); ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with 16S rRNA methyltransferase (G1405) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41435 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004271 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Methyltransferases that methylate the G1405 position of 16S rRNA, which is part of an aminoglycoside binding site. " 1383 UPDATE IMI-4 carbapenem; antibiotic inactivation; IMI beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with IMI beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36027 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000018 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with IMI beta-lactamases are a group of TEM-1-like beta-lactamase that are known to hydrolyze imipenem. IMI beta-lactamases are inhibited by clavulanic acid and tazobactam. " 368 UPDATE CARB-14 penam; antibiotic inactivation; CARB beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CARB beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36230 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000091 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CARB beta-lactamases are class A lactamases that can hydrolyze carbenicillin. Many of the PSE beta-lactamases have been renamed as CARB-lactamases with the notable exception of PSE-2 which is now OXA-10. " 369 UPDATE SHV-15 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 366 UPDATE Mycobacterium tuberculosis iniA mutant conferring resistance to Ethambutol antibiotic efflux; polyamine antibiotic; Ethambutol resistant iniA; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; ethambutol; antibiotic target alteration; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component DELETED 35950 UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with Ethambutol resistant iniA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40040 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003447 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutations that occurs on the iniA genes resulting in the resistance to ethambutol UPDATED category_aro_name with polyamine antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36666 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000527 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Polyamine antibiotics are organic compounds having two or more primary amino groups. UPDATED category_aro_name with ethambutol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36636 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000497 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ethambutol is an antimycobacterial drug prescribed to treat tuberculosis. It is usually given in combination with other tuberculosis drugs, such as isoniazid, rifampicin, and pyrazinamide. Ethambutol inhibits arabinosyl biosynthesis, disrupting mycobacterial cell wall formation. " 367 UPDATE CTX-M-25 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 364 UPDATE CMY-83 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 365 UPDATE TEM-122 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 362 UPDATE CTX-M-151 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 363 UPDATE TEM-155 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 360 UPDATE AAC(6')-Iy antibiotic inactivation; kanamycin A; aminoglycoside antibiotic; AAC(6'); isepamicin; sisomicin; arbekacin; gentamicin B; netilmicin; amikacin; dibekacin; neomycin; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with AAC(6') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36484 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000345 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Acetylation of the aminoglycoside antibiotic on the amino group at position 6'. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with netilmicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35956 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000038 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with dibekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35926 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 361 UPDATE OXA-278 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 380 UPDATE CTX-M-147 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 381 UPDATE QnrS1 sparfloxacin; norfloxacin; quinolone resistance protein (qnr); gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; antibiotic target protection; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; nalidixic acid; moxifloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with quinolone resistance protein (qnr) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36558 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000419 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Qnr proteins are pentapeptide repeat proteins that mimic DNA and protect the cell from the activity of fluoroquinolone antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target protection UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. " 382 UPDATE QnrB61 sparfloxacin; norfloxacin; quinolone resistance protein (qnr); gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; antibiotic target protection; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; nalidixic acid; moxifloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with quinolone resistance protein (qnr) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36558 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000419 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Qnr proteins are pentapeptide repeat proteins that mimic DNA and protect the cell from the activity of fluoroquinolone antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target protection UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. " 383 UPDATE Pseudomonas mutant PhoQ conferring resistance to colistin antibiotic efflux; ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump; protein(s) and two-component regulatory system modulating antibiotic efflux; pmr phosphoethanolamine transferase; macrolide antibiotic; peptide antibiotic; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; antibiotic target alteration; erythromycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Regulator DELETED 39418 UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36002 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are present in all cells of all organisms and use the energy of ATP binding/hydrolysis to transport substrates across cell membranes. UPDATED category_aro_name with pmr phosphoethanolamine transferase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41433 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004269 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with This family of phosphoethanolamine transferase catalyze the addition of 4-amino-4-deoxy-L-arabinose (L-Ara4N) and phosphoethanolamine to lipid A, which impedes the binding of colistin to the cell membrane. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. " 384 UPDATE APH(2'')-IVa antibiotic inactivation; kanamycin A; gentamicin B; aminoglycoside antibiotic; sisomicin; arbekacin; APH(2''); netilmicin; gentamicin C; amikacin; isepamicin; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with APH(2'') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36267 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000128 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Phosphorylation of 2-deoxystreptamine aminoglycosides on the hydroxyl group at position 2'' UPDATED category_aro_name with netilmicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35956 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000038 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin C UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35933 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin C is a mixture of gentamicin C1, gentamicin C1a, and gentamicin C2 (these differ in substituents at position C6'). Gentamicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 385 UPDATE OXA-46 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 386 UPDATE LEN-8 penam; LEN beta-lactamase; antibiotic inactivation; penem; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with LEN beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36236 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000097 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with LEN beta-lactamases are chromosomal class A beta-lactamases that confer resistance to ampicillin, amoxicillin, carbenicillin, and ticarcillin but not to extended-spectrum beta-lactams. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. " 387 UPDATE mdtA efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; antibiotic efflux; aminocoumarin antibiotic; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; novobiocin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminocoumarin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36242 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000103 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminocoumarin antibiotics bind DNA gyrase subunit B to inhibit ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with novobiocin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36250 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000111 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Novobiocin is an aminocoumarin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spheroides and Streptomyces niveus, and binds DNA gyrase subunit B inhibiting ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. " 388 UPDATE QnrB71 sparfloxacin; norfloxacin; quinolone resistance protein (qnr); gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; antibiotic target protection; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; nalidixic acid; moxifloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with quinolone resistance protein (qnr) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36558 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000419 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Qnr proteins are pentapeptide repeat proteins that mimic DNA and protect the cell from the activity of fluoroquinolone antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target protection UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. " 389 UPDATE tetW chlortetracycline; demeclocycline; oxytetracycline; tetracycline antibiotic; tetracycline; antibiotic target protection; minocycline; tetracycline-resistant ribosomal protection protein; doxycycline; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with chlortetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36667 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000528 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chlortetracycline was an early, first-generation tetracycline antibiotic developed in the 1940's. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes, preventing the aminoacyl-tRNA from binding to the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with demeclocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37011 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000667 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Demeclocycline is a tetracycline analog with 7-chloro and 6-methyl groups. Due to its fast absorption and slow excretion, it maintains higher effective blood levels compared to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with oxytetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37012 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000668 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Oxytetracycline is a derivative of tetracycline with a 5-hydroxyl group. Its activity is similar to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target protection UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with minocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36291 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000152 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Minocycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline-resistant ribosomal protection protein UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35921 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with A family of proteins known to bind to the 30S ribosomal subunit. This interaction prevents tetracycline and tetracycline derivatives from inhibiting ribosomal function. Thus, these proteins confer elevated resistance to tetracycline derivatives as a ribosomal protection protein. UPDATED category_aro_name with doxycycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35986 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Doxycycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. " 1253 UPDATE GES-23 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; GES beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with GES beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36205 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000066 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with GES beta-lactamases or Guiana extended-spectrum beta-lactamases are related to the other plasmid-located class A beta-lactamases " 1077 UPDATE OXA-420 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 2191 UPDATE AAC(6')-Iaj antibiotic inactivation; kanamycin A; aminoglycoside antibiotic; AAC(6'); isepamicin; sisomicin; arbekacin; gentamicin B; netilmicin; amikacin; dibekacin; neomycin; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with AAC(6') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36484 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000345 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Acetylation of the aminoglycoside antibiotic on the amino group at position 6'. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with netilmicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35956 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000038 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with dibekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35926 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 258 UPDATE OXA-208 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 2193 UPDATE TriB efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; triclosan; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; antibiotic efflux; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with triclosan UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37250 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000870 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Triclosan is a common antibacterial agent added to many consumer products as a biocide. It is an inhibitor of fatty acid biosynthesis by blocking enoyl-carrier protein reductase (FabI). UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. " 2194 UPDATE TriC efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; triclosan; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; antibiotic efflux; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with triclosan UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37250 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000870 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Triclosan is a common antibacterial agent added to many consumer products as a biocide. It is an inhibitor of fatty acid biosynthesis by blocking enoyl-carrier protein reductase (FabI). UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. " 2195 UPDATE OpmH efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; triclosan; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; antibiotic efflux; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with triclosan UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37250 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000870 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Triclosan is a common antibacterial agent added to many consumer products as a biocide. It is an inhibitor of fatty acid biosynthesis by blocking enoyl-carrier protein reductase (FabI). UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. " 2196 UPDATE Pseudomonas aeruginosa gyrA conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones nybomycin; ofloxacin; antibiotic target alteration; fluoroquinolone resistant gyrA; levofloxacin; sparfloxacin; ciprofloxacin; pefloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; sitafloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with nybomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40463 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003780 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with A heterocyclic antibiotic that targets mutant gyrA (type II topoisomerase) containing an S84L substitution, counteracting acquired quinolone resistance. It is effective against quinolone-resistant Gram-positive bacteria including S. aureus and E. faecalis. Due to its ability to counteract quinolone resistance by targeting the mutant form of the gyrA protein, it is classified as a reverse antibiotic (RA). UPDATED category_aro_name with ofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37007 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000663 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ofloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a methyl-substituted oxazine ring. It has a broad spectrum of activity including many enterobacteria and mycoplasma but most anaerobes are resistant. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone resistant gyrA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 39876 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003292 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with DNA gyrase is responsible for DNA supercoiling and consists of two alpha and two beta subunits. GyrA point mutations confer resistance by preventing fluoroquinolone antibiotics from binding the alpha-subunit. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with pefloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37142 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000762 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pefloxacin is structurally and functionally similar to norfloxacin. It is poorly active against mycobacteria, while anaerobes are resistant. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with sitafloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40338 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003690 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sitafloxacin is a fluoroquinolone active against multi-resistant Gram-positive and negative pathogens. Sitafloxacin shows inhibitory activity against DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, which blocks bacterial DNA replication, thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. " 2198 UPDATE Pseudomonas aeruginosa parE conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones antibiotic target alteration; fluoroquinolone resistant parE; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone resistant parE UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 39897 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003313 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with ParE is a subunit of topoisomerase IV, necessary for cell survival. Point mutations in ParE prevent fluoroquinolones from inhibiting DNA synthesis, thus conferring resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. " 253 UPDATE vanXYG glycopeptide antibiotic; glycopeptide resistance gene cluster; antibiotic target alteration; vanXY; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide resistance gene cluster UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36373 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000234 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Genes that when expressed confer resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin type antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with vanXY UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36635 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000496 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with VanXY is a protein with both D,D-carboxypeptidase and D,D-dipeptidase activity, found in Enterococcus gallinarum. It cleaves and removes the terminal D-Ala of peptidoglycan subunits for the incorporation of D-Ser by VanC. D-Ala-D-Ser has low binding affinity with vancomycin. " 250 UPDATE Rhodococcus fascians cmr antibiotic efflux; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump; phenicol antibiotic; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and ABC transporters comprise the two largest and most functionally diverse of the transporter superfamilies. However, MFS transporters are distinct from ABC transporters in both their primary sequence and structure and in the mechanism of energy coupling. As secondary transporters they are, like RND and SMR transporters, energized by the electrochemical proton gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. " 251 UPDATE APH(3')-VIIa antibiotic inactivation; kanamycin A; APH(3'); aminoglycoside antibiotic; G418; neomycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with APH(3') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36265 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000126 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Phosphorylation of 2-deoxystreptamine aminoglycosides on the hydroxyl group at position 3' UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with G418 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000653 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A gentamicin class aminoglycoside antibiotic often used in mammalian cell culture work as a selectable marker for the neo cassette (APH3'). UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 256 UPDATE CMY-21 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 257 UPDATE ACT-37 antibiotic inactivation; carbapenem; penam; ACT beta-lactamase; cephalosporin; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with ACT beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36211 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000072 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with ACT beta-lactamases, also known as AmpC beta-lactamases, are cephalosporinases that cannot be inhibited by clavulanate. These enzymes are encoded by genes located on the chromosome and can be induced by the presence of beta-lactam antibiotics. However recently, these genes have been found on plasmids and expressed at high constitutive levels in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 254 UPDATE OXA-150 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 255 UPDATE BRP(MBL) glycopeptide antibiotic; antibiotic inactivation; Bleomycin resistant protein; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with Bleomycin resistant protein UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41420 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004256 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin resistant proteins (BRP) confer resistance to bleomycin and to bleomycin-like molecules. " 2200 UPDATE APH(3')-VI antibiotic inactivation; aminoglycoside antibiotic; isepamicin; paromomycin; kanamycin A; APH(3'); gentamicin B; amikacin; ribostamycin; G418; neomycin; butirosin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with paromomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000657 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with An aminoglycoside antibiotic used for the treatment of parasitic infections. It is similar to neomycin sharing a similar spectrum of activity, but its hydroxyl group at the 6'-position instead of an amino group makes it resistant to AAC(6') modifying enzymes. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with APH(3') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36265 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000126 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Phosphorylation of 2-deoxystreptamine aminoglycosides on the hydroxyl group at position 3' UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with ribostamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35940 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000021 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ribostamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Ribostamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with G418 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000653 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A gentamicin class aminoglycoside antibiotic often used in mammalian cell culture work as a selectable marker for the neo cassette (APH3'). UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with butirosin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35943 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000024 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Butirosin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Butirosin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 2201 UPDATE PvrR phenotypic variant regulator; resistance by absence; aminoglycoside antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with phenotypic variant regulator UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41450 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004286 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenotypic variant regulator proteins play a role in controlling the switch between antibiotic-susceptible and antibiotic-resistant forms of bacteria. The characterized member of this family is the PvrR protein in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which when absent, confers antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance by absence UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40429 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003764 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mechanism of antibiotic resistance conferred by deletion of gene (usually a porin) UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 2202 UPDATE AAC(3)-Ib/AAC(6')-Ib'' antibiotic inactivation; kanamycin A; AAC(3); AAC(6'); isepamicin; aminoglycoside antibiotic; sisomicin; arbekacin; gentamicin B; netilmicin; gentamicin C; amikacin; dibekacin; neomycin; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with AAC(3) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36461 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000322 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Acetylation of the aminoglycoside antibiotic on the amino group at position 3. UPDATED category_aro_name with AAC(6') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36484 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000345 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Acetylation of the aminoglycoside antibiotic on the amino group at position 6'. UPDATED category_aro_name with dibekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35926 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with netilmicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35956 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000038 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin C UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35933 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin C is a mixture of gentamicin C1, gentamicin C1a, and gentamicin C2 (these differ in substituents at position C6'). Gentamicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 2203 UPDATE MCR-1 peptide antibiotic; MCR phosphoethanolamine transferase; antibiotic target alteration; colistin B; colistin A; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with MCR phosphoethanolamine transferase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41432 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004268 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with A group of mobile colistin resistance genes encode the MCR family of phosphoethanolamine transferases, which catalyze the addition of phosphoethanolamine onto lipid A, thus interfering with the binding of colistin to the cell membrane. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with colistin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000624 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Colistin B, or polymyxin E2, has a 6-heptanoic acid lipid tail. Polymyxins disrupt the cell membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with colistin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000622 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Colistin A, or polymyxin E1, has a 6-octanoic acid lipid tail. Polymyxins disrupt the cell membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. " 2204 UPDATE AAC(6')-IId antibiotic inactivation; kanamycin A; aminoglycoside antibiotic; AAC(6'); isepamicin; sisomicin; arbekacin; gentamicin B; netilmicin; amikacin; dibekacin; neomycin; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with AAC(6') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36484 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000345 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Acetylation of the aminoglycoside antibiotic on the amino group at position 6'. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with netilmicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35956 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000038 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with dibekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35926 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 2205 UPDATE MexJ antibiotic efflux; triclosan; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; macrolide antibiotic; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; tetracycline antibiotic; tetracycline; erythromycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with triclosan UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37250 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000870 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Triclosan is a common antibacterial agent added to many consumer products as a biocide. It is an inhibitor of fatty acid biosynthesis by blocking enoyl-carrier protein reductase (FabI). UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. " 2206 UPDATE MexK antibiotic efflux; triclosan; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; macrolide antibiotic; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; tetracycline antibiotic; tetracycline; erythromycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with triclosan UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37250 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000870 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Triclosan is a common antibacterial agent added to many consumer products as a biocide. It is an inhibitor of fatty acid biosynthesis by blocking enoyl-carrier protein reductase (FabI). UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. " 2207 UPDATE MexV antibiotic efflux; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; macrolide antibiotic; acridine dye; acriflavin; tetracycline antibiotic; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; erythromycin; phenicol antibiotic; tetracycline; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with acridine dye UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36193 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000054 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Acridine dyes are cell permeable, basic molecules with an acridine chromophore. These compounds intercalate DNA. The image shown represents the core structure of the acridine family, with specific dyes containing varying substituents. UPDATED category_aro_name with acriflavin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35963 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000045 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Acriflavin is a topical antiseptic. It has the form of an orange or brown powder. It may be harmful in the eyes or if inhaled. Acriflavine is also used as treatment for external fungal infections of aquarium fish. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. " 2208 UPDATE MexW antibiotic efflux; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; macrolide antibiotic; acridine dye; acriflavin; tetracycline antibiotic; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; erythromycin; phenicol antibiotic; tetracycline; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with acridine dye UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36193 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000054 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Acridine dyes are cell permeable, basic molecules with an acridine chromophore. These compounds intercalate DNA. The image shown represents the core structure of the acridine family, with specific dyes containing varying substituents. UPDATED category_aro_name with acriflavin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35963 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000045 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Acriflavin is a topical antiseptic. It has the form of an orange or brown powder. It may be harmful in the eyes or if inhaled. Acriflavine is also used as treatment for external fungal infections of aquarium fish. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. " 2428 UPDATE farA antibiotic efflux; major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump; linoleic acid; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; antibacterial free fatty acids; palmitic acid; oleic acid; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component DELETED 36590 UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and ABC transporters comprise the two largest and most functionally diverse of the transporter superfamilies. However, MFS transporters are distinct from ABC transporters in both their primary sequence and structure and in the mechanism of energy coupling. As secondary transporters they are, like RND and SMR transporters, energized by the electrochemical proton gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with linoleic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40730 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003959 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Linoleic acid is a polyunsaturated omega-6 fatty acid. Linoleic acid has been found to have antibacterial activity, particularly in inhibiting the growth of Gram-positive bacterial species. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibacterial free fatty acids UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40727 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003956 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Amongst the diverse and potent biological activities of free fatty acids (FFAs) is the ability to kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria. The antibacterial properties of FFAs are used by many organisms to defend against parasitic or pathogenic bacteria. The prime target of FFA action is the cell membrane, where FFAs disrupt the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation. Besides interfering with cellular energy production, FFA action may also result from the inhibition of enzyme activity, impairment of nutrient uptake, generation of peroxidation and auto-oxidation degradation products or direct lysis of bacterial cells. UPDATED category_aro_name with palmitic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40728 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003957 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Palmitic acid is the most common saturated fatty acid found in animals, plants, and microorganisms. Palmitic acid is found to have antibacterial properties. UPDATED category_aro_name with oleic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40729 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003958 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Oleic acid is a fatty acid that occurs naturally in various animal and vegetable fats and oils. Oleic acid is found to have antibacterial activity, particularly in inhibiting the growth of several Gram-positive bacterial species. " 2429 UPDATE farB antibiotic efflux; major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump; linoleic acid; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; antibacterial free fatty acids; palmitic acid; oleic acid; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component DELETED 36590 UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and ABC transporters comprise the two largest and most functionally diverse of the transporter superfamilies. However, MFS transporters are distinct from ABC transporters in both their primary sequence and structure and in the mechanism of energy coupling. As secondary transporters they are, like RND and SMR transporters, energized by the electrochemical proton gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with linoleic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40730 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003959 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Linoleic acid is a polyunsaturated omega-6 fatty acid. Linoleic acid has been found to have antibacterial activity, particularly in inhibiting the growth of Gram-positive bacterial species. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibacterial free fatty acids UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40727 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003956 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Amongst the diverse and potent biological activities of free fatty acids (FFAs) is the ability to kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria. The antibacterial properties of FFAs are used by many organisms to defend against parasitic or pathogenic bacteria. The prime target of FFA action is the cell membrane, where FFAs disrupt the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation. Besides interfering with cellular energy production, FFA action may also result from the inhibition of enzyme activity, impairment of nutrient uptake, generation of peroxidation and auto-oxidation degradation products or direct lysis of bacterial cells. UPDATED category_aro_name with palmitic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40728 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003957 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Palmitic acid is the most common saturated fatty acid found in animals, plants, and microorganisms. Palmitic acid is found to have antibacterial properties. UPDATED category_aro_name with oleic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40729 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003958 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Oleic acid is a fatty acid that occurs naturally in various animal and vegetable fats and oils. Oleic acid is found to have antibacterial activity, particularly in inhibiting the growth of several Gram-positive bacterial species. " 2421 UPDATE efrA antibiotic efflux; ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump; rifampin; macrolide antibiotic; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; rifamycin antibiotic; erythromycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36002 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are present in all cells of all organisms and use the energy of ATP binding/hydrolysis to transport substrates across cell membranes. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifampin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36308 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000169 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifampin is a semi-synthetic rifamycin, and inhibits RNA synthesis by binding to RNA polymerase. Rifampin is the mainstay agent for the treatment of tuberculosis, leprosy and complicated Gram-positive infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifamycin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36296 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000157 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifamycin antibiotics are a group of broad-spectrum ansamycin antibiotics that inhibit bacterial RNA polymerase by binding to a highly conserved region, blocking the oligonucleotide exit tunnel, and preventing the extension of nascent mRNAs. " 2422 UPDATE efrB antibiotic efflux; ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump; rifampin; macrolide antibiotic; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; rifamycin antibiotic; erythromycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36002 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are present in all cells of all organisms and use the energy of ATP binding/hydrolysis to transport substrates across cell membranes. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifampin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36308 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000169 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifampin is a semi-synthetic rifamycin, and inhibits RNA synthesis by binding to RNA polymerase. Rifampin is the mainstay agent for the treatment of tuberculosis, leprosy and complicated Gram-positive infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifamycin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36296 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000157 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifamycin antibiotics are a group of broad-spectrum ansamycin antibiotics that inhibit bacterial RNA polymerase by binding to a highly conserved region, blocking the oligonucleotide exit tunnel, and preventing the extension of nascent mRNAs. " 2423 UPDATE msbA nitroimidazole antibiotic; metronidazole; ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump; antibiotic efflux; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with nitroimidazole antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41239 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004115 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Nitroimidazoles are a group of drugs that have both antiprotozoal and antibacterial activity, classified with respect to the location of the nitro functional group. UPDATED category_aro_name with metronidazole UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37033 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000689 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Metronidazole is a nitroimidazole that is active against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa. It is not effective against aerobic bacteria. Nitroimidazoles act by oxidizing DNA causing strand breaks and cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36002 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are present in all cells of all organisms and use the energy of ATP binding/hydrolysis to transport substrates across cell membranes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. " 2424 UPDATE YojI peptide antibiotic; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump; microcin J25; antibiotic efflux; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36002 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are present in all cells of all organisms and use the energy of ATP binding/hydrolysis to transport substrates across cell membranes. UPDATED category_aro_name with microcin J25 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40721 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003951 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with microcin J25 is a peptide antibiotic that inhibits transcription by bacterial RNA polymerase. MccJ25 is produced by Escherichia coli strains that harbor a plasmid-borne antibiotic-synthesis and antibiotic-export cassette, consisting of a gene for MccJ25 precursor (a 58 residue linear peptide), two genes for factors that process MccJ25 precursor into MccJ25, and one gene for export of MccJ25. " 1849 UPDATE Mycobacterium tuberculosis tlyA mutations conferring resistance to aminoglycosides antibiotic target alteration; streptomycin; aminoglycoside antibiotic; Antibiotic resistant tlyA; ARO_category; model_param "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35958 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000040 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Streptomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with Antibiotic resistant tlyA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40036 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003443 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with tlyA encodes for hemolysin. It Catalyzes the 2'-O-methylation at nucleotides C1409 in 16S rRNA and C1920 in 23S rRNA. Mutation that arise within this gene reduces the binding affinity of aminoglycosides to rRNA UPDATED 3836 with F185L UPDATED 3831 with A67E UPDATED 3832 with K69E UPDATED 3833 with V128E UPDATED 3401 with L118P UPDATED 3840 with E238K UPDATED 2259 with P183L UPDATED 3836 with F185L UPDATED 3831 with A67E UPDATED 3832 with K69E UPDATED 3833 with V128E UPDATED 3401 with L118P UPDATED 3840 with E238K UPDATED 2259 with P183L " 2426 UPDATE efmA antibiotic efflux; major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump; macrolide antibiotic; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; erythromycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and ABC transporters comprise the two largest and most functionally diverse of the transporter superfamilies. However, MFS transporters are distinct from ABC transporters in both their primary sequence and structure and in the mechanism of energy coupling. As secondary transporters they are, like RND and SMR transporters, energized by the electrochemical proton gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. " 2427 UPDATE efpA antibiotic efflux; rifampin; isoniazid; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump; rifamycin antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with isoniazid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36659 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000520 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Isoniazid is an organic compound that is the first-line anti tuberculosis medication in prevention and treatment. As a prodrug, it is activated by mycobacterial catalase-peroxidases such as M. tuberculosis KatG. Isoniazid inhibits mycolic acid synthesis, which prevents cell wall synthesis in mycobacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifampin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36308 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000169 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifampin is a semi-synthetic rifamycin, and inhibits RNA synthesis by binding to RNA polymerase. Rifampin is the mainstay agent for the treatment of tuberculosis, leprosy and complicated Gram-positive infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and ABC transporters comprise the two largest and most functionally diverse of the transporter superfamilies. However, MFS transporters are distinct from ABC transporters in both their primary sequence and structure and in the mechanism of energy coupling. As secondary transporters they are, like RND and SMR transporters, energized by the electrochemical proton gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifamycin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36296 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000157 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifamycin antibiotics are a group of broad-spectrum ansamycin antibiotics that inhibit bacterial RNA polymerase by binding to a highly conserved region, blocking the oligonucleotide exit tunnel, and preventing the extension of nascent mRNAs. " 2432 UPDATE Klebsiella pneumoniae OmpK35 penam; reduced permeability to antibiotic; penem; carbapenem; cephalosporin; cephamycin; General Bacterial Porin with reduced permeability to beta-lactams; monobactam; resistance by absence; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with reduced permeability to antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36383 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000244 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Reduction in permeability to antibiotic, generally through reduced production of porins, can provide resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with General Bacterial Porin with reduced permeability to beta-lactams UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41445 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004281 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These are GBPs that are associated with decreased susceptibility to beta-lactams either through mutations in the porin protein, absence of the porin protein, or expression of the porin protein. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance by absence UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40429 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003764 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mechanism of antibiotic resistance conferred by deletion of gene (usually a porin) " 1848 UPDATE CTX-M-75 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 168 UPDATE VIM-17 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; carbapenem; cephalosporin; cephamycin; VIM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with VIM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36030 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000021 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with The Verone integron-encoded metallo-beta-lactamase (VIM) family was reported from Italy in 1999. There are, to date, 23 reported variants. VIM enzymes mostly occur in P. aeruginosa, also P. putida and, very rarely, Enterobacteriaceae. Integron-associated, sometimes within plasmids. Hydrolyses all beta-lactams except monobactams, and evades all beta-lactam inhibitors. There is a strong incidence of these in East Asia. " 169 UPDATE IMP-33 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; carbapenem; cephalosporin; IMP beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with IMP beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36029 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Plasmid mediated IMP-type carbapenemases, of which at least 26 varieties are currently known, became established in Japan in the 1990s in enteric gram-negative organisms, Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter species. Integron-associated, sometimes within plasmids. Hydrolyses all beta-lactams except monobactams, and evades all beta-lactam inhibitors. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 164 UPDATE vanN glycopeptide antibiotic; glycopeptide resistance gene cluster; van ligase; antibiotic target alteration; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide resistance gene cluster UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36373 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000234 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Genes that when expressed confer resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin type antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with van ligase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 39340 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3002906 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with van ligases synthesize alternative substrates for peptidoglycan synthesis that reduce vancomycin binding affinity. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. " 165 UPDATE VIM-29 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; carbapenem; cephalosporin; cephamycin; VIM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with VIM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36030 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000021 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with The Verone integron-encoded metallo-beta-lactamase (VIM) family was reported from Italy in 1999. There are, to date, 23 reported variants. VIM enzymes mostly occur in P. aeruginosa, also P. putida and, very rarely, Enterobacteriaceae. Integron-associated, sometimes within plasmids. Hydrolyses all beta-lactams except monobactams, and evades all beta-lactam inhibitors. There is a strong incidence of these in East Asia. " 166 UPDATE TEM-77 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 167 UPDATE CMY-39 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 160 UPDATE OXA-236 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 161 UPDATE SHV-56 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 162 UPDATE KPC-8 antibiotic inactivation; penam; carbapenem; cephalosporin; monobactam; KPC beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with KPC beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36198 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000059 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenem resistant (KPC) beta-lactamases are notorious for their ability to efficiently hydrolyze carbapenems, unlike other Ambler Class A beta-lactamases. There are currently 9 variants reported worldwide. These enzymes were first isolated from Klebsiella pneumoniae strains in 2001 in the United States. Hospital outbreaks have since been reported in Greece and Israel and KPC carrying strains are now endemic to New York facilities. KPC-1 and KPC-2 have been shown to be identical and are now referred to as KPC-2. " 163 UPDATE OXA-376 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 2518 UPDATE tetB(48) tetracycline antibiotic; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump; tetracycline; antibiotic efflux; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and ABC transporters comprise the two largest and most functionally diverse of the transporter superfamilies. However, MFS transporters are distinct from ABC transporters in both their primary sequence and structure and in the mechanism of energy coupling. As secondary transporters they are, like RND and SMR transporters, energized by the electrochemical proton gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. " 2519 UPDATE LlmA 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase antibiotic target alteration; clindamycin; Llm 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase; lincosamide antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with clindamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35983 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000066 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Clindamycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that blocks A-site aminoacyl-tRNA binding. It is usually used to treat infections with anaerobic bacteria but can also be used to treat some protozoal diseases, such as malaria. UPDATED category_aro_name with Llm 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41437 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004273 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with A family of lincosamide resistant 23S rRNA methyltransferases. The only member of the family discovered so far was isolated from Paenibacillus sp. LC231, a strain found in Lechuguilla Cave, NM, USA. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincosamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35936 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincosamides (e.g. lincomycin, clindamycin) are a class of drugs which bind to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. This interaction inhibits early elongation of peptide chains by inhibiting the transpeptidase reaction, acting similarly to macrolides. " 2517 UPDATE tetA(48) tetracycline antibiotic; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump; tetracycline; antibiotic efflux; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and ABC transporters comprise the two largest and most functionally diverse of the transporter superfamilies. However, MFS transporters are distinct from ABC transporters in both their primary sequence and structure and in the mechanism of energy coupling. As secondary transporters they are, like RND and SMR transporters, energized by the electrochemical proton gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. " 908 UPDATE CTX-M-139 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 2734 UPDATE PmpM efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) transporter; antibiotic efflux; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) transporter UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36251 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000112 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) transporters utilize the cationic gradient across the membrane as an energy source. Although there is a diverse substrate specificity, almost all MATE transporters recognize fluoroquinolones. Arciflavine, ethidium and aminoglycosides are also good substrates. " 909 UPDATE OXA-5 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 2731 UPDATE MexJK-OpmH efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; triclosan; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; antibiotic efflux; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with triclosan UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37250 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000870 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Triclosan is a common antibacterial agent added to many consumer products as a biocide. It is an inhibitor of fatty acid biosynthesis by blocking enoyl-carrier protein reductase (FabI). UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. " 2732 UPDATE MexVW-OprM antibiotic efflux; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; macrolide antibiotic; acridine dye; acriflavin; tetracycline antibiotic; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; erythromycin; phenicol antibiotic; tetracycline; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with acridine dye UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36193 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000054 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Acridine dyes are cell permeable, basic molecules with an acridine chromophore. These compounds intercalate DNA. The image shown represents the core structure of the acridine family, with specific dyes containing varying substituents. UPDATED category_aro_name with acriflavin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35963 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000045 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Acriflavin is a topical antiseptic. It has the form of an orange or brown powder. It may be harmful in the eyes or if inhaled. Acriflavine is also used as treatment for external fungal infections of aquarium fish. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. " 2733 UPDATE TriABC-OpmH efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; triclosan; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; antibiotic efflux; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with triclosan UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37250 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000870 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Triclosan is a common antibacterial agent added to many consumer products as a biocide. It is an inhibitor of fatty acid biosynthesis by blocking enoyl-carrier protein reductase (FabI). UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. " 1090 UPDATE TEM-169 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 1091 UPDATE IMP-6 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; carbapenem; cephalosporin; IMP beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with IMP beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36029 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Plasmid mediated IMP-type carbapenemases, of which at least 26 varieties are currently known, became established in Japan in the 1990s in enteric gram-negative organisms, Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter species. Integron-associated, sometimes within plasmids. Hydrolyses all beta-lactams except monobactams, and evades all beta-lactam inhibitors. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 1814 UPDATE AAC(6')-Ie-APH(2'')-Ia antibiotic inactivation; kanamycin A; aminoglycoside antibiotic; gentamicin B; AAC(6'); isepamicin; sisomicin; arbekacin; APH(2''); netilmicin; gentamicin C; amikacin; dibekacin; neomycin; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with AAC(6') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36484 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000345 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Acetylation of the aminoglycoside antibiotic on the amino group at position 6'. UPDATED category_aro_name with dibekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35926 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with APH(2'') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36267 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000128 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Phosphorylation of 2-deoxystreptamine aminoglycosides on the hydroxyl group at position 2'' UPDATED category_aro_name with netilmicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35956 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000038 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin C UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35933 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin C is a mixture of gentamicin C1, gentamicin C1a, and gentamicin C2 (these differ in substituents at position C6'). Gentamicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 1815 UPDATE CTX-M-134 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 1816 UPDATE TEM-8 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 1817 UPDATE vgaB dalfopristin; pleuromutilin; ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump; antibiotic efflux; pristinamycin IIA; pleuromutilin antibiotic; madumycin II; griseoviridin; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; streptogramin antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with dalfopristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37018 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000674 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dalfopristin is a water-soluble semi-synthetic derivative of pristinamycin IIA. It is produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis and is used in combination with quinupristin in a 7:3 ratio. Both work together to inhibit protein synthesis, and is active against Gram-positive bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with pleuromutilin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37716 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3001317 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pleuromutilin is a natural product antibiotic produced by Clitopilus passeckerianus. Related antibiotics of clinical significance, such as tiamulin and retapamulin, are semi-synthetic derivatives of this compound. UPDATED category_aro_name with ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36002 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are present in all cells of all organisms and use the energy of ATP binding/hydrolysis to transport substrates across cell membranes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IIA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37013 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000669 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IIA is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with pleuromutilin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37014 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000670 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Pleuromutilins are natural fungal products that target bacterial protein translation by binding the the 23S rRNA, blocking the ribosome P site at the 50S subunit. They are mostly used for agriculture and veterinary purposes. UPDATED category_aro_name with madumycin II UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37016 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000672 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Madumycin II is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with griseoviridin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000673 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Griseoviridin is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptogramin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35945 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000026 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptogramin antibiotics are natural products produced by various members of the Streptomyces genus. These antibiotics bind to the P site of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The family consists of two subgroups, type A and type B, which are simultaneously produced by the same bacterial species in a ratio of roughly 70:30. " 1810 UPDATE VIM-15 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; carbapenem; cephalosporin; cephamycin; VIM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with VIM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36030 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000021 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with The Verone integron-encoded metallo-beta-lactamase (VIM) family was reported from Italy in 1999. There are, to date, 23 reported variants. VIM enzymes mostly occur in P. aeruginosa, also P. putida and, very rarely, Enterobacteriaceae. Integron-associated, sometimes within plasmids. Hydrolyses all beta-lactams except monobactams, and evades all beta-lactam inhibitors. There is a strong incidence of these in East Asia. " 1811 UPDATE CARB-2 penam; antibiotic inactivation; CARB beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CARB beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36230 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000091 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CARB beta-lactamases are class A lactamases that can hydrolyze carbenicillin. Many of the PSE beta-lactamases have been renamed as CARB-lactamases with the notable exception of PSE-2 which is now OXA-10. " 1812 UPDATE KHM-1 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; carbapenem; cephalosporin; cephamycin; KHM beta-latamase; ARO_description; ARO_category "UPDATED ARO_description with KHM-1 is a plasmid-mediated metallo-beta-lactamase found in Citrobacter freundii that confers resistance to all broad-spectrum beta-lactams, execpt for monobactams. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with KHM beta-latamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41371 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004207 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with KHM beta-lactmases are Class B beta-lactamases that can confer resistance to all classes of beta-lactams, except the monobactams. " 1813 UPDATE MOX-4 penam; antibiotic inactivation; MOX beta-lactamase; cephamycin; cephalosporin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with MOX beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36222 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000083 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with MOX beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated AmpC-type beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 1818 UPDATE GES-26 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; GES beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with GES beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36205 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000066 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with GES beta-lactamases or Guiana extended-spectrum beta-lactamases are related to the other plasmid-located class A beta-lactamases " 1819 UPDATE TEM-3 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 1098 UPDATE vanB glycopeptide antibiotic; glycopeptide resistance gene cluster; van ligase; antibiotic target alteration; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide resistance gene cluster UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36373 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000234 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Genes that when expressed confer resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin type antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with van ligase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 39340 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3002906 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with van ligases synthesize alternative substrates for peptidoglycan synthesis that reduce vancomycin binding affinity. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. " 1099 UPDATE OXA-48 penam; temocillin; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with temocillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40522 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003831 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Temocillin is a beta-lactamase resistant carboxypenicillin. It is primarily used for the treatment of multiple drug resistant, Gram-negative bacteria, specifically Enterobacteriaceae. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1609 UPDATE QnrC sparfloxacin; norfloxacin; quinolone resistance protein (qnr); gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; antibiotic target protection; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; nalidixic acid; moxifloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with quinolone resistance protein (qnr) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36558 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000419 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Qnr proteins are pentapeptide repeat proteins that mimic DNA and protect the cell from the activity of fluoroquinolone antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target protection UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. " 1608 UPDATE MexT antibiotic efflux; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; protein(s) and two-component regulatory system modulating antibiotic efflux; trimethoprim; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; diaminopyrimidine antibiotic; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; phenicol antibiotic; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Regulator UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36327 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000188 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Trimethoprim is a synthetic 5-(3,4,5- trimethoxybenzyl) pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, inhibiting synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid. Tetrahydrofolic acid is an essential precursor in the de novo synthesis of the DNA nucleotide thymidine. Trimethoprim is a bacteriostatic antibiotic mainly used in the prophylaxis and treatment of urinary tract infections in combination with sulfamethoxazole, a sulfonamide antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with diaminopyrimidine antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36310 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000171 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Diaminopyrimidines are a class of organic compounds containing a pyrimidine ring substituted by two amine groups. They are inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme critical for DNA synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. " 1979 UPDATE FosA4 fosfomycin; fosfomycin thiol transferase; antibiotic inactivation; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with fosfomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35944 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000025 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Fosfomycin (also known as phosphomycin and phosphonomycin) is a broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by certain Streptomyces species. It is effective on gram positive and negative bacteria as it targets the cell wall, an essential feature shared by both bacteria. Its specific target is MurA (MurZ in E.coli), which attaches phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, a step of commitment to cell wall synthesis. In the active site of MurA, the active cysteine molecule is alkylated which stops the catalytic reaction. UPDATED category_aro_name with fosfomycin thiol transferase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36272 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000133 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Catalyzes the addition of a thiol group from a nucleophilic molecule to fosfomycin. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. " 1978 UPDATE OXA-200 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1601 UPDATE LRA-1 class A LRA beta-lactamase; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with class A LRA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41392 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004228 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Beta-lactamases that are part of the LRA gene family and are classified as Class A beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. " 1976 UPDATE mefA efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump; macrolide antibiotic; antibiotic efflux; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and ABC transporters comprise the two largest and most functionally diverse of the transporter superfamilies. However, MFS transporters are distinct from ABC transporters in both their primary sequence and structure and in the mechanism of energy coupling. As secondary transporters they are, like RND and SMR transporters, energized by the electrochemical proton gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. " 1603 UPDATE SHV-86 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 1602 UPDATE AAC(6')-Iai antibiotic inactivation; kanamycin A; aminoglycoside antibiotic; AAC(6'); isepamicin; sisomicin; arbekacin; gentamicin B; netilmicin; amikacin; dibekacin; neomycin; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with AAC(6') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36484 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000345 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Acetylation of the aminoglycoside antibiotic on the amino group at position 6'. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with netilmicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35956 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000038 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with dibekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35926 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 1605 UPDATE cphA5 carbapenem; CphA beta-lactamase; antibiotic inactivation; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CphA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36720 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000581 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CphA is an Ambler Class B MBL; subclass B2 originally isolated from Aeromonas hydrophilia. This enzyme has specific activity against carbapenems and is active as a mono-zinc protein. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. " 1604 UPDATE CTX-M-84 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 1607 UPDATE Streptococcus pneumoniae PBP1a conferring resistance to amoxicillin ceftaroline; ampicillin; flucloxacillin; ceftibuten; cefditoren; piperacillin; cefpodoxime; cefixime; cefdinir; meropenem; carbapenem; imipenem; aztreonam; cefradine; isopenicillin N; cefazolin; penicillin N; ceftazidime; cefepime; penicillin; antibiotic target alteration; oxacillin; cefmetazole; moxalactam; cloxacillin; cefadroxil; ceftriaxone; methicillin; loracarbef; ceftizoxime; cephalosporin; cefotaxime; cefaclor; Penicillin-binding protein mutations conferring resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics; cefonicid; monobactam; cefuroxime; amoxicillin; mezlocillin; azlocillin; cefalexin; doripenem; cefotiam; ertapenem; penam; cefprozil; cephapirin; ceftobiprole; benzylpenicillin; phenoxymethylpenicillin; cephamycin; carbenicillin; cefalotin; ceftiofur; mecillinam; propicillin; cefoxitin; dicloxacillin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftibuten UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36992 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000648 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftibuten is a semisynthetic cephalosporin active against Gram-negative bacilli. It is resistant against many plasmid-mediated beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with flucloxacillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36980 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000636 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Flucloxacillin is similar to cloxacillin, with an extra additional fluorine atom. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefditoren UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36993 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000649 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefditoren is a semisynthetic cephalosporin active against staphylococci, streptococci, and and most enterobacteria. It is resistant to staphylococcal and most enterobacterial beta-lactamases, and is usually taken as the prodrug cefditoren pivoxil. UPDATED category_aro_name with piperacillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35995 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000078 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Piperacillin is an acetylureidopenicillin and has an extended spectrum of targets relative to other beta-lactam antibiotics. It inhibits cell wall synthesis in bacteria, and is usually taken with the beta-lactamase inhibitor tazobactam to overcome penicillin-resistant bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefpodoxime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000647 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefpodoxime is a semisynthetic cephalosporin that acts similarly to cefotaxime with broad-spectrum activity. It is stable to many plasmid-mediated beta-lactamses. Cefpodoxime is consumed as the prodrug cefpodoxime proxetil. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefixime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36990 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000646 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefixime is a cephalosporin resistant to most beta-lactamases. It is active against many enterobacteria, but activity against staphylococci is poor. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefdinir UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36994 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000650 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefdinir is similar to cefixime with a modified side-chain at its 7-amino position. It also shares similar activity with cefixime but is more active against staphylococci. It has also be shown to enhance phagocytosis. UPDATED category_aro_name with meropenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35990 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000073 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Meropenem is an ultra-broad spectrum injectable antibiotic used to treat a wide variety of infections, including meningitis and pneumonia. It is a beta-lactam and belongs to the subgroup of carbapenem, similar to imipenem and ertapenem. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with imipenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36309 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000170 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Imipenem is a broad-spectrum antibiotic and is usually taken with cilastatin, which prevents hydrolysis of imipenem by renal dehydropeptidase-I. It is resistant to hydrolysis by most other beta-lactamases. Notable exceptions are the KPC beta-lactamases and Ambler Class B enzymes. UPDATED category_aro_name with aztreonam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36689 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000550 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Aztreonam was the first monobactam discovered, and is greatly effective against Gram-negative bacteria while inactive against Gram-positive bacteria. Artreonam is a poor substrate for beta-lactamases, and may even act as an inhibitor. In Gram-negative bacteria, Aztreonam interferes with filamentation, inhibiting cell division and leading to cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with ampicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36981 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000637 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ampicillin is a penicillin derivative that is highly acid stable, with its activity similar to benzylpenicillin. UPDATED category_aro_name with isopenicillin N UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37085 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000705 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Isopenicillin N is a natural penicillin derivative produced by Penicillium chrysogenum with activity similar to penicillin N. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefazolin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35975 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000058 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefazolin (INN), also known as cefazoline or cephazolin, is a first generation cephalosporin antibiotic. It is administered parenterally, and is active against a broad spectrum of bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with penicillin N UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37086 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Penicillin N is a penicillin derivative produced by Cephalosporium acremonium. UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftazidime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35977 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000060 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftazidime is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Unlike most third-generation agents, it is active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, however it has weaker activity against Gram-positive microorganisms and is not used for such infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefepime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35976 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000059 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefepime (INN) is a fourth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic developed in 1994. It contains an aminothiazolyl group that decreases its affinity with beta-lactamases. Cefepime shows high binding affinity with penicillin-binding proteins and has an extended spectrum of activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, with greater activity against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms than third-generation agents. UPDATED category_aro_name with penicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35971 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000054 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Penicillin (sometimes abbreviated PCN) is a beta-lactam antibiotic used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. It works by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with oxacillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35973 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000056 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Oxacillin is a penicillinase-resistant beta-lactam. It is similar to methicillin, and has replaced methicillin in clinical use. Oxacillin, especially in combination with other antibiotics, is effective against many penicillinase-producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefmetazole UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40928 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefmetazole is a semi-synthetic cephamycin antibiotic with broad spectrum antibiotic activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, that disrupt cell wall synthesis through binding to PBPs causing cell lysis. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxalactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40944 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxalactam (Latamoxef) is a broad spectrum cephalosporin (oxacephem) and beta-lactam antibiotic. Moxalactam binding to PBPs inhibits peptidoglycan cross-linkage in the cell wall, resulting in cell death. Moxalactam is proposed to be effective against meningitides as it passes the blood-brain barrier. UPDATED category_aro_name with cloxacillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35930 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000011 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cloxacillin is a semisynthetic, isoxazolyl penicillin derivative in the beta-lactam class of antibiotics. It interferes with peptidogylcan synthesis and is commonly used for treating penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftaroline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36995 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000651 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftaroline is a novel cephalosporin active against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Like other cephalosporins it binds penicillin-binding proteins to inhibit cell wall synthesis. It strongly binds with PBP2a, associated with methicillin resistance. It is taken orally as the prodrug ceftaroline fosamil. UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftriaxone UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35979 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000062 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftriaxone is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. The presence of an aminothiazolyl sidechain increases ceftriazone's resistance to beta-lactamases. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with methicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35934 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Derived from penicillin to combat penicillin-resistance, methicillin is insensitive to beta-lactamases (also known as penicillinases) secreted by many penicillin-resistant bacteria. Methicillin is bactericidal, and acts by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with loracarbef UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40943 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Loracarbef is a second-generation cephalosporin (carbacephem) and broad spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic. Loracarbef inhibits PBPs through binding, disrupting peptidoglycan cell wall cross-linkage and resulting in cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftizoxime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40934 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftizoxime is a third-generation cephalosporin and broad spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic. Ceftizoxime causes bacterial cell lysis through peptidoglycan cross-linking inhibition by binding to PBPs. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefotaxime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36989 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000645 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefotaxime is a semisynthetic cephalosporin taken parenterally. It is resistant to most beta-lactamases and active against Gram-negative rods and cocci due to its aminothiazoyl and methoximino functional groups. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefaclor UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000644 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefaclor is a semisynthetic cephalosporin derived from cephalexin. It has broad-spectrum antibiotic activity. UPDATED category_aro_name with Penicillin-binding protein mutations conferring resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40661 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003938 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutations in PBP transpeptidases that change the affinity for penicillin thereby conferring resistance to penicillin antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_name with cefonicid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40929 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefonicid is a second-generation cephalosporin-class beta-lactam antibiotic with broad spectrum activity. Particularly used against urinary tract infections and lower respiratory infections. Causes cell lysis by inactivation of PBPs through binding, inhibiting peptidoglycan synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefuroxime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35980 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000063 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefuroxime is a second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with increased stability with beta-lactamases than first-generation cephalosporins. Cefuroxime is active against Gram-positive organisms but less active against methicillin-resistant strains. UPDATED category_aro_name with amoxicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35981 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000064 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amoxicillin is a moderate-spectrum, bacteriolytic, beta-lactam antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections caused by susceptible microorganisms. A derivative of penicillin, it has a wider range of treatment but remains relatively ineffective against Gram-negative bacteria. It is commonly taken with clavulanic acid, a beta-lactamase inhibitor. Like other beta-lactams, amoxicillin interferes with the synthesis of peptidoglycan. UPDATED category_aro_name with mezlocillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36983 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000639 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Mezlocillin is a penicillin derivative taken parenterally. UPDATED category_aro_name with azlocillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36982 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000638 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Azlocillin is a semisynthetic derivative of penicillin that is notably active against Ps. aeruginosa and other Gram-negative bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefalexin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36985 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000641 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefalexin is a cephalosporin antibiotic that causes filamentation. It is resistant to staphylococcal beta-lactamase, but degraded by enterobacterial beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with doripenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36984 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000640 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Doripenem is a carbapenem with a broad range of activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and along with meropenem, it is the most active beta-lactam antibiotic against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefotiam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36987 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000643 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefotiam is a cephalosporin antibiotic with similar activity to cefuroxime but more active against enterobacteria. It is consumed orally as the prodrug cefotiam hexetil. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefadroxil UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36986 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000642 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefadroxil, or p-hydroxycephalexin, is an cephalosporin antibiotic similar to cefalexin. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefprozil UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefprozil is a cephalosporin and beta-lactam antibiotic with bactericidal activity. It selectively binds to PBPs and inhibits peptidoglycan synthesis, a major cell wall component, resulting in cell lysis. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephapirin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephapirin is a first-generation cephalosporin and broad spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic. Inactivation of penicillin-binding proteins through cephapirin binding disrupts peptidoglycan cross-linking, resulting in cell lysis. UPDATED category_aro_name with dicloxacillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36979 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000635 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dicloxacillin is a penicillin derivative that has an extra chlorine atom in comparison to cloxacillin. While more active than cloxacillin, its high affinity for serum protein reduces its activity in human serum in vitro. UPDATED category_aro_name with benzylpenicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36976 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000632 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Benzylpenicillin, commonly referred to as penicillin G, is effective against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. It is unstable in acid. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenoxymethylpenicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36977 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000633 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenoxymethylpenicillin, or penicillin V, is a penicillin derivative that is acid stable but less active than benzylpenicillin (penicillin G). UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftobiprole UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35978 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000061 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftobiprole (Zeftera/Zevtera) is a next generation (5th generation) cephalosporin antibiotic with activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterococci. Ceftobiprole inhibits transpeptidases essential to building cell walls, and is a poor substrate for most beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbenicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35961 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000043 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbenicillin is a semi-synthetic antibiotic belonging to the carboxypenicillin subgroup of the penicillins. It has gram-negative coverage which includes Pseudomonas aeruginosa but limited gram-positive coverage. The carboxypenicillins are susceptible to degradation by beta-lactamase enzymes. Carbenicillin antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefalotin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37084 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000704 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. It is resistant to staphylococci beta-lactamases but hydrolyzed by enterobacterial beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftiofur UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40933 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftiofur is a third-generation broad spectrum cephalosporin and beta-lactam antibiotic. It causes cell lysis by disrupting peptidoglycan cross-linkage and cell wall formation by binding to PBPs. UPDATED category_aro_name with mecillinam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37141 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000761 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Mecillinam is a broad-spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic that was semi-synthetically derived to have a different drug centre, being a 6-alpha-amidinopenicillanate instead of a 6-alpha-acylaminopenicillanate. Contrasting most beta-lactam drugs, mecillinam is most active against Gram-negative bacteria. It binds specifically to penicillin binding protein 2 (PBP2). UPDATED category_aro_name with propicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36978 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000634 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Propicillin is an orally taken penicillin derivative that has high absorption but poor activity. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefoxitin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35927 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefoxitin is a cephamycin antibiotic often grouped with the second generation cephalosporins. Cefoxitin is bactericidal and acts by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. Cefoxitin's 7-alpha-methoxy group and 3' leaving group make it a poor substrate for most beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with ertapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35987 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000070 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ertapenem is a carbapenem antibiotic and is highly resistant to beta-lactamases like other carbapenems. It inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefradine UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40936 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004009 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefradine is a first-generation cephalosporin and broad spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic. Cefradine binding to penicillin-binding proteins disrupts cell wall peptidoglycan cross-linkage, resulting in cell lysis. " 1606 UPDATE CTX-M-16 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 809 UPDATE lnuB antibiotic inactivation; lincosamide nucleotidyltransferase (LNU); lincosamide antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincosamide nucleotidyltransferase (LNU) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000221 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Resistance to the lincosamide antibiotic by ATP-dependent modification of the 3' and/or 4'-hydroxyl groups of the methylthiolincosamide sugar. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincosamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35936 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincosamides (e.g. lincomycin, clindamycin) are a class of drugs which bind to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. This interaction inhibits early elongation of peptide chains by inhibiting the transpeptidase reaction, acting similarly to macrolides. " 808 UPDATE TEM-171 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 803 UPDATE cphA4 carbapenem; CphA beta-lactamase; antibiotic inactivation; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CphA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36720 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000581 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CphA is an Ambler Class B MBL; subclass B2 originally isolated from Aeromonas hydrophilia. This enzyme has specific activity against carbapenems and is active as a mono-zinc protein. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. " 802 UPDATE QnrA3 sparfloxacin; norfloxacin; quinolone resistance protein (qnr); gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; antibiotic target protection; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; nalidixic acid; moxifloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with quinolone resistance protein (qnr) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36558 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000419 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Qnr proteins are pentapeptide repeat proteins that mimic DNA and protect the cell from the activity of fluoroquinolone antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target protection UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. " 801 UPDATE mfpA sparfloxacin; norfloxacin; quinolone resistance protein (qnr); gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; antibiotic target protection; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; nalidixic acid; moxifloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with quinolone resistance protein (qnr) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36558 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000419 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Qnr proteins are pentapeptide repeat proteins that mimic DNA and protect the cell from the activity of fluoroquinolone antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target protection UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. " 800 UPDATE CTX-M-87 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 807 UPDATE OKP-B-1 penam; antibiotic inactivation; OKP beta-lactamase; cephalosporin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with OKP beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 38817 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3002417 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OKP beta-lactamases are chromosomal class A beta-lactamase that confer resistance to penicillins and early cephalosporins in Klebsiella pneumoniae. OKP beta-lactamases can be subdivided into two groups: OKP-A and OKP-B which diverge by about 4.2% UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 806 UPDATE SHV-150 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 805 UPDATE MexC penam; antibiotic efflux; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; ofloxacin; trimethoprim; aminocoumarin antibiotic; novobiocin; macrolide antibiotic; phenicol antibiotic; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; cephalosporin; diaminopyrimidine antibiotic; tetracycline antibiotic; gentamicin C; chloramphenicol; aminoglycoside antibiotic; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; tetracycline; erythromycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin C UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35933 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin C is a mixture of gentamicin C1, gentamicin C1a, and gentamicin C2 (these differ in substituents at position C6'). Gentamicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with ofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37007 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000663 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ofloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a methyl-substituted oxazine ring. It has a broad spectrum of activity including many enterobacteria and mycoplasma but most anaerobes are resistant. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36327 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000188 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Trimethoprim is a synthetic 5-(3,4,5- trimethoxybenzyl) pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, inhibiting synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid. Tetrahydrofolic acid is an essential precursor in the de novo synthesis of the DNA nucleotide thymidine. Trimethoprim is a bacteriostatic antibiotic mainly used in the prophylaxis and treatment of urinary tract infections in combination with sulfamethoxazole, a sulfonamide antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminocoumarin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36242 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000103 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminocoumarin antibiotics bind DNA gyrase subunit B to inhibit ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with novobiocin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36250 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000111 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Novobiocin is an aminocoumarin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spheroides and Streptomyces niveus, and binds DNA gyrase subunit B inhibiting ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with diaminopyrimidine antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36310 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000171 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Diaminopyrimidines are a class of organic compounds containing a pyrimidine ring substituted by two amine groups. They are inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme critical for DNA synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. " 804 UPDATE tetB(P) chlortetracycline; demeclocycline; oxytetracycline; tetracycline antibiotic; tetracycline; antibiotic target protection; minocycline; tetracycline-resistant ribosomal protection protein; doxycycline; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with chlortetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36667 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000528 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chlortetracycline was an early, first-generation tetracycline antibiotic developed in the 1940's. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes, preventing the aminoacyl-tRNA from binding to the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with demeclocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37011 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000667 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Demeclocycline is a tetracycline analog with 7-chloro and 6-methyl groups. Due to its fast absorption and slow excretion, it maintains higher effective blood levels compared to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with oxytetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37012 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000668 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Oxytetracycline is a derivative of tetracycline with a 5-hydroxyl group. Its activity is similar to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target protection UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with minocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36291 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000152 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Minocycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline-resistant ribosomal protection protein UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35921 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with A family of proteins known to bind to the 30S ribosomal subunit. This interaction prevents tetracycline and tetracycline derivatives from inhibiting ribosomal function. Thus, these proteins confer elevated resistance to tetracycline derivatives as a ribosomal protection protein. UPDATED category_aro_name with doxycycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35986 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Doxycycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. " 2840 UPDATE NPS-1 penam; antibiotic inactivation; NPS beta-lactamase; cephalosporin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with NPS beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41404 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004240 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with NPS beta-lactamases are class D beta-lactamases that have partial hydrolyzing abilities against penicillins and cephalosporin. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 1775 UPDATE QnrS7 sparfloxacin; norfloxacin; quinolone resistance protein (qnr); gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; antibiotic target protection; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; nalidixic acid; moxifloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with quinolone resistance protein (qnr) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36558 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000419 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Qnr proteins are pentapeptide repeat proteins that mimic DNA and protect the cell from the activity of fluoroquinolone antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target protection UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. " 1774 UPDATE CTX-M-106 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 1777 UPDATE OXA-177 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1776 UPDATE SHV-159 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 1771 UPDATE TEM-19 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 1770 UPDATE TEM-127 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 1773 UPDATE tet(43) tetracycline antibiotic; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump; tetracycline; antibiotic efflux; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and ABC transporters comprise the two largest and most functionally diverse of the transporter superfamilies. However, MFS transporters are distinct from ABC transporters in both their primary sequence and structure and in the mechanism of energy coupling. As secondary transporters they are, like RND and SMR transporters, energized by the electrochemical proton gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. " 1772 UPDATE aadA11 antibiotic inactivation; aminoglycoside antibiotic; ANT(3''); streptomycin; spectinomycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with ANT(3'') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41439 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004275 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucleotidylylation of streptomycin at the hydroxyl group at position 3'' UPDATED category_aro_name with streptomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35958 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000040 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Streptomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with spectinomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35957 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000039 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Spectinomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Spectinomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit inhibiting translation. " 1779 UPDATE CTX-M-12 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 1778 UPDATE OKP-A-5 penam; antibiotic inactivation; OKP beta-lactamase; cephalosporin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with OKP beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 38817 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3002417 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OKP beta-lactamases are chromosomal class A beta-lactamase that confer resistance to penicillins and early cephalosporins in Klebsiella pneumoniae. OKP beta-lactamases can be subdivided into two groups: OKP-A and OKP-B which diverge by about 4.2% UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 608 UPDATE OXA-361 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1159 UPDATE TEM-129 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 1158 UPDATE SHV-22 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 1155 UPDATE ACT-9 antibiotic inactivation; carbapenem; penam; ACT beta-lactamase; cephalosporin; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with ACT beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36211 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000072 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with ACT beta-lactamases, also known as AmpC beta-lactamases, are cephalosporinases that cannot be inhibited by clavulanate. These enzymes are encoded by genes located on the chromosome and can be induced by the presence of beta-lactam antibiotics. However recently, these genes have been found on plasmids and expressed at high constitutive levels in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 1154 UPDATE TEM-146 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 1157 UPDATE vanG glycopeptide antibiotic; glycopeptide resistance gene cluster; van ligase; antibiotic target alteration; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide resistance gene cluster UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36373 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000234 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Genes that when expressed confer resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin type antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with van ligase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 39340 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3002906 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with van ligases synthesize alternative substrates for peptidoglycan synthesis that reduce vancomycin binding affinity. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. " 1156 UPDATE Erm(31) antibiotic target alteration; vernamycin B-gamma; oleandomycin; macrolide antibiotic; telithromycin; tylosin; lincosamide antibiotic; dirithromycin; clarithromycin; clindamycin; dalfopristin; pristinamycin IB; quinupristin; pristinamycin IA; Erm 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase; pristinamycin IIA; madumycin II; griseoviridin; lincomycin; streptogramin antibiotic; roxithromycin; spiramycin; azithromycin; erythromycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with vernamycin B-gamma UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37022 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000678 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Vernamycin B-gamma is a class B streptogramin derived from virginiamycin S1. UPDATED category_aro_name with oleandomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37247 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000867 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Oleandomycin is a 14-membered macrolide produced by Streptomyces antibioticus. It is ssimilar to erythromycin, and contains a desosamine amino sugar and an oleandrose sugar. It targets the 50S ribosomal subunit to prevent protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with telithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35974 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000057 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Telithromycin is a semi-synthetic derivative of erythromycin. It is a 14-membered macrolide and is the first ketolide antibiotic to be used in clinics. Telithromycin binds the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with tylosin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36284 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000145 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tylosin is a 16-membered macrolide, naturally produced by Streptomyces fradiae. It interacts with the bacterial ribosome 50S subunit to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincosamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35936 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincosamides (e.g. lincomycin, clindamycin) are a class of drugs which bind to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. This interaction inhibits early elongation of peptide chains by inhibiting the transpeptidase reaction, acting similarly to macrolides. UPDATED category_aro_name with dirithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36315 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000176 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dirithromycin is an oxazine derivative of erythromycin, sharing the 14-carbon macrolide ring. The antibiotic binds to the 50S subunit of the ribosome to inhibit bacterial protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with clarithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35982 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000065 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Clarithromycin is a methyl derivative of erythromycin, sharing the 14-carbon macrolide ring. The antibiotic binds to the 50S subunit of the ribosome and is used to treat pharyngitis, tonsillitis, acute maxillary sinusitis, acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, pneumonia (especially atypical pneumonias associated with Chlamydia pneumoniae or TWAR), and skin structure infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with clindamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35983 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000066 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Clindamycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that blocks A-site aminoacyl-tRNA binding. It is usually used to treat infections with anaerobic bacteria but can also be used to treat some protozoal diseases, such as malaria. UPDATED category_aro_name with dalfopristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37018 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000674 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dalfopristin is a water-soluble semi-synthetic derivative of pristinamycin IIA. It is produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis and is used in combination with quinupristin in a 7:3 ratio. Both work together to inhibit protein synthesis, and is active against Gram-positive bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IB UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37019 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000675 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IB is a class B streptogramin similar to pristinamycin IA, the former containing a N-methyl-4-(methylamino)phenylalanine instead of a N-methyl-4-(dimethylamino)phenylalanine in its class A streptogramin counterpart (one less methyl group). UPDATED category_aro_name with quinupristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36723 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000584 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Quinupristin is a type B streptogramin and a semisynthetic derivative of pristinamycin 1A. It is a component of the drug Synercid and interacts with the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36722 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000583 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin 1A is a type B streptogramin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis. It binds to the P site of the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, preventing the extension of protein chains. UPDATED category_aro_name with Erm 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36699 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000560 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Erm proteins are part of the RNA methyltransferase family and methylate A2058 (E. coli nomenclature) of the 23S ribosomal RNA conferring degrees of resistance to Macrolides, Lincosamides and Streptogramin b. This is called the MLSb phenotype. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IIA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37013 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000669 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IIA is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with madumycin II UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37016 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000672 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Madumycin II is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with griseoviridin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000673 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Griseoviridin is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35964 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000046 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincomycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that comes from the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis. It binds to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes and inhibit early elongation of peptide chain by inhibiting transpeptidase reaction. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptogramin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35945 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000026 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptogramin antibiotics are natural products produced by various members of the Streptomyces genus. These antibiotics bind to the P site of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The family consists of two subgroups, type A and type B, which are simultaneously produced by the same bacterial species in a ratio of roughly 70:30. UPDATED category_aro_name with roxithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35946 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000027 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Roxithromycin is a semi-synthetic, 14-carbon ring macrolide antibiotic derived from erythromycin. It is used to treat respiratory tract, urinary and soft tissue infections. Roxithromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. UPDATED category_aro_name with spiramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36295 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000156 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Spiramycin is a 16-membered macrolide and is natural product produced by Streptomyces ambofaciens. It binds to the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes and inhibits peptidyl transfer activity to disrupt protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with azithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36297 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000158 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Azithromycin is a 15-membered macrolide and falls under the subclass of azalide. Like other macrolides, azithromycin binds bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The nitrogen substitution at the C-9a position prevents its degradation. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. " 1151 UPDATE OXA-240 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1150 UPDATE QnrVC5 sparfloxacin; norfloxacin; quinolone resistance protein (qnr); gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; antibiotic target protection; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; nalidixic acid; moxifloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with quinolone resistance protein (qnr) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36558 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000419 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Qnr proteins are pentapeptide repeat proteins that mimic DNA and protect the cell from the activity of fluoroquinolone antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target protection UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. " 1153 UPDATE KPC-3 antibiotic inactivation; penam; carbapenem; cephalosporin; monobactam; KPC beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with KPC beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36198 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000059 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenem resistant (KPC) beta-lactamases are notorious for their ability to efficiently hydrolyze carbapenems, unlike other Ambler Class A beta-lactamases. There are currently 9 variants reported worldwide. These enzymes were first isolated from Klebsiella pneumoniae strains in 2001 in the United States. Hospital outbreaks have since been reported in Greece and Israel and KPC carrying strains are now endemic to New York facilities. KPC-1 and KPC-2 have been shown to be identical and are now referred to as KPC-2. " 1152 UPDATE CTX-M-39 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 1552 UPDATE MUS-1 beta-lactamase carbapenem; antibiotic inactivation; MUS beta-lactamase; ARO_category; ARO_name "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with MUS beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41143 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004067 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Subclass B1 (metallo-) beta-lactamases found in Myroides spp., which confer resistance to carbapenam class beta-lactamase antibiotics. UPDATED ARO_name with MUS-1 " 1555 UPDATE SHV-140 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 1554 UPDATE norA antibiotic efflux; major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; norfloxacin; acridine dye; acriflavin; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and ABC transporters comprise the two largest and most functionally diverse of the transporter superfamilies. However, MFS transporters are distinct from ABC transporters in both their primary sequence and structure and in the mechanism of energy coupling. As secondary transporters they are, like RND and SMR transporters, energized by the electrochemical proton gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with acridine dye UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36193 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000054 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Acridine dyes are cell permeable, basic molecules with an acridine chromophore. These compounds intercalate DNA. The image shown represents the core structure of the acridine family, with specific dyes containing varying substituents. UPDATED category_aro_name with acriflavin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35963 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000045 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Acriflavin is a topical antiseptic. It has the form of an orange or brown powder. It may be harmful in the eyes or if inhaled. Acriflavine is also used as treatment for external fungal infections of aquarium fish. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. " 1551 UPDATE OXA-78 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1550 UPDATE smeR penam; antibiotic efflux; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; protein(s) and two-component regulatory system modulating antibiotic efflux; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; cephalosporin; cephamycin; aminoglycoside antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Regulator UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 1553 UPDATE tetS chlortetracycline; demeclocycline; oxytetracycline; tetracycline antibiotic; tetracycline; antibiotic target protection; minocycline; tetracycline-resistant ribosomal protection protein; doxycycline; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with chlortetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36667 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000528 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chlortetracycline was an early, first-generation tetracycline antibiotic developed in the 1940's. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes, preventing the aminoacyl-tRNA from binding to the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with demeclocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37011 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000667 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Demeclocycline is a tetracycline analog with 7-chloro and 6-methyl groups. Due to its fast absorption and slow excretion, it maintains higher effective blood levels compared to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with oxytetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37012 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000668 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Oxytetracycline is a derivative of tetracycline with a 5-hydroxyl group. Its activity is similar to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target protection UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with minocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36291 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000152 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Minocycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline-resistant ribosomal protection protein UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35921 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with A family of proteins known to bind to the 30S ribosomal subunit. This interaction prevents tetracycline and tetracycline derivatives from inhibiting ribosomal function. Thus, these proteins confer elevated resistance to tetracycline derivatives as a ribosomal protection protein. UPDATED category_aro_name with doxycycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35986 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Doxycycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. " 1101 UPDATE CTX-M-21 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 59 UPDATE OXA-256 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 58 UPDATE QnrB47 sparfloxacin; norfloxacin; quinolone resistance protein (qnr); gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; antibiotic target protection; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; nalidixic acid; moxifloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with quinolone resistance protein (qnr) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36558 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000419 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Qnr proteins are pentapeptide repeat proteins that mimic DNA and protect the cell from the activity of fluoroquinolone antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target protection UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. " 1557 UPDATE SHV-187 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 1556 UPDATE VIM-13 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; carbapenem; cephalosporin; cephamycin; VIM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with VIM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36030 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000021 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with The Verone integron-encoded metallo-beta-lactamase (VIM) family was reported from Italy in 1999. There are, to date, 23 reported variants. VIM enzymes mostly occur in P. aeruginosa, also P. putida and, very rarely, Enterobacteriaceae. Integron-associated, sometimes within plasmids. Hydrolyses all beta-lactams except monobactams, and evades all beta-lactam inhibitors. There is a strong incidence of these in East Asia. " 55 UPDATE OXA-69 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 54 UPDATE TEM-34 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 57 UPDATE SHV-24 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 56 UPDATE TEM-7 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 51 UPDATE AAC(3)-IIIc antibiotic inactivation; AAC(3); aminoglycoside antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with AAC(3) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36461 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000322 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Acetylation of the aminoglycoside antibiotic on the amino group at position 3. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 50 UPDATE SME-2 carbapenem; antibiotic inactivation; SME beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SME beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36194 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000055 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SME beta-lactamases are chromosome-mediated class A beta-lactamases that hydrolyze carbapenems in Serratia marcescens. " 53 UPDATE MOX-5 penam; antibiotic inactivation; MOX beta-lactamase; cephamycin; cephalosporin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with MOX beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36222 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000083 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with MOX beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated AmpC-type beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 52 UPDATE OXY-2-2 penam; OXY beta-lactamase; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; monobactam; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 38788 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3002388 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXY beta-lactamases are chromosomal class A beta-lactamases that are found in Klebsiella oxytoca. At constitutive low levels, OXY beta-lactamases confer resistance to aminopenicillins and carboxypenicillins. At high induced levels, OXY beta-lactamases confer resistance to penicillins, cephalosporins and aztreonam. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 537 UPDATE OXA-120 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 536 UPDATE TEM-95 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 535 UPDATE Morganella morganii gyrB conferring resistance to fluoroquinolone aminocoumarin antibiotic; antibiotic target alteration; moxifloxacin; fluoroquinolone resistant gyrB; grepafloxacin; trovafloxacin; ofloxacin; norfloxacin; nalidixic acid; lomefloxacin; gatifloxacin; coumermycin A1; ciprofloxacin; fleroxacin; levofloxacin; sparfloxacin; clorobiocin; novobiocin; Clofazimine; clinafloxacin; enoxacin; pefloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; cinoxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with aminocoumarin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36242 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000103 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminocoumarin antibiotics bind DNA gyrase subunit B to inhibit ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone resistant gyrB UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37244 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000864 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Point mutations in DNA gyrase subunit B (gyrB) observed in Mycobacterium tuberculosis can result in resistance to fluoroquinolones. UPDATED category_aro_name with grepafloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37009 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000665 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Grepafloxacin is a broad-spectrum antibacterial quinoline. It is no longer taken due to its high toxicity. UPDATED category_aro_name with trovafloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37008 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000664 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Trovafloxacin is a trifluoroquinalone with a broad spectrum of activity that acts by inhibiting the uncoiling of supercoiled DNA. While potent against many Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, it is less active against pseudomonads and Cl. difficile. It is usually taken as the prodrug trovafloxacin mesylate or alatrofloxacin mesylate for oral or intravenous administration, respectively. UPDATED category_aro_name with ofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37007 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000663 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ofloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a methyl-substituted oxazine ring. It has a broad spectrum of activity including many enterobacteria and mycoplasma but most anaerobes are resistant. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with lomefloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37004 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000660 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Lomefloxacin is a difluoropiperazinyl quinolone, sharing similar activities with other fluoroquinolones. It is used to treat urinary tract infections. Relative to other fluoroquinolones, it has a longer half life and has higher serum concentrations. UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with coumermycin A1 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36289 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000150 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Coumermycin A1 is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces rishiriensis, and binds DNA gyrase subunit B to inhibit ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fleroxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40940 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Fleroxacin is a broad spectrum fluoroquinolone antibiotic that inhibits the DNA supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, resulting in double-stranded DNA breaks and subsequent cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with clorobiocin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36271 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000132 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Clorobiocin is an aminocoumarin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces roseochromogenes, and binds DNA gyrase subunit B to inhibit ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with novobiocin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36250 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000111 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Novobiocin is an aminocoumarin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spheroides and Streptomyces niveus, and binds DNA gyrase subunit B inhibiting ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with Clofazimine UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004012 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Clofazimine is a fluoroquinolone-class phenazine dye used for the treatment of leprosy. Clofazimine binds to DNA and disrupts bacterial DNA gyrase, thereby causing double-stranded DNA breaks, and subsequent cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with clinafloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40938 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004011 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Clinafloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic and gyrase (DNA topoisomerase II) inhibitor. It binds to DNA gyrase and disrupts replication by causing double-stranded DNA breaks, resulting in cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with enoxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35942 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000023 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Enoxacin belongs to a group called fluoroquinolones. Its mode of action depends upon blocking bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to DNA gyrase and causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with pefloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37142 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000762 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pefloxacin is structurally and functionally similar to norfloxacin. It is poorly active against mycobacteria, while anaerobes are resistant. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with cinoxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40937 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004010 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cinoxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic primarily used for the treatment of urinary tract infections in adults. Cinoxacin binds to DNA gyrase, resulting in double-stranded DNA breaks and cell death. " 534 UPDATE vanVB glycopeptide antibiotic; glycopeptide resistance gene cluster; antibiotic target alteration; vanV; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide resistance gene cluster UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36373 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000234 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Genes that when expressed confer resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin type antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with vanV UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 39350 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3002916 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with vanV is an accessory protein of van operons, first identified in the vanB operon. It is not required for vancomycin resistance. " 533 UPDATE CARB-16 penam; antibiotic inactivation; CARB beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CARB beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36230 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000091 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CARB beta-lactamases are class A lactamases that can hydrolyze carbenicillin. Many of the PSE beta-lactamases have been renamed as CARB-lactamases with the notable exception of PSE-2 which is now OXA-10. " 532 UPDATE CTX-M-47 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 531 UPDATE SAT-3 streptothricin acetyltransferase (SAT); streptothricin; antibiotic inactivation; nucleoside antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with streptothricin acetyltransferase (SAT) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37249 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000869 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with AcetylCoA dependent acetyltransferase that acetylate streptothricins such as nourseothricin at position 16 (beta position of beta-lysine). UPDATED category_aro_name with streptothricin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35931 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000012 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptothricins are a group of N-glycoside antibiotics that include a carbamoylated D-glucosamine to which are attached a series of L-beta-lysine residues at position 2 and a streptolidine at position 1. Streptothricins vary by the number of beta-lysine residues (from 1 (nourseothricin) to 7) and target protein synthesis in bacteria and eukaryotes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with nucleoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36174 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000034 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucleoside antibiotics are made of modified nucleosides and nucleotides with wide-ranging activities and means of antibacterial effects. This drug class includes aminonucleoside antibiotics, which contain an amino group. " 530 UPDATE VIM-11 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; carbapenem; cephalosporin; cephamycin; VIM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with VIM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36030 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000021 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with The Verone integron-encoded metallo-beta-lactamase (VIM) family was reported from Italy in 1999. There are, to date, 23 reported variants. VIM enzymes mostly occur in P. aeruginosa, also P. putida and, very rarely, Enterobacteriaceae. Integron-associated, sometimes within plasmids. Hydrolyses all beta-lactams except monobactams, and evades all beta-lactam inhibitors. There is a strong incidence of these in East Asia. " 539 UPDATE QnrB59 sparfloxacin; norfloxacin; quinolone resistance protein (qnr); gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; antibiotic target protection; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; nalidixic acid; moxifloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with quinolone resistance protein (qnr) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36558 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000419 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Qnr proteins are pentapeptide repeat proteins that mimic DNA and protect the cell from the activity of fluoroquinolone antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target protection UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. " 1558 UPDATE Bacillus subtilis mprF peptide antibiotic; antibiotic target alteration; defensin resistant mprF; defensin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with defensin resistant mprF UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37243 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000863 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with MprF is a integral membrane protein that modifies the negatively-charged phosphatidylglycerol on the membrane surface of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. This confers resistance to cationic peptides that disrupt the cell membrane, including defensins. UPDATED category_aro_name with defensin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37037 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000693 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Defensins are natural cationic peptides that have antibiotic properties. It is part of the innate immune system of plants and animals. " 429 UPDATE mdsA penam; antibiotic efflux; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; penem; carbapenem; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; cephalosporin; cephamycin; monobactam; phenicol antibiotic; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. " 428 UPDATE OXY-2-7 penam; OXY beta-lactamase; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; monobactam; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 38788 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3002388 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXY beta-lactamases are chromosomal class A beta-lactamases that are found in Klebsiella oxytoca. At constitutive low levels, OXY beta-lactamases confer resistance to aminopenicillins and carboxypenicillins. At high induced levels, OXY beta-lactamases confer resistance to penicillins, cephalosporins and aztreonam. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 1399 UPDATE OXA-315 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1398 UPDATE OXA-108 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 421 UPDATE TEM-2 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 420 UPDATE CTX-M-1 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 1395 UPDATE Neisseria gonorrhoeae mutant porin PIB (por) with reduced permeability to antibiotics penam; reduced permeability to antibiotic; penem; carbapenem; cephalosporin; cephamycin; General Bacterial Porin with reduced permeability to beta-lactams; tetracycline antibiotic; monobactam; tetracycline; ARO_category; ARO_name "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with reduced permeability to antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36383 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000244 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Reduction in permeability to antibiotic, generally through reduced production of porins, can provide resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with General Bacterial Porin with reduced permeability to beta-lactams UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41445 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004281 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These are GBPs that are associated with decreased susceptibility to beta-lactams either through mutations in the porin protein, absence of the porin protein, or expression of the porin protein. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED ARO_name with Neisseria gonorrhoeae porin PIB (por) " 422 UPDATE FOX-10 antibiotic inactivation; cephamycin; cephalosporin; FOX beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with FOX beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36206 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000067 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with FOX beta-lactamases are plasmid-encoded AmpC-type beta-lactamase which conferred resistance to broad-spectrum cephalosporins and cephamycins " 425 UPDATE TEM-182 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 424 UPDATE SHV-36 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 1391 UPDATE CTX-M-92 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 426 UPDATE aadK antibiotic inactivation; streptomycin; aminoglycoside antibiotic; ANT(6); ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35958 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000040 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Streptomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with ANT(6) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36364 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000225 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucelotidylylation of streptomycin at the hydroxyl group at position 6 " 1443 UPDATE CARB-7 penam; antibiotic inactivation; CARB beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CARB beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36230 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000091 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CARB beta-lactamases are class A lactamases that can hydrolyze carbenicillin. Many of the PSE beta-lactamases have been renamed as CARB-lactamases with the notable exception of PSE-2 which is now OXA-10. " 1321 UPDATE mecA antibiotic target replacement; ceftaroline; ampicillin; flucloxacillin; ceftibuten; cefditoren; piperacillin; cefpodoxime; cefixime; cefdinir; meropenem; carbapenem; imipenem; aztreonam; cefradine; isopenicillin N; cefazolin; penicillin N; ceftazidime; cefepime; penicillin; oxacillin; cefmetazole; moxalactam; cloxacillin; cefadroxil; ceftriaxone; methicillin; loracarbef; ceftizoxime; cephalosporin; cefotaxime; cefaclor; phenoxymethylpenicillin; cefonicid; monobactam; cefuroxime; amoxicillin; mezlocillin; azlocillin; cefalexin; doripenem; cefotiam; ertapenem; penam; cefprozil; cephapirin; ceftobiprole; benzylpenicillin; methicillin resistant PBP2; cephamycin; carbenicillin; cefalotin; ceftiofur; mecillinam; propicillin; cefoxitin; dicloxacillin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with ampicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36981 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000637 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ampicillin is a penicillin derivative that is highly acid stable, with its activity similar to benzylpenicillin. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target replacement UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Replacement or substitution of antibiotic action target, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftibuten UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36992 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000648 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftibuten is a semisynthetic cephalosporin active against Gram-negative bacilli. It is resistant against many plasmid-mediated beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefditoren UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36993 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000649 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefditoren is a semisynthetic cephalosporin active against staphylococci, streptococci, and and most enterobacteria. It is resistant to staphylococcal and most enterobacterial beta-lactamases, and is usually taken as the prodrug cefditoren pivoxil. UPDATED category_aro_name with piperacillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35995 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000078 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Piperacillin is an acetylureidopenicillin and has an extended spectrum of targets relative to other beta-lactam antibiotics. It inhibits cell wall synthesis in bacteria, and is usually taken with the beta-lactamase inhibitor tazobactam to overcome penicillin-resistant bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefpodoxime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000647 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefpodoxime is a semisynthetic cephalosporin that acts similarly to cefotaxime with broad-spectrum activity. It is stable to many plasmid-mediated beta-lactamses. Cefpodoxime is consumed as the prodrug cefpodoxime proxetil. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefixime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36990 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000646 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefixime is a cephalosporin resistant to most beta-lactamases. It is active against many enterobacteria, but activity against staphylococci is poor. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefdinir UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36994 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000650 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefdinir is similar to cefixime with a modified side-chain at its 7-amino position. It also shares similar activity with cefixime but is more active against staphylococci. It has also be shown to enhance phagocytosis. UPDATED category_aro_name with meropenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35990 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000073 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Meropenem is an ultra-broad spectrum injectable antibiotic used to treat a wide variety of infections, including meningitis and pneumonia. It is a beta-lactam and belongs to the subgroup of carbapenem, similar to imipenem and ertapenem. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with imipenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36309 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000170 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Imipenem is a broad-spectrum antibiotic and is usually taken with cilastatin, which prevents hydrolysis of imipenem by renal dehydropeptidase-I. It is resistant to hydrolysis by most other beta-lactamases. Notable exceptions are the KPC beta-lactamases and Ambler Class B enzymes. UPDATED category_aro_name with azlocillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36982 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000638 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Azlocillin is a semisynthetic derivative of penicillin that is notably active against Ps. aeruginosa and other Gram-negative bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with aztreonam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36689 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000550 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Aztreonam was the first monobactam discovered, and is greatly effective against Gram-negative bacteria while inactive against Gram-positive bacteria. Artreonam is a poor substrate for beta-lactamases, and may even act as an inhibitor. In Gram-negative bacteria, Aztreonam interferes with filamentation, inhibiting cell division and leading to cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftazidime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35977 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000060 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftazidime is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Unlike most third-generation agents, it is active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, however it has weaker activity against Gram-positive microorganisms and is not used for such infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefazolin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35975 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000058 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefazolin (INN), also known as cefazoline or cephazolin, is a first generation cephalosporin antibiotic. It is administered parenterally, and is active against a broad spectrum of bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with penicillin N UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37086 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Penicillin N is a penicillin derivative produced by Cephalosporium acremonium. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefmetazole UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40928 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefmetazole is a semi-synthetic cephamycin antibiotic with broad spectrum antibiotic activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, that disrupt cell wall synthesis through binding to PBPs causing cell lysis. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefepime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35976 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000059 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefepime (INN) is a fourth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic developed in 1994. It contains an aminothiazolyl group that decreases its affinity with beta-lactamases. Cefepime shows high binding affinity with penicillin-binding proteins and has an extended spectrum of activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, with greater activity against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms than third-generation agents. UPDATED category_aro_name with penicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35971 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000054 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Penicillin (sometimes abbreviated PCN) is a beta-lactam antibiotic used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. It works by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with oxacillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35973 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000056 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Oxacillin is a penicillinase-resistant beta-lactam. It is similar to methicillin, and has replaced methicillin in clinical use. Oxacillin, especially in combination with other antibiotics, is effective against many penicillinase-producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxalactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40944 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxalactam (Latamoxef) is a broad spectrum cephalosporin (oxacephem) and beta-lactam antibiotic. Moxalactam binding to PBPs inhibits peptidoglycan cross-linkage in the cell wall, resulting in cell death. Moxalactam is proposed to be effective against meningitides as it passes the blood-brain barrier. UPDATED category_aro_name with cloxacillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35930 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000011 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cloxacillin is a semisynthetic, isoxazolyl penicillin derivative in the beta-lactam class of antibiotics. It interferes with peptidogylcan synthesis and is commonly used for treating penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftaroline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36995 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000651 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftaroline is a novel cephalosporin active against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Like other cephalosporins it binds penicillin-binding proteins to inhibit cell wall synthesis. It strongly binds with PBP2a, associated with methicillin resistance. It is taken orally as the prodrug ceftaroline fosamil. UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftriaxone UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35979 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000062 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftriaxone is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. The presence of an aminothiazolyl sidechain increases ceftriazone's resistance to beta-lactamases. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with methicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35934 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Derived from penicillin to combat penicillin-resistance, methicillin is insensitive to beta-lactamases (also known as penicillinases) secreted by many penicillin-resistant bacteria. Methicillin is bactericidal, and acts by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with loracarbef UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40943 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Loracarbef is a second-generation cephalosporin (carbacephem) and broad spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic. Loracarbef inhibits PBPs through binding, disrupting peptidoglycan cell wall cross-linkage and resulting in cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with flucloxacillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36980 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000636 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Flucloxacillin is similar to cloxacillin, with an extra additional fluorine atom. UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftizoxime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40934 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftizoxime is a third-generation cephalosporin and broad spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic. Ceftizoxime causes bacterial cell lysis through peptidoglycan cross-linking inhibition by binding to PBPs. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefotaxime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36989 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000645 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefotaxime is a semisynthetic cephalosporin taken parenterally. It is resistant to most beta-lactamases and active against Gram-negative rods and cocci due to its aminothiazoyl and methoximino functional groups. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefaclor UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000644 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefaclor is a semisynthetic cephalosporin derived from cephalexin. It has broad-spectrum antibiotic activity. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenoxymethylpenicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36977 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000633 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenoxymethylpenicillin, or penicillin V, is a penicillin derivative that is acid stable but less active than benzylpenicillin (penicillin G). UPDATED category_aro_name with cefonicid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40929 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefonicid is a second-generation cephalosporin-class beta-lactam antibiotic with broad spectrum activity. Particularly used against urinary tract infections and lower respiratory infections. Causes cell lysis by inactivation of PBPs through binding, inhibiting peptidoglycan synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefuroxime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35980 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000063 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefuroxime is a second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with increased stability with beta-lactamases than first-generation cephalosporins. Cefuroxime is active against Gram-positive organisms but less active against methicillin-resistant strains. UPDATED category_aro_name with amoxicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35981 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000064 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amoxicillin is a moderate-spectrum, bacteriolytic, beta-lactam antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections caused by susceptible microorganisms. A derivative of penicillin, it has a wider range of treatment but remains relatively ineffective against Gram-negative bacteria. It is commonly taken with clavulanic acid, a beta-lactamase inhibitor. Like other beta-lactams, amoxicillin interferes with the synthesis of peptidoglycan. UPDATED category_aro_name with mezlocillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36983 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000639 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Mezlocillin is a penicillin derivative taken parenterally. UPDATED category_aro_name with isopenicillin N UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37085 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000705 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Isopenicillin N is a natural penicillin derivative produced by Penicillium chrysogenum with activity similar to penicillin N. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefalexin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36985 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000641 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefalexin is a cephalosporin antibiotic that causes filamentation. It is resistant to staphylococcal beta-lactamase, but degraded by enterobacterial beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with doripenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36984 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000640 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Doripenem is a carbapenem with a broad range of activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and along with meropenem, it is the most active beta-lactam antibiotic against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefotiam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36987 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000643 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefotiam is a cephalosporin antibiotic with similar activity to cefuroxime but more active against enterobacteria. It is consumed orally as the prodrug cefotiam hexetil. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefadroxil UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36986 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000642 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefadroxil, or p-hydroxycephalexin, is an cephalosporin antibiotic similar to cefalexin. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefprozil UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefprozil is a cephalosporin and beta-lactam antibiotic with bactericidal activity. It selectively binds to PBPs and inhibits peptidoglycan synthesis, a major cell wall component, resulting in cell lysis. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephapirin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephapirin is a first-generation cephalosporin and broad spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic. Inactivation of penicillin-binding proteins through cephapirin binding disrupts peptidoglycan cross-linking, resulting in cell lysis. UPDATED category_aro_name with dicloxacillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36979 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000635 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dicloxacillin is a penicillin derivative that has an extra chlorine atom in comparison to cloxacillin. While more active than cloxacillin, its high affinity for serum protein reduces its activity in human serum in vitro. UPDATED category_aro_name with benzylpenicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36976 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000632 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Benzylpenicillin, commonly referred to as penicillin G, is effective against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. It is unstable in acid. UPDATED category_aro_name with methicillin resistant PBP2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37589 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3001208 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with In methicillin sensitive S. aureus (MSSA), beta-lactams bind to native penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) and disrupt synthesis of the cell membrane's peptidoglycan layer. In methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA), foreign PBP2a acquired by lateral gene transfer is able to perform peptidoglycan synthesis in the presence of beta-lactams. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftobiprole UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35978 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000061 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftobiprole (Zeftera/Zevtera) is a next generation (5th generation) cephalosporin antibiotic with activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterococci. Ceftobiprole inhibits transpeptidases essential to building cell walls, and is a poor substrate for most beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbenicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35961 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000043 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbenicillin is a semi-synthetic antibiotic belonging to the carboxypenicillin subgroup of the penicillins. It has gram-negative coverage which includes Pseudomonas aeruginosa but limited gram-positive coverage. The carboxypenicillins are susceptible to degradation by beta-lactamase enzymes. Carbenicillin antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefalotin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37084 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000704 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. It is resistant to staphylococci beta-lactamases but hydrolyzed by enterobacterial beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftiofur UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40933 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftiofur is a third-generation broad spectrum cephalosporin and beta-lactam antibiotic. It causes cell lysis by disrupting peptidoglycan cross-linkage and cell wall formation by binding to PBPs. UPDATED category_aro_name with mecillinam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37141 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000761 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Mecillinam is a broad-spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic that was semi-synthetically derived to have a different drug centre, being a 6-alpha-amidinopenicillanate instead of a 6-alpha-acylaminopenicillanate. Contrasting most beta-lactam drugs, mecillinam is most active against Gram-negative bacteria. It binds specifically to penicillin binding protein 2 (PBP2). UPDATED category_aro_name with propicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36978 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000634 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Propicillin is an orally taken penicillin derivative that has high absorption but poor activity. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefoxitin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35927 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefoxitin is a cephamycin antibiotic often grouped with the second generation cephalosporins. Cefoxitin is bactericidal and acts by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. Cefoxitin's 7-alpha-methoxy group and 3' leaving group make it a poor substrate for most beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with ertapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35987 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000070 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ertapenem is a carbapenem antibiotic and is highly resistant to beta-lactamases like other carbapenems. It inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefradine UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40936 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004009 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefradine is a first-generation cephalosporin and broad spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic. Cefradine binding to penicillin-binding proteins disrupts cell wall peptidoglycan cross-linkage, resulting in cell lysis. " 2183 UPDATE glycopeptide resistance gene cluster VanB glycopeptide antibiotic; glycopeptide resistance gene cluster; antibiotic target alteration; ARO_category; model_param "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide resistance gene cluster UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36373 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000234 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Genes that when expressed confer resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin type antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED param_description with The gene order model parameter describes the relative order of a set of genes or other genetic elements on a chromosome, a plasmid or within an operon. Antibiotic resistance is only conferred when the detected set of genes appears in the indicated order; otherwise, no resistance phenotype is produced. This parameter is part of the gene cluster meta-model, and may be attached to detection models with the following notation: [[cvterm_id 1],[cvterm_id 2],...,[cvterm_id n]], where the cvterm_id denotes a gene-associated AMR term and an attached model id. This parameter currently (August 2017) lacks an algorithm for detection. " 2182 UPDATE glycopeptide resistance gene cluster VanD glycopeptide antibiotic; glycopeptide resistance gene cluster; antibiotic target alteration; ARO_category; model_param "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide resistance gene cluster UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36373 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000234 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Genes that when expressed confer resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin type antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED param_description with The gene order model parameter describes the relative order of a set of genes or other genetic elements on a chromosome, a plasmid or within an operon. Antibiotic resistance is only conferred when the detected set of genes appears in the indicated order; otherwise, no resistance phenotype is produced. This parameter is part of the gene cluster meta-model, and may be attached to detection models with the following notation: [[cvterm_id 1],[cvterm_id 2],...,[cvterm_id n]], where the cvterm_id denotes a gene-associated AMR term and an attached model id. This parameter currently (August 2017) lacks an algorithm for detection. " 2181 UPDATE glycopeptide resistance gene cluster VanF glycopeptide antibiotic; glycopeptide resistance gene cluster; antibiotic target alteration; ARO_category; model_param "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide resistance gene cluster UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36373 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000234 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Genes that when expressed confer resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin type antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED param_description with The gene order model parameter describes the relative order of a set of genes or other genetic elements on a chromosome, a plasmid or within an operon. Antibiotic resistance is only conferred when the detected set of genes appears in the indicated order; otherwise, no resistance phenotype is produced. This parameter is part of the gene cluster meta-model, and may be attached to detection models with the following notation: [[cvterm_id 1],[cvterm_id 2],...,[cvterm_id n]], where the cvterm_id denotes a gene-associated AMR term and an attached model id. This parameter currently (August 2017) lacks an algorithm for detection. " 2180 UPDATE glycopeptide resistance gene cluster VanL glycopeptide antibiotic; glycopeptide resistance gene cluster; antibiotic target alteration; ARO_category; model_param "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide resistance gene cluster UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36373 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000234 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Genes that when expressed confer resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin type antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED param_description with The gene order model parameter describes the relative order of a set of genes or other genetic elements on a chromosome, a plasmid or within an operon. Antibiotic resistance is only conferred when the detected set of genes appears in the indicated order; otherwise, no resistance phenotype is produced. This parameter is part of the gene cluster meta-model, and may be attached to detection models with the following notation: [[cvterm_id 1],[cvterm_id 2],...,[cvterm_id n]], where the cvterm_id denotes a gene-associated AMR term and an attached model id. This parameter currently (August 2017) lacks an algorithm for detection. " 2186 UPDATE glycopeptide resistance gene cluster VanG glycopeptide antibiotic; glycopeptide resistance gene cluster; antibiotic target alteration; ARO_category; model_param "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide resistance gene cluster UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36373 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000234 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Genes that when expressed confer resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin type antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED param_description with The gene order model parameter describes the relative order of a set of genes or other genetic elements on a chromosome, a plasmid or within an operon. Antibiotic resistance is only conferred when the detected set of genes appears in the indicated order; otherwise, no resistance phenotype is produced. This parameter is part of the gene cluster meta-model, and may be attached to detection models with the following notation: [[cvterm_id 1],[cvterm_id 2],...,[cvterm_id n]], where the cvterm_id denotes a gene-associated AMR term and an attached model id. This parameter currently (August 2017) lacks an algorithm for detection. " 2185 UPDATE glycopeptide resistance gene cluster VanM glycopeptide antibiotic; glycopeptide resistance gene cluster; antibiotic target alteration; ARO_category; model_param "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide resistance gene cluster UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36373 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000234 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Genes that when expressed confer resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin type antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED param_description with The gene order model parameter describes the relative order of a set of genes or other genetic elements on a chromosome, a plasmid or within an operon. Antibiotic resistance is only conferred when the detected set of genes appears in the indicated order; otherwise, no resistance phenotype is produced. This parameter is part of the gene cluster meta-model, and may be attached to detection models with the following notation: [[cvterm_id 1],[cvterm_id 2],...,[cvterm_id n]], where the cvterm_id denotes a gene-associated AMR term and an attached model id. This parameter currently (August 2017) lacks an algorithm for detection. " 2184 UPDATE glycopeptide resistance gene cluster VanC glycopeptide antibiotic; glycopeptide resistance gene cluster; antibiotic target alteration; ARO_category; model_param "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide resistance gene cluster UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36373 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000234 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Genes that when expressed confer resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin type antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED param_description with The gene order model parameter describes the relative order of a set of genes or other genetic elements on a chromosome, a plasmid or within an operon. Antibiotic resistance is only conferred when the detected set of genes appears in the indicated order; otherwise, no resistance phenotype is produced. This parameter is part of the gene cluster meta-model, and may be attached to detection models with the following notation: [[cvterm_id 1],[cvterm_id 2],...,[cvterm_id n]], where the cvterm_id denotes a gene-associated AMR term and an attached model id. This parameter currently (August 2017) lacks an algorithm for detection. " 227 UPDATE OKP-B-3 penam; antibiotic inactivation; OKP beta-lactamase; cephalosporin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with OKP beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 38817 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3002417 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OKP beta-lactamases are chromosomal class A beta-lactamase that confer resistance to penicillins and early cephalosporins in Klebsiella pneumoniae. OKP beta-lactamases can be subdivided into two groups: OKP-A and OKP-B which diverge by about 4.2% UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 226 UPDATE OXA-113 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 225 UPDATE CTX-M-88 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 224 UPDATE MIR-2 antibiotic inactivation; monobactam; cephalosporin; cephamycin; MIR beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with MIR beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36197 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000058 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with MIR beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated beta-lactamases that confer resistance to oxyimino- and alpha-methoxy beta-lactams " 223 UPDATE GES-3 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; GES beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with GES beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36205 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000066 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with GES beta-lactamases or Guiana extended-spectrum beta-lactamases are related to the other plasmid-located class A beta-lactamases " 222 UPDATE JOHN-1 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; JOHN beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with JOHN beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41366 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004202 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with JOHN beta-lactamases hydrolyse penicillins, narrow- and expanded-spectrum cephalosporins, and carbapenems. " 221 UPDATE CMY-100 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 220 UPDATE TEM-92 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 2213 UPDATE opmE kitasamycin; imipenem; thiamphenicol; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; rokitamycin; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; trimethoprim; macrolide antibiotic; antibiotic efflux; carbapenem; acridine dye; diaminopyrimidine antibiotic; acriflavin; tetracycline antibiotic; chloramphenicol; phenicol antibiotic; tetracycline; erythromycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with kitasamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37626 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3001227 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kitasamycin is a macrolide antibiotic and is produced by Streptoverticillium kitasatoense. The drug has antimicrobial activity against a wide spectrum of pathogens. UPDATED category_aro_name with imipenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36309 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000170 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Imipenem is a broad-spectrum antibiotic and is usually taken with cilastatin, which prevents hydrolysis of imipenem by renal dehydropeptidase-I. It is resistant to hydrolysis by most other beta-lactamases. Notable exceptions are the KPC beta-lactamases and Ambler Class B enzymes. UPDATED category_aro_name with thiamphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36595 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000456 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Derivative of Chloramphenicol. The nitro group (-NO2) is substituted by a sulfomethyl group (-SO2CH3). UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with rokitamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40353 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003701 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Rokitamycin is a macrolide antibiotic. Synthesized from strains of Streptomyces kitasatoensis. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36327 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000188 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Trimethoprim is a synthetic 5-(3,4,5- trimethoxybenzyl) pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, inhibiting synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid. Tetrahydrofolic acid is an essential precursor in the de novo synthesis of the DNA nucleotide thymidine. Trimethoprim is a bacteriostatic antibiotic mainly used in the prophylaxis and treatment of urinary tract infections in combination with sulfamethoxazole, a sulfonamide antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with acridine dye UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36193 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000054 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Acridine dyes are cell permeable, basic molecules with an acridine chromophore. These compounds intercalate DNA. The image shown represents the core structure of the acridine family, with specific dyes containing varying substituents. UPDATED category_aro_name with diaminopyrimidine antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36310 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000171 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Diaminopyrimidines are a class of organic compounds containing a pyrimidine ring substituted by two amine groups. They are inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme critical for DNA synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with acriflavin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35963 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000045 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Acriflavin is a topical antiseptic. It has the form of an orange or brown powder. It may be harmful in the eyes or if inhaled. Acriflavine is also used as treatment for external fungal infections of aquarium fish. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. " 2212 UPDATE mexQ kitasamycin; imipenem; thiamphenicol; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; rokitamycin; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; trimethoprim; macrolide antibiotic; antibiotic efflux; carbapenem; acridine dye; diaminopyrimidine antibiotic; acriflavin; tetracycline antibiotic; chloramphenicol; phenicol antibiotic; tetracycline; erythromycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with kitasamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37626 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3001227 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kitasamycin is a macrolide antibiotic and is produced by Streptoverticillium kitasatoense. The drug has antimicrobial activity against a wide spectrum of pathogens. UPDATED category_aro_name with imipenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36309 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000170 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Imipenem is a broad-spectrum antibiotic and is usually taken with cilastatin, which prevents hydrolysis of imipenem by renal dehydropeptidase-I. It is resistant to hydrolysis by most other beta-lactamases. Notable exceptions are the KPC beta-lactamases and Ambler Class B enzymes. UPDATED category_aro_name with thiamphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36595 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000456 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Derivative of Chloramphenicol. The nitro group (-NO2) is substituted by a sulfomethyl group (-SO2CH3). UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with rokitamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40353 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003701 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Rokitamycin is a macrolide antibiotic. Synthesized from strains of Streptomyces kitasatoensis. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36327 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000188 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Trimethoprim is a synthetic 5-(3,4,5- trimethoxybenzyl) pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, inhibiting synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid. Tetrahydrofolic acid is an essential precursor in the de novo synthesis of the DNA nucleotide thymidine. Trimethoprim is a bacteriostatic antibiotic mainly used in the prophylaxis and treatment of urinary tract infections in combination with sulfamethoxazole, a sulfonamide antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with acridine dye UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36193 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000054 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Acridine dyes are cell permeable, basic molecules with an acridine chromophore. These compounds intercalate DNA. The image shown represents the core structure of the acridine family, with specific dyes containing varying substituents. UPDATED category_aro_name with diaminopyrimidine antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36310 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000171 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Diaminopyrimidines are a class of organic compounds containing a pyrimidine ring substituted by two amine groups. They are inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme critical for DNA synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with acriflavin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35963 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000045 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Acriflavin is a topical antiseptic. It has the form of an orange or brown powder. It may be harmful in the eyes or if inhaled. Acriflavine is also used as treatment for external fungal infections of aquarium fish. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. " 2211 UPDATE mexP kitasamycin; imipenem; thiamphenicol; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; rokitamycin; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; trimethoprim; macrolide antibiotic; antibiotic efflux; carbapenem; acridine dye; diaminopyrimidine antibiotic; acriflavin; tetracycline antibiotic; chloramphenicol; phenicol antibiotic; tetracycline; erythromycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with kitasamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37626 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3001227 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kitasamycin is a macrolide antibiotic and is produced by Streptoverticillium kitasatoense. The drug has antimicrobial activity against a wide spectrum of pathogens. UPDATED category_aro_name with imipenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36309 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000170 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Imipenem is a broad-spectrum antibiotic and is usually taken with cilastatin, which prevents hydrolysis of imipenem by renal dehydropeptidase-I. It is resistant to hydrolysis by most other beta-lactamases. Notable exceptions are the KPC beta-lactamases and Ambler Class B enzymes. UPDATED category_aro_name with thiamphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36595 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000456 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Derivative of Chloramphenicol. The nitro group (-NO2) is substituted by a sulfomethyl group (-SO2CH3). UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with rokitamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40353 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003701 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Rokitamycin is a macrolide antibiotic. Synthesized from strains of Streptomyces kitasatoensis. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36327 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000188 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Trimethoprim is a synthetic 5-(3,4,5- trimethoxybenzyl) pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, inhibiting synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid. Tetrahydrofolic acid is an essential precursor in the de novo synthesis of the DNA nucleotide thymidine. Trimethoprim is a bacteriostatic antibiotic mainly used in the prophylaxis and treatment of urinary tract infections in combination with sulfamethoxazole, a sulfonamide antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with acridine dye UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36193 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000054 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Acridine dyes are cell permeable, basic molecules with an acridine chromophore. These compounds intercalate DNA. The image shown represents the core structure of the acridine family, with specific dyes containing varying substituents. UPDATED category_aro_name with diaminopyrimidine antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36310 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000171 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Diaminopyrimidines are a class of organic compounds containing a pyrimidine ring substituted by two amine groups. They are inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme critical for DNA synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with acriflavin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35963 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000045 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Acriflavin is a topical antiseptic. It has the form of an orange or brown powder. It may be harmful in the eyes or if inhaled. Acriflavine is also used as treatment for external fungal infections of aquarium fish. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. " 2217 UPDATE mexN antibiotic efflux; thiamphenicol; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; phenicol antibiotic; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with thiamphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36595 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000456 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Derivative of Chloramphenicol. The nitro group (-NO2) is substituted by a sulfomethyl group (-SO2CH3). UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. " 2216 UPDATE mexM antibiotic efflux; thiamphenicol; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; phenicol antibiotic; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with thiamphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36595 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000456 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Derivative of Chloramphenicol. The nitro group (-NO2) is substituted by a sulfomethyl group (-SO2CH3). UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. " 2215 UPDATE Pseudomonas aeruginosa gyrA and parC conferring resistance to fluoroquinolone fluoroquinolone self resistant parC; nybomycin; ofloxacin; norfloxacin; fluoroquinolone resistant gyrA; levofloxacin; fluoroquinolone resistant parC; sparfloxacin; antibiotic target alteration; ciprofloxacin; pefloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; sitafloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone self resistant parC UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40471 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003786 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Inherent parC resistance to fluoroquinolone from an antibiotic producer. The presence of these genes confers self-resistance to the antibiotic it produces. UPDATED category_aro_name with nybomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40463 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003780 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with A heterocyclic antibiotic that targets mutant gyrA (type II topoisomerase) containing an S84L substitution, counteracting acquired quinolone resistance. It is effective against quinolone-resistant Gram-positive bacteria including S. aureus and E. faecalis. Due to its ability to counteract quinolone resistance by targeting the mutant form of the gyrA protein, it is classified as a reverse antibiotic (RA). UPDATED category_aro_name with ofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37007 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000663 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ofloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a methyl-substituted oxazine ring. It has a broad spectrum of activity including many enterobacteria and mycoplasma but most anaerobes are resistant. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone resistant gyrA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 39876 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003292 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with DNA gyrase is responsible for DNA supercoiling and consists of two alpha and two beta subunits. GyrA point mutations confer resistance by preventing fluoroquinolone antibiotics from binding the alpha-subunit. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone resistant parC UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36913 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000619 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with ParC is a subunit of topoisomerase IV, which decatenates and relaxes DNA to allow access to genes for transcription or translation. Point mutations in ParC prevent fluoroquinolone antibiotics from inhibiting DNA synthesis, and confer low-level resistance. Higher-level resistance results from both gyrA and parC mutations. UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with pefloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37142 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000762 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pefloxacin is structurally and functionally similar to norfloxacin. It is poorly active against mycobacteria, while anaerobes are resistant. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with sitafloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40338 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003690 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sitafloxacin is a fluoroquinolone active against multi-resistant Gram-positive and negative pathogens. Sitafloxacin shows inhibitory activity against DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, which blocks bacterial DNA replication, thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. " 2219 UPDATE MexL antibiotic efflux; triclosan; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; protein(s) and two-component regulatory system modulating antibiotic efflux; macrolide antibiotic; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; tetracycline antibiotic; tetracycline; erythromycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Regulator UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with triclosan UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37250 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000870 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Triclosan is a common antibacterial agent added to many consumer products as a biocide. It is an inhibitor of fatty acid biosynthesis by blocking enoyl-carrier protein reductase (FabI). UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. " 151 UPDATE OKP-A-15 penam; antibiotic inactivation; OKP beta-lactamase; cephalosporin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with OKP beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 38817 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3002417 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OKP beta-lactamases are chromosomal class A beta-lactamase that confer resistance to penicillins and early cephalosporins in Klebsiella pneumoniae. OKP beta-lactamases can be subdivided into two groups: OKP-A and OKP-B which diverge by about 4.2% UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 150 UPDATE catB3 antibiotic inactivation; thiamphenicol; chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT); azidamfenicol; phenicol antibiotic; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with thiamphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36595 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000456 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Derivative of Chloramphenicol. The nitro group (-NO2) is substituted by a sulfomethyl group (-SO2CH3). UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36261 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000122 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Inactivates chloramphenicol by addition of an acyl group. cat is used to describe many variants of the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene in a range of organisms including Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Bacillus clausii, Bacillus subtilis, Campylobacter coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, Lactococcus lactis, Listeria monocytogenes, Listonella anguillarum Morganella morganii, Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella typhi, Serratia marcescens, Shigella flexneri, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Staphylococcus intermedius, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus suis and Streptomyces acrimycini UPDATED category_aro_name with azidamfenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36521 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000382 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Azidamfenicol is a water soluble derivative of chloramphenicol, sharing the same mode of action of inhibiting peptide synthesis by interacting with the 23S RNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. " 153 UPDATE adeF antibiotic efflux; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; tetracycline antibiotic; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; tetracycline; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. " 152 UPDATE cpxA antibiotic efflux; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; protein(s) and two-component regulatory system modulating antibiotic efflux; aminocoumarin antibiotic; novobiocin; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; aminoglycoside antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Regulator UPDATED category_aro_name with novobiocin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36250 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000111 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Novobiocin is an aminocoumarin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spheroides and Streptomyces niveus, and binds DNA gyrase subunit B inhibiting ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminocoumarin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36242 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000103 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminocoumarin antibiotics bind DNA gyrase subunit B to inhibit ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 155 UPDATE TEM-195 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 154 UPDATE mgrA penam; peptide antibiotic; ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump; major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump; protein(s) and two-component regulatory system modulating antibiotic efflux; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; sparfloxacin; norfloxacin; moxifloxacin; daptomycin; cefotaxime; acridine dye; cephalosporin; acriflavin; antibiotic efflux; ciprofloxacin; tetracycline antibiotic; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; methicillin; tetracycline; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Regulator UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36002 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are present in all cells of all organisms and use the energy of ATP binding/hydrolysis to transport substrates across cell membranes. UPDATED category_aro_name with major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and ABC transporters comprise the two largest and most functionally diverse of the transporter superfamilies. However, MFS transporters are distinct from ABC transporters in both their primary sequence and structure and in the mechanism of energy coupling. As secondary transporters they are, like RND and SMR transporters, energized by the electrochemical proton gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with methicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35934 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Derived from penicillin to combat penicillin-resistance, methicillin is insensitive to beta-lactamases (also known as penicillinases) secreted by many penicillin-resistant bacteria. Methicillin is bactericidal, and acts by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefotaxime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36989 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000645 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefotaxime is a semisynthetic cephalosporin taken parenterally. It is resistant to most beta-lactamases and active against Gram-negative rods and cocci due to its aminothiazoyl and methoximino functional groups. UPDATED category_aro_name with acridine dye UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36193 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000054 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Acridine dyes are cell permeable, basic molecules with an acridine chromophore. These compounds intercalate DNA. The image shown represents the core structure of the acridine family, with specific dyes containing varying substituents. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with acriflavin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35963 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000045 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Acriflavin is a topical antiseptic. It has the form of an orange or brown powder. It may be harmful in the eyes or if inhaled. Acriflavine is also used as treatment for external fungal infections of aquarium fish. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with daptomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35985 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000068 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Daptomycin is a novel lipopeptide antibiotic used in the treatment of certain infections caused by Gram-positive organisms. Daptomycin interferes with the bacterial cell membrane, reducing membrane potential and inhibiting cell wall synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. " 157 UPDATE dfrA21 iclaprim; trimethoprim; brodimoprim; tetroxoprim; diaminopyrimidine antibiotic; antibiotic target replacement; trimethoprim resistant dihydrofolate reductase dfr; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with iclaprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36476 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000337 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Iclaprim is a bactericidal compound that inhibits dihydrofolate reductase. It is used against clinically important Gram-positive pathogens, including methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36327 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000188 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Trimethoprim is a synthetic 5-(3,4,5- trimethoxybenzyl) pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, inhibiting synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid. Tetrahydrofolic acid is an essential precursor in the de novo synthesis of the DNA nucleotide thymidine. Trimethoprim is a bacteriostatic antibiotic mainly used in the prophylaxis and treatment of urinary tract infections in combination with sulfamethoxazole, a sulfonamide antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with brodimoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36408 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000269 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Brodimoprim is a structural derivative of trimethoprim and an inhibitor of bacterial dihydrofolate reductase. The 4-methoxy group of trimethoprim is replaced with a bromine atom. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetroxoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36423 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000284 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetroxoprim is a trimethoprim derivative that inhibits bacterial dihydrofolate reductase. UPDATED category_aro_name with diaminopyrimidine antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36310 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000171 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Diaminopyrimidines are a class of organic compounds containing a pyrimidine ring substituted by two amine groups. They are inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme critical for DNA synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target replacement UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Replacement or substitution of antibiotic action target, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim resistant dihydrofolate reductase dfr UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37617 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3001218 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Alternative dihydropteroate synthase dfr present on plasmids produces alternate proteins that are less sensitive to trimethoprim from inhibiting its role in folate synthesis, thus conferring trimethoprim resistance. " 156 UPDATE AAC(6')-Iaf antibiotic inactivation; kanamycin A; aminoglycoside antibiotic; AAC(6'); isepamicin; sisomicin; arbekacin; gentamicin B; netilmicin; amikacin; dibekacin; neomycin; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with AAC(6') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36484 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000345 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Acetylation of the aminoglycoside antibiotic on the amino group at position 6'. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with netilmicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35956 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000038 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with dibekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35926 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 2433 UPDATE lrfA efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump; antibiotic efflux; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and ABC transporters comprise the two largest and most functionally diverse of the transporter superfamilies. However, MFS transporters are distinct from ABC transporters in both their primary sequence and structure and in the mechanism of energy coupling. As secondary transporters they are, like RND and SMR transporters, energized by the electrochemical proton gradient. " 158 UPDATE myrA antibiotic target alteration; non-erm 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase (G748); macrolide antibiotic; lincosamide antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with non-erm 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase (G748) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37697 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3001298 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Non-erm 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferases modify guanosine 748 (E. coli numbering) to confer resistance to some macrolides and lincosamides UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincosamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35936 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincosamides (e.g. lincomycin, clindamycin) are a class of drugs which bind to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. This interaction inhibits early elongation of peptide chains by inhibiting the transpeptidase reaction, acting similarly to macrolides. " 2431 UPDATE hp1184 efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) transporter; antibiotic efflux; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) transporter UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36251 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000112 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) transporters utilize the cationic gradient across the membrane as an energy source. Although there is a diverse substrate specificity, almost all MATE transporters recognize fluoroquinolones. Arciflavine, ethidium and aminoglycosides are also good substrates. " 2430 UPDATE hp1181 metronidazole; major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; antibiotic efflux; nitroimidazole antibiotic; ciprofloxacin; tetracycline antibiotic; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; tetracycline; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with metronidazole UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37033 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000689 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Metronidazole is a nitroimidazole that is active against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa. It is not effective against aerobic bacteria. Nitroimidazoles act by oxidizing DNA causing strand breaks and cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and ABC transporters comprise the two largest and most functionally diverse of the transporter superfamilies. However, MFS transporters are distinct from ABC transporters in both their primary sequence and structure and in the mechanism of energy coupling. As secondary transporters they are, like RND and SMR transporters, energized by the electrochemical proton gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with nitroimidazole antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41239 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004115 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Nitroimidazoles are a group of drugs that have both antiprotozoal and antibacterial activity, classified with respect to the location of the nitro functional group. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. " 2436 UPDATE D-Ala-D-Ala ligase glycopeptide antibiotic; antibiotic target alteration; van ligase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with van ligase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 39340 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3002906 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with van ligases synthesize alternative substrates for peptidoglycan synthesis that reduce vancomycin binding affinity. " 2435 UPDATE lmrP antibiotic efflux; major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump; macrolide antibiotic; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; tetracycline antibiotic; streptogramin antibiotic; lincosamide antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and ABC transporters comprise the two largest and most functionally diverse of the transporter superfamilies. However, MFS transporters are distinct from ABC transporters in both their primary sequence and structure and in the mechanism of energy coupling. As secondary transporters they are, like RND and SMR transporters, energized by the electrochemical proton gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptogramin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35945 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000026 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptogramin antibiotics are natural products produced by various members of the Streptomyces genus. These antibiotics bind to the P site of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The family consists of two subgroups, type A and type B, which are simultaneously produced by the same bacterial species in a ratio of roughly 70:30. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincosamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35936 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincosamides (e.g. lincomycin, clindamycin) are a class of drugs which bind to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. This interaction inhibits early elongation of peptide chains by inhibiting the transpeptidase reaction, acting similarly to macrolides. " 2434 UPDATE Klebsiella pneumoniae OmpK36 penam; reduced permeability to antibiotic; penem; carbapenem; cephalosporin; cephamycin; General Bacterial Porin with reduced permeability to beta-lactams; monobactam; resistance by absence; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with reduced permeability to antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36383 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000244 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Reduction in permeability to antibiotic, generally through reduced production of porins, can provide resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with General Bacterial Porin with reduced permeability to beta-lactams UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41445 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004281 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These are GBPs that are associated with decreased susceptibility to beta-lactams either through mutations in the porin protein, absence of the porin protein, or expression of the porin protein. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance by absence UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40429 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003764 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mechanism of antibiotic resistance conferred by deletion of gene (usually a porin) " 2724 UPDATE MuxABC-OpmB kitasamycin; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; rokitamycin; aztreonam; aminocoumarin antibiotic; novobiocin; macrolide antibiotic; antibiotic efflux; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; tetracycline antibiotic; monobactam; tetracycline; erythromycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with kitasamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37626 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3001227 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kitasamycin is a macrolide antibiotic and is produced by Streptoverticillium kitasatoense. The drug has antimicrobial activity against a wide spectrum of pathogens. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with rokitamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40353 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003701 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Rokitamycin is a macrolide antibiotic. Synthesized from strains of Streptomyces kitasatoensis. UPDATED category_aro_name with aztreonam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36689 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000550 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Aztreonam was the first monobactam discovered, and is greatly effective against Gram-negative bacteria while inactive against Gram-positive bacteria. Artreonam is a poor substrate for beta-lactamases, and may even act as an inhibitor. In Gram-negative bacteria, Aztreonam interferes with filamentation, inhibiting cell division and leading to cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminocoumarin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36242 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000103 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminocoumarin antibiotics bind DNA gyrase subunit B to inhibit ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with novobiocin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36250 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000111 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Novobiocin is an aminocoumarin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spheroides and Streptomyces niveus, and binds DNA gyrase subunit B inhibiting ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. " 2720 UPDATE MuxC kitasamycin; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; rokitamycin; aztreonam; aminocoumarin antibiotic; novobiocin; macrolide antibiotic; antibiotic efflux; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; tetracycline antibiotic; monobactam; tetracycline; erythromycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with kitasamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37626 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3001227 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kitasamycin is a macrolide antibiotic and is produced by Streptoverticillium kitasatoense. The drug has antimicrobial activity against a wide spectrum of pathogens. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with rokitamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40353 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003701 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Rokitamycin is a macrolide antibiotic. Synthesized from strains of Streptomyces kitasatoensis. UPDATED category_aro_name with aztreonam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36689 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000550 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Aztreonam was the first monobactam discovered, and is greatly effective against Gram-negative bacteria while inactive against Gram-positive bacteria. Artreonam is a poor substrate for beta-lactamases, and may even act as an inhibitor. In Gram-negative bacteria, Aztreonam interferes with filamentation, inhibiting cell division and leading to cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminocoumarin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36242 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000103 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminocoumarin antibiotics bind DNA gyrase subunit B to inhibit ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with novobiocin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36250 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000111 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Novobiocin is an aminocoumarin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spheroides and Streptomyces niveus, and binds DNA gyrase subunit B inhibiting ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. " 2729 UPDATE MexJK-OprM antibiotic efflux; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; macrolide antibiotic; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; tetracycline antibiotic; tetracycline; erythromycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. " 1807 UPDATE OXA-70 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1806 UPDATE OXA-14 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1805 UPDATE TEM-131 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 1804 UPDATE OXA-107 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1803 UPDATE QnrVC3 sparfloxacin; norfloxacin; quinolone resistance protein (qnr); gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; antibiotic target protection; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; nalidixic acid; moxifloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with quinolone resistance protein (qnr) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36558 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000419 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Qnr proteins are pentapeptide repeat proteins that mimic DNA and protect the cell from the activity of fluoroquinolone antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target protection UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. " 1802 UPDATE OXA-168 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1801 UPDATE AAC(6')-Ib11 antibiotic inactivation; kanamycin A; aminoglycoside antibiotic; AAC(6'); isepamicin; sisomicin; arbekacin; gentamicin B; netilmicin; amikacin; dibekacin; neomycin; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with AAC(6') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36484 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000345 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Acetylation of the aminoglycoside antibiotic on the amino group at position 6'. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with netilmicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35956 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000038 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with dibekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35926 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 1800 UPDATE SHV-120 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 1809 UPDATE QnrB5 sparfloxacin; norfloxacin; quinolone resistance protein (qnr); gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; antibiotic target protection; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; nalidixic acid; moxifloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with quinolone resistance protein (qnr) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36558 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000419 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Qnr proteins are pentapeptide repeat proteins that mimic DNA and protect the cell from the activity of fluoroquinolone antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target protection UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. " 1808 UPDATE tet(A) antibiotic efflux; major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; tigecycline; glycylcycline; tetracycline antibiotic; tetracycline; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and ABC transporters comprise the two largest and most functionally diverse of the transporter superfamilies. However, MFS transporters are distinct from ABC transporters in both their primary sequence and structure and in the mechanism of energy coupling. As secondary transporters they are, like RND and SMR transporters, energized by the electrochemical proton gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with tigecycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35949 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000030 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tigecycline is an glycylcycline antibiotic. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycylcycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35960 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000042 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycylcyclines are a new class of antibiotics derived from tetracycline. These tetracycline analogues are specifically designed to overcome two common mechanisms of tetracycline resistance. Presently, there is only one glycylcycline antibiotic for clinical use: tigecycline. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome, preventing the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. " 1256 UPDATE bmr antibiotic efflux; major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; acridine dye; puromycin; acriflavin; nucleoside antibiotic; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; phenicol antibiotic; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and ABC transporters comprise the two largest and most functionally diverse of the transporter superfamilies. However, MFS transporters are distinct from ABC transporters in both their primary sequence and structure and in the mechanism of energy coupling. As secondary transporters they are, like RND and SMR transporters, energized by the electrochemical proton gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with acridine dye UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36193 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000054 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Acridine dyes are cell permeable, basic molecules with an acridine chromophore. These compounds intercalate DNA. The image shown represents the core structure of the acridine family, with specific dyes containing varying substituents. UPDATED category_aro_name with puromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35965 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000047 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Puromycin is an aminonucleoside antibiotic, derived from Streptomyces alboniger, that causes premature chain termination during ribosomal protein translation. UPDATED category_aro_name with acriflavin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35963 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000045 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Acriflavin is a topical antiseptic. It has the form of an orange or brown powder. It may be harmful in the eyes or if inhaled. Acriflavine is also used as treatment for external fungal infections of aquarium fish. UPDATED category_aro_name with nucleoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36174 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000034 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucleoside antibiotics are made of modified nucleosides and nucleotides with wide-ranging activities and means of antibacterial effects. This drug class includes aminonucleoside antibiotics, which contain an amino group. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. " 1948 UPDATE TEM-167 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 1949 UPDATE cphA6 carbapenem; CphA beta-lactamase; antibiotic inactivation; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CphA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36720 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000581 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CphA is an Ambler Class B MBL; subclass B2 originally isolated from Aeromonas hydrophilia. This enzyme has specific activity against carbapenems and is active as a mono-zinc protein. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. " 1257 UPDATE QnrB68 sparfloxacin; norfloxacin; quinolone resistance protein (qnr); gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; antibiotic target protection; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; nalidixic acid; moxifloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with quinolone resistance protein (qnr) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36558 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000419 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Qnr proteins are pentapeptide repeat proteins that mimic DNA and protect the cell from the activity of fluoroquinolone antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target protection UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. " 1942 UPDATE BJP-1 carbapenem; antibiotic inactivation; BJP beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with BJP beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41383 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004219 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with BJP beta-lactamases are a subclass B3 family. " 1943 UPDATE Mycobacterium tuberculosis kasA mutant conferring resistance to isoniazid isoniazid; antibiotic target alteration; triclosan; antibiotic resistant kasA; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with isoniazid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36659 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000520 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Isoniazid is an organic compound that is the first-line anti tuberculosis medication in prevention and treatment. As a prodrug, it is activated by mycobacterial catalase-peroxidases such as M. tuberculosis KatG. Isoniazid inhibits mycolic acid synthesis, which prevents cell wall synthesis in mycobacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with triclosan UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37250 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000870 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Triclosan is a common antibacterial agent added to many consumer products as a biocide. It is an inhibitor of fatty acid biosynthesis by blocking enoyl-carrier protein reductase (FabI). UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic resistant kasA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40055 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003462 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with kasA is a ketoacyl acyl carrier protein synthase that catalyzes the condensation reaction of fatty acid synthesis by the addition to an acyl acceptor of two carbons from malonyl-ACP. It is involved in elongation of fatty acids intermediate in the biosynthetic pathway of mycolic acids. " 1940 UPDATE QnrB30 sparfloxacin; norfloxacin; quinolone resistance protein (qnr); gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; antibiotic target protection; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; nalidixic acid; moxifloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with quinolone resistance protein (qnr) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36558 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000419 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Qnr proteins are pentapeptide repeat proteins that mimic DNA and protect the cell from the activity of fluoroquinolone antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target protection UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. " 1941 UPDATE SHV-98 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 1946 UPDATE CTX-M-10 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 1947 UPDATE CTX-M-160 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 1944 UPDATE CTX-M-148 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 1945 UPDATE SHV-50 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 818 UPDATE SHV-141 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 819 UPDATE CTX-M-68 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 1255 UPDATE OXA-119 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 2425 UPDATE hmrM antibiotic efflux; acridine dye; norfloxacin; multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) transporter; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; acriflavin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) transporter UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36251 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000112 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) transporters utilize the cationic gradient across the membrane as an energy source. Although there is a diverse substrate specificity, almost all MATE transporters recognize fluoroquinolones. Arciflavine, ethidium and aminoglycosides are also good substrates. UPDATED category_aro_name with acridine dye UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36193 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000054 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Acridine dyes are cell permeable, basic molecules with an acridine chromophore. These compounds intercalate DNA. The image shown represents the core structure of the acridine family, with specific dyes containing varying substituents. UPDATED category_aro_name with acriflavin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35963 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000045 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Acriflavin is a topical antiseptic. It has the form of an orange or brown powder. It may be harmful in the eyes or if inhaled. Acriflavine is also used as treatment for external fungal infections of aquarium fish. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. " 810 UPDATE mecC antibiotic target replacement; ceftaroline; ampicillin; flucloxacillin; ceftibuten; cefditoren; piperacillin; cefpodoxime; cefixime; cefdinir; meropenem; carbapenem; imipenem; aztreonam; cefradine; isopenicillin N; cefazolin; penicillin N; ceftazidime; cefepime; penicillin; oxacillin; cefmetazole; moxalactam; cloxacillin; cefadroxil; ceftriaxone; methicillin; loracarbef; ceftizoxime; cephalosporin; cefotaxime; cefaclor; phenoxymethylpenicillin; cefonicid; monobactam; cefuroxime; amoxicillin; mezlocillin; azlocillin; cefalexin; doripenem; cefotiam; ertapenem; penam; cefprozil; cephapirin; ceftobiprole; benzylpenicillin; methicillin resistant PBP2; cephamycin; carbenicillin; cefalotin; ceftiofur; mecillinam; propicillin; cefoxitin; dicloxacillin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with ampicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36981 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000637 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ampicillin is a penicillin derivative that is highly acid stable, with its activity similar to benzylpenicillin. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target replacement UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Replacement or substitution of antibiotic action target, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftibuten UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36992 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000648 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftibuten is a semisynthetic cephalosporin active against Gram-negative bacilli. It is resistant against many plasmid-mediated beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefditoren UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36993 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000649 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefditoren is a semisynthetic cephalosporin active against staphylococci, streptococci, and and most enterobacteria. It is resistant to staphylococcal and most enterobacterial beta-lactamases, and is usually taken as the prodrug cefditoren pivoxil. UPDATED category_aro_name with piperacillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35995 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000078 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Piperacillin is an acetylureidopenicillin and has an extended spectrum of targets relative to other beta-lactam antibiotics. It inhibits cell wall synthesis in bacteria, and is usually taken with the beta-lactamase inhibitor tazobactam to overcome penicillin-resistant bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefpodoxime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000647 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefpodoxime is a semisynthetic cephalosporin that acts similarly to cefotaxime with broad-spectrum activity. It is stable to many plasmid-mediated beta-lactamses. Cefpodoxime is consumed as the prodrug cefpodoxime proxetil. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefixime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36990 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000646 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefixime is a cephalosporin resistant to most beta-lactamases. It is active against many enterobacteria, but activity against staphylococci is poor. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefdinir UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36994 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000650 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefdinir is similar to cefixime with a modified side-chain at its 7-amino position. It also shares similar activity with cefixime but is more active against staphylococci. It has also be shown to enhance phagocytosis. UPDATED category_aro_name with meropenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35990 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000073 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Meropenem is an ultra-broad spectrum injectable antibiotic used to treat a wide variety of infections, including meningitis and pneumonia. It is a beta-lactam and belongs to the subgroup of carbapenem, similar to imipenem and ertapenem. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with imipenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36309 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000170 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Imipenem is a broad-spectrum antibiotic and is usually taken with cilastatin, which prevents hydrolysis of imipenem by renal dehydropeptidase-I. It is resistant to hydrolysis by most other beta-lactamases. Notable exceptions are the KPC beta-lactamases and Ambler Class B enzymes. UPDATED category_aro_name with azlocillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36982 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000638 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Azlocillin is a semisynthetic derivative of penicillin that is notably active against Ps. aeruginosa and other Gram-negative bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with aztreonam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36689 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000550 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Aztreonam was the first monobactam discovered, and is greatly effective against Gram-negative bacteria while inactive against Gram-positive bacteria. Artreonam is a poor substrate for beta-lactamases, and may even act as an inhibitor. In Gram-negative bacteria, Aztreonam interferes with filamentation, inhibiting cell division and leading to cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftazidime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35977 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000060 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftazidime is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Unlike most third-generation agents, it is active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, however it has weaker activity against Gram-positive microorganisms and is not used for such infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefazolin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35975 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000058 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefazolin (INN), also known as cefazoline or cephazolin, is a first generation cephalosporin antibiotic. It is administered parenterally, and is active against a broad spectrum of bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with penicillin N UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37086 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Penicillin N is a penicillin derivative produced by Cephalosporium acremonium. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefmetazole UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40928 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefmetazole is a semi-synthetic cephamycin antibiotic with broad spectrum antibiotic activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, that disrupt cell wall synthesis through binding to PBPs causing cell lysis. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefepime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35976 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000059 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefepime (INN) is a fourth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic developed in 1994. It contains an aminothiazolyl group that decreases its affinity with beta-lactamases. Cefepime shows high binding affinity with penicillin-binding proteins and has an extended spectrum of activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, with greater activity against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms than third-generation agents. UPDATED category_aro_name with penicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35971 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000054 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Penicillin (sometimes abbreviated PCN) is a beta-lactam antibiotic used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. It works by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with oxacillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35973 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000056 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Oxacillin is a penicillinase-resistant beta-lactam. It is similar to methicillin, and has replaced methicillin in clinical use. Oxacillin, especially in combination with other antibiotics, is effective against many penicillinase-producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxalactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40944 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxalactam (Latamoxef) is a broad spectrum cephalosporin (oxacephem) and beta-lactam antibiotic. Moxalactam binding to PBPs inhibits peptidoglycan cross-linkage in the cell wall, resulting in cell death. Moxalactam is proposed to be effective against meningitides as it passes the blood-brain barrier. UPDATED category_aro_name with cloxacillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35930 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000011 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cloxacillin is a semisynthetic, isoxazolyl penicillin derivative in the beta-lactam class of antibiotics. It interferes with peptidogylcan synthesis and is commonly used for treating penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftaroline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36995 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000651 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftaroline is a novel cephalosporin active against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Like other cephalosporins it binds penicillin-binding proteins to inhibit cell wall synthesis. It strongly binds with PBP2a, associated with methicillin resistance. It is taken orally as the prodrug ceftaroline fosamil. UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftriaxone UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35979 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000062 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftriaxone is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. The presence of an aminothiazolyl sidechain increases ceftriazone's resistance to beta-lactamases. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with methicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35934 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Derived from penicillin to combat penicillin-resistance, methicillin is insensitive to beta-lactamases (also known as penicillinases) secreted by many penicillin-resistant bacteria. Methicillin is bactericidal, and acts by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with loracarbef UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40943 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Loracarbef is a second-generation cephalosporin (carbacephem) and broad spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic. Loracarbef inhibits PBPs through binding, disrupting peptidoglycan cell wall cross-linkage and resulting in cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with flucloxacillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36980 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000636 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Flucloxacillin is similar to cloxacillin, with an extra additional fluorine atom. UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftizoxime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40934 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftizoxime is a third-generation cephalosporin and broad spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic. Ceftizoxime causes bacterial cell lysis through peptidoglycan cross-linking inhibition by binding to PBPs. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefotaxime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36989 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000645 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefotaxime is a semisynthetic cephalosporin taken parenterally. It is resistant to most beta-lactamases and active against Gram-negative rods and cocci due to its aminothiazoyl and methoximino functional groups. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefaclor UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000644 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefaclor is a semisynthetic cephalosporin derived from cephalexin. It has broad-spectrum antibiotic activity. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenoxymethylpenicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36977 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000633 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenoxymethylpenicillin, or penicillin V, is a penicillin derivative that is acid stable but less active than benzylpenicillin (penicillin G). UPDATED category_aro_name with cefonicid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40929 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefonicid is a second-generation cephalosporin-class beta-lactam antibiotic with broad spectrum activity. Particularly used against urinary tract infections and lower respiratory infections. Causes cell lysis by inactivation of PBPs through binding, inhibiting peptidoglycan synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefuroxime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35980 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000063 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefuroxime is a second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with increased stability with beta-lactamases than first-generation cephalosporins. Cefuroxime is active against Gram-positive organisms but less active against methicillin-resistant strains. UPDATED category_aro_name with amoxicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35981 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000064 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amoxicillin is a moderate-spectrum, bacteriolytic, beta-lactam antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections caused by susceptible microorganisms. A derivative of penicillin, it has a wider range of treatment but remains relatively ineffective against Gram-negative bacteria. It is commonly taken with clavulanic acid, a beta-lactamase inhibitor. Like other beta-lactams, amoxicillin interferes with the synthesis of peptidoglycan. UPDATED category_aro_name with mezlocillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36983 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000639 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Mezlocillin is a penicillin derivative taken parenterally. UPDATED category_aro_name with isopenicillin N UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37085 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000705 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Isopenicillin N is a natural penicillin derivative produced by Penicillium chrysogenum with activity similar to penicillin N. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefalexin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36985 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000641 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefalexin is a cephalosporin antibiotic that causes filamentation. It is resistant to staphylococcal beta-lactamase, but degraded by enterobacterial beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with doripenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36984 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000640 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Doripenem is a carbapenem with a broad range of activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and along with meropenem, it is the most active beta-lactam antibiotic against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefotiam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36987 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000643 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefotiam is a cephalosporin antibiotic with similar activity to cefuroxime but more active against enterobacteria. It is consumed orally as the prodrug cefotiam hexetil. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefadroxil UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36986 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000642 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefadroxil, or p-hydroxycephalexin, is an cephalosporin antibiotic similar to cefalexin. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefprozil UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefprozil is a cephalosporin and beta-lactam antibiotic with bactericidal activity. It selectively binds to PBPs and inhibits peptidoglycan synthesis, a major cell wall component, resulting in cell lysis. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephapirin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephapirin is a first-generation cephalosporin and broad spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic. Inactivation of penicillin-binding proteins through cephapirin binding disrupts peptidoglycan cross-linking, resulting in cell lysis. UPDATED category_aro_name with dicloxacillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36979 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000635 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dicloxacillin is a penicillin derivative that has an extra chlorine atom in comparison to cloxacillin. While more active than cloxacillin, its high affinity for serum protein reduces its activity in human serum in vitro. UPDATED category_aro_name with benzylpenicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36976 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000632 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Benzylpenicillin, commonly referred to as penicillin G, is effective against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. It is unstable in acid. UPDATED category_aro_name with methicillin resistant PBP2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37589 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3001208 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with In methicillin sensitive S. aureus (MSSA), beta-lactams bind to native penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) and disrupt synthesis of the cell membrane's peptidoglycan layer. In methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA), foreign PBP2a acquired by lateral gene transfer is able to perform peptidoglycan synthesis in the presence of beta-lactams. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftobiprole UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35978 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000061 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftobiprole (Zeftera/Zevtera) is a next generation (5th generation) cephalosporin antibiotic with activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterococci. Ceftobiprole inhibits transpeptidases essential to building cell walls, and is a poor substrate for most beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbenicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35961 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000043 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbenicillin is a semi-synthetic antibiotic belonging to the carboxypenicillin subgroup of the penicillins. It has gram-negative coverage which includes Pseudomonas aeruginosa but limited gram-positive coverage. The carboxypenicillins are susceptible to degradation by beta-lactamase enzymes. Carbenicillin antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefalotin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37084 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000704 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. It is resistant to staphylococci beta-lactamases but hydrolyzed by enterobacterial beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftiofur UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40933 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftiofur is a third-generation broad spectrum cephalosporin and beta-lactam antibiotic. It causes cell lysis by disrupting peptidoglycan cross-linkage and cell wall formation by binding to PBPs. UPDATED category_aro_name with mecillinam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37141 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000761 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Mecillinam is a broad-spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic that was semi-synthetically derived to have a different drug centre, being a 6-alpha-amidinopenicillanate instead of a 6-alpha-acylaminopenicillanate. Contrasting most beta-lactam drugs, mecillinam is most active against Gram-negative bacteria. It binds specifically to penicillin binding protein 2 (PBP2). UPDATED category_aro_name with propicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36978 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000634 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Propicillin is an orally taken penicillin derivative that has high absorption but poor activity. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefoxitin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35927 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefoxitin is a cephamycin antibiotic often grouped with the second generation cephalosporins. Cefoxitin is bactericidal and acts by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. Cefoxitin's 7-alpha-methoxy group and 3' leaving group make it a poor substrate for most beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with ertapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35987 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000070 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ertapenem is a carbapenem antibiotic and is highly resistant to beta-lactamases like other carbapenems. It inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefradine UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40936 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004009 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefradine is a first-generation cephalosporin and broad spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic. Cefradine binding to penicillin-binding proteins disrupts cell wall peptidoglycan cross-linkage, resulting in cell lysis. " 811 UPDATE TEM-26 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 812 UPDATE CMY-10 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 813 UPDATE OXA-216 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 814 UPDATE TEM-113 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 815 UPDATE GOB-1 carbapenem; penam; GOB beta-lactamase; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with GOB beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41376 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004212 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with The GOB family of beta-lactamases have been discovered in the Elizabethkingia meningoseptica and are classified as subclass B3 beta-lactamase. They confer resistance to cephalosporins, penicillins, and carbapenems. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 816 UPDATE OXA-3 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 817 UPDATE CTX-M-158 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 1623 UPDATE GIM-2 penam; GIM beta-lactamase; penem; carbapenem; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; cephamycin; monobactam; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with GIM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 39772 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003195 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with The GIM beta-lactamases are isolated from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. They are located in a distinct integron structure. They confers high broad spectrum resistant, including all ß-lactams, aminoglycosides and quinolones. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 1250 UPDATE CTX-M-96 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 1622 UPDATE vanWG glycopeptide antibiotic; glycopeptide resistance gene cluster; antibiotic target alteration; vanW; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide resistance gene cluster UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36373 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000234 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Genes that when expressed confer resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin type antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with vanW UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36011 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with vanW is an accessory gene, with unknown function, found on vancomycin resistance operons. " 1358 UPDATE VIM-24 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; carbapenem; cephalosporin; cephamycin; VIM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with VIM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36030 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000021 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with The Verone integron-encoded metallo-beta-lactamase (VIM) family was reported from Italy in 1999. There are, to date, 23 reported variants. VIM enzymes mostly occur in P. aeruginosa, also P. putida and, very rarely, Enterobacteriaceae. Integron-associated, sometimes within plasmids. Hydrolyses all beta-lactams except monobactams, and evades all beta-lactam inhibitors. There is a strong incidence of these in East Asia. " 1251 UPDATE CTX-M-157 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 1621 UPDATE SHV-45 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 1490 UPDATE SHV-107 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 1397 UPDATE dfrC iclaprim; trimethoprim; brodimoprim; tetroxoprim; diaminopyrimidine antibiotic; antibiotic target replacement; trimethoprim resistant dihydrofolate reductase dfr; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with iclaprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36476 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000337 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Iclaprim is a bactericidal compound that inhibits dihydrofolate reductase. It is used against clinically important Gram-positive pathogens, including methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36327 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000188 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Trimethoprim is a synthetic 5-(3,4,5- trimethoxybenzyl) pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, inhibiting synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid. Tetrahydrofolic acid is an essential precursor in the de novo synthesis of the DNA nucleotide thymidine. Trimethoprim is a bacteriostatic antibiotic mainly used in the prophylaxis and treatment of urinary tract infections in combination with sulfamethoxazole, a sulfonamide antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with brodimoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36408 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000269 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Brodimoprim is a structural derivative of trimethoprim and an inhibitor of bacterial dihydrofolate reductase. The 4-methoxy group of trimethoprim is replaced with a bromine atom. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetroxoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36423 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000284 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetroxoprim is a trimethoprim derivative that inhibits bacterial dihydrofolate reductase. UPDATED category_aro_name with diaminopyrimidine antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36310 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000171 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Diaminopyrimidines are a class of organic compounds containing a pyrimidine ring substituted by two amine groups. They are inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme critical for DNA synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target replacement UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Replacement or substitution of antibiotic action target, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim resistant dihydrofolate reductase dfr UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37617 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3001218 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Alternative dihydropteroate synthase dfr present on plasmids produces alternate proteins that are less sensitive to trimethoprim from inhibiting its role in folate synthesis, thus conferring trimethoprim resistance. " 1492 UPDATE MOX-3 penam; antibiotic inactivation; MOX beta-lactamase; cephamycin; cephalosporin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with MOX beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36222 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000083 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with MOX beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated AmpC-type beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 1493 UPDATE PER-6 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; carbapenem; cephalosporin; PER beta-lactamase; monobactam; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with PER beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36195 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000056 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with PER beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated extended spectrum beta-lactamases found in the Enterobacteriaceae family. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 1494 UPDATE LAT-1 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 1495 UPDATE ACT-4 antibiotic inactivation; carbapenem; penam; ACT beta-lactamase; cephalosporin; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with ACT beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36211 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000072 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with ACT beta-lactamases, also known as AmpC beta-lactamases, are cephalosporinases that cannot be inhibited by clavulanate. These enzymes are encoded by genes located on the chromosome and can be induced by the presence of beta-lactam antibiotics. However recently, these genes have been found on plasmids and expressed at high constitutive levels in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 1496 UPDATE OXA-224 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1497 UPDATE dfrA10 iclaprim; trimethoprim; brodimoprim; tetroxoprim; diaminopyrimidine antibiotic; antibiotic target replacement; trimethoprim resistant dihydrofolate reductase dfr; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with iclaprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36476 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000337 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Iclaprim is a bactericidal compound that inhibits dihydrofolate reductase. It is used against clinically important Gram-positive pathogens, including methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36327 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000188 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Trimethoprim is a synthetic 5-(3,4,5- trimethoxybenzyl) pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, inhibiting synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid. Tetrahydrofolic acid is an essential precursor in the de novo synthesis of the DNA nucleotide thymidine. Trimethoprim is a bacteriostatic antibiotic mainly used in the prophylaxis and treatment of urinary tract infections in combination with sulfamethoxazole, a sulfonamide antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with brodimoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36408 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000269 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Brodimoprim is a structural derivative of trimethoprim and an inhibitor of bacterial dihydrofolate reductase. The 4-methoxy group of trimethoprim is replaced with a bromine atom. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetroxoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36423 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000284 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetroxoprim is a trimethoprim derivative that inhibits bacterial dihydrofolate reductase. UPDATED category_aro_name with diaminopyrimidine antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36310 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000171 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Diaminopyrimidines are a class of organic compounds containing a pyrimidine ring substituted by two amine groups. They are inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme critical for DNA synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target replacement UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Replacement or substitution of antibiotic action target, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim resistant dihydrofolate reductase dfr UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37617 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3001218 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Alternative dihydropteroate synthase dfr present on plasmids produces alternate proteins that are less sensitive to trimethoprim from inhibiting its role in folate synthesis, thus conferring trimethoprim resistance. " 1498 UPDATE cphA8 carbapenem; CphA beta-lactamase; antibiotic inactivation; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CphA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36720 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000581 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CphA is an Ambler Class B MBL; subclass B2 originally isolated from Aeromonas hydrophilia. This enzyme has specific activity against carbapenems and is active as a mono-zinc protein. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. " 1499 UPDATE VEB-6 antibiotic inactivation; monobactam; cephalosporin; VEB beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with VEB beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36182 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000043 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with VEB beta-lactamases or Vietnamese extended-spectrum beta-lactamases are class A beta-lactamases that confer high-level resistance to oxyimino cephalosporins and to aztreonam " 423 UPDATE DHA-16 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; cephamycin; DHA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with DHA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36207 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000068 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with DHA beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated AmpC β-lactamases that confer resistance to cephamycins and oxyimino-cephalosporins. " 1626 UPDATE vgaE dalfopristin; pleuromutilin; ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump; antibiotic efflux; pristinamycin IIA; pleuromutilin antibiotic; madumycin II; griseoviridin; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; streptogramin antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with dalfopristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37018 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000674 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dalfopristin is a water-soluble semi-synthetic derivative of pristinamycin IIA. It is produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis and is used in combination with quinupristin in a 7:3 ratio. Both work together to inhibit protein synthesis, and is active against Gram-positive bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with pleuromutilin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37716 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3001317 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pleuromutilin is a natural product antibiotic produced by Clitopilus passeckerianus. Related antibiotics of clinical significance, such as tiamulin and retapamulin, are semi-synthetic derivatives of this compound. UPDATED category_aro_name with ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36002 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are present in all cells of all organisms and use the energy of ATP binding/hydrolysis to transport substrates across cell membranes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IIA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37013 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000669 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IIA is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with pleuromutilin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37014 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000670 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Pleuromutilins are natural fungal products that target bacterial protein translation by binding the the 23S rRNA, blocking the ribosome P site at the 50S subunit. They are mostly used for agriculture and veterinary purposes. UPDATED category_aro_name with madumycin II UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37016 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000672 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Madumycin II is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with griseoviridin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000673 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Griseoviridin is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptogramin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35945 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000026 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptogramin antibiotics are natural products produced by various members of the Streptomyces genus. These antibiotics bind to the P site of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The family consists of two subgroups, type A and type B, which are simultaneously produced by the same bacterial species in a ratio of roughly 70:30. " 1700 UPDATE ACT-28 antibiotic inactivation; carbapenem; penam; ACT beta-lactamase; cephalosporin; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with ACT beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36211 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000072 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with ACT beta-lactamases, also known as AmpC beta-lactamases, are cephalosporinases that cannot be inhibited by clavulanate. These enzymes are encoded by genes located on the chromosome and can be induced by the presence of beta-lactam antibiotics. However recently, these genes have been found on plasmids and expressed at high constitutive levels in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 1701 UPDATE Erm(39) antibiotic target alteration; vernamycin B-gamma; oleandomycin; macrolide antibiotic; telithromycin; tylosin; lincosamide antibiotic; dirithromycin; clarithromycin; clindamycin; dalfopristin; pristinamycin IB; quinupristin; pristinamycin IA; Erm 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase; pristinamycin IIA; madumycin II; griseoviridin; lincomycin; streptogramin antibiotic; roxithromycin; spiramycin; azithromycin; erythromycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with vernamycin B-gamma UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37022 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000678 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Vernamycin B-gamma is a class B streptogramin derived from virginiamycin S1. UPDATED category_aro_name with oleandomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37247 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000867 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Oleandomycin is a 14-membered macrolide produced by Streptomyces antibioticus. It is ssimilar to erythromycin, and contains a desosamine amino sugar and an oleandrose sugar. It targets the 50S ribosomal subunit to prevent protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with telithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35974 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000057 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Telithromycin is a semi-synthetic derivative of erythromycin. It is a 14-membered macrolide and is the first ketolide antibiotic to be used in clinics. Telithromycin binds the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with tylosin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36284 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000145 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tylosin is a 16-membered macrolide, naturally produced by Streptomyces fradiae. It interacts with the bacterial ribosome 50S subunit to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincosamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35936 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincosamides (e.g. lincomycin, clindamycin) are a class of drugs which bind to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. This interaction inhibits early elongation of peptide chains by inhibiting the transpeptidase reaction, acting similarly to macrolides. UPDATED category_aro_name with dirithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36315 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000176 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dirithromycin is an oxazine derivative of erythromycin, sharing the 14-carbon macrolide ring. The antibiotic binds to the 50S subunit of the ribosome to inhibit bacterial protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with clarithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35982 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000065 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Clarithromycin is a methyl derivative of erythromycin, sharing the 14-carbon macrolide ring. The antibiotic binds to the 50S subunit of the ribosome and is used to treat pharyngitis, tonsillitis, acute maxillary sinusitis, acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, pneumonia (especially atypical pneumonias associated with Chlamydia pneumoniae or TWAR), and skin structure infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with clindamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35983 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000066 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Clindamycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that blocks A-site aminoacyl-tRNA binding. It is usually used to treat infections with anaerobic bacteria but can also be used to treat some protozoal diseases, such as malaria. UPDATED category_aro_name with dalfopristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37018 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000674 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dalfopristin is a water-soluble semi-synthetic derivative of pristinamycin IIA. It is produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis and is used in combination with quinupristin in a 7:3 ratio. Both work together to inhibit protein synthesis, and is active against Gram-positive bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IB UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37019 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000675 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IB is a class B streptogramin similar to pristinamycin IA, the former containing a N-methyl-4-(methylamino)phenylalanine instead of a N-methyl-4-(dimethylamino)phenylalanine in its class A streptogramin counterpart (one less methyl group). UPDATED category_aro_name with quinupristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36723 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000584 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Quinupristin is a type B streptogramin and a semisynthetic derivative of pristinamycin 1A. It is a component of the drug Synercid and interacts with the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36722 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000583 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin 1A is a type B streptogramin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis. It binds to the P site of the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, preventing the extension of protein chains. UPDATED category_aro_name with Erm 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36699 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000560 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Erm proteins are part of the RNA methyltransferase family and methylate A2058 (E. coli nomenclature) of the 23S ribosomal RNA conferring degrees of resistance to Macrolides, Lincosamides and Streptogramin b. This is called the MLSb phenotype. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IIA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37013 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000669 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IIA is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with madumycin II UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37016 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000672 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Madumycin II is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with griseoviridin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000673 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Griseoviridin is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35964 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000046 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincomycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that comes from the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis. It binds to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes and inhibit early elongation of peptide chain by inhibiting transpeptidase reaction. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptogramin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35945 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000026 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptogramin antibiotics are natural products produced by various members of the Streptomyces genus. These antibiotics bind to the P site of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The family consists of two subgroups, type A and type B, which are simultaneously produced by the same bacterial species in a ratio of roughly 70:30. UPDATED category_aro_name with roxithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35946 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000027 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Roxithromycin is a semi-synthetic, 14-carbon ring macrolide antibiotic derived from erythromycin. It is used to treat respiratory tract, urinary and soft tissue infections. Roxithromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. UPDATED category_aro_name with spiramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36295 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000156 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Spiramycin is a 16-membered macrolide and is natural product produced by Streptomyces ambofaciens. It binds to the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes and inhibits peptidyl transfer activity to disrupt protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with azithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36297 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000158 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Azithromycin is a 15-membered macrolide and falls under the subclass of azalide. Like other macrolides, azithromycin binds bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The nitrogen substitution at the C-9a position prevents its degradation. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. " 1702 UPDATE MIR-1 antibiotic inactivation; monobactam; cephalosporin; cephamycin; MIR beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with MIR beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36197 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000058 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with MIR beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated beta-lactamases that confer resistance to oxyimino- and alpha-methoxy beta-lactams " 1703 UPDATE FosK fosfomycin; fosfomycin thiol transferase; antibiotic inactivation; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with fosfomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35944 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000025 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Fosfomycin (also known as phosphomycin and phosphonomycin) is a broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by certain Streptomyces species. It is effective on gram positive and negative bacteria as it targets the cell wall, an essential feature shared by both bacteria. Its specific target is MurA (MurZ in E.coli), which attaches phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, a step of commitment to cell wall synthesis. In the active site of MurA, the active cysteine molecule is alkylated which stops the catalytic reaction. UPDATED category_aro_name with fosfomycin thiol transferase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36272 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000133 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Catalyzes the addition of a thiol group from a nucleophilic molecule to fosfomycin. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. " 1704 UPDATE CMY-57 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 1705 UPDATE SHV-111 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 1706 UPDATE OXA-142 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1707 UPDATE QnrB4 sparfloxacin; norfloxacin; quinolone resistance protein (qnr); gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; antibiotic target protection; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; nalidixic acid; moxifloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with quinolone resistance protein (qnr) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36558 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000419 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Qnr proteins are pentapeptide repeat proteins that mimic DNA and protect the cell from the activity of fluoroquinolone antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target protection UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. " 1708 UPDATE tet36 chlortetracycline; demeclocycline; oxytetracycline; tetracycline antibiotic; tetracycline; antibiotic target protection; minocycline; tetracycline-resistant ribosomal protection protein; doxycycline; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with chlortetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36667 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000528 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chlortetracycline was an early, first-generation tetracycline antibiotic developed in the 1940's. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes, preventing the aminoacyl-tRNA from binding to the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with demeclocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37011 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000667 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Demeclocycline is a tetracycline analog with 7-chloro and 6-methyl groups. Due to its fast absorption and slow excretion, it maintains higher effective blood levels compared to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with oxytetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37012 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000668 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Oxytetracycline is a derivative of tetracycline with a 5-hydroxyl group. Its activity is similar to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target protection UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with minocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36291 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000152 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Minocycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline-resistant ribosomal protection protein UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35921 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with A family of proteins known to bind to the 30S ribosomal subunit. This interaction prevents tetracycline and tetracycline derivatives from inhibiting ribosomal function. Thus, these proteins confer elevated resistance to tetracycline derivatives as a ribosomal protection protein. UPDATED category_aro_name with doxycycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35986 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Doxycycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. " 1709 UPDATE TEM-115 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 1624 UPDATE lmrD efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump; antibiotic efflux; lincosamide antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36002 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are present in all cells of all organisms and use the energy of ATP binding/hydrolysis to transport substrates across cell membranes. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincosamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35936 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincosamides (e.g. lincomycin, clindamycin) are a class of drugs which bind to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. This interaction inhibits early elongation of peptide chains by inhibiting the transpeptidase reaction, acting similarly to macrolides. " 1392 UPDATE aadA22 antibiotic inactivation; aminoglycoside antibiotic; ANT(3''); streptomycin; spectinomycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with ANT(3'') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41439 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004275 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucleotidylylation of streptomycin at the hydroxyl group at position 3'' UPDATED category_aro_name with streptomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35958 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000040 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Streptomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with spectinomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35957 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000039 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Spectinomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Spectinomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit inhibiting translation. " 427 UPDATE OCH-7 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; cephamycin; monobactam; OCH beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OCH beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36233 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000094 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OCH beta-lactamases are Ambler class C chromosomal-encoded beta-lactamases in Ochrobactrum anthropi " 1390 UPDATE arlR antibiotic efflux; major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump; protein(s) and two-component regulatory system modulating antibiotic efflux; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; norfloxacin; acridine dye; acriflavin; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Regulator UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and ABC transporters comprise the two largest and most functionally diverse of the transporter superfamilies. However, MFS transporters are distinct from ABC transporters in both their primary sequence and structure and in the mechanism of energy coupling. As secondary transporters they are, like RND and SMR transporters, energized by the electrochemical proton gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with acridine dye UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36193 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000054 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Acridine dyes are cell permeable, basic molecules with an acridine chromophore. These compounds intercalate DNA. The image shown represents the core structure of the acridine family, with specific dyes containing varying substituents. UPDATED category_aro_name with acriflavin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35963 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000045 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Acriflavin is a topical antiseptic. It has the form of an orange or brown powder. It may be harmful in the eyes or if inhaled. Acriflavine is also used as treatment for external fungal infections of aquarium fish. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. " 1128 UPDATE OXA-23 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1129 UPDATE CMY-19 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 1120 UPDATE IMI-7 carbapenem; antibiotic inactivation; IMI beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with IMI beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36027 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000018 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with IMI beta-lactamases are a group of TEM-1-like beta-lactamase that are known to hydrolyze imipenem. IMI beta-lactamases are inhibited by clavulanic acid and tazobactam. " 1121 UPDATE APH(3')-VIa antibiotic inactivation; aminoglycoside antibiotic; isepamicin; paromomycin; kanamycin A; APH(3'); gentamicin B; amikacin; ribostamycin; G418; neomycin; butirosin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with paromomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000657 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with An aminoglycoside antibiotic used for the treatment of parasitic infections. It is similar to neomycin sharing a similar spectrum of activity, but its hydroxyl group at the 6'-position instead of an amino group makes it resistant to AAC(6') modifying enzymes. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with APH(3') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36265 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000126 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Phosphorylation of 2-deoxystreptamine aminoglycosides on the hydroxyl group at position 3' UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with ribostamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35940 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000021 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ribostamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Ribostamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with G418 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000653 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A gentamicin class aminoglycoside antibiotic often used in mammalian cell culture work as a selectable marker for the neo cassette (APH3'). UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with butirosin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35943 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000024 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Butirosin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Butirosin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 1122 UPDATE OXA-180 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1123 UPDATE FOX-8 antibiotic inactivation; cephamycin; cephalosporin; FOX beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with FOX beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36206 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000067 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with FOX beta-lactamases are plasmid-encoded AmpC-type beta-lactamase which conferred resistance to broad-spectrum cephalosporins and cephamycins " 1124 UPDATE TEM-186 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 1125 UPDATE OKP-B-11 penam; antibiotic inactivation; OKP beta-lactamase; cephalosporin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with OKP beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 38817 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3002417 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OKP beta-lactamases are chromosomal class A beta-lactamase that confer resistance to penicillins and early cephalosporins in Klebsiella pneumoniae. OKP beta-lactamases can be subdivided into two groups: OKP-A and OKP-B which diverge by about 4.2% UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 1126 UPDATE OXA-184 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1127 UPDATE CTX-M-64 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 524 UPDATE dfrA25 iclaprim; trimethoprim; brodimoprim; tetroxoprim; diaminopyrimidine antibiotic; antibiotic target replacement; trimethoprim resistant dihydrofolate reductase dfr; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with iclaprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36476 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000337 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Iclaprim is a bactericidal compound that inhibits dihydrofolate reductase. It is used against clinically important Gram-positive pathogens, including methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36327 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000188 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Trimethoprim is a synthetic 5-(3,4,5- trimethoxybenzyl) pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, inhibiting synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid. Tetrahydrofolic acid is an essential precursor in the de novo synthesis of the DNA nucleotide thymidine. Trimethoprim is a bacteriostatic antibiotic mainly used in the prophylaxis and treatment of urinary tract infections in combination with sulfamethoxazole, a sulfonamide antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with brodimoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36408 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000269 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Brodimoprim is a structural derivative of trimethoprim and an inhibitor of bacterial dihydrofolate reductase. The 4-methoxy group of trimethoprim is replaced with a bromine atom. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetroxoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36423 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000284 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetroxoprim is a trimethoprim derivative that inhibits bacterial dihydrofolate reductase. UPDATED category_aro_name with diaminopyrimidine antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36310 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000171 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Diaminopyrimidines are a class of organic compounds containing a pyrimidine ring substituted by two amine groups. They are inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme critical for DNA synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target replacement UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Replacement or substitution of antibiotic action target, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim resistant dihydrofolate reductase dfr UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37617 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3001218 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Alternative dihydropteroate synthase dfr present on plasmids produces alternate proteins that are less sensitive to trimethoprim from inhibiting its role in folate synthesis, thus conferring trimethoprim resistance. " 525 UPDATE CMY-13 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 526 UPDATE ACT-2 antibiotic inactivation; carbapenem; penam; ACT beta-lactamase; cephalosporin; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with ACT beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36211 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000072 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with ACT beta-lactamases, also known as AmpC beta-lactamases, are cephalosporinases that cannot be inhibited by clavulanate. These enzymes are encoded by genes located on the chromosome and can be induced by the presence of beta-lactam antibiotics. However recently, these genes have been found on plasmids and expressed at high constitutive levels in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 527 UPDATE SHV-38 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 1018 UPDATE APH(3')-IIc antibiotic inactivation; aminoglycoside antibiotic; paromomycin; kanamycin A; APH(3'); gentamicin B; ribostamycin; G418; neomycin; butirosin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with paromomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000657 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with An aminoglycoside antibiotic used for the treatment of parasitic infections. It is similar to neomycin sharing a similar spectrum of activity, but its hydroxyl group at the 6'-position instead of an amino group makes it resistant to AAC(6') modifying enzymes. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with APH(3') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36265 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000126 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Phosphorylation of 2-deoxystreptamine aminoglycosides on the hydroxyl group at position 3' UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with ribostamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35940 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000021 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ribostamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Ribostamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with G418 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000653 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A gentamicin class aminoglycoside antibiotic often used in mammalian cell culture work as a selectable marker for the neo cassette (APH3'). UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with butirosin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35943 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000024 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Butirosin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Butirosin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 521 UPDATE OXA-386 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 522 UPDATE floR antibiotic efflux; major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; florfenicol; phenicol antibiotic; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and ABC transporters comprise the two largest and most functionally diverse of the transporter superfamilies. However, MFS transporters are distinct from ABC transporters in both their primary sequence and structure and in the mechanism of energy coupling. As secondary transporters they are, like RND and SMR transporters, energized by the electrochemical proton gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with florfenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36600 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000461 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Florfenicol is a fluorine derivative of chloramphenicol, where the nitro group (-NO2) is substituted by a sulfomethyl group (-SO2CH3) and the hydroxyl group (-OH), by a fluorine group (-F). The action mechanism is the same as chloramphenicol's, where the antibiotic binds to the 23S RNA of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. " 523 UPDATE OXA-75 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1014 UPDATE SHV-25 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 1015 UPDATE evgA penam; antibiotic efflux; major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; protein(s) and two-component regulatory system modulating antibiotic efflux; norfloxacin; macrolide antibiotic; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; oxacillin; tetracycline antibiotic; cloxacillin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; tetracycline; erythromycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Regulator UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and ABC transporters comprise the two largest and most functionally diverse of the transporter superfamilies. However, MFS transporters are distinct from ABC transporters in both their primary sequence and structure and in the mechanism of energy coupling. As secondary transporters they are, like RND and SMR transporters, energized by the electrochemical proton gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with oxacillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35973 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000056 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Oxacillin is a penicillinase-resistant beta-lactam. It is similar to methicillin, and has replaced methicillin in clinical use. Oxacillin, especially in combination with other antibiotics, is effective against many penicillinase-producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with cloxacillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35930 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000011 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cloxacillin is a semisynthetic, isoxazolyl penicillin derivative in the beta-lactam class of antibiotics. It interferes with peptidogylcan synthesis and is commonly used for treating penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. " 1016 UPDATE OXA-255 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1017 UPDATE CTX-M-86 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 528 UPDATE OCH-8 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; cephamycin; monobactam; OCH beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OCH beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36233 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000094 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OCH beta-lactamases are Ambler class C chromosomal-encoded beta-lactamases in Ochrobactrum anthropi " 529 UPDATE SHV-185 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 1012 UPDATE KPC-5 antibiotic inactivation; penam; carbapenem; cephalosporin; monobactam; KPC beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with KPC beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36198 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000059 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenem resistant (KPC) beta-lactamases are notorious for their ability to efficiently hydrolyze carbapenems, unlike other Ambler Class A beta-lactamases. There are currently 9 variants reported worldwide. These enzymes were first isolated from Klebsiella pneumoniae strains in 2001 in the United States. Hospital outbreaks have since been reported in Greece and Israel and KPC carrying strains are now endemic to New York facilities. KPC-1 and KPC-2 have been shown to be identical and are now referred to as KPC-2. " 1013 UPDATE APH(2'')-IIIa antibiotic inactivation; kanamycin A; gentamicin B; aminoglycoside antibiotic; sisomicin; arbekacin; APH(2''); netilmicin; gentamicin C; amikacin; isepamicin; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with APH(2'') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36267 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000128 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Phosphorylation of 2-deoxystreptamine aminoglycosides on the hydroxyl group at position 2'' UPDATED category_aro_name with netilmicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35956 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000038 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin C UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35933 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin C is a mixture of gentamicin C1, gentamicin C1a, and gentamicin C2 (these differ in substituents at position C6'). Gentamicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 1234 UPDATE MIR-13 antibiotic inactivation; monobactam; cephalosporin; cephamycin; MIR beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with MIR beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36197 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000058 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with MIR beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated beta-lactamases that confer resistance to oxyimino- and alpha-methoxy beta-lactams " 1235 UPDATE AAC(6')-Ib' antibiotic inactivation; kanamycin A; aminoglycoside antibiotic; AAC(6'); isepamicin; sisomicin; arbekacin; gentamicin B; netilmicin; amikacin; dibekacin; neomycin; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with AAC(6') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36484 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000345 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Acetylation of the aminoglycoside antibiotic on the amino group at position 6'. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with netilmicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35956 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000038 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with dibekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35926 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 1236 UPDATE CMY-53 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 1237 UPDATE Mycobacterium tuberculosis rpoB mutants conferring resistance to rifampicin rifampin; rifapentine; rifabutin; peptide antibiotic; rifamycin-resistant beta-subunit of RNA polymerase (rpoB); antibiotic target replacement; antibiotic target alteration; rifamycin antibiotic; rifaximin; model_sequences; ARO_category; model_param "UPDATED fmax with 763325 UPDATED strand with + UPDATED accession with AL123456.3 UPDATED fmin with 759806 UPDATED sequence with TTGGCAGATTCCCGCCAGAGCAAAACAGCCGCTAGTCCTAGTCCGAGTCGCCCGCAAAGTTCCTCGAATAACTCCGTACCCGGAGCGCCAAACCGGGTCTCCTTCGCTAAGCTGCGCGAACCACTTGAGGTTCCGGGACTCCTTGACGTCCAGACCGATTCGTTCGAGTGGCTGATCGGTTCGCCGCGCTGGCGCGAATCCGCCGCCGAGCGGGGTGATGTCAACCCAGTGGGTGGCCTGGAAGAGGTGCTCTACGAGCTGTCTCCGATCGAGGACTTCTCCGGGTCGATGTCGTTGTCGTTCTCTGACCCTCGTTTCGACGATGTCAAGGCACCCGTCGACGAGTGCAAAGACAAGGACATGACGTACGCGGCTCCACTGTTCGTCACCGCCGAGTTCATCAACAACAACACCGGTGAGATCAAGAGTCAGACGGTGTTCATGGGTGACTTCCCGATGATGACCGAGAAGGGCACGTTCATCATCAACGGGACCGAGCGTGTGGTGGTCAGCCAGCTGGTGCGGTCGCCCGGGGTGTACTTCGACGAGACCATTGACAAGTCCACCGACAAGACGCTGCACAGCGTCAAGGTGATCCCGAGCCGCGGCGCGTGGCTCGAGTTTGACGTCGACAAGCGCGACACCGTCGGCGTGCGCATCGACCGCAAACGCCGGCAACCGGTCACCGTGCTGCTCAAGGCGCTGGGCTGGACCAGCGAGCAGATTGTCGAGCGGTTCGGGTTCTCCGAGATCATGCGATCGACGCTGGAGAAGGACAACACCGTCGGCACCGACGAGGCGCTGTTGGACATCTACCGCAAGCTGCGTCCGGGCGAGCCCCCGACCAAAGAGTCAGCGCAGACGCTGTTGGAAAACTTGTTCTTCAAGGAGAAGCGCTACGACCTGGCCCGCGTCGGTCGCTATAAGGTCAACAAGAAGCTCGGGCTGCATGTCGGCGAGCCCATCACGTCGTCGACGCTGACCGAAGAAGACGTCGTGGCCACCATCGAATATCTGGTCCGCTTGCACGAGGGTCAGACCACGATGACCGTTCCGGGCGGCGTCGAGGTGCCGGTGGAAACCGACGACATCGACCACTTCGGCAACCGCCGCCTGCGTACGGTCGGCGAGCTGATCCAAAACCAGATCCGGGTCGGCATGTCGCGGATGGAGCGGGTGGTCCGGGAGCGGATGACCACCCAGGACGTGGAGGCGATCACACCGCAGACGTTGATCAACATCCGGCCGGTGGTCGCCGCGATCAAGGAGTTCTTCGGCACCAGCCAGCTGAGCCAATTCATGGACCAGAACAACCCGCTGTCGGGGTTGACCCACAAGCGCCGACTGTCGGCGCTGGGGCCCGGCGGTCTGTCACGTGAGCGTGCCGGGCTGGAGGTCCGCGACGTGCACCCGTCGCACTACGGCCGGATGTGCCCGATCGAAACCCCTGAGGGGCCCAACATCGGTCTGATCGGCTCGCTGTCGGTGTACGCGCGGGTCAACCCGTTCGGGTTCATCGAAACGCCGTACCGCAAGGTGGTCGACGGCGTGGTTAGCGACGAGATCGTGTACCTGACCGCCGACGAGGAGGACCGCCACGTGGTGGCACAGGCCAATTCGCCGATCGATGCGGACGGTCGCTTCGTCGAGCCGCGCGTGCTGGTCCGCCGCAAGGCGGGCGAGGTGGAGTACGTGCCCTCGTCTGAGGTGGACTACATGGACGTCTCGCCCCGCCAGATGGTGTCGGTGGCCACCGCGATGATTCCCTTCCTGGAGCACGACGACGCCAACCGTGCCCTCATGGGGGCAAACATGCAGCGCCAGGCGGTGCCGCTGGTCCGTAGCGAGGCCCCGCTGGTGGGCACCGGGATGGAGCTGCGCGCGGCGATCGACGCCGGCGACGTCGTCGTCGCCGAAGAAAGCGGCGTCATCGAGGAGGTGTCGGCCGACTACATCACTGTGATGCACGACAACGGCACCCGGCGTACCTACCGGATGCGCAAGTTTGCCCGGTCCAACCACGGCACTTGCGCCAACCAGTGCCCCATCGTGGACGCGGGCGACCGAGTCGAGGCCGGTCAGGTGATCGCCGACGGTCCCTGTACTGACGACGGCGAGATGGCGCTGGGCAAGAACCTGCTGGTGGCCATCATGCCGTGGGAGGGCCACAACTACGAGGACGCGATCATCCTGTCCAACCGCCTGGTCGAAGAGGACGTGCTCACCTCGATCCACATCGAGGAGCATGAGATCGATGCTCGCGACACCAAGCTGGGTGCGGAGGAGATCACCCGCGACATCCCGAACATCTCCGACGAGGTGCTCGCCGACCTGGATGAGCGGGGCATCGTGCGCATCGGTGCCGAGGTTCGCGACGGGGACATCCTGGTCGGCAAGGTCACCCCGAAGGGTGAGACCGAGCTGACGCCGGAGGAGCGGCTGCTGCGTGCCATCTTCGGTGAGAAGGCCCGCGAGGTGCGCGACACTTCGCTGAAGGTGCCGCACGGCGAATCCGGCAAGGTGATCGGCATTCGGGTGTTTTCCCGCGAGGACGAGGACGAGTTGCCGGCCGGTGTCAACGAGCTGGTGCGTGTGTATGTGGCTCAGAAACGCAAGATCTCCGACGGTGACAAGCTGGCCGGCCGGCACGGCAACAAGGGCGTGATCGGCAAGATCCTGCCGGTTGAGGACATGCCGTTCCTTGCCGACGGCACCCCGGTGGACATTATTTTGAACACCCACGGCGTGCCGCGACGGATGAACATCGGCCAGATTTTGGAGACCCACCTGGGTTGGTGTGCCCACAGCGGCTGGAAGGTCGACGCCGCCAAGGGGGTTCCGGACTGGGCCGCCAGGCTGCCCGACGAACTGCTCGAGGCGCAGCCGAACGCCATTGTGTCGACGCCGGTGTTCGACGGCGCCCAGGAGGCCGAGCTGCAGGGCCTGTTGTCGTGCACGCTGCCCAACCGCGACGGTGACGTGCTGGTCGACGCCGACGGCAAGGCCATGCTCTTCGACGGGCGCAGCGGCGAGCCGTTCCCGTACCCGGTCACGGTTGGCTACATGTACATCATGAAGCTGCACCACCTGGTGGACGACAAGATCCACGCCCGCTCCACCGGGCCGTACTCGATGATCACCCAGCAGCCGCTGGGCGGTAAGGCGCAGTTCGGTGGCCAGCGGTTCGGGGAGATGGAGTGCTGGGCCATGCAGGCCTACGGTGCTGCCTACACCCTGCAGGAGCTGTTGACCATCAAGTCCGATGACACCGTCGGCCGCGTCAAGGTGTACGAGGCGATCGTCAAGGGTGAGAACATCCCGGAGCCGGGCATCCCCGAGTCGTTCAAGGTGCTGCTCAAAGAACTGCAGTCGCTGTGCCTCAACGTCGAGGTGCTATCGAGTGACGGTGCGGCGATCGAACTGCGCGAAGGTGAGGACGAGGACCTGGAGCGGGCCGCGGCCAACCTGGGAATCAATCTGTCCCGCAACGAATCCGCAAGTGTCGAGGATCTTGCGTAA UPDATED NCBI_taxonomy_name with Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv UPDATED NCBI_taxonomy_id with 83332 UPDATED NCBI_taxonomy_cvterm_id with 39507 UPDATED accession with CCP43410.1 UPDATED sequence with MADSRQSKTAASPSPSRPQSSSNNSVPGAPNRVSFAKLREPLEVPGLLDVQTDSFEWLIGSPRWRESAAERGDVNPVGGLEEVLYELSPIEDFSGSMSLSFSDPRFDDVKAPVDECKDKDMTYAAPLFVTAEFINNNTGEIKSQTVFMGDFPMMTEKGTFIINGTERVVVSQLVRSPGVYFDETIDKSTDKTLHSVKVIPSRGAWLEFDVDKRDTVGVRIDRKRRQPVTVLLKALGWTSEQIVERFGFSEIMRSTLEKDNTVGTDEALLDIYRKLRPGEPPTKESAQTLLENLFFKEKRYDLARVGRYKVNKKLGLHVGEPITSSTLTEEDVVATIEYLVRLHEGQTTMTVPGGVEVPVETDDIDHFGNRRLRTVGELIQNQIRVGMSRMERVVRERMTTQDVEAITPQTLINIRPVVAAIKEFFGTSQLSQFMDQNNPLSGLTHKRRLSALGPGGLSRERAGLEVRDVHPSHYGRMCPIETPEGPNIGLIGSLSVYARVNPFGFIETPYRKVVDGVVSDEIVYLTADEEDRHVVAQANSPIDADGRFVEPRVLVRRKAGEVEYVPSSEVDYMDVSPRQMVSVATAMIPFLEHDDANRALMGANMQRQAVPLVRSEAPLVGTGMELRAAIDAGDVVVAEESGVIEEVSADYITVMHDNGTRRTYRMRKFARSNHGTCANQCPIVDAGDRVEAGQVIADGPCTDDGEMALGKNLLVAIMPWEGHNYEDAIILSNRLVEEDVLTSIHIEEHEIDARDTKLGAEEITRDIPNISDEVLADLDERGIVRIGAEVRDGDILVGKVTPKGETELTPEERLLRAIFGEKAREVRDTSLKVPHGESGKVIGIRVFSREDEDELPAGVNELVRVYVAQKRKISDGDKLAGRHGNKGVIGKILPVEDMPFLADGTPVDIILNTHGVPRRMNIGQILETHLGWCAHSGWKVDAAKGVPDWAARLPDELLEAQPNAIVSTPVFDGAQEAELQGLLSCTLPNRDGDVLVDADGKAMLFDGRSGEPFPYPVTVGYMYIMKLHHLVDDKIHARSTGPYSMITQQPLGGKAQFGGQRFGEMECWAMQAYGAAYTLQELLTIKSDDTVGRVKVYEAIVKGENIPEPGIPESFKVLLKELQSLCLNVEVLSSDGAAIELREGEDEDLERAAANLGINLSRNESASVEDLA UPDATED category_aro_name with rifampin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36308 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000169 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifampin is a semi-synthetic rifamycin, and inhibits RNA synthesis by binding to RNA polymerase. Rifampin is the mainstay agent for the treatment of tuberculosis, leprosy and complicated Gram-positive infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifapentine UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36673 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000534 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifapentine is a semisynthetic rifamycin that inhibits DNA-dependent RNA synthesis. It is often used in the treatment of tuberculosis and leprosy. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifabutin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36669 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000530 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifabutin is a semisynthetic rifamycin used in tuberculosis therapy. It inhibits DNA-dependent RNA synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifamycin-resistant beta-subunit of RNA polymerase (rpoB) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36349 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000210 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifampin resistant RNA polymerases include amino acids substitutions which disrupt the affinity of rifampin for its binding site. These mutations are frequently concentrated in the rif I region of the beta-subunit and most often involve amino acids which make direct interactions with rifampin. However, mutations which also confer resistance can occur outside this region and may involve amino acids which do not directly make contact with rifampin. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target replacement UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Replacement or substitution of antibiotic action target, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifamycin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36296 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000157 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifamycin antibiotics are a group of broad-spectrum ansamycin antibiotics that inhibit bacterial RNA polymerase by binding to a highly conserved region, blocking the oligonucleotide exit tunnel, and preventing the extension of nascent mRNAs. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifaximin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36656 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000517 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifaximin is a semi-synthetic rifamycin used to treat traveller's diarrhea. Rifaximin inhibits RNA synthesis by binding to the beta subunit of bacterial RNA polymerase. UPDATED 8229 with T508N UPDATED 8230 with S512N UPDATED 8237 with P520T UPDATED 8229 with T508N UPDATED 8230 with S512N UPDATED 8237 with P520T UPDATED 8233 with -M515 UPDATED 8232 with -F514 UPDATED 8231 with -Q513 UPDATED 8235 with -N518 UPDATED 8234 with -D516 UPDATED 8238 with -H526 " 1230 UPDATE CTX-M-33 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 1231 UPDATE mel antibiotic efflux; ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump; telithromycin; macrolide antibiotic; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; streptogramin antibiotic; erythromycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36002 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are present in all cells of all organisms and use the energy of ATP binding/hydrolysis to transport substrates across cell membranes. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with telithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35974 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000057 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Telithromycin is a semi-synthetic derivative of erythromycin. It is a 14-membered macrolide and is the first ketolide antibiotic to be used in clinics. Telithromycin binds the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptogramin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35945 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000026 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptogramin antibiotics are natural products produced by various members of the Streptomyces genus. These antibiotics bind to the P site of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The family consists of two subgroups, type A and type B, which are simultaneously produced by the same bacterial species in a ratio of roughly 70:30. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. " 1232 UPDATE cmeR antibiotic efflux; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; protein(s) and two-component regulatory system modulating antibiotic efflux; macrolide antibiotic; cefotaxime; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; cephalosporin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; fusidic acid; erythromycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Regulator UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefotaxime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36989 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000645 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefotaxime is a semisynthetic cephalosporin taken parenterally. It is resistant to most beta-lactamases and active against Gram-negative rods and cocci due to its aminothiazoyl and methoximino functional groups. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with fusidic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37139 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000759 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Fusidic acid is the only commercially available fusidane, a group of steroid-like antibiotics. It is most active against Gram-positive bacteria, and acts by inhibiting elongation factor G to block protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. " 1233 UPDATE tet32 chlortetracycline; demeclocycline; oxytetracycline; tetracycline antibiotic; tetracycline; antibiotic target protection; minocycline; tetracycline-resistant ribosomal protection protein; doxycycline; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with chlortetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36667 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000528 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chlortetracycline was an early, first-generation tetracycline antibiotic developed in the 1940's. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes, preventing the aminoacyl-tRNA from binding to the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with demeclocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37011 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000667 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Demeclocycline is a tetracycline analog with 7-chloro and 6-methyl groups. Due to its fast absorption and slow excretion, it maintains higher effective blood levels compared to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with oxytetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37012 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000668 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Oxytetracycline is a derivative of tetracycline with a 5-hydroxyl group. Its activity is similar to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target protection UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with minocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36291 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000152 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Minocycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline-resistant ribosomal protection protein UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35921 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with A family of proteins known to bind to the 30S ribosomal subunit. This interaction prevents tetracycline and tetracycline derivatives from inhibiting ribosomal function. Thus, these proteins confer elevated resistance to tetracycline derivatives as a ribosomal protection protein. UPDATED category_aro_name with doxycycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35986 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Doxycycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. " 1238 UPDATE OXA-397 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1239 UPDATE SHV-81 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 438 UPDATE VIM-6 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; carbapenem; cephalosporin; cephamycin; VIM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with VIM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36030 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000021 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with The Verone integron-encoded metallo-beta-lactamase (VIM) family was reported from Italy in 1999. There are, to date, 23 reported variants. VIM enzymes mostly occur in P. aeruginosa, also P. putida and, very rarely, Enterobacteriaceae. Integron-associated, sometimes within plasmids. Hydrolyses all beta-lactams except monobactams, and evades all beta-lactam inhibitors. There is a strong incidence of these in East Asia. " 439 UPDATE SHV-83 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 436 UPDATE OXY-4-1 penam; OXY beta-lactamase; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; monobactam; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 38788 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3002388 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXY beta-lactamases are chromosomal class A beta-lactamases that are found in Klebsiella oxytoca. At constitutive low levels, OXY beta-lactamases confer resistance to aminopenicillins and carboxypenicillins. At high induced levels, OXY beta-lactamases confer resistance to penicillins, cephalosporins and aztreonam. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 437 UPDATE SHV-69 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 434 UPDATE LEN-16 penam; LEN beta-lactamase; antibiotic inactivation; penem; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with LEN beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36236 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000097 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with LEN beta-lactamases are chromosomal class A beta-lactamases that confer resistance to ampicillin, amoxicillin, carbenicillin, and ticarcillin but not to extended-spectrum beta-lactams. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. " 435 UPDATE OKP-A-9 penam; antibiotic inactivation; OKP beta-lactamase; cephalosporin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with OKP beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 38817 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3002417 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OKP beta-lactamases are chromosomal class A beta-lactamase that confer resistance to penicillins and early cephalosporins in Klebsiella pneumoniae. OKP beta-lactamases can be subdivided into two groups: OKP-A and OKP-B which diverge by about 4.2% UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 432 UPDATE sav1866 efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump; antibiotic efflux; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36002 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are present in all cells of all organisms and use the energy of ATP binding/hydrolysis to transport substrates across cell membranes. " 433 UPDATE ACT-25 antibiotic inactivation; carbapenem; penam; ACT beta-lactamase; cephalosporin; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with ACT beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36211 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000072 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with ACT beta-lactamases, also known as AmpC beta-lactamases, are cephalosporinases that cannot be inhibited by clavulanate. These enzymes are encoded by genes located on the chromosome and can be induced by the presence of beta-lactam antibiotics. However recently, these genes have been found on plasmids and expressed at high constitutive levels in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 430 UPDATE OXA-87 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 431 UPDATE Escherichia coli marR mutant conferring antibiotic resistance penam; antibiotic efflux; triclosan; rifampin; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; protein(s) and two-component regulatory system modulating antibiotic efflux; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; antibiotic target alteration; tetracycline antibiotic; cephalosporin; cefalotin; tigecycline; glycylcycline; ampicillin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; rifamycin antibiotic; phenicol antibiotic; tetracycline; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Regulator DELETED 35950 UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with triclosan UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37250 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000870 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Triclosan is a common antibacterial agent added to many consumer products as a biocide. It is an inhibitor of fatty acid biosynthesis by blocking enoyl-carrier protein reductase (FabI). UPDATED category_aro_name with rifampin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36308 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000169 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifampin is a semi-synthetic rifamycin, and inhibits RNA synthesis by binding to RNA polymerase. Rifampin is the mainstay agent for the treatment of tuberculosis, leprosy and complicated Gram-positive infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. UPDATED category_aro_name with ampicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36981 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000637 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ampicillin is a penicillin derivative that is highly acid stable, with its activity similar to benzylpenicillin. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefalotin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37084 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000704 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. It is resistant to staphylococci beta-lactamases but hydrolyzed by enterobacterial beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with tigecycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35949 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000030 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tigecycline is an glycylcycline antibiotic. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycylcycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35960 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000042 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycylcyclines are a new class of antibiotics derived from tetracycline. These tetracycline analogues are specifically designed to overcome two common mechanisms of tetracycline resistance. Presently, there is only one glycylcycline antibiotic for clinical use: tigecycline. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome, preventing the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifamycin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36296 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000157 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifamycin antibiotics are a group of broad-spectrum ansamycin antibiotics that inhibit bacterial RNA polymerase by binding to a highly conserved region, blocking the oligonucleotide exit tunnel, and preventing the extension of nascent mRNAs. " 1630 UPDATE IMP-13 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; carbapenem; cephalosporin; IMP beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with IMP beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36029 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Plasmid mediated IMP-type carbapenemases, of which at least 26 varieties are currently known, became established in Japan in the 1990s in enteric gram-negative organisms, Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter species. Integron-associated, sometimes within plasmids. Hydrolyses all beta-lactams except monobactams, and evades all beta-lactam inhibitors. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 1961 UPDATE TEM-105 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 238 UPDATE SHV-137 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 239 UPDATE OXA-83 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 234 UPDATE QnrS8 sparfloxacin; norfloxacin; quinolone resistance protein (qnr); gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; antibiotic target protection; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; nalidixic acid; moxifloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with quinolone resistance protein (qnr) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36558 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000419 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Qnr proteins are pentapeptide repeat proteins that mimic DNA and protect the cell from the activity of fluoroquinolone antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target protection UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. " 235 UPDATE OXA-181 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; amoxicillin; clavulanate; piperacillin; tazobactam; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with amoxicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35981 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000064 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amoxicillin is a moderate-spectrum, bacteriolytic, beta-lactam antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections caused by susceptible microorganisms. A derivative of penicillin, it has a wider range of treatment but remains relatively ineffective against Gram-negative bacteria. It is commonly taken with clavulanic acid, a beta-lactamase inhibitor. Like other beta-lactams, amoxicillin interferes with the synthesis of peptidoglycan. UPDATED category_aro_name with clavulanate UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000079 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Adjuvant UPDATED category_aro_description with Clavulanic acid is a beta-lactamase inhibitor (marketed by GlaxoSmithKline, formerly Beecham) combined with penicillin group antibiotics to overcome certain types of antibiotic resistance. It is used to overcome resistance in bacteria that secrete beta-lactamase, which otherwise inactivates most penicillins. UPDATED category_aro_name with piperacillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35995 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000078 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Piperacillin is an acetylureidopenicillin and has an extended spectrum of targets relative to other beta-lactam antibiotics. It inhibits cell wall synthesis in bacteria, and is usually taken with the beta-lactamase inhibitor tazobactam to overcome penicillin-resistant bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with tazobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35994 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000077 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Adjuvant UPDATED category_aro_description with Tazobactam is a compound which inhibits the action of bacterial beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 236 UPDATE ACT-19 antibiotic inactivation; carbapenem; penam; ACT beta-lactamase; cephalosporin; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with ACT beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36211 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000072 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with ACT beta-lactamases, also known as AmpC beta-lactamases, are cephalosporinases that cannot be inhibited by clavulanate. These enzymes are encoded by genes located on the chromosome and can be induced by the presence of beta-lactam antibiotics. However recently, these genes have been found on plasmids and expressed at high constitutive levels in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 237 UPDATE Chryseobacterium meningosepticum BlaB carbapenem; penam; antibiotic inactivation; BlaB beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with BlaB beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41365 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004201 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with BlaB beta-lactamases are class B beta-lactamases that are found in a variety of species and have the ability to hydrolyze penams and carbapenems. " 230 UPDATE OXA-422 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 231 UPDATE OXA-178 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 232 UPDATE imiH carbapenem; CphA beta-lactamase; antibiotic inactivation; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CphA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36720 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000581 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CphA is an Ambler Class B MBL; subclass B2 originally isolated from Aeromonas hydrophilia. This enzyme has specific activity against carbapenems and is active as a mono-zinc protein. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. " 233 UPDATE LEN-21 penam; LEN beta-lactamase; antibiotic inactivation; penem; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with LEN beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36236 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000097 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with LEN beta-lactamases are chromosomal class A beta-lactamases that confer resistance to ampicillin, amoxicillin, carbenicillin, and ticarcillin but not to extended-spectrum beta-lactams. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. " 993 UPDATE AAC(6')-Ib9 antibiotic inactivation; kanamycin A; aminoglycoside antibiotic; AAC(6'); isepamicin; sisomicin; arbekacin; gentamicin B; netilmicin; amikacin; dibekacin; neomycin; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with AAC(6') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36484 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000345 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Acetylation of the aminoglycoside antibiotic on the amino group at position 6'. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with netilmicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35956 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000038 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with dibekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35926 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 2228 UPDATE PEDO-1 carbapenem; antibiotic inactivation; subclass B3 PEDO beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with subclass B3 PEDO beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41384 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004220 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with PEDO family enzymes that are classified under subclass B3 (metallo-) beta-lactamases. " 2229 UPDATE PEDO-2 carbapenem; antibiotic inactivation; subclass B3 PEDO beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with subclass B3 PEDO beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41384 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004220 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with PEDO family enzymes that are classified under subclass B3 (metallo-) beta-lactamases. " 2227 UPDATE VCC-1 carbapenem; monobactam; VCC beta-lactamase; antibiotic inactivation; penam; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with VCC beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004196 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with VCC beta-lactamases are Class A beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. " 2224 UPDATE Pseudomonas aeruginosa oprD with mutation conferring resistance to imipenem penam; carbapenem; imipenem; penem; reduced permeability to antibiotic; Outer Membrane Porin (Opr); cephalosporin; cephamycin; monobactam; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with imipenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36309 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000170 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Imipenem is a broad-spectrum antibiotic and is usually taken with cilastatin, which prevents hydrolysis of imipenem by renal dehydropeptidase-I. It is resistant to hydrolysis by most other beta-lactamases. Notable exceptions are the KPC beta-lactamases and Ambler Class B enzymes. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with reduced permeability to antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36383 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000244 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Reduction in permeability to antibiotic, generally through reduced production of porins, can provide resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with Outer Membrane Porin (Opr) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41442 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004278 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with The Opr family consists of porins in Pseudomonas species, and other Gram-negative bacteria, that exhibit a variety of substrate selectivities. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 2222 UPDATE VEB-1b antibiotic inactivation; monobactam; cephalosporin; VEB beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with VEB beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36182 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000043 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with VEB beta-lactamases or Vietnamese extended-spectrum beta-lactamases are class A beta-lactamases that confer high-level resistance to oxyimino cephalosporins and to aztreonam " 2223 UPDATE MexZ erythromycin; arbekacin; tetracycline antibiotic; meropenem; antibiotic efflux; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; ofloxacin; norfloxacin; macrolide antibiotic; carbapenem; cephalosporin; ciprofloxacin; gentamicin C; amikacin; aminoglycoside antibiotic; protein(s) and two-component regulatory system modulating antibiotic efflux; acridine dye; penam; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; cephamycin; acriflavin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; chloramphenicol; phenicol antibiotic; tetracycline; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Regulator UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with meropenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35990 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000073 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Meropenem is an ultra-broad spectrum injectable antibiotic used to treat a wide variety of infections, including meningitis and pneumonia. It is a beta-lactam and belongs to the subgroup of carbapenem, similar to imipenem and ertapenem. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with ofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37007 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000663 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ofloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a methyl-substituted oxazine ring. It has a broad spectrum of activity including many enterobacteria and mycoplasma but most anaerobes are resistant. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin C UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35933 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin C is a mixture of gentamicin C1, gentamicin C1a, and gentamicin C2 (these differ in substituents at position C6'). Gentamicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with acridine dye UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36193 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000054 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Acridine dyes are cell permeable, basic molecules with an acridine chromophore. These compounds intercalate DNA. The image shown represents the core structure of the acridine family, with specific dyes containing varying substituents. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with acriflavin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35963 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000045 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Acriflavin is a topical antiseptic. It has the form of an orange or brown powder. It may be harmful in the eyes or if inhaled. Acriflavine is also used as treatment for external fungal infections of aquarium fish. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. " 2221 UPDATE VEB-1a antibiotic inactivation; monobactam; cephalosporin; VEB beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with VEB beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36182 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000043 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with VEB beta-lactamases or Vietnamese extended-spectrum beta-lactamases are class A beta-lactamases that confer high-level resistance to oxyimino cephalosporins and to aztreonam " 1 UPDATE PDC-4 PDC beta-lactamase; monobactam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; carbapenem; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with PDC beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36237 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000098 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with PDC beta-lactamases are class C beta-lactamases that are found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 146 UPDATE OXA-98 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 147 UPDATE OXA-27 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 144 UPDATE IMP-12 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; carbapenem; cephalosporin; IMP beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with IMP beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36029 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Plasmid mediated IMP-type carbapenemases, of which at least 26 varieties are currently known, became established in Japan in the 1990s in enteric gram-negative organisms, Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter species. Integron-associated, sometimes within plasmids. Hydrolyses all beta-lactams except monobactams, and evades all beta-lactam inhibitors. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 145 UPDATE OXA-229 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 142 UPDATE tet(E) tetracycline antibiotic; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump; tetracycline; antibiotic efflux; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and ABC transporters comprise the two largest and most functionally diverse of the transporter superfamilies. However, MFS transporters are distinct from ABC transporters in both their primary sequence and structure and in the mechanism of energy coupling. As secondary transporters they are, like RND and SMR transporters, energized by the electrochemical proton gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. " 143 UPDATE cphA7 carbapenem; CphA beta-lactamase; antibiotic inactivation; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CphA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36720 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000581 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CphA is an Ambler Class B MBL; subclass B2 originally isolated from Aeromonas hydrophilia. This enzyme has specific activity against carbapenems and is active as a mono-zinc protein. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. " 140 UPDATE AAC(6')-IIb antibiotic inactivation; kanamycin A; aminoglycoside antibiotic; AAC(6'); isepamicin; sisomicin; arbekacin; gentamicin B; netilmicin; amikacin; dibekacin; neomycin; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with AAC(6') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36484 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000345 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Acetylation of the aminoglycoside antibiotic on the amino group at position 6'. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with netilmicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35956 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000038 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with dibekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35926 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 141 UPDATE vanRB glycopeptide antibiotic; glycopeptide resistance gene cluster; antibiotic target alteration; vanR; vancomycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide resistance gene cluster UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36373 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000234 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Genes that when expressed confer resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin type antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with vanR UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36713 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000574 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with VanR is a OmpR-family transcriptional activator in the VanSR regulatory system. When activated by VanS, it promotes cotranscription of VanA, VanH, and VanX. UPDATED category_aro_name with vancomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35947 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000028 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Vancomycin is a glycopeptide antibiotic used in the prophylaxis and treatment of infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria. Vancomycin inhibits the synthesis of peptidoglycan, the major component of the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria. Its mechanism of action is unusual in that it acts by binding precursors of peptidoglycan, rather than by interacting with an enzyme. " 148 UPDATE SHV-92 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 149 UPDATE aadA12 antibiotic inactivation; aminoglycoside antibiotic; ANT(3''); streptomycin; spectinomycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with ANT(3'') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41439 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004275 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucleotidylylation of streptomycin at the hydroxyl group at position 3'' UPDATED category_aro_name with streptomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35958 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000040 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Streptomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with spectinomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35957 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000039 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Spectinomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Spectinomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit inhibiting translation. " 2088 UPDATE Mycobacterium smegmatis 16S rRNA (rrsB) mutation conferring resistance to streptomycin glycopeptide antibiotic; arbekacin; gentamicin B; tetracycline antibiotic; antibiotic target alteration; isepamicin; G418; chlortetracycline; paromomycin; sisomicin; spectinomycin; netilmicin; apramycin; streptothricin; gentamicin C; streptomycin; aminoglycoside antibiotic; nucleoside antibiotic; 16s rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics; peptide antibiotic; minocycline; hygromycin B; doxycycline; amikacin; bleomycin B2; bleomycinic acid; bleomycin A2; dibekacin; oxytetracycline; neomycin; kanamycin A; tigecycline; glycylcycline; demeclocycline; astromicin; butirosin; ribostamycin; tetracycline; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with G418 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000653 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A gentamicin class aminoglycoside antibiotic often used in mammalian cell culture work as a selectable marker for the neo cassette (APH3'). UPDATED category_aro_name with chlortetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36667 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000528 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chlortetracycline was an early, first-generation tetracycline antibiotic developed in the 1940's. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes, preventing the aminoacyl-tRNA from binding to the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with paromomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000657 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with An aminoglycoside antibiotic used for the treatment of parasitic infections. It is similar to neomycin sharing a similar spectrum of activity, but its hydroxyl group at the 6'-position instead of an amino group makes it resistant to AAC(6') modifying enzymes. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with dibekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35926 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with spectinomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35957 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000039 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Spectinomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Spectinomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit inhibiting translation. UPDATED category_aro_name with netilmicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35956 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000038 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. UPDATED category_aro_name with apramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35955 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000037 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Apramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections in animals. Apramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptothricin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35931 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000012 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptothricins are a group of N-glycoside antibiotics that include a carbamoylated D-glucosamine to which are attached a series of L-beta-lysine residues at position 2 and a streptolidine at position 1. Streptothricins vary by the number of beta-lysine residues (from 1 (nourseothricin) to 7) and target protein synthesis in bacteria and eukaryotes. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin C UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35933 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin C is a mixture of gentamicin C1, gentamicin C1a, and gentamicin C2 (these differ in substituents at position C6'). Gentamicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35958 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000040 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Streptomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with nucleoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36174 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000034 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucleoside antibiotics are made of modified nucleosides and nucleotides with wide-ranging activities and means of antibacterial effects. This drug class includes aminonucleoside antibiotics, which contain an amino group. UPDATED category_aro_name with 16s rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40277 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Point mutations in the 16S rRNA of bacteria can confer resistance to aminoglycosides. UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with minocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36291 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000152 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Minocycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with hygromycin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36353 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000214 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Hygromycin B is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Hygromycin B works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Hygromycin B has also been shown to interact with eukaryotic cells. UPDATED category_aro_name with doxycycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35986 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Doxycycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin B2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37036 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000692 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin B2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycinic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37034 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000690 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycinic acid is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin A2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37035 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000691 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin A2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with demeclocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37011 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000667 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Demeclocycline is a tetracycline analog with 7-chloro and 6-methyl groups. Due to its fast absorption and slow excretion, it maintains higher effective blood levels compared to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with oxytetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37012 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000668 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Oxytetracycline is a derivative of tetracycline with a 5-hydroxyl group. Its activity is similar to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tigecycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35949 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000030 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tigecycline is an glycylcycline antibiotic. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycylcycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35960 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000042 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycylcyclines are a new class of antibiotics derived from tetracycline. These tetracycline analogues are specifically designed to overcome two common mechanisms of tetracycline resistance. Presently, there is only one glycylcycline antibiotic for clinical use: tigecycline. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome, preventing the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA. UPDATED category_aro_name with astromicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35922 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Astromicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Astromicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with butirosin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35943 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000024 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Butirosin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Butirosin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with ribostamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35940 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000021 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ribostamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Ribostamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 2083 UPDATE Mycoplasma hominis parC conferring resistance to fluoroquinolone fluoroquinolone self resistant parC; grepafloxacin; trovafloxacin; ofloxacin; norfloxacin; nalidixic acid; lomefloxacin; gatifloxacin; sparfloxacin; levofloxacin; fluoroquinolone resistant parC; antibiotic target alteration; enoxacin; ciprofloxacin; pefloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; moxifloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone self resistant parC UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40471 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003786 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Inherent parC resistance to fluoroquinolone from an antibiotic producer. The presence of these genes confers self-resistance to the antibiotic it produces. UPDATED category_aro_name with grepafloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37009 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000665 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Grepafloxacin is a broad-spectrum antibacterial quinoline. It is no longer taken due to its high toxicity. UPDATED category_aro_name with trovafloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37008 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000664 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Trovafloxacin is a trifluoroquinalone with a broad spectrum of activity that acts by inhibiting the uncoiling of supercoiled DNA. While potent against many Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, it is less active against pseudomonads and Cl. difficile. It is usually taken as the prodrug trovafloxacin mesylate or alatrofloxacin mesylate for oral or intravenous administration, respectively. UPDATED category_aro_name with ofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37007 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000663 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ofloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a methyl-substituted oxazine ring. It has a broad spectrum of activity including many enterobacteria and mycoplasma but most anaerobes are resistant. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with lomefloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37004 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000660 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Lomefloxacin is a difluoropiperazinyl quinolone, sharing similar activities with other fluoroquinolones. It is used to treat urinary tract infections. Relative to other fluoroquinolones, it has a longer half life and has higher serum concentrations. UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with enoxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35942 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000023 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Enoxacin belongs to a group called fluoroquinolones. Its mode of action depends upon blocking bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to DNA gyrase and causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with pefloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37142 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000762 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pefloxacin is structurally and functionally similar to norfloxacin. It is poorly active against mycobacteria, while anaerobes are resistant. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone resistant parC UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36913 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000619 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with ParC is a subunit of topoisomerase IV, which decatenates and relaxes DNA to allow access to genes for transcription or translation. Point mutations in ParC prevent fluoroquinolone antibiotics from inhibiting DNA synthesis, and confer low-level resistance. Higher-level resistance results from both gyrA and parC mutations. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. " 2080 UPDATE Escherichia coli 16S rRNA (rrsH) mutation conferring resistance to spectinomycin glycopeptide antibiotic; arbekacin; gentamicin B; tetracycline antibiotic; antibiotic target alteration; isepamicin; G418; chlortetracycline; paromomycin; sisomicin; spectinomycin; netilmicin; apramycin; streptothricin; gentamicin C; streptomycin; aminoglycoside antibiotic; nucleoside antibiotic; 16s rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics; peptide antibiotic; minocycline; hygromycin B; doxycycline; amikacin; bleomycin B2; bleomycinic acid; bleomycin A2; dibekacin; oxytetracycline; neomycin; kanamycin A; tigecycline; glycylcycline; demeclocycline; astromicin; butirosin; ribostamycin; tetracycline; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with G418 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000653 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A gentamicin class aminoglycoside antibiotic often used in mammalian cell culture work as a selectable marker for the neo cassette (APH3'). UPDATED category_aro_name with chlortetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36667 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000528 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chlortetracycline was an early, first-generation tetracycline antibiotic developed in the 1940's. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes, preventing the aminoacyl-tRNA from binding to the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with paromomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000657 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with An aminoglycoside antibiotic used for the treatment of parasitic infections. It is similar to neomycin sharing a similar spectrum of activity, but its hydroxyl group at the 6'-position instead of an amino group makes it resistant to AAC(6') modifying enzymes. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with dibekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35926 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with spectinomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35957 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000039 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Spectinomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Spectinomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit inhibiting translation. UPDATED category_aro_name with netilmicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35956 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000038 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. UPDATED category_aro_name with apramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35955 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000037 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Apramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections in animals. Apramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptothricin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35931 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000012 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptothricins are a group of N-glycoside antibiotics that include a carbamoylated D-glucosamine to which are attached a series of L-beta-lysine residues at position 2 and a streptolidine at position 1. Streptothricins vary by the number of beta-lysine residues (from 1 (nourseothricin) to 7) and target protein synthesis in bacteria and eukaryotes. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin C UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35933 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin C is a mixture of gentamicin C1, gentamicin C1a, and gentamicin C2 (these differ in substituents at position C6'). Gentamicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35958 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000040 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Streptomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with nucleoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36174 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000034 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucleoside antibiotics are made of modified nucleosides and nucleotides with wide-ranging activities and means of antibacterial effects. This drug class includes aminonucleoside antibiotics, which contain an amino group. UPDATED category_aro_name with 16s rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40277 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Point mutations in the 16S rRNA of bacteria can confer resistance to aminoglycosides. UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with minocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36291 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000152 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Minocycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with hygromycin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36353 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000214 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Hygromycin B is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Hygromycin B works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Hygromycin B has also been shown to interact with eukaryotic cells. UPDATED category_aro_name with doxycycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35986 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Doxycycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin B2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37036 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000692 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin B2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycinic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37034 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000690 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycinic acid is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin A2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37035 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000691 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin A2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with demeclocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37011 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000667 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Demeclocycline is a tetracycline analog with 7-chloro and 6-methyl groups. Due to its fast absorption and slow excretion, it maintains higher effective blood levels compared to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with oxytetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37012 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000668 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Oxytetracycline is a derivative of tetracycline with a 5-hydroxyl group. Its activity is similar to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tigecycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35949 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000030 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tigecycline is an glycylcycline antibiotic. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycylcycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35960 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000042 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycylcyclines are a new class of antibiotics derived from tetracycline. These tetracycline analogues are specifically designed to overcome two common mechanisms of tetracycline resistance. Presently, there is only one glycylcycline antibiotic for clinical use: tigecycline. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome, preventing the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA. UPDATED category_aro_name with astromicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35922 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Astromicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Astromicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with butirosin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35943 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000024 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Butirosin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Butirosin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with ribostamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35940 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000021 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ribostamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Ribostamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 2081 UPDATE patA antibiotic efflux; ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump; norfloxacin; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36002 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are present in all cells of all organisms and use the energy of ATP binding/hydrolysis to transport substrates across cell membranes. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. " 2086 UPDATE Escherichia coli 16S rRNA (rrnB) mutation conferring resistance to tetracycline glycopeptide antibiotic; arbekacin; gentamicin B; tetracycline antibiotic; antibiotic target alteration; isepamicin; G418; chlortetracycline; paromomycin; sisomicin; spectinomycin; netilmicin; apramycin; streptothricin; gentamicin C; amikacin; aminoglycoside antibiotic; nucleoside antibiotic; peptide antibiotic; minocycline; hygromycin B; doxycycline; streptomycin; bleomycin B2; bleomycinic acid; butirosin; dibekacin; oxytetracycline; bleomycin A2; neomycin; kanamycin A; tigecycline; glycylcycline; demeclocycline; astromicin; 16S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to tetracycline derivatives; ribostamycin; tetracycline; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with G418 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000653 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A gentamicin class aminoglycoside antibiotic often used in mammalian cell culture work as a selectable marker for the neo cassette (APH3'). UPDATED category_aro_name with chlortetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36667 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000528 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chlortetracycline was an early, first-generation tetracycline antibiotic developed in the 1940's. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes, preventing the aminoacyl-tRNA from binding to the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with paromomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000657 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with An aminoglycoside antibiotic used for the treatment of parasitic infections. It is similar to neomycin sharing a similar spectrum of activity, but its hydroxyl group at the 6'-position instead of an amino group makes it resistant to AAC(6') modifying enzymes. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with dibekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35926 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with spectinomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35957 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000039 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Spectinomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Spectinomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit inhibiting translation. UPDATED category_aro_name with netilmicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35956 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000038 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. UPDATED category_aro_name with apramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35955 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000037 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Apramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections in animals. Apramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptothricin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35931 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000012 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptothricins are a group of N-glycoside antibiotics that include a carbamoylated D-glucosamine to which are attached a series of L-beta-lysine residues at position 2 and a streptolidine at position 1. Streptothricins vary by the number of beta-lysine residues (from 1 (nourseothricin) to 7) and target protein synthesis in bacteria and eukaryotes. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin C UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35933 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin C is a mixture of gentamicin C1, gentamicin C1a, and gentamicin C2 (these differ in substituents at position C6'). Gentamicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with nucleoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36174 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000034 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucleoside antibiotics are made of modified nucleosides and nucleotides with wide-ranging activities and means of antibacterial effects. This drug class includes aminonucleoside antibiotics, which contain an amino group. UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with minocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36291 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000152 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Minocycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with hygromycin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36353 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000214 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Hygromycin B is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Hygromycin B works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Hygromycin B has also been shown to interact with eukaryotic cells. UPDATED category_aro_name with doxycycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35986 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Doxycycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35958 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000040 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Streptomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin B2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37036 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000692 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin B2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycinic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37034 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000690 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycinic acid is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin A2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37035 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000691 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin A2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with demeclocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37011 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000667 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Demeclocycline is a tetracycline analog with 7-chloro and 6-methyl groups. Due to its fast absorption and slow excretion, it maintains higher effective blood levels compared to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with oxytetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37012 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000668 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Oxytetracycline is a derivative of tetracycline with a 5-hydroxyl group. Its activity is similar to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with butirosin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35943 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000024 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Butirosin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Butirosin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tigecycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35949 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000030 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tigecycline is an glycylcycline antibiotic. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycylcycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35960 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000042 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycylcyclines are a new class of antibiotics derived from tetracycline. These tetracycline analogues are specifically designed to overcome two common mechanisms of tetracycline resistance. Presently, there is only one glycylcycline antibiotic for clinical use: tigecycline. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome, preventing the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA. UPDATED category_aro_name with astromicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35922 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Astromicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Astromicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with 16S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to tetracycline derivatives UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40280 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003669 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Point mutations in the bacterial 16S rRNA region shown clinically to confer resistance to tetracycline and tetracycline derivatives (polyketide antibiotics). UPDATED category_aro_name with ribostamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35940 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000021 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ribostamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Ribostamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 2087 UPDATE aadA13 antibiotic inactivation; aminoglycoside antibiotic; ANT(3''); streptomycin; spectinomycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with ANT(3'') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41439 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004275 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucleotidylylation of streptomycin at the hydroxyl group at position 3'' UPDATED category_aro_name with streptomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35958 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000040 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Streptomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with spectinomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35957 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000039 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Spectinomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Spectinomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit inhibiting translation. " 2084 UPDATE Mycobacterium abscessus 16S rRNA mutation conferring resistance to amikacin glycopeptide antibiotic; arbekacin; gentamicin B; tetracycline antibiotic; antibiotic target alteration; isepamicin; G418; chlortetracycline; paromomycin; sisomicin; spectinomycin; netilmicin; apramycin; streptothricin; gentamicin C; streptomycin; aminoglycoside antibiotic; nucleoside antibiotic; 16s rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics; peptide antibiotic; minocycline; hygromycin B; doxycycline; amikacin; bleomycin B2; bleomycinic acid; bleomycin A2; dibekacin; oxytetracycline; neomycin; kanamycin A; tigecycline; glycylcycline; demeclocycline; astromicin; butirosin; ribostamycin; tetracycline; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with G418 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000653 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A gentamicin class aminoglycoside antibiotic often used in mammalian cell culture work as a selectable marker for the neo cassette (APH3'). UPDATED category_aro_name with chlortetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36667 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000528 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chlortetracycline was an early, first-generation tetracycline antibiotic developed in the 1940's. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes, preventing the aminoacyl-tRNA from binding to the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with paromomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000657 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with An aminoglycoside antibiotic used for the treatment of parasitic infections. It is similar to neomycin sharing a similar spectrum of activity, but its hydroxyl group at the 6'-position instead of an amino group makes it resistant to AAC(6') modifying enzymes. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with dibekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35926 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with spectinomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35957 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000039 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Spectinomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Spectinomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit inhibiting translation. UPDATED category_aro_name with netilmicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35956 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000038 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. UPDATED category_aro_name with apramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35955 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000037 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Apramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections in animals. Apramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptothricin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35931 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000012 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptothricins are a group of N-glycoside antibiotics that include a carbamoylated D-glucosamine to which are attached a series of L-beta-lysine residues at position 2 and a streptolidine at position 1. Streptothricins vary by the number of beta-lysine residues (from 1 (nourseothricin) to 7) and target protein synthesis in bacteria and eukaryotes. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin C UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35933 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin C is a mixture of gentamicin C1, gentamicin C1a, and gentamicin C2 (these differ in substituents at position C6'). Gentamicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35958 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000040 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Streptomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with nucleoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36174 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000034 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucleoside antibiotics are made of modified nucleosides and nucleotides with wide-ranging activities and means of antibacterial effects. This drug class includes aminonucleoside antibiotics, which contain an amino group. UPDATED category_aro_name with 16s rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40277 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Point mutations in the 16S rRNA of bacteria can confer resistance to aminoglycosides. UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with minocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36291 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000152 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Minocycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with hygromycin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36353 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000214 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Hygromycin B is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Hygromycin B works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Hygromycin B has also been shown to interact with eukaryotic cells. UPDATED category_aro_name with doxycycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35986 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Doxycycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin B2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37036 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000692 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin B2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycinic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37034 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000690 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycinic acid is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin A2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37035 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000691 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin A2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with demeclocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37011 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000667 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Demeclocycline is a tetracycline analog with 7-chloro and 6-methyl groups. Due to its fast absorption and slow excretion, it maintains higher effective blood levels compared to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with oxytetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37012 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000668 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Oxytetracycline is a derivative of tetracycline with a 5-hydroxyl group. Its activity is similar to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tigecycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35949 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000030 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tigecycline is an glycylcycline antibiotic. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycylcycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35960 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000042 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycylcyclines are a new class of antibiotics derived from tetracycline. These tetracycline analogues are specifically designed to overcome two common mechanisms of tetracycline resistance. Presently, there is only one glycylcycline antibiotic for clinical use: tigecycline. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome, preventing the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA. UPDATED category_aro_name with astromicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35922 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Astromicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Astromicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with butirosin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35943 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000024 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Butirosin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Butirosin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with ribostamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35940 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000021 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ribostamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Ribostamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 2085 UPDATE Escherichia coli 16S rRNA (rrnB) mutation conferring resistance to spectinomycin glycopeptide antibiotic; arbekacin; gentamicin B; tetracycline antibiotic; antibiotic target alteration; isepamicin; G418; chlortetracycline; paromomycin; sisomicin; spectinomycin; netilmicin; apramycin; streptothricin; gentamicin C; streptomycin; aminoglycoside antibiotic; nucleoside antibiotic; 16s rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics; peptide antibiotic; minocycline; hygromycin B; doxycycline; amikacin; bleomycin B2; bleomycinic acid; bleomycin A2; dibekacin; oxytetracycline; neomycin; kanamycin A; tigecycline; glycylcycline; demeclocycline; astromicin; butirosin; ribostamycin; tetracycline; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with G418 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000653 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A gentamicin class aminoglycoside antibiotic often used in mammalian cell culture work as a selectable marker for the neo cassette (APH3'). UPDATED category_aro_name with chlortetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36667 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000528 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chlortetracycline was an early, first-generation tetracycline antibiotic developed in the 1940's. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes, preventing the aminoacyl-tRNA from binding to the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with paromomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000657 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with An aminoglycoside antibiotic used for the treatment of parasitic infections. It is similar to neomycin sharing a similar spectrum of activity, but its hydroxyl group at the 6'-position instead of an amino group makes it resistant to AAC(6') modifying enzymes. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with dibekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35926 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with spectinomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35957 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000039 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Spectinomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Spectinomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit inhibiting translation. UPDATED category_aro_name with netilmicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35956 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000038 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. UPDATED category_aro_name with apramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35955 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000037 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Apramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections in animals. Apramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptothricin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35931 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000012 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptothricins are a group of N-glycoside antibiotics that include a carbamoylated D-glucosamine to which are attached a series of L-beta-lysine residues at position 2 and a streptolidine at position 1. Streptothricins vary by the number of beta-lysine residues (from 1 (nourseothricin) to 7) and target protein synthesis in bacteria and eukaryotes. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin C UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35933 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin C is a mixture of gentamicin C1, gentamicin C1a, and gentamicin C2 (these differ in substituents at position C6'). Gentamicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35958 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000040 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Streptomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with nucleoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36174 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000034 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucleoside antibiotics are made of modified nucleosides and nucleotides with wide-ranging activities and means of antibacterial effects. This drug class includes aminonucleoside antibiotics, which contain an amino group. UPDATED category_aro_name with 16s rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40277 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Point mutations in the 16S rRNA of bacteria can confer resistance to aminoglycosides. UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with minocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36291 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000152 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Minocycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with hygromycin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36353 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000214 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Hygromycin B is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Hygromycin B works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Hygromycin B has also been shown to interact with eukaryotic cells. UPDATED category_aro_name with doxycycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35986 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Doxycycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin B2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37036 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000692 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin B2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycinic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37034 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000690 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycinic acid is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin A2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37035 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000691 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin A2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with demeclocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37011 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000667 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Demeclocycline is a tetracycline analog with 7-chloro and 6-methyl groups. Due to its fast absorption and slow excretion, it maintains higher effective blood levels compared to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with oxytetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37012 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000668 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Oxytetracycline is a derivative of tetracycline with a 5-hydroxyl group. Its activity is similar to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tigecycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35949 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000030 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tigecycline is an glycylcycline antibiotic. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycylcycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35960 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000042 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycylcyclines are a new class of antibiotics derived from tetracycline. These tetracycline analogues are specifically designed to overcome two common mechanisms of tetracycline resistance. Presently, there is only one glycylcycline antibiotic for clinical use: tigecycline. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome, preventing the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA. UPDATED category_aro_name with astromicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35922 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Astromicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Astromicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with butirosin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35943 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000024 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Butirosin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Butirosin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with ribostamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35940 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000021 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ribostamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Ribostamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 2712 UPDATE MexXY-OprA antibiotic efflux; tobramycin; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; ofloxacin; norfloxacin; meropenem; macrolide antibiotic; carbapenem; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; arbekacin; ciprofloxacin; tetracycline antibiotic; gentamicin C; amikacin; aminoglycoside antibiotic; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; tetracycline; erythromycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with ofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37007 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000663 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ofloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a methyl-substituted oxazine ring. It has a broad spectrum of activity including many enterobacteria and mycoplasma but most anaerobes are resistant. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin C UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35933 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin C is a mixture of gentamicin C1, gentamicin C1a, and gentamicin C2 (these differ in substituents at position C6'). Gentamicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with meropenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35990 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000073 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Meropenem is an ultra-broad spectrum injectable antibiotic used to treat a wide variety of infections, including meningitis and pneumonia. It is a beta-lactam and belongs to the subgroup of carbapenem, similar to imipenem and ertapenem. " 2713 UPDATE MexXY-OprM erythromycin; tetracycline antibiotic; meropenem; antibiotic efflux; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; ofloxacin; norfloxacin; macrolide antibiotic; carbapenem; cephalosporin; ciprofloxacin; gentamicin C; amikacin; aminoglycoside antibiotic; acridine dye; penam; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; cephamycin; acriflavin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; chloramphenicol; phenicol antibiotic; tetracycline; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with meropenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35990 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000073 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Meropenem is an ultra-broad spectrum injectable antibiotic used to treat a wide variety of infections, including meningitis and pneumonia. It is a beta-lactam and belongs to the subgroup of carbapenem, similar to imipenem and ertapenem. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with ofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37007 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000663 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ofloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a methyl-substituted oxazine ring. It has a broad spectrum of activity including many enterobacteria and mycoplasma but most anaerobes are resistant. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin C UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35933 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin C is a mixture of gentamicin C1, gentamicin C1a, and gentamicin C2 (these differ in substituents at position C6'). Gentamicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with acridine dye UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36193 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000054 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Acridine dyes are cell permeable, basic molecules with an acridine chromophore. These compounds intercalate DNA. The image shown represents the core structure of the acridine family, with specific dyes containing varying substituents. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with acriflavin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35963 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000045 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Acriflavin is a topical antiseptic. It has the form of an orange or brown powder. It may be harmful in the eyes or if inhaled. Acriflavine is also used as treatment for external fungal infections of aquarium fish. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. " 2711 UPDATE MexXY-OprM erythromycin; tetracycline antibiotic; meropenem; antibiotic efflux; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; ofloxacin; norfloxacin; macrolide antibiotic; carbapenem; cephalosporin; ciprofloxacin; gentamicin C; amikacin; aminoglycoside antibiotic; acridine dye; penam; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; cephamycin; acriflavin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; chloramphenicol; phenicol antibiotic; tetracycline; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with meropenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35990 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000073 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Meropenem is an ultra-broad spectrum injectable antibiotic used to treat a wide variety of infections, including meningitis and pneumonia. It is a beta-lactam and belongs to the subgroup of carbapenem, similar to imipenem and ertapenem. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with ofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37007 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000663 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ofloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a methyl-substituted oxazine ring. It has a broad spectrum of activity including many enterobacteria and mycoplasma but most anaerobes are resistant. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin C UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35933 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin C is a mixture of gentamicin C1, gentamicin C1a, and gentamicin C2 (these differ in substituents at position C6'). Gentamicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with acridine dye UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36193 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000054 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Acridine dyes are cell permeable, basic molecules with an acridine chromophore. These compounds intercalate DNA. The image shown represents the core structure of the acridine family, with specific dyes containing varying substituents. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with acriflavin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35963 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000045 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Acriflavin is a topical antiseptic. It has the form of an orange or brown powder. It may be harmful in the eyes or if inhaled. Acriflavine is also used as treatment for external fungal infections of aquarium fish. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. " 2716 UPDATE OpmB kitasamycin; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; rokitamycin; aztreonam; aminocoumarin antibiotic; novobiocin; macrolide antibiotic; antibiotic efflux; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; tetracycline antibiotic; monobactam; tetracycline; erythromycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with kitasamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37626 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3001227 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kitasamycin is a macrolide antibiotic and is produced by Streptoverticillium kitasatoense. The drug has antimicrobial activity against a wide spectrum of pathogens. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with rokitamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40353 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003701 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Rokitamycin is a macrolide antibiotic. Synthesized from strains of Streptomyces kitasatoensis. UPDATED category_aro_name with aztreonam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36689 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000550 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Aztreonam was the first monobactam discovered, and is greatly effective against Gram-negative bacteria while inactive against Gram-positive bacteria. Artreonam is a poor substrate for beta-lactamases, and may even act as an inhibitor. In Gram-negative bacteria, Aztreonam interferes with filamentation, inhibiting cell division and leading to cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminocoumarin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36242 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000103 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminocoumarin antibiotics bind DNA gyrase subunit B to inhibit ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with novobiocin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36250 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000111 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Novobiocin is an aminocoumarin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spheroides and Streptomyces niveus, and binds DNA gyrase subunit B inhibiting ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. " 2717 UPDATE MuxA kitasamycin; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; rokitamycin; aztreonam; aminocoumarin antibiotic; novobiocin; macrolide antibiotic; antibiotic efflux; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; tetracycline antibiotic; monobactam; tetracycline; erythromycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with kitasamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37626 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3001227 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kitasamycin is a macrolide antibiotic and is produced by Streptoverticillium kitasatoense. The drug has antimicrobial activity against a wide spectrum of pathogens. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with rokitamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40353 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003701 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Rokitamycin is a macrolide antibiotic. Synthesized from strains of Streptomyces kitasatoensis. UPDATED category_aro_name with aztreonam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36689 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000550 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Aztreonam was the first monobactam discovered, and is greatly effective against Gram-negative bacteria while inactive against Gram-positive bacteria. Artreonam is a poor substrate for beta-lactamases, and may even act as an inhibitor. In Gram-negative bacteria, Aztreonam interferes with filamentation, inhibiting cell division and leading to cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminocoumarin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36242 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000103 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminocoumarin antibiotics bind DNA gyrase subunit B to inhibit ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with novobiocin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36250 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000111 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Novobiocin is an aminocoumarin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spheroides and Streptomyces niveus, and binds DNA gyrase subunit B inhibiting ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. " 2718 UPDATE MuxB kitasamycin; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; rokitamycin; aztreonam; aminocoumarin antibiotic; novobiocin; macrolide antibiotic; antibiotic efflux; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; tetracycline antibiotic; monobactam; tetracycline; erythromycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with kitasamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37626 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3001227 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kitasamycin is a macrolide antibiotic and is produced by Streptoverticillium kitasatoense. The drug has antimicrobial activity against a wide spectrum of pathogens. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with rokitamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40353 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003701 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Rokitamycin is a macrolide antibiotic. Synthesized from strains of Streptomyces kitasatoensis. UPDATED category_aro_name with aztreonam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36689 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000550 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Aztreonam was the first monobactam discovered, and is greatly effective against Gram-negative bacteria while inactive against Gram-positive bacteria. Artreonam is a poor substrate for beta-lactamases, and may even act as an inhibitor. In Gram-negative bacteria, Aztreonam interferes with filamentation, inhibiting cell division and leading to cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminocoumarin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36242 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000103 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminocoumarin antibiotics bind DNA gyrase subunit B to inhibit ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with novobiocin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36250 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000111 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Novobiocin is an aminocoumarin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spheroides and Streptomyces niveus, and binds DNA gyrase subunit B inhibiting ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. " 1832 UPDATE QnrS2 sparfloxacin; norfloxacin; quinolone resistance protein (qnr); gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; antibiotic target protection; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; nalidixic acid; moxifloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with quinolone resistance protein (qnr) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36558 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000419 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Qnr proteins are pentapeptide repeat proteins that mimic DNA and protect the cell from the activity of fluoroquinolone antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target protection UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. " 1833 UPDATE OXA-374 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1830 UPDATE APH(3'')-Ib antibiotic inactivation; APH(3''); streptomycin; aminoglycoside antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with APH(3'') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36266 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000127 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Phosphorylation of streptomycin on the hydroxyl group at position 3'' UPDATED category_aro_name with streptomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35958 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000040 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Streptomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 1831 UPDATE AAC(6')-Iid antibiotic inactivation; kanamycin A; aminoglycoside antibiotic; AAC(6'); isepamicin; sisomicin; arbekacin; gentamicin B; netilmicin; amikacin; dibekacin; neomycin; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with AAC(6') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36484 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000345 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Acetylation of the aminoglycoside antibiotic on the amino group at position 6'. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with netilmicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35956 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000038 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with dibekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35926 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 1836 UPDATE OXA-201 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1837 UPDATE CTX-M-59 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 1834 UPDATE TEM-94 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 1835 UPDATE tet(38) tetracycline antibiotic; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump; tetracycline; antibiotic efflux; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and ABC transporters comprise the two largest and most functionally diverse of the transporter superfamilies. However, MFS transporters are distinct from ABC transporters in both their primary sequence and structure and in the mechanism of energy coupling. As secondary transporters they are, like RND and SMR transporters, energized by the electrochemical proton gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. " 1838 UPDATE ACT-5 antibiotic inactivation; carbapenem; penam; ACT beta-lactamase; cephalosporin; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with ACT beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36211 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000072 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with ACT beta-lactamases, also known as AmpC beta-lactamases, are cephalosporinases that cannot be inhibited by clavulanate. These enzymes are encoded by genes located on the chromosome and can be induced by the presence of beta-lactam antibiotics. However recently, these genes have been found on plasmids and expressed at high constitutive levels in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 1839 UPDATE aadA14 antibiotic inactivation; aminoglycoside antibiotic; ANT(3''); streptomycin; spectinomycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with ANT(3'') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41439 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004275 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucleotidylylation of streptomycin at the hydroxyl group at position 3'' UPDATED category_aro_name with streptomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35958 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000040 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Streptomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with spectinomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35957 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000039 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Spectinomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Spectinomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit inhibiting translation. " 2154 UPDATE Borrelia burgdorferi 16S rRNA mutation conferring resistance to spectinomycin glycopeptide antibiotic; arbekacin; gentamicin B; tetracycline antibiotic; antibiotic target alteration; isepamicin; G418; chlortetracycline; paromomycin; sisomicin; spectinomycin; netilmicin; apramycin; streptothricin; gentamicin C; streptomycin; aminoglycoside antibiotic; nucleoside antibiotic; 16s rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics; peptide antibiotic; minocycline; hygromycin B; doxycycline; amikacin; bleomycin B2; bleomycinic acid; bleomycin A2; dibekacin; oxytetracycline; neomycin; kanamycin A; tigecycline; glycylcycline; demeclocycline; astromicin; butirosin; ribostamycin; tetracycline; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with G418 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000653 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A gentamicin class aminoglycoside antibiotic often used in mammalian cell culture work as a selectable marker for the neo cassette (APH3'). UPDATED category_aro_name with chlortetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36667 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000528 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chlortetracycline was an early, first-generation tetracycline antibiotic developed in the 1940's. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes, preventing the aminoacyl-tRNA from binding to the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with paromomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000657 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with An aminoglycoside antibiotic used for the treatment of parasitic infections. It is similar to neomycin sharing a similar spectrum of activity, but its hydroxyl group at the 6'-position instead of an amino group makes it resistant to AAC(6') modifying enzymes. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with dibekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35926 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with spectinomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35957 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000039 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Spectinomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Spectinomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit inhibiting translation. UPDATED category_aro_name with netilmicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35956 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000038 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. UPDATED category_aro_name with apramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35955 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000037 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Apramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections in animals. Apramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptothricin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35931 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000012 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptothricins are a group of N-glycoside antibiotics that include a carbamoylated D-glucosamine to which are attached a series of L-beta-lysine residues at position 2 and a streptolidine at position 1. Streptothricins vary by the number of beta-lysine residues (from 1 (nourseothricin) to 7) and target protein synthesis in bacteria and eukaryotes. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin C UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35933 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin C is a mixture of gentamicin C1, gentamicin C1a, and gentamicin C2 (these differ in substituents at position C6'). Gentamicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35958 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000040 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Streptomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with nucleoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36174 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000034 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucleoside antibiotics are made of modified nucleosides and nucleotides with wide-ranging activities and means of antibacterial effects. This drug class includes aminonucleoside antibiotics, which contain an amino group. UPDATED category_aro_name with 16s rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40277 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Point mutations in the 16S rRNA of bacteria can confer resistance to aminoglycosides. UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with minocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36291 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000152 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Minocycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with hygromycin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36353 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000214 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Hygromycin B is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Hygromycin B works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Hygromycin B has also been shown to interact with eukaryotic cells. UPDATED category_aro_name with doxycycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35986 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Doxycycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin B2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37036 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000692 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin B2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycinic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37034 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000690 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycinic acid is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin A2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37035 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000691 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin A2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with demeclocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37011 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000667 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Demeclocycline is a tetracycline analog with 7-chloro and 6-methyl groups. Due to its fast absorption and slow excretion, it maintains higher effective blood levels compared to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with oxytetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37012 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000668 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Oxytetracycline is a derivative of tetracycline with a 5-hydroxyl group. Its activity is similar to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tigecycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35949 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000030 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tigecycline is an glycylcycline antibiotic. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycylcycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35960 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000042 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycylcyclines are a new class of antibiotics derived from tetracycline. These tetracycline analogues are specifically designed to overcome two common mechanisms of tetracycline resistance. Presently, there is only one glycylcycline antibiotic for clinical use: tigecycline. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome, preventing the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA. UPDATED category_aro_name with astromicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35922 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Astromicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Astromicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with butirosin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35943 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000024 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Butirosin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Butirosin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with ribostamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35940 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000021 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ribostamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Ribostamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 2155 UPDATE Propionibacterium acnes 16S rRNA mutation conferring resistance to tetracycline glycopeptide antibiotic; arbekacin; gentamicin B; tetracycline antibiotic; antibiotic target alteration; isepamicin; G418; chlortetracycline; paromomycin; sisomicin; spectinomycin; netilmicin; apramycin; streptothricin; gentamicin C; amikacin; aminoglycoside antibiotic; nucleoside antibiotic; peptide antibiotic; minocycline; hygromycin B; doxycycline; streptomycin; bleomycin B2; bleomycinic acid; butirosin; dibekacin; oxytetracycline; bleomycin A2; neomycin; kanamycin A; tigecycline; glycylcycline; demeclocycline; astromicin; 16S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to tetracycline derivatives; ribostamycin; tetracycline; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with G418 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000653 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A gentamicin class aminoglycoside antibiotic often used in mammalian cell culture work as a selectable marker for the neo cassette (APH3'). UPDATED category_aro_name with chlortetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36667 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000528 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chlortetracycline was an early, first-generation tetracycline antibiotic developed in the 1940's. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes, preventing the aminoacyl-tRNA from binding to the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with paromomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000657 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with An aminoglycoside antibiotic used for the treatment of parasitic infections. It is similar to neomycin sharing a similar spectrum of activity, but its hydroxyl group at the 6'-position instead of an amino group makes it resistant to AAC(6') modifying enzymes. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with dibekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35926 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with spectinomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35957 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000039 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Spectinomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Spectinomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit inhibiting translation. UPDATED category_aro_name with netilmicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35956 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000038 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. UPDATED category_aro_name with apramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35955 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000037 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Apramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections in animals. Apramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptothricin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35931 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000012 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptothricins are a group of N-glycoside antibiotics that include a carbamoylated D-glucosamine to which are attached a series of L-beta-lysine residues at position 2 and a streptolidine at position 1. Streptothricins vary by the number of beta-lysine residues (from 1 (nourseothricin) to 7) and target protein synthesis in bacteria and eukaryotes. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin C UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35933 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin C is a mixture of gentamicin C1, gentamicin C1a, and gentamicin C2 (these differ in substituents at position C6'). Gentamicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with nucleoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36174 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000034 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucleoside antibiotics are made of modified nucleosides and nucleotides with wide-ranging activities and means of antibacterial effects. This drug class includes aminonucleoside antibiotics, which contain an amino group. UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with minocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36291 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000152 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Minocycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with hygromycin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36353 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000214 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Hygromycin B is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Hygromycin B works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Hygromycin B has also been shown to interact with eukaryotic cells. UPDATED category_aro_name with doxycycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35986 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Doxycycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35958 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000040 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Streptomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin B2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37036 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000692 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin B2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycinic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37034 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000690 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycinic acid is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin A2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37035 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000691 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin A2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with demeclocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37011 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000667 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Demeclocycline is a tetracycline analog with 7-chloro and 6-methyl groups. Due to its fast absorption and slow excretion, it maintains higher effective blood levels compared to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with oxytetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37012 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000668 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Oxytetracycline is a derivative of tetracycline with a 5-hydroxyl group. Its activity is similar to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with butirosin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35943 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000024 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Butirosin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Butirosin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tigecycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35949 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000030 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tigecycline is an glycylcycline antibiotic. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycylcycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35960 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000042 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycylcyclines are a new class of antibiotics derived from tetracycline. These tetracycline analogues are specifically designed to overcome two common mechanisms of tetracycline resistance. Presently, there is only one glycylcycline antibiotic for clinical use: tigecycline. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome, preventing the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA. UPDATED category_aro_name with astromicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35922 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Astromicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Astromicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with 16S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to tetracycline derivatives UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40280 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003669 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Point mutations in the bacterial 16S rRNA region shown clinically to confer resistance to tetracycline and tetracycline derivatives (polyketide antibiotics). UPDATED category_aro_name with ribostamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35940 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000021 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ribostamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Ribostamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 2156 UPDATE NDM-14 antibiotic inactivation; penam; carbapenem; cephalosporin; cephamycin; NDM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with NDM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36196 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000057 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with NDM beta-lactamases or New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamases are class B beta-lactamases that confer resistance to a broad range of antibiotics including carbapenems, cephalosporins and penicillins. " 2157 UPDATE Escherichia coli 16S rRNA (rrsB) mutation conferring resistance to gentamicin C glycopeptide antibiotic; arbekacin; gentamicin B; tetracycline antibiotic; antibiotic target alteration; isepamicin; G418; chlortetracycline; paromomycin; sisomicin; spectinomycin; netilmicin; apramycin; streptothricin; gentamicin C; streptomycin; aminoglycoside antibiotic; nucleoside antibiotic; 16s rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics; peptide antibiotic; minocycline; hygromycin B; doxycycline; amikacin; bleomycin B2; bleomycinic acid; bleomycin A2; dibekacin; oxytetracycline; neomycin; kanamycin A; tigecycline; glycylcycline; demeclocycline; astromicin; butirosin; ribostamycin; tetracycline; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with G418 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000653 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A gentamicin class aminoglycoside antibiotic often used in mammalian cell culture work as a selectable marker for the neo cassette (APH3'). UPDATED category_aro_name with chlortetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36667 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000528 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chlortetracycline was an early, first-generation tetracycline antibiotic developed in the 1940's. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes, preventing the aminoacyl-tRNA from binding to the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with paromomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000657 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with An aminoglycoside antibiotic used for the treatment of parasitic infections. It is similar to neomycin sharing a similar spectrum of activity, but its hydroxyl group at the 6'-position instead of an amino group makes it resistant to AAC(6') modifying enzymes. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with dibekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35926 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with spectinomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35957 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000039 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Spectinomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Spectinomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit inhibiting translation. UPDATED category_aro_name with netilmicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35956 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000038 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. UPDATED category_aro_name with apramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35955 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000037 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Apramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections in animals. Apramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptothricin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35931 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000012 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptothricins are a group of N-glycoside antibiotics that include a carbamoylated D-glucosamine to which are attached a series of L-beta-lysine residues at position 2 and a streptolidine at position 1. Streptothricins vary by the number of beta-lysine residues (from 1 (nourseothricin) to 7) and target protein synthesis in bacteria and eukaryotes. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin C UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35933 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin C is a mixture of gentamicin C1, gentamicin C1a, and gentamicin C2 (these differ in substituents at position C6'). Gentamicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35958 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000040 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Streptomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with nucleoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36174 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000034 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucleoside antibiotics are made of modified nucleosides and nucleotides with wide-ranging activities and means of antibacterial effects. This drug class includes aminonucleoside antibiotics, which contain an amino group. UPDATED category_aro_name with 16s rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40277 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Point mutations in the 16S rRNA of bacteria can confer resistance to aminoglycosides. UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with minocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36291 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000152 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Minocycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with hygromycin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36353 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000214 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Hygromycin B is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Hygromycin B works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Hygromycin B has also been shown to interact with eukaryotic cells. UPDATED category_aro_name with doxycycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35986 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Doxycycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin B2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37036 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000692 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin B2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycinic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37034 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000690 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycinic acid is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin A2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37035 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000691 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin A2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with demeclocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37011 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000667 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Demeclocycline is a tetracycline analog with 7-chloro and 6-methyl groups. Due to its fast absorption and slow excretion, it maintains higher effective blood levels compared to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with oxytetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37012 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000668 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Oxytetracycline is a derivative of tetracycline with a 5-hydroxyl group. Its activity is similar to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tigecycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35949 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000030 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tigecycline is an glycylcycline antibiotic. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycylcycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35960 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000042 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycylcyclines are a new class of antibiotics derived from tetracycline. These tetracycline analogues are specifically designed to overcome two common mechanisms of tetracycline resistance. Presently, there is only one glycylcycline antibiotic for clinical use: tigecycline. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome, preventing the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA. UPDATED category_aro_name with astromicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35922 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Astromicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Astromicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with butirosin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35943 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000024 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Butirosin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Butirosin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with ribostamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35940 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000021 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ribostamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Ribostamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 2402 UPDATE Haemophilus parainfluenzae parC conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones ofloxacin; norfloxacin; levofloxacin; fluoroquinolone resistant parC; antibiotic target alteration; ciprofloxacin; pefloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with ofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37007 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000663 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ofloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a methyl-substituted oxazine ring. It has a broad spectrum of activity including many enterobacteria and mycoplasma but most anaerobes are resistant. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone resistant parC UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36913 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000619 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with ParC is a subunit of topoisomerase IV, which decatenates and relaxes DNA to allow access to genes for transcription or translation. Point mutations in ParC prevent fluoroquinolone antibiotics from inhibiting DNA synthesis, and confer low-level resistance. Higher-level resistance results from both gyrA and parC mutations. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with pefloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37142 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000762 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pefloxacin is structurally and functionally similar to norfloxacin. It is poorly active against mycobacteria, while anaerobes are resistant. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. " 2403 UPDATE Salmonella enterica gyrA conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones nybomycin; nalidixic acid; fluoroquinolone resistant gyrA; ciprofloxacin; antibiotic target alteration; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with nybomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40463 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003780 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with A heterocyclic antibiotic that targets mutant gyrA (type II topoisomerase) containing an S84L substitution, counteracting acquired quinolone resistance. It is effective against quinolone-resistant Gram-positive bacteria including S. aureus and E. faecalis. Due to its ability to counteract quinolone resistance by targeting the mutant form of the gyrA protein, it is classified as a reverse antibiotic (RA). UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone resistant gyrA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 39876 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003292 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with DNA gyrase is responsible for DNA supercoiling and consists of two alpha and two beta subunits. GyrA point mutations confer resistance by preventing fluoroquinolone antibiotics from binding the alpha-subunit. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. " 2152 UPDATE Neisseria meningitidis 16S rRNA mutation conferring resistance to spectinomycin glycopeptide antibiotic; arbekacin; gentamicin B; tetracycline antibiotic; antibiotic target alteration; isepamicin; G418; chlortetracycline; paromomycin; sisomicin; spectinomycin; netilmicin; apramycin; streptothricin; gentamicin C; streptomycin; aminoglycoside antibiotic; nucleoside antibiotic; 16s rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics; peptide antibiotic; minocycline; hygromycin B; doxycycline; amikacin; bleomycin B2; bleomycinic acid; bleomycin A2; dibekacin; oxytetracycline; neomycin; kanamycin A; tigecycline; glycylcycline; demeclocycline; astromicin; butirosin; ribostamycin; tetracycline; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with G418 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000653 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A gentamicin class aminoglycoside antibiotic often used in mammalian cell culture work as a selectable marker for the neo cassette (APH3'). UPDATED category_aro_name with chlortetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36667 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000528 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chlortetracycline was an early, first-generation tetracycline antibiotic developed in the 1940's. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes, preventing the aminoacyl-tRNA from binding to the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with paromomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000657 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with An aminoglycoside antibiotic used for the treatment of parasitic infections. It is similar to neomycin sharing a similar spectrum of activity, but its hydroxyl group at the 6'-position instead of an amino group makes it resistant to AAC(6') modifying enzymes. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with dibekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35926 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with spectinomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35957 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000039 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Spectinomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Spectinomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit inhibiting translation. UPDATED category_aro_name with netilmicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35956 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000038 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. UPDATED category_aro_name with apramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35955 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000037 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Apramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections in animals. Apramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptothricin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35931 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000012 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptothricins are a group of N-glycoside antibiotics that include a carbamoylated D-glucosamine to which are attached a series of L-beta-lysine residues at position 2 and a streptolidine at position 1. Streptothricins vary by the number of beta-lysine residues (from 1 (nourseothricin) to 7) and target protein synthesis in bacteria and eukaryotes. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin C UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35933 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin C is a mixture of gentamicin C1, gentamicin C1a, and gentamicin C2 (these differ in substituents at position C6'). Gentamicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35958 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000040 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Streptomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with nucleoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36174 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000034 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucleoside antibiotics are made of modified nucleosides and nucleotides with wide-ranging activities and means of antibacterial effects. This drug class includes aminonucleoside antibiotics, which contain an amino group. UPDATED category_aro_name with 16s rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40277 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Point mutations in the 16S rRNA of bacteria can confer resistance to aminoglycosides. UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with minocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36291 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000152 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Minocycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with hygromycin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36353 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000214 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Hygromycin B is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Hygromycin B works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Hygromycin B has also been shown to interact with eukaryotic cells. UPDATED category_aro_name with doxycycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35986 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Doxycycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin B2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37036 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000692 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin B2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycinic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37034 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000690 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycinic acid is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin A2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37035 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000691 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin A2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with demeclocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37011 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000667 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Demeclocycline is a tetracycline analog with 7-chloro and 6-methyl groups. Due to its fast absorption and slow excretion, it maintains higher effective blood levels compared to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with oxytetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37012 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000668 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Oxytetracycline is a derivative of tetracycline with a 5-hydroxyl group. Its activity is similar to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tigecycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35949 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000030 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tigecycline is an glycylcycline antibiotic. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycylcycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35960 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000042 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycylcyclines are a new class of antibiotics derived from tetracycline. These tetracycline analogues are specifically designed to overcome two common mechanisms of tetracycline resistance. Presently, there is only one glycylcycline antibiotic for clinical use: tigecycline. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome, preventing the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA. UPDATED category_aro_name with astromicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35922 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Astromicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Astromicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with butirosin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35943 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000024 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Butirosin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Butirosin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with ribostamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35940 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000021 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ribostamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Ribostamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 2401 UPDATE Haemophilus parainfluenzae gyrA conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones antibiotic target alteration; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; nybomycin; fluoroquinolone resistant gyrA; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nybomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40463 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003780 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with A heterocyclic antibiotic that targets mutant gyrA (type II topoisomerase) containing an S84L substitution, counteracting acquired quinolone resistance. It is effective against quinolone-resistant Gram-positive bacteria including S. aureus and E. faecalis. Due to its ability to counteract quinolone resistance by targeting the mutant form of the gyrA protein, it is classified as a reverse antibiotic (RA). UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone resistant gyrA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 39876 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003292 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with DNA gyrase is responsible for DNA supercoiling and consists of two alpha and two beta subunits. GyrA point mutations confer resistance by preventing fluoroquinolone antibiotics from binding the alpha-subunit. " 933 UPDATE OKP-A-14 penam; antibiotic inactivation; OKP beta-lactamase; cephalosporin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with OKP beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 38817 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3002417 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OKP beta-lactamases are chromosomal class A beta-lactamase that confer resistance to penicillins and early cephalosporins in Klebsiella pneumoniae. OKP beta-lactamases can be subdivided into two groups: OKP-A and OKP-B which diverge by about 4.2% UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 932 UPDATE GES-8 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; GES beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with GES beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36205 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000066 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with GES beta-lactamases or Guiana extended-spectrum beta-lactamases are related to the other plasmid-located class A beta-lactamases " 931 UPDATE OXA-316 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 937 UPDATE OXA-242 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 936 UPDATE OKP-A-13 penam; antibiotic inactivation; OKP beta-lactamase; cephalosporin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with OKP beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 38817 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3002417 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OKP beta-lactamases are chromosomal class A beta-lactamase that confer resistance to penicillins and early cephalosporins in Klebsiella pneumoniae. OKP beta-lactamases can be subdivided into two groups: OKP-A and OKP-B which diverge by about 4.2% UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 935 UPDATE OXA-314 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 2409 UPDATE Neisseria meningititis PBP2 conferring resistance to beta-lactam ceftaroline; ampicillin; flucloxacillin; ceftibuten; cefditoren; piperacillin; cefpodoxime; cefixime; cefdinir; meropenem; carbapenem; imipenem; aztreonam; cefradine; isopenicillin N; cefazolin; penicillin N; ceftazidime; cefepime; penicillin; antibiotic target alteration; oxacillin; cefmetazole; moxalactam; cloxacillin; cefadroxil; ceftriaxone; methicillin; loracarbef; ceftizoxime; cephalosporin; cefotaxime; cefaclor; Penicillin-binding protein mutations conferring resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics; cefonicid; monobactam; cefuroxime; amoxicillin; mezlocillin; azlocillin; cefalexin; doripenem; cefotiam; ertapenem; penam; cefprozil; cephapirin; ceftobiprole; benzylpenicillin; phenoxymethylpenicillin; cephamycin; carbenicillin; cefalotin; ceftiofur; mecillinam; propicillin; cefoxitin; dicloxacillin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftibuten UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36992 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000648 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftibuten is a semisynthetic cephalosporin active against Gram-negative bacilli. It is resistant against many plasmid-mediated beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with flucloxacillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36980 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000636 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Flucloxacillin is similar to cloxacillin, with an extra additional fluorine atom. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefditoren UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36993 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000649 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefditoren is a semisynthetic cephalosporin active against staphylococci, streptococci, and and most enterobacteria. It is resistant to staphylococcal and most enterobacterial beta-lactamases, and is usually taken as the prodrug cefditoren pivoxil. UPDATED category_aro_name with piperacillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35995 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000078 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Piperacillin is an acetylureidopenicillin and has an extended spectrum of targets relative to other beta-lactam antibiotics. It inhibits cell wall synthesis in bacteria, and is usually taken with the beta-lactamase inhibitor tazobactam to overcome penicillin-resistant bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefpodoxime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000647 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefpodoxime is a semisynthetic cephalosporin that acts similarly to cefotaxime with broad-spectrum activity. It is stable to many plasmid-mediated beta-lactamses. Cefpodoxime is consumed as the prodrug cefpodoxime proxetil. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefixime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36990 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000646 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefixime is a cephalosporin resistant to most beta-lactamases. It is active against many enterobacteria, but activity against staphylococci is poor. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefdinir UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36994 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000650 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefdinir is similar to cefixime with a modified side-chain at its 7-amino position. It also shares similar activity with cefixime but is more active against staphylococci. It has also be shown to enhance phagocytosis. UPDATED category_aro_name with meropenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35990 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000073 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Meropenem is an ultra-broad spectrum injectable antibiotic used to treat a wide variety of infections, including meningitis and pneumonia. It is a beta-lactam and belongs to the subgroup of carbapenem, similar to imipenem and ertapenem. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with imipenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36309 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000170 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Imipenem is a broad-spectrum antibiotic and is usually taken with cilastatin, which prevents hydrolysis of imipenem by renal dehydropeptidase-I. It is resistant to hydrolysis by most other beta-lactamases. Notable exceptions are the KPC beta-lactamases and Ambler Class B enzymes. UPDATED category_aro_name with aztreonam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36689 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000550 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Aztreonam was the first monobactam discovered, and is greatly effective against Gram-negative bacteria while inactive against Gram-positive bacteria. Artreonam is a poor substrate for beta-lactamases, and may even act as an inhibitor. In Gram-negative bacteria, Aztreonam interferes with filamentation, inhibiting cell division and leading to cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with ampicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36981 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000637 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ampicillin is a penicillin derivative that is highly acid stable, with its activity similar to benzylpenicillin. UPDATED category_aro_name with isopenicillin N UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37085 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000705 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Isopenicillin N is a natural penicillin derivative produced by Penicillium chrysogenum with activity similar to penicillin N. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefazolin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35975 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000058 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefazolin (INN), also known as cefazoline or cephazolin, is a first generation cephalosporin antibiotic. It is administered parenterally, and is active against a broad spectrum of bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with penicillin N UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37086 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Penicillin N is a penicillin derivative produced by Cephalosporium acremonium. UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftazidime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35977 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000060 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftazidime is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Unlike most third-generation agents, it is active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, however it has weaker activity against Gram-positive microorganisms and is not used for such infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefepime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35976 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000059 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefepime (INN) is a fourth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic developed in 1994. It contains an aminothiazolyl group that decreases its affinity with beta-lactamases. Cefepime shows high binding affinity with penicillin-binding proteins and has an extended spectrum of activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, with greater activity against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms than third-generation agents. UPDATED category_aro_name with penicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35971 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000054 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Penicillin (sometimes abbreviated PCN) is a beta-lactam antibiotic used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. It works by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with oxacillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35973 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000056 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Oxacillin is a penicillinase-resistant beta-lactam. It is similar to methicillin, and has replaced methicillin in clinical use. Oxacillin, especially in combination with other antibiotics, is effective against many penicillinase-producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefmetazole UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40928 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefmetazole is a semi-synthetic cephamycin antibiotic with broad spectrum antibiotic activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, that disrupt cell wall synthesis through binding to PBPs causing cell lysis. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxalactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40944 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxalactam (Latamoxef) is a broad spectrum cephalosporin (oxacephem) and beta-lactam antibiotic. Moxalactam binding to PBPs inhibits peptidoglycan cross-linkage in the cell wall, resulting in cell death. Moxalactam is proposed to be effective against meningitides as it passes the blood-brain barrier. UPDATED category_aro_name with cloxacillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35930 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000011 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cloxacillin is a semisynthetic, isoxazolyl penicillin derivative in the beta-lactam class of antibiotics. It interferes with peptidogylcan synthesis and is commonly used for treating penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftaroline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36995 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000651 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftaroline is a novel cephalosporin active against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Like other cephalosporins it binds penicillin-binding proteins to inhibit cell wall synthesis. It strongly binds with PBP2a, associated with methicillin resistance. It is taken orally as the prodrug ceftaroline fosamil. UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftriaxone UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35979 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000062 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftriaxone is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. The presence of an aminothiazolyl sidechain increases ceftriazone's resistance to beta-lactamases. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with methicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35934 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Derived from penicillin to combat penicillin-resistance, methicillin is insensitive to beta-lactamases (also known as penicillinases) secreted by many penicillin-resistant bacteria. Methicillin is bactericidal, and acts by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with loracarbef UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40943 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Loracarbef is a second-generation cephalosporin (carbacephem) and broad spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic. Loracarbef inhibits PBPs through binding, disrupting peptidoglycan cell wall cross-linkage and resulting in cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftizoxime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40934 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftizoxime is a third-generation cephalosporin and broad spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic. Ceftizoxime causes bacterial cell lysis through peptidoglycan cross-linking inhibition by binding to PBPs. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefotaxime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36989 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000645 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefotaxime is a semisynthetic cephalosporin taken parenterally. It is resistant to most beta-lactamases and active against Gram-negative rods and cocci due to its aminothiazoyl and methoximino functional groups. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefaclor UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000644 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefaclor is a semisynthetic cephalosporin derived from cephalexin. It has broad-spectrum antibiotic activity. UPDATED category_aro_name with Penicillin-binding protein mutations conferring resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40661 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003938 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutations in PBP transpeptidases that change the affinity for penicillin thereby conferring resistance to penicillin antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_name with cefonicid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40929 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefonicid is a second-generation cephalosporin-class beta-lactam antibiotic with broad spectrum activity. Particularly used against urinary tract infections and lower respiratory infections. Causes cell lysis by inactivation of PBPs through binding, inhibiting peptidoglycan synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefuroxime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35980 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000063 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefuroxime is a second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with increased stability with beta-lactamases than first-generation cephalosporins. Cefuroxime is active against Gram-positive organisms but less active against methicillin-resistant strains. UPDATED category_aro_name with amoxicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35981 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000064 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amoxicillin is a moderate-spectrum, bacteriolytic, beta-lactam antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections caused by susceptible microorganisms. A derivative of penicillin, it has a wider range of treatment but remains relatively ineffective against Gram-negative bacteria. It is commonly taken with clavulanic acid, a beta-lactamase inhibitor. Like other beta-lactams, amoxicillin interferes with the synthesis of peptidoglycan. UPDATED category_aro_name with mezlocillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36983 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000639 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Mezlocillin is a penicillin derivative taken parenterally. UPDATED category_aro_name with azlocillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36982 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000638 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Azlocillin is a semisynthetic derivative of penicillin that is notably active against Ps. aeruginosa and other Gram-negative bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefalexin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36985 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000641 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefalexin is a cephalosporin antibiotic that causes filamentation. It is resistant to staphylococcal beta-lactamase, but degraded by enterobacterial beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with doripenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36984 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000640 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Doripenem is a carbapenem with a broad range of activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and along with meropenem, it is the most active beta-lactam antibiotic against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefotiam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36987 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000643 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefotiam is a cephalosporin antibiotic with similar activity to cefuroxime but more active against enterobacteria. It is consumed orally as the prodrug cefotiam hexetil. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefadroxil UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36986 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000642 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefadroxil, or p-hydroxycephalexin, is an cephalosporin antibiotic similar to cefalexin. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefprozil UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefprozil is a cephalosporin and beta-lactam antibiotic with bactericidal activity. It selectively binds to PBPs and inhibits peptidoglycan synthesis, a major cell wall component, resulting in cell lysis. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephapirin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephapirin is a first-generation cephalosporin and broad spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic. Inactivation of penicillin-binding proteins through cephapirin binding disrupts peptidoglycan cross-linking, resulting in cell lysis. UPDATED category_aro_name with dicloxacillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36979 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000635 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dicloxacillin is a penicillin derivative that has an extra chlorine atom in comparison to cloxacillin. While more active than cloxacillin, its high affinity for serum protein reduces its activity in human serum in vitro. UPDATED category_aro_name with benzylpenicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36976 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000632 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Benzylpenicillin, commonly referred to as penicillin G, is effective against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. It is unstable in acid. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenoxymethylpenicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36977 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000633 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenoxymethylpenicillin, or penicillin V, is a penicillin derivative that is acid stable but less active than benzylpenicillin (penicillin G). UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftobiprole UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35978 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000061 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftobiprole (Zeftera/Zevtera) is a next generation (5th generation) cephalosporin antibiotic with activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterococci. Ceftobiprole inhibits transpeptidases essential to building cell walls, and is a poor substrate for most beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbenicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35961 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000043 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbenicillin is a semi-synthetic antibiotic belonging to the carboxypenicillin subgroup of the penicillins. It has gram-negative coverage which includes Pseudomonas aeruginosa but limited gram-positive coverage. The carboxypenicillins are susceptible to degradation by beta-lactamase enzymes. Carbenicillin antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefalotin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37084 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000704 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. It is resistant to staphylococci beta-lactamases but hydrolyzed by enterobacterial beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftiofur UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40933 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftiofur is a third-generation broad spectrum cephalosporin and beta-lactam antibiotic. It causes cell lysis by disrupting peptidoglycan cross-linkage and cell wall formation by binding to PBPs. UPDATED category_aro_name with mecillinam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37141 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000761 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Mecillinam is a broad-spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic that was semi-synthetically derived to have a different drug centre, being a 6-alpha-amidinopenicillanate instead of a 6-alpha-acylaminopenicillanate. Contrasting most beta-lactam drugs, mecillinam is most active against Gram-negative bacteria. It binds specifically to penicillin binding protein 2 (PBP2). UPDATED category_aro_name with propicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36978 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000634 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Propicillin is an orally taken penicillin derivative that has high absorption but poor activity. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefoxitin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35927 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefoxitin is a cephamycin antibiotic often grouped with the second generation cephalosporins. Cefoxitin is bactericidal and acts by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. Cefoxitin's 7-alpha-methoxy group and 3' leaving group make it a poor substrate for most beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with ertapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35987 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000070 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ertapenem is a carbapenem antibiotic and is highly resistant to beta-lactamases like other carbapenems. It inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefradine UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40936 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004009 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefradine is a first-generation cephalosporin and broad spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic. Cefradine binding to penicillin-binding proteins disrupts cell wall peptidoglycan cross-linkage, resulting in cell lysis. " 1955 UPDATE OXA-29 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1954 UPDATE TEM-154 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 1957 UPDATE VIM-18 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; carbapenem; cephalosporin; cephamycin; VIM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with VIM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36030 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000021 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with The Verone integron-encoded metallo-beta-lactamase (VIM) family was reported from Italy in 1999. There are, to date, 23 reported variants. VIM enzymes mostly occur in P. aeruginosa, also P. putida and, very rarely, Enterobacteriaceae. Integron-associated, sometimes within plasmids. Hydrolyses all beta-lactams except monobactams, and evades all beta-lactam inhibitors. There is a strong incidence of these in East Asia. " 1956 UPDATE IMI-1 carbapenem; antibiotic inactivation; IMI beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with IMI beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36027 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000018 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with IMI beta-lactamases are a group of TEM-1-like beta-lactamase that are known to hydrolyze imipenem. IMI beta-lactamases are inhibited by clavulanic acid and tazobactam. " 1951 UPDATE TEM-76 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 1950 UPDATE arr-1 antibiotic inactivation; rifampin; rifapentine; rifabutin; rifampin ADP-ribosyltransferase (Arr); rifaximin; rifamycin antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifampin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36308 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000169 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifampin is a semi-synthetic rifamycin, and inhibits RNA synthesis by binding to RNA polymerase. Rifampin is the mainstay agent for the treatment of tuberculosis, leprosy and complicated Gram-positive infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifapentine UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36673 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000534 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifapentine is a semisynthetic rifamycin that inhibits DNA-dependent RNA synthesis. It is often used in the treatment of tuberculosis and leprosy. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifabutin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36669 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000530 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifabutin is a semisynthetic rifamycin used in tuberculosis therapy. It inhibits DNA-dependent RNA synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifampin ADP-ribosyltransferase (Arr) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36529 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000390 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzyme responsible for the ADP-ribosylative inactivation of rifampin at the 23-OH position using NAD+. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifaximin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36656 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000517 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifaximin is a semi-synthetic rifamycin used to treat traveller's diarrhea. Rifaximin inhibits RNA synthesis by binding to the beta subunit of bacterial RNA polymerase. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifamycin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36296 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000157 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifamycin antibiotics are a group of broad-spectrum ansamycin antibiotics that inhibit bacterial RNA polymerase by binding to a highly conserved region, blocking the oligonucleotide exit tunnel, and preventing the extension of nascent mRNAs. " 1953 UPDATE SHV-155 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 1952 UPDATE OXA-1 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; cefalotin; amoxicillin; piperacillin; tazobactam; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefalotin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37084 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000704 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. It is resistant to staphylococci beta-lactamases but hydrolyzed by enterobacterial beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with amoxicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35981 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000064 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amoxicillin is a moderate-spectrum, bacteriolytic, beta-lactam antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections caused by susceptible microorganisms. A derivative of penicillin, it has a wider range of treatment but remains relatively ineffective against Gram-negative bacteria. It is commonly taken with clavulanic acid, a beta-lactamase inhibitor. Like other beta-lactams, amoxicillin interferes with the synthesis of peptidoglycan. UPDATED category_aro_name with piperacillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35995 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000078 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Piperacillin is an acetylureidopenicillin and has an extended spectrum of targets relative to other beta-lactam antibiotics. It inhibits cell wall synthesis in bacteria, and is usually taken with the beta-lactamase inhibitor tazobactam to overcome penicillin-resistant bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with tazobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35994 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000077 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Adjuvant UPDATED category_aro_description with Tazobactam is a compound which inhibits the action of bacterial beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1959 UPDATE ACT-7 antibiotic inactivation; carbapenem; penam; ACT beta-lactamase; cephalosporin; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with ACT beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36211 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000072 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with ACT beta-lactamases, also known as AmpC beta-lactamases, are cephalosporinases that cannot be inhibited by clavulanate. These enzymes are encoded by genes located on the chromosome and can be induced by the presence of beta-lactam antibiotics. However recently, these genes have been found on plasmids and expressed at high constitutive levels in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 1958 UPDATE VIM-33 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; carbapenem; cephalosporin; cephamycin; VIM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with VIM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36030 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000021 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with The Verone integron-encoded metallo-beta-lactamase (VIM) family was reported from Italy in 1999. There are, to date, 23 reported variants. VIM enzymes mostly occur in P. aeruginosa, also P. putida and, very rarely, Enterobacteriaceae. Integron-associated, sometimes within plasmids. Hydrolyses all beta-lactams except monobactams, and evades all beta-lactam inhibitors. There is a strong incidence of these in East Asia. " 829 UPDATE DHA-17 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; cephamycin; DHA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with DHA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36207 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000068 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with DHA beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated AmpC β-lactamases that confer resistance to cephamycins and oxyimino-cephalosporins. " 828 UPDATE TEM-83 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 825 UPDATE SHV-20 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 824 UPDATE vanD glycopeptide antibiotic; glycopeptide resistance gene cluster; van ligase; antibiotic target alteration; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide resistance gene cluster UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36373 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000234 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Genes that when expressed confer resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin type antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with van ligase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 39340 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3002906 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with van ligases synthesize alternative substrates for peptidoglycan synthesis that reduce vancomycin binding affinity. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. " 827 UPDATE QnrB55 sparfloxacin; norfloxacin; quinolone resistance protein (qnr); gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; antibiotic target protection; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; nalidixic acid; moxifloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with quinolone resistance protein (qnr) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36558 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000419 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Qnr proteins are pentapeptide repeat proteins that mimic DNA and protect the cell from the activity of fluoroquinolone antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target protection UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. " 826 UPDATE TolC tetracycline antibiotic; antibiotic efflux; ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump; major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; norfloxacin; nalidixic acid; aminocoumarin antibiotic; macrolide antibiotic; cephalosporin; cefalotin; oxacillin; ciprofloxacin; cloxacillin; rifamycin antibiotic; rifampin; ampicillin; penam; triclosan; novobiocin; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; cephamycin; tigecycline; glycylcycline; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; erythromycin; phenicol antibiotic; tetracycline; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36002 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are present in all cells of all organisms and use the energy of ATP binding/hydrolysis to transport substrates across cell membranes. UPDATED category_aro_name with major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and ABC transporters comprise the two largest and most functionally diverse of the transporter superfamilies. However, MFS transporters are distinct from ABC transporters in both their primary sequence and structure and in the mechanism of energy coupling. As secondary transporters they are, like RND and SMR transporters, energized by the electrochemical proton gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminocoumarin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36242 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000103 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminocoumarin antibiotics bind DNA gyrase subunit B to inhibit ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefalotin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37084 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000704 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. It is resistant to staphylococci beta-lactamases but hydrolyzed by enterobacterial beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with oxacillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35973 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000056 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Oxacillin is a penicillinase-resistant beta-lactam. It is similar to methicillin, and has replaced methicillin in clinical use. Oxacillin, especially in combination with other antibiotics, is effective against many penicillinase-producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with cloxacillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35930 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000011 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cloxacillin is a semisynthetic, isoxazolyl penicillin derivative in the beta-lactam class of antibiotics. It interferes with peptidogylcan synthesis and is commonly used for treating penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifampin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36308 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000169 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifampin is a semi-synthetic rifamycin, and inhibits RNA synthesis by binding to RNA polymerase. Rifampin is the mainstay agent for the treatment of tuberculosis, leprosy and complicated Gram-positive infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with ampicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36981 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000637 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ampicillin is a penicillin derivative that is highly acid stable, with its activity similar to benzylpenicillin. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with triclosan UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37250 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000870 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Triclosan is a common antibacterial agent added to many consumer products as a biocide. It is an inhibitor of fatty acid biosynthesis by blocking enoyl-carrier protein reductase (FabI). UPDATED category_aro_name with novobiocin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36250 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000111 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Novobiocin is an aminocoumarin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spheroides and Streptomyces niveus, and binds DNA gyrase subunit B inhibiting ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with tigecycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35949 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000030 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tigecycline is an glycylcycline antibiotic. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycylcycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35960 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000042 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycylcyclines are a new class of antibiotics derived from tetracycline. These tetracycline analogues are specifically designed to overcome two common mechanisms of tetracycline resistance. Presently, there is only one glycylcycline antibiotic for clinical use: tigecycline. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome, preventing the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifamycin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36296 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000157 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifamycin antibiotics are a group of broad-spectrum ansamycin antibiotics that inhibit bacterial RNA polymerase by binding to a highly conserved region, blocking the oligonucleotide exit tunnel, and preventing the extension of nascent mRNAs. " 821 UPDATE Mycobacterium tuberculosis embB mutants conferring resistance to rifampicin rifampin; polyamine antibiotic; rifamycin-resistant arabinosyltransferase; ethambutol; antibiotic target alteration; rifamycin antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with rifampin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36308 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000169 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifampin is a semi-synthetic rifamycin, and inhibits RNA synthesis by binding to RNA polymerase. Rifampin is the mainstay agent for the treatment of tuberculosis, leprosy and complicated Gram-positive infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with polyamine antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36666 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000527 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Polyamine antibiotics are organic compounds having two or more primary amino groups. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifamycin-resistant arabinosyltransferase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40057 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003464 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Arabinosyl transferases allow for the polymerization of arabinose to form arabinan. Arabanan is required for formation of mycobacterial cell walls and arabinosyltransferases are targets of the drug ethambutol. Mutations in these genes can confer resistance to rifampicin. UPDATED category_aro_name with ethambutol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36636 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000497 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ethambutol is an antimycobacterial drug prescribed to treat tuberculosis. It is usually given in combination with other tuberculosis drugs, such as isoniazid, rifampicin, and pyrazinamide. Ethambutol inhibits arabinosyl biosynthesis, disrupting mycobacterial cell wall formation. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifamycin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36296 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000157 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifamycin antibiotics are a group of broad-spectrum ansamycin antibiotics that inhibit bacterial RNA polymerase by binding to a highly conserved region, blocking the oligonucleotide exit tunnel, and preventing the extension of nascent mRNAs. " 820 UPDATE mdtB efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; antibiotic efflux; aminocoumarin antibiotic; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; novobiocin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminocoumarin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36242 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000103 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminocoumarin antibiotics bind DNA gyrase subunit B to inhibit ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with novobiocin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36250 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000111 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Novobiocin is an aminocoumarin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spheroides and Streptomyces niveus, and binds DNA gyrase subunit B inhibiting ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. " 823 UPDATE cat antibiotic inactivation; thiamphenicol; chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT); azidamfenicol; phenicol antibiotic; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with thiamphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36595 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000456 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Derivative of Chloramphenicol. The nitro group (-NO2) is substituted by a sulfomethyl group (-SO2CH3). UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36261 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000122 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Inactivates chloramphenicol by addition of an acyl group. cat is used to describe many variants of the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene in a range of organisms including Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Bacillus clausii, Bacillus subtilis, Campylobacter coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, Lactococcus lactis, Listeria monocytogenes, Listonella anguillarum Morganella morganii, Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella typhi, Serratia marcescens, Shigella flexneri, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Staphylococcus intermedius, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus suis and Streptomyces acrimycini UPDATED category_aro_name with azidamfenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36521 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000382 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Azidamfenicol is a water soluble derivative of chloramphenicol, sharing the same mode of action of inhibiting peptide synthesis by interacting with the 23S RNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. " 822 UPDATE QnrD1 sparfloxacin; norfloxacin; quinolone resistance protein (qnr); gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; antibiotic target protection; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; nalidixic acid; moxifloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with quinolone resistance protein (qnr) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36558 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000419 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Qnr proteins are pentapeptide repeat proteins that mimic DNA and protect the cell from the activity of fluoroquinolone antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target protection UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. " 1536 UPDATE OXA-421 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1483 UPDATE AAC(3)-Xa kanamycin A; antibiotic inactivation; AAC(3); aminoglycoside antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with AAC(3) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36461 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000322 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Acetylation of the aminoglycoside antibiotic on the amino group at position 3. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 1482 UPDATE SME-1 carbapenem; antibiotic inactivation; SME beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SME beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36194 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000055 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SME beta-lactamases are chromosome-mediated class A beta-lactamases that hydrolyze carbapenems in Serratia marcescens. " 1481 UPDATE OXY-1-4 penam; OXY beta-lactamase; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; monobactam; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 38788 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3002388 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXY beta-lactamases are chromosomal class A beta-lactamases that are found in Klebsiella oxytoca. At constitutive low levels, OXY beta-lactamases confer resistance to aminopenicillins and carboxypenicillins. At high induced levels, OXY beta-lactamases confer resistance to penicillins, cephalosporins and aztreonam. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 1480 UPDATE EXO-1 penam; antibiotic inactivation; EXO beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with EXO beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41398 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004234 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Beta-lactamases part of this family discovered in Streptomyces albus G. " 1487 UPDATE SHV-48 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 1486 UPDATE CARB-12 penam; antibiotic inactivation; CARB beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CARB beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36230 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000091 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CARB beta-lactamases are class A lactamases that can hydrolyze carbenicillin. Many of the PSE beta-lactamases have been renamed as CARB-lactamases with the notable exception of PSE-2 which is now OXA-10. " 1485 UPDATE MOX-8 penam; antibiotic inactivation; MOX beta-lactamase; cephamycin; cephalosporin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with MOX beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36222 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000083 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with MOX beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated AmpC-type beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 1484 UPDATE ACT-27 antibiotic inactivation; carbapenem; penam; ACT beta-lactamase; cephalosporin; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with ACT beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36211 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000072 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with ACT beta-lactamases, also known as AmpC beta-lactamases, are cephalosporinases that cannot be inhibited by clavulanate. These enzymes are encoded by genes located on the chromosome and can be induced by the presence of beta-lactam antibiotics. However recently, these genes have been found on plasmids and expressed at high constitutive levels in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 1489 UPDATE CMY-37 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 1488 UPDATE TEM-75 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 797 UPDATE TEM-55 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 2411 UPDATE Shigella flexneri gyrA conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones nybomycin; norfloxacin; nalidixic acid; fluoroquinolone resistant gyrA; antibiotic target alteration; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with nybomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40463 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003780 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with A heterocyclic antibiotic that targets mutant gyrA (type II topoisomerase) containing an S84L substitution, counteracting acquired quinolone resistance. It is effective against quinolone-resistant Gram-positive bacteria including S. aureus and E. faecalis. Due to its ability to counteract quinolone resistance by targeting the mutant form of the gyrA protein, it is classified as a reverse antibiotic (RA). UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone resistant gyrA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 39876 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003292 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with DNA gyrase is responsible for DNA supercoiling and consists of two alpha and two beta subunits. GyrA point mutations confer resistance by preventing fluoroquinolone antibiotics from binding the alpha-subunit. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. " 795 UPDATE OXA-324 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 794 UPDATE Staphylococcus aureus rpoC conferring resistance to daptomycin peptide antibiotic; antibiotic target alteration; daptomycin resistant beta prime subunit of RNA polymerase (rpoC); daptomycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with daptomycin resistant beta prime subunit of RNA polymerase (rpoC) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 39874 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003290 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Daptomycin resistant RNA polymerases include amino acids substitutions which alter the binding affinity of daptomycin to the protein, resulting in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with daptomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35985 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000068 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Daptomycin is a novel lipopeptide antibiotic used in the treatment of certain infections caused by Gram-positive organisms. Daptomycin interferes with the bacterial cell membrane, reducing membrane potential and inhibiting cell wall synthesis. " 793 UPDATE IMP-34 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; carbapenem; cephalosporin; IMP beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with IMP beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36029 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Plasmid mediated IMP-type carbapenemases, of which at least 26 varieties are currently known, became established in Japan in the 1990s in enteric gram-negative organisms, Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter species. Integron-associated, sometimes within plasmids. Hydrolyses all beta-lactams except monobactams, and evades all beta-lactam inhibitors. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 792 UPDATE OXY-1-1 penam; OXY beta-lactamase; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; monobactam; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 38788 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3002388 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXY beta-lactamases are chromosomal class A beta-lactamases that are found in Klebsiella oxytoca. At constitutive low levels, OXY beta-lactamases confer resistance to aminopenicillins and carboxypenicillins. At high induced levels, OXY beta-lactamases confer resistance to penicillins, cephalosporins and aztreonam. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 791 UPDATE SHV-14 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 929 UPDATE GES-10 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; GES beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with GES beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36205 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000066 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with GES beta-lactamases or Guiana extended-spectrum beta-lactamases are related to the other plasmid-located class A beta-lactamases " 1719 UPDATE ceoA efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; aminoglycoside antibiotic; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; antibiotic efflux; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. " 1718 UPDATE DIM-1 carbapenem; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; DIM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with DIM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41372 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004208 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with DIM type beta-lactamases were first identified from a carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas stutzeri strain isolated from a Dutch patient. Encoded in mobile elements, these MBLs significantly hydrolyze broad-spectrum cephalosporins and carbapenems. " 799 UPDATE CTX-M-31 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 798 UPDATE cmeC antibiotic efflux; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; macrolide antibiotic; cefotaxime; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; cephalosporin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; fusidic acid; erythromycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefotaxime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36989 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000645 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefotaxime is a semisynthetic cephalosporin taken parenterally. It is resistant to most beta-lactamases and active against Gram-negative rods and cocci due to its aminothiazoyl and methoximino functional groups. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with fusidic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37139 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000759 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Fusidic acid is the only commercially available fusidane, a group of steroid-like antibiotics. It is most active against Gram-positive bacteria, and acts by inhibiting elongation factor G to block protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. " 612 UPDATE PDC-7 PDC beta-lactamase; monobactam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; carbapenem; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with PDC beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36237 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000098 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with PDC beta-lactamases are class C beta-lactamases that are found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 2144 UPDATE Mycobacterium bovis embB mutations conferring resistance to ethambutol antibiotic target alteration; ethambutol resistant arabinosyltransferase; polyamine antibiotic; ethambutol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ethambutol resistant arabinosyltransferase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 39310 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3002876 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Arabinosyl transferases allow for the polymerization of arabinose to form arabinan. Arabinan is required for formation of mycobacterial cell walls and arabinosyltransferases are targets of the drug ethambutol. Mutations in these genes can confer resistance to ethambutol. UPDATED category_aro_name with polyamine antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36666 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000527 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Polyamine antibiotics are organic compounds having two or more primary amino groups. UPDATED category_aro_name with ethambutol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36636 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000497 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ethambutol is an antimycobacterial drug prescribed to treat tuberculosis. It is usually given in combination with other tuberculosis drugs, such as isoniazid, rifampicin, and pyrazinamide. Ethambutol inhibits arabinosyl biosynthesis, disrupting mycobacterial cell wall formation. " 613 UPDATE VEB-4 antibiotic inactivation; monobactam; cephalosporin; VEB beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with VEB beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36182 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000043 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with VEB beta-lactamases or Vietnamese extended-spectrum beta-lactamases are class A beta-lactamases that confer high-level resistance to oxyimino cephalosporins and to aztreonam " 1272 UPDATE CTX-M-67 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 1139 UPDATE dfrA12 iclaprim; trimethoprim; brodimoprim; tetroxoprim; diaminopyrimidine antibiotic; antibiotic target replacement; trimethoprim resistant dihydrofolate reductase dfr; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with iclaprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36476 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000337 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Iclaprim is a bactericidal compound that inhibits dihydrofolate reductase. It is used against clinically important Gram-positive pathogens, including methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36327 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000188 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Trimethoprim is a synthetic 5-(3,4,5- trimethoxybenzyl) pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, inhibiting synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid. Tetrahydrofolic acid is an essential precursor in the de novo synthesis of the DNA nucleotide thymidine. Trimethoprim is a bacteriostatic antibiotic mainly used in the prophylaxis and treatment of urinary tract infections in combination with sulfamethoxazole, a sulfonamide antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with brodimoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36408 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000269 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Brodimoprim is a structural derivative of trimethoprim and an inhibitor of bacterial dihydrofolate reductase. The 4-methoxy group of trimethoprim is replaced with a bromine atom. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetroxoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36423 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000284 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetroxoprim is a trimethoprim derivative that inhibits bacterial dihydrofolate reductase. UPDATED category_aro_name with diaminopyrimidine antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36310 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000171 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Diaminopyrimidines are a class of organic compounds containing a pyrimidine ring substituted by two amine groups. They are inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme critical for DNA synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target replacement UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Replacement or substitution of antibiotic action target, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim resistant dihydrofolate reductase dfr UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37617 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3001218 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Alternative dihydropteroate synthase dfr present on plasmids produces alternate proteins that are less sensitive to trimethoprim from inhibiting its role in folate synthesis, thus conferring trimethoprim resistance. " 1138 UPDATE tet(D) tetracycline antibiotic; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump; tetracycline; antibiotic efflux; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and ABC transporters comprise the two largest and most functionally diverse of the transporter superfamilies. However, MFS transporters are distinct from ABC transporters in both their primary sequence and structure and in the mechanism of energy coupling. As secondary transporters they are, like RND and SMR transporters, energized by the electrochemical proton gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. " 1133 UPDATE SHV-109 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 1132 UPDATE OXA-88 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1131 UPDATE AAC(3)-Ic antibiotic inactivation; AAC(3); sisomicin; gentamicin B; gentamicin C; aminoglycoside antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with AAC(3) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36461 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000322 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Acetylation of the aminoglycoside antibiotic on the amino group at position 3. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin C UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35933 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin C is a mixture of gentamicin C1, gentamicin C1a, and gentamicin C2 (these differ in substituents at position C6'). Gentamicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 1130 UPDATE PDC-9 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; carbapenem; ceftazidime; PDC beta-lactamase; monobactam; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftazidime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35977 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000060 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftazidime is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Unlike most third-generation agents, it is active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, however it has weaker activity against Gram-positive microorganisms and is not used for such infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with PDC beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36237 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000098 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with PDC beta-lactamases are class C beta-lactamases that are found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 1137 UPDATE TEM-90 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 1136 UPDATE MIR-6 antibiotic inactivation; monobactam; cephalosporin; cephamycin; MIR beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with MIR beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36197 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000058 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with MIR beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated beta-lactamases that confer resistance to oxyimino- and alpha-methoxy beta-lactams " 1135 UPDATE Staphylococcus aureus parE conferring resistance to aminocoumarin aminocoumarin resistant parE; clorobiocin; aminocoumarin antibiotic; novobiocin; coumermycin A1; antibiotic target alteration; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with aminocoumarin resistant parE UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36596 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000457 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with ParE is a subunit of topoisomerase IV, which decatenates and relaxes DNA to allow access to genes for transcription or translation. Point mutations in ParE prevent anticoumarin antibiotics from inhibiting DNA synthesis, thus conferring resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with clorobiocin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36271 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000132 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Clorobiocin is an aminocoumarin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces roseochromogenes, and binds DNA gyrase subunit B to inhibit ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminocoumarin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36242 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000103 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminocoumarin antibiotics bind DNA gyrase subunit B to inhibit ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with novobiocin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36250 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000111 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Novobiocin is an aminocoumarin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spheroides and Streptomyces niveus, and binds DNA gyrase subunit B inhibiting ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with coumermycin A1 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36289 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000150 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Coumermycin A1 is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces rishiriensis, and binds DNA gyrase subunit B to inhibit ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. " 617 UPDATE OXA-147 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 2060 UPDATE FosC2 fosfomycin; antibiotic inactivation; fosC phosphotransferase family; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with fosfomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35944 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000025 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Fosfomycin (also known as phosphomycin and phosphonomycin) is a broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by certain Streptomyces species. It is effective on gram positive and negative bacteria as it targets the cell wall, an essential feature shared by both bacteria. Its specific target is MurA (MurZ in E.coli), which attaches phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, a step of commitment to cell wall synthesis. In the active site of MurA, the active cysteine molecule is alkylated which stops the catalytic reaction. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with fosC phosphotransferase family UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41409 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004245 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with The fosC family of phosphotransferases phosphorylate fosfomycin to confer resistance and have been found in various bacterial isolates. " 614 UPDATE SFB-1 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; SHW beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHW beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40158 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003555 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with This family of sublcass B1 beta-lactamases were discovered in species of the Shewanella genus. " 2061 UPDATE VIM-7 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; carbapenem; cephalosporin; cephamycin; VIM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with VIM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36030 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000021 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with The Verone integron-encoded metallo-beta-lactamase (VIM) family was reported from Italy in 1999. There are, to date, 23 reported variants. VIM enzymes mostly occur in P. aeruginosa, also P. putida and, very rarely, Enterobacteriaceae. Integron-associated, sometimes within plasmids. Hydrolyses all beta-lactams except monobactams, and evades all beta-lactam inhibitors. There is a strong incidence of these in East Asia. " 1277 UPDATE GES-16 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; GES beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with GES beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36205 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000066 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with GES beta-lactamases or Guiana extended-spectrum beta-lactamases are related to the other plasmid-located class A beta-lactamases " 2062 UPDATE mphC antibiotic inactivation; macrolide phosphotransferase (MPH); oleandomycin; dirithromycin; macrolide antibiotic; telithromycin; azithromycin; roxithromycin; spiramycin; clarithromycin; tylosin; erythromycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide phosphotransferase (MPH) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36472 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000333 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolide phosphotransferases (MPH) are enzymes encoded by macrolide phosphotransferase genes (mph genes). These enzymes phosphorylate macrolides in GTP dependent manner at 2'-OH of desosamine sugar thereby inactivating them. Characterized MPH's are differentiated based on their substrate specificity. UPDATED category_aro_name with oleandomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37247 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000867 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Oleandomycin is a 14-membered macrolide produced by Streptomyces antibioticus. It is ssimilar to erythromycin, and contains a desosamine amino sugar and an oleandrose sugar. It targets the 50S ribosomal subunit to prevent protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with dirithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36315 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000176 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dirithromycin is an oxazine derivative of erythromycin, sharing the 14-carbon macrolide ring. The antibiotic binds to the 50S subunit of the ribosome to inhibit bacterial protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with telithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35974 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000057 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Telithromycin is a semi-synthetic derivative of erythromycin. It is a 14-membered macrolide and is the first ketolide antibiotic to be used in clinics. Telithromycin binds the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with azithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36297 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000158 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Azithromycin is a 15-membered macrolide and falls under the subclass of azalide. Like other macrolides, azithromycin binds bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The nitrogen substitution at the C-9a position prevents its degradation. UPDATED category_aro_name with roxithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35946 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000027 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Roxithromycin is a semi-synthetic, 14-carbon ring macrolide antibiotic derived from erythromycin. It is used to treat respiratory tract, urinary and soft tissue infections. Roxithromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. UPDATED category_aro_name with spiramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36295 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000156 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Spiramycin is a 16-membered macrolide and is natural product produced by Streptomyces ambofaciens. It binds to the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes and inhibits peptidyl transfer activity to disrupt protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with clarithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35982 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000065 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Clarithromycin is a methyl derivative of erythromycin, sharing the 14-carbon macrolide ring. The antibiotic binds to the 50S subunit of the ribosome and is used to treat pharyngitis, tonsillitis, acute maxillary sinusitis, acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, pneumonia (especially atypical pneumonias associated with Chlamydia pneumoniae or TWAR), and skin structure infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with tylosin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36284 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000145 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tylosin is a 16-membered macrolide, naturally produced by Streptomyces fradiae. It interacts with the bacterial ribosome 50S subunit to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. " 2063 UPDATE blaR1 penam; antibiotic inactivation; blaZ beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with blaZ beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41361 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004197 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with blaZ beta-lactamases are Class A beta-lactamases. These beta-lactamases are responsible for penicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aures. " 2064 UPDATE TEM-196 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 2065 UPDATE CMY-5 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 519 UPDATE VIM-26 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; carbapenem; cephalosporin; cephamycin; VIM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with VIM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36030 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000021 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with The Verone integron-encoded metallo-beta-lactamase (VIM) family was reported from Italy in 1999. There are, to date, 23 reported variants. VIM enzymes mostly occur in P. aeruginosa, also P. putida and, very rarely, Enterobacteriaceae. Integron-associated, sometimes within plasmids. Hydrolyses all beta-lactams except monobactams, and evades all beta-lactam inhibitors. There is a strong incidence of these in East Asia. " 518 UPDATE vanXYN glycopeptide antibiotic; glycopeptide resistance gene cluster; antibiotic target alteration; vanXY; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide resistance gene cluster UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36373 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000234 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Genes that when expressed confer resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin type antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with vanXY UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36635 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000496 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with VanXY is a protein with both D,D-carboxypeptidase and D,D-dipeptidase activity, found in Enterococcus gallinarum. It cleaves and removes the terminal D-Ala of peptidoglycan subunits for the incorporation of D-Ser by VanC. D-Ala-D-Ser has low binding affinity with vancomycin. " 926 UPDATE KPC-15 antibiotic inactivation; penam; carbapenem; cephalosporin; monobactam; KPC beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with KPC beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36198 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000059 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenem resistant (KPC) beta-lactamases are notorious for their ability to efficiently hydrolyze carbapenems, unlike other Ambler Class A beta-lactamases. There are currently 9 variants reported worldwide. These enzymes were first isolated from Klebsiella pneumoniae strains in 2001 in the United States. Hospital outbreaks have since been reported in Greece and Israel and KPC carrying strains are now endemic to New York facilities. KPC-1 and KPC-2 have been shown to be identical and are now referred to as KPC-2. " 1009 UPDATE IND-1 carbapenem; antibiotic inactivation; IND beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with IND beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36199 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000060 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with IND beta-lactamases are class B carbapenem-hydrolyzing beta-lactamases " 1008 UPDATE BEL-1 penam; monobactam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; BEL beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with BEL beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 38784 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3002384 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with BEL beta-lactamases are class A expanded-spectrum beta-lactamases that are inhibited by clavulanic acid. They are chromosomally encoded and hydrolyze most cephalosporins and aztreonam. " 1007 UPDATE OKP-A-8 penam; antibiotic inactivation; OKP beta-lactamase; cephalosporin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with OKP beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 38817 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3002417 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OKP beta-lactamases are chromosomal class A beta-lactamase that confer resistance to penicillins and early cephalosporins in Klebsiella pneumoniae. OKP beta-lactamases can be subdivided into two groups: OKP-A and OKP-B which diverge by about 4.2% UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 1006 UPDATE tet(V) tetracycline antibiotic; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump; tetracycline; antibiotic efflux; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and ABC transporters comprise the two largest and most functionally diverse of the transporter superfamilies. However, MFS transporters are distinct from ABC transporters in both their primary sequence and structure and in the mechanism of energy coupling. As secondary transporters they are, like RND and SMR transporters, energized by the electrochemical proton gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. " 513 UPDATE CARB-19 penam; antibiotic inactivation; CARB beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CARB beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36230 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000091 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CARB beta-lactamases are class A lactamases that can hydrolyze carbenicillin. Many of the PSE beta-lactamases have been renamed as CARB-lactamases with the notable exception of PSE-2 which is now OXA-10. " 1004 UPDATE vanRD glycopeptide antibiotic; glycopeptide resistance gene cluster; antibiotic target alteration; vanR; vancomycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide resistance gene cluster UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36373 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000234 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Genes that when expressed confer resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin type antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with vanR UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36713 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000574 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with VanR is a OmpR-family transcriptional activator in the VanSR regulatory system. When activated by VanS, it promotes cotranscription of VanA, VanH, and VanX. UPDATED category_aro_name with vancomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35947 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000028 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Vancomycin is a glycopeptide antibiotic used in the prophylaxis and treatment of infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria. Vancomycin inhibits the synthesis of peptidoglycan, the major component of the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria. Its mechanism of action is unusual in that it acts by binding precursors of peptidoglycan, rather than by interacting with an enzyme. " 515 UPDATE mgtA antibiotic inactivation; methymycin; macrolide antibiotic; mgt macrolide glycotransferase; tylosin; azithromycin; erythromycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with methymycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37631 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3001232 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Produced by Streptomyces venezuelae ATCC 15439. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with mgt macrolide glycotransferase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41401 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004237 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with The mgt family encompasses macrolide glycotransferases of the Streptomyces genus. UPDATED category_aro_name with tylosin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36284 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000145 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tylosin is a 16-membered macrolide, naturally produced by Streptomyces fradiae. It interacts with the bacterial ribosome 50S subunit to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with azithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36297 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000158 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Azithromycin is a 15-membered macrolide and falls under the subclass of azalide. Like other macrolides, azithromycin binds bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The nitrogen substitution at the C-9a position prevents its degradation. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. " 1002 UPDATE AAC(6')-Ib4 antibiotic inactivation; kanamycin A; aminoglycoside antibiotic; AAC(6'); isepamicin; sisomicin; arbekacin; gentamicin B; netilmicin; amikacin; dibekacin; neomycin; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with AAC(6') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36484 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000345 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Acetylation of the aminoglycoside antibiotic on the amino group at position 6'. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with netilmicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35956 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000038 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with dibekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35926 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 1001 UPDATE Staphylococcus aureus mprF with mutation conferring resistance to daptomycin peptide antibiotic; antibiotic target alteration; daptomycin; daptomycin resistant mprF; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with daptomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35985 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000068 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Daptomycin is a novel lipopeptide antibiotic used in the treatment of certain infections caused by Gram-positive organisms. Daptomycin interferes with the bacterial cell membrane, reducing membrane potential and inhibiting cell wall synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with daptomycin resistant mprF UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 39638 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003091 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with MprF is a integral membrane protein that modifies the negatively-charged phosphatidylglycerol on the membrane surface of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. This confers resistance to cationic peptides that disrupt the cell membrane, including defensins. Mutations in mprF can additionally confer resistance to daptomycin in S. aureus. " 1000 UPDATE AAC(6')-Ib-Hangzhou antibiotic inactivation; kanamycin A; aminoglycoside antibiotic; AAC(6'); isepamicin; sisomicin; arbekacin; gentamicin B; netilmicin; amikacin; dibekacin; neomycin; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with AAC(6') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36484 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000345 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Acetylation of the aminoglycoside antibiotic on the amino group at position 6'. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with netilmicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35956 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000038 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with dibekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35926 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 1227 UPDATE aadA2 antibiotic inactivation; aminoglycoside antibiotic; ANT(3''); streptomycin; spectinomycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with ANT(3'') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41439 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004275 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucleotidylylation of streptomycin at the hydroxyl group at position 3'' UPDATED category_aro_name with streptomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35958 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000040 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Streptomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with spectinomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35957 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000039 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Spectinomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Spectinomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit inhibiting translation. " 622 UPDATE DHA-7 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; cephamycin; DHA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with DHA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36207 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000068 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with DHA beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated AmpC β-lactamases that confer resistance to cephamycins and oxyimino-cephalosporins. " 1225 UPDATE TEM-178 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 620 UPDATE OXA-320 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1223 UPDATE vph peptide antibiotic; viomycin phosphotransferase; antibiotic inactivation; tuberactinomycin; viomycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with viomycin phosphotransferase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41425 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004261 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Viomycin family of phosphotransferases confer resistance to viomycin antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with tuberactinomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36629 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000490 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tuberactinomycins are a family of cyclic peptide antibiotics that are important in the treatment of tuberculosis. Tuberactinomycins contain nonproteinogenic amino acids and inhibit group I self-splicing RNA to disrupt prokaryotic protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with viomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35937 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000018 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Viomycin sulfate (Viocin) is an polypeptide antibiotic used in the treatment of tuberculosis. It is produced by the actinomycete Streptomyces puniceus and binds to the bacterial ribosome, inhibiting prokaryotic protein synthesis and certain forms of RNA splicing. " 626 UPDATE vanHB glycopeptide antibiotic; glycopeptide resistance gene cluster; vanH; antibiotic target alteration; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide resistance gene cluster UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36373 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000234 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Genes that when expressed confer resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin type antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with vanH UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36015 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with VanH is a D-specific alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase that synthesizes D-lactate. D-lactate is incorporated into the end of the peptidoglycan subunits, decreasing vancomycin binding affinity. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. " 625 UPDATE QnrB46 sparfloxacin; norfloxacin; quinolone resistance protein (qnr); gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; antibiotic target protection; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; nalidixic acid; moxifloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with quinolone resistance protein (qnr) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36558 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000419 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Qnr proteins are pentapeptide repeat proteins that mimic DNA and protect the cell from the activity of fluoroquinolone antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target protection UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. " 624 UPDATE Mycobacterium leprae rpoB mutations conferring resistance to rifampicin rifampin; rifapentine; rifabutin; peptide antibiotic; rifamycin-resistant beta-subunit of RNA polymerase (rpoB); antibiotic target replacement; antibiotic target alteration; rifamycin antibiotic; rifaximin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with rifampin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36308 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000169 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifampin is a semi-synthetic rifamycin, and inhibits RNA synthesis by binding to RNA polymerase. Rifampin is the mainstay agent for the treatment of tuberculosis, leprosy and complicated Gram-positive infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifapentine UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36673 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000534 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifapentine is a semisynthetic rifamycin that inhibits DNA-dependent RNA synthesis. It is often used in the treatment of tuberculosis and leprosy. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifabutin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36669 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000530 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifabutin is a semisynthetic rifamycin used in tuberculosis therapy. It inhibits DNA-dependent RNA synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifamycin-resistant beta-subunit of RNA polymerase (rpoB) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36349 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000210 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifampin resistant RNA polymerases include amino acids substitutions which disrupt the affinity of rifampin for its binding site. These mutations are frequently concentrated in the rif I region of the beta-subunit and most often involve amino acids which make direct interactions with rifampin. However, mutations which also confer resistance can occur outside this region and may involve amino acids which do not directly make contact with rifampin. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target replacement UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Replacement or substitution of antibiotic action target, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifamycin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36296 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000157 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifamycin antibiotics are a group of broad-spectrum ansamycin antibiotics that inhibit bacterial RNA polymerase by binding to a highly conserved region, blocking the oligonucleotide exit tunnel, and preventing the extension of nascent mRNAs. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifaximin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36656 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000517 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifaximin is a semi-synthetic rifamycin used to treat traveller's diarrhea. Rifaximin inhibits RNA synthesis by binding to the beta subunit of bacterial RNA polymerase. " 629 UPDATE VIM-28 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; carbapenem; cephalosporin; cephamycin; VIM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with VIM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36030 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000021 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with The Verone integron-encoded metallo-beta-lactamase (VIM) family was reported from Italy in 1999. There are, to date, 23 reported variants. VIM enzymes mostly occur in P. aeruginosa, also P. putida and, very rarely, Enterobacteriaceae. Integron-associated, sometimes within plasmids. Hydrolyses all beta-lactams except monobactams, and evades all beta-lactam inhibitors. There is a strong incidence of these in East Asia. " 628 UPDATE catB10 antibiotic inactivation; thiamphenicol; chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT); azidamfenicol; phenicol antibiotic; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with thiamphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36595 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000456 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Derivative of Chloramphenicol. The nitro group (-NO2) is substituted by a sulfomethyl group (-SO2CH3). UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36261 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000122 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Inactivates chloramphenicol by addition of an acyl group. cat is used to describe many variants of the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene in a range of organisms including Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Bacillus clausii, Bacillus subtilis, Campylobacter coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, Lactococcus lactis, Listeria monocytogenes, Listonella anguillarum Morganella morganii, Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella typhi, Serratia marcescens, Shigella flexneri, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Staphylococcus intermedius, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus suis and Streptomyces acrimycini UPDATED category_aro_name with azidamfenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36521 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000382 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Azidamfenicol is a water soluble derivative of chloramphenicol, sharing the same mode of action of inhibiting peptide synthesis by interacting with the 23S RNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. " 1229 UPDATE CTX-M-6 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 1228 UPDATE CMY-30 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 2 UPDATE CblA-1 antibiotic inactivation; CblA beta-lactamase; cephaloridine; cephalosporin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CblA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 39432 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3002998 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CblA beta-lactamases are class A beta-lactamases that confer resistance to cephalosporins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephaloridine UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41256 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004129 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephaloridine is a semisynthetic, broad-spectrum, first-generation cephalosporin with antibacterial activity. Cephaloridine binds to and inactivates penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) located on the inner membrane of the bacterial cell wall. PBPs are enzymes involved in the terminal stages of assembling the bacterial cell wall and in reshaping the cell wall during growth and division. Inactivation of PBPs interferes with the cross-linkage of peptidoglycan chains necessary for bacterial cell wall strength and rigidity. This results in the weakening of the bacterial cell wall and causes cell lysis. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 1286 UPDATE SHV-34 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 1714 UPDATE ErmW antibiotic target alteration; streptogramin antibiotic; Erm 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase; macrolide antibiotic; lincosamide antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptogramin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35945 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000026 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptogramin antibiotics are natural products produced by various members of the Streptomyces genus. These antibiotics bind to the P site of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The family consists of two subgroups, type A and type B, which are simultaneously produced by the same bacterial species in a ratio of roughly 70:30. UPDATED category_aro_name with Erm 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36699 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000560 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Erm proteins are part of the RNA methyltransferase family and methylate A2058 (E. coli nomenclature) of the 23S ribosomal RNA conferring degrees of resistance to Macrolides, Lincosamides and Streptogramin b. This is called the MLSb phenotype. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincosamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35936 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincosamides (e.g. lincomycin, clindamycin) are a class of drugs which bind to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. This interaction inhibits early elongation of peptide chains by inhibiting the transpeptidase reaction, acting similarly to macrolides. " 11 UPDATE Erm(34) antibiotic target alteration; vernamycin B-gamma; oleandomycin; macrolide antibiotic; telithromycin; tylosin; lincosamide antibiotic; dirithromycin; clarithromycin; clindamycin; dalfopristin; pristinamycin IB; quinupristin; pristinamycin IA; Erm 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase; pristinamycin IIA; madumycin II; griseoviridin; lincomycin; streptogramin antibiotic; roxithromycin; spiramycin; azithromycin; erythromycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with vernamycin B-gamma UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37022 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000678 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Vernamycin B-gamma is a class B streptogramin derived from virginiamycin S1. UPDATED category_aro_name with oleandomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37247 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000867 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Oleandomycin is a 14-membered macrolide produced by Streptomyces antibioticus. It is ssimilar to erythromycin, and contains a desosamine amino sugar and an oleandrose sugar. It targets the 50S ribosomal subunit to prevent protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with telithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35974 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000057 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Telithromycin is a semi-synthetic derivative of erythromycin. It is a 14-membered macrolide and is the first ketolide antibiotic to be used in clinics. Telithromycin binds the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with tylosin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36284 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000145 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tylosin is a 16-membered macrolide, naturally produced by Streptomyces fradiae. It interacts with the bacterial ribosome 50S subunit to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincosamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35936 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincosamides (e.g. lincomycin, clindamycin) are a class of drugs which bind to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. This interaction inhibits early elongation of peptide chains by inhibiting the transpeptidase reaction, acting similarly to macrolides. UPDATED category_aro_name with dirithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36315 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000176 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dirithromycin is an oxazine derivative of erythromycin, sharing the 14-carbon macrolide ring. The antibiotic binds to the 50S subunit of the ribosome to inhibit bacterial protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with clarithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35982 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000065 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Clarithromycin is a methyl derivative of erythromycin, sharing the 14-carbon macrolide ring. The antibiotic binds to the 50S subunit of the ribosome and is used to treat pharyngitis, tonsillitis, acute maxillary sinusitis, acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, pneumonia (especially atypical pneumonias associated with Chlamydia pneumoniae or TWAR), and skin structure infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with clindamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35983 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000066 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Clindamycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that blocks A-site aminoacyl-tRNA binding. It is usually used to treat infections with anaerobic bacteria but can also be used to treat some protozoal diseases, such as malaria. UPDATED category_aro_name with dalfopristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37018 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000674 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dalfopristin is a water-soluble semi-synthetic derivative of pristinamycin IIA. It is produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis and is used in combination with quinupristin in a 7:3 ratio. Both work together to inhibit protein synthesis, and is active against Gram-positive bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IB UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37019 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000675 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IB is a class B streptogramin similar to pristinamycin IA, the former containing a N-methyl-4-(methylamino)phenylalanine instead of a N-methyl-4-(dimethylamino)phenylalanine in its class A streptogramin counterpart (one less methyl group). UPDATED category_aro_name with quinupristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36723 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000584 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Quinupristin is a type B streptogramin and a semisynthetic derivative of pristinamycin 1A. It is a component of the drug Synercid and interacts with the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36722 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000583 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin 1A is a type B streptogramin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis. It binds to the P site of the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, preventing the extension of protein chains. UPDATED category_aro_name with Erm 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36699 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000560 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Erm proteins are part of the RNA methyltransferase family and methylate A2058 (E. coli nomenclature) of the 23S ribosomal RNA conferring degrees of resistance to Macrolides, Lincosamides and Streptogramin b. This is called the MLSb phenotype. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IIA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37013 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000669 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IIA is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with madumycin II UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37016 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000672 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Madumycin II is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with griseoviridin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000673 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Griseoviridin is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35964 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000046 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincomycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that comes from the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis. It binds to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes and inhibit early elongation of peptide chain by inhibiting transpeptidase reaction. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptogramin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35945 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000026 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptogramin antibiotics are natural products produced by various members of the Streptomyces genus. These antibiotics bind to the P site of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The family consists of two subgroups, type A and type B, which are simultaneously produced by the same bacterial species in a ratio of roughly 70:30. UPDATED category_aro_name with roxithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35946 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000027 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Roxithromycin is a semi-synthetic, 14-carbon ring macrolide antibiotic derived from erythromycin. It is used to treat respiratory tract, urinary and soft tissue infections. Roxithromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. UPDATED category_aro_name with spiramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36295 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000156 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Spiramycin is a 16-membered macrolide and is natural product produced by Streptomyces ambofaciens. It binds to the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes and inhibits peptidyl transfer activity to disrupt protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with azithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36297 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000158 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Azithromycin is a 15-membered macrolide and falls under the subclass of azalide. Like other macrolides, azithromycin binds bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The nitrogen substitution at the C-9a position prevents its degradation. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. " 10 UPDATE CARB-5 penam; antibiotic inactivation; CARB beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CARB beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36230 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000091 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CARB beta-lactamases are class A lactamases that can hydrolyze carbenicillin. Many of the PSE beta-lactamases have been renamed as CARB-lactamases with the notable exception of PSE-2 which is now OXA-10. " 13 UPDATE LRA-12 penam; antibiotic inactivation; subclass B3 LRA beta-lactamase; cephalosporin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with subclass B3 LRA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41390 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004226 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Beta-lactamases that are part of the LRA gene family and are classified as B3 (metallo-) beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 12 UPDATE TEM-126 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 15 UPDATE TEM-59 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 14 UPDATE TEM-72 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 17 UPDATE tet(45) tetracycline antibiotic; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump; tetracycline; antibiotic efflux; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and ABC transporters comprise the two largest and most functionally diverse of the transporter superfamilies. However, MFS transporters are distinct from ABC transporters in both their primary sequence and structure and in the mechanism of energy coupling. As secondary transporters they are, like RND and SMR transporters, energized by the electrochemical proton gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. " 16 UPDATE KPC-10 antibiotic inactivation; penam; carbapenem; cephalosporin; monobactam; KPC beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with KPC beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36198 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000059 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenem resistant (KPC) beta-lactamases are notorious for their ability to efficiently hydrolyze carbapenems, unlike other Ambler Class A beta-lactamases. There are currently 9 variants reported worldwide. These enzymes were first isolated from Klebsiella pneumoniae strains in 2001 in the United States. Hospital outbreaks have since been reported in Greece and Israel and KPC carrying strains are now endemic to New York facilities. KPC-1 and KPC-2 have been shown to be identical and are now referred to as KPC-2. " 19 UPDATE IMP-2 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; carbapenem; cephalosporin; IMP beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with IMP beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36029 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Plasmid mediated IMP-type carbapenemases, of which at least 26 varieties are currently known, became established in Japan in the 1990s in enteric gram-negative organisms, Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter species. Integron-associated, sometimes within plasmids. Hydrolyses all beta-lactams except monobactams, and evades all beta-lactam inhibitors. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 18 UPDATE OXA-212 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 928 UPDATE carA efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump; macrolide antibiotic; antibiotic efflux; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36002 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are present in all cells of all organisms and use the energy of ATP binding/hydrolysis to transport substrates across cell membranes. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. " 201 UPDATE OCH-3 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; cephamycin; monobactam; OCH beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OCH beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36233 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000094 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OCH beta-lactamases are Ambler class C chromosomal-encoded beta-lactamases in Ochrobactrum anthropi " 200 UPDATE LEN-14 penam; LEN beta-lactamase; antibiotic inactivation; penem; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with LEN beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36236 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000097 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with LEN beta-lactamases are chromosomal class A beta-lactamases that confer resistance to ampicillin, amoxicillin, carbenicillin, and ticarcillin but not to extended-spectrum beta-lactams. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. " 203 UPDATE OXY-2-8 penam; OXY beta-lactamase; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; monobactam; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 38788 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3002388 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXY beta-lactamases are chromosomal class A beta-lactamases that are found in Klebsiella oxytoca. At constitutive low levels, OXY beta-lactamases confer resistance to aminopenicillins and carboxypenicillins. At high induced levels, OXY beta-lactamases confer resistance to penicillins, cephalosporins and aztreonam. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 202 UPDATE SHV-101 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 205 UPDATE APH(4)-Ia antibiotic inactivation; hygromycin B; aminoglycoside antibiotic; APH(4); ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with hygromycin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36353 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000214 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Hygromycin B is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Hygromycin B works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Hygromycin B has also been shown to interact with eukaryotic cells. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with APH(4) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36294 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000155 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Phosphorylation of hygromycin on the hydroxyl group at position 4 " 204 UPDATE VIM-43 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; carbapenem; cephalosporin; cephamycin; VIM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with VIM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36030 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000021 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with The Verone integron-encoded metallo-beta-lactamase (VIM) family was reported from Italy in 1999. There are, to date, 23 reported variants. VIM enzymes mostly occur in P. aeruginosa, also P. putida and, very rarely, Enterobacteriaceae. Integron-associated, sometimes within plasmids. Hydrolyses all beta-lactams except monobactams, and evades all beta-lactam inhibitors. There is a strong incidence of these in East Asia. " 207 UPDATE GES-12 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; GES beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with GES beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36205 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000066 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with GES beta-lactamases or Guiana extended-spectrum beta-lactamases are related to the other plasmid-located class A beta-lactamases " 206 UPDATE FomA fosfomycin; antibiotic inactivation; Fom phosphotransferase family; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with fosfomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35944 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000025 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Fosfomycin (also known as phosphomycin and phosphonomycin) is a broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by certain Streptomyces species. It is effective on gram positive and negative bacteria as it targets the cell wall, an essential feature shared by both bacteria. Its specific target is MurA (MurZ in E.coli), which attaches phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, a step of commitment to cell wall synthesis. In the active site of MurA, the active cysteine molecule is alkylated which stops the catalytic reaction. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with Fom phosphotransferase family UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41410 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004246 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Two members of the Fom family have been identified, FomA and FomB. FomB must interact with FomA confer resistance to fosfomycin, however FomA is capable of conferring resistance alone. " 209 UPDATE AAC(3)-Ib/AAC(6')-Ib'' antibiotic inactivation; kanamycin A; AAC(3); AAC(6'); isepamicin; aminoglycoside antibiotic; sisomicin; arbekacin; gentamicin B; netilmicin; gentamicin C; amikacin; dibekacin; neomycin; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with AAC(3) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36461 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000322 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Acetylation of the aminoglycoside antibiotic on the amino group at position 3. UPDATED category_aro_name with AAC(6') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36484 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000345 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Acetylation of the aminoglycoside antibiotic on the amino group at position 6'. UPDATED category_aro_name with dibekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35926 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with netilmicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35956 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000038 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin C UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35933 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin C is a mixture of gentamicin C1, gentamicin C1a, and gentamicin C2 (these differ in substituents at position C6'). Gentamicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 208 UPDATE CMY-105 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 1573 UPDATE SHV-110 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 1572 UPDATE OXA-205 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1571 UPDATE vanSE glycopeptide antibiotic; vanS; antibiotic target alteration; vancomycin; glycopeptide resistance gene cluster; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with vanS UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36210 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with VanS is similar to histidine protein kinases like EnvZ and acts as a response regulator by activating VanR. VanS is required for high level transcription of other van glycopeptide resistance genes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with vancomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35947 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000028 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Vancomycin is a glycopeptide antibiotic used in the prophylaxis and treatment of infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria. Vancomycin inhibits the synthesis of peptidoglycan, the major component of the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria. Its mechanism of action is unusual in that it acts by binding precursors of peptidoglycan, rather than by interacting with an enzyme. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide resistance gene cluster UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36373 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000234 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Genes that when expressed confer resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin type antibiotics. " 1570 UPDATE OprA antibiotic efflux; tobramycin; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; ofloxacin; norfloxacin; meropenem; macrolide antibiotic; carbapenem; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; arbekacin; ciprofloxacin; tetracycline antibiotic; gentamicin C; amikacin; aminoglycoside antibiotic; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; tetracycline; erythromycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with ofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37007 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000663 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ofloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a methyl-substituted oxazine ring. It has a broad spectrum of activity including many enterobacteria and mycoplasma but most anaerobes are resistant. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin C UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35933 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin C is a mixture of gentamicin C1, gentamicin C1a, and gentamicin C2 (these differ in substituents at position C6'). Gentamicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with meropenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35990 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000073 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Meropenem is an ultra-broad spectrum injectable antibiotic used to treat a wide variety of infections, including meningitis and pneumonia. It is a beta-lactam and belongs to the subgroup of carbapenem, similar to imipenem and ertapenem. " 2231 UPDATE CPS-1 carbapenem; antibiotic inactivation; CPS beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CPS beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41385 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004221 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CPS beta-lactamases are a subclass B3 family. " 2230 UPDATE PEDO-3 carbapenem; antibiotic inactivation; subclass B1 PEDO beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with subclass B1 PEDO beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41391 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004227 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Beta-lactamases that are part of the PEDO gene family and are classified as subclass B1 (metallo-) beta-lactamases. " 2233 UPDATE MSI-1 carbapenem; antibiotic inactivation; MSI beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with MSI beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41387 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004223 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with MSI beta-lactamases are a family of subclass B3 (metallo-) beta-lactamases. " 2232 UPDATE ESP-1 carbapenem; antibiotic inactivation; ESP beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ESP beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41386 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004222 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with ESP family beta-lactamases are subclass B3 (metallo-) beta-lactamases. " 2235 UPDATE SPG-1 carbapenem; SPG beta-lacatamase; antibiotic inactivation; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with SPG beta-lacatamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41388 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004224 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SPG beta-lactamases are a family of subclass B3 (metallo-) beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. " 2234 UPDATE MSI-OXA MSI-OXA family beta-lactamase; carbapenem; antibiotic inactivation; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with MSI-OXA family beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41406 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004242 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Members of the MSI-OXA family are class D beta-lactamases that encompass hybrids of MSI-1 and putative OXA homologues. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. " 1576 UPDATE OXA-17 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1575 UPDATE OXA-91 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1574 UPDATE Mycobacterium tuberculosis inhA mutations conferring resistance to isoniazid antibiotic resistant inhA; isoniazid; triclosan; antibiotic target alteration; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic resistant inhA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003417 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with inhA is a enoyl-acyl carrier reductase used in lipid metabolism and fatty acid biosynthesis. It is inhibited by isoniazid. Mutations in the promoter region or multiple copies of the inhA shows marked resistance to isoniazid mediated inhibition of mycolic acid biosynthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with isoniazid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36659 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000520 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Isoniazid is an organic compound that is the first-line anti tuberculosis medication in prevention and treatment. As a prodrug, it is activated by mycobacterial catalase-peroxidases such as M. tuberculosis KatG. Isoniazid inhibits mycolic acid synthesis, which prevents cell wall synthesis in mycobacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with triclosan UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37250 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000870 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Triclosan is a common antibacterial agent added to many consumer products as a biocide. It is an inhibitor of fatty acid biosynthesis by blocking enoyl-carrier protein reductase (FabI). UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. " 229 UPDATE vanTmL glycopeptide antibiotic; glycopeptide resistance gene cluster; antibiotic target alteration; vanT; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide resistance gene cluster UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36373 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000234 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Genes that when expressed confer resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin type antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with vanT UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36511 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000372 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with VanT is a membrane bound serine racemase, converting L-serine to D-serine. It is associated with VanC, which incorporated D-serine into D-Ala-D-Ser terminal end of peptidoglycan subunits that have a decreased binding affinity with vancomycin. It was isolated from Enterococcus gallinarum. " 228 UPDATE sdiA penam; antibiotic efflux; triclosan; rifampin; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; protein(s) and two-component regulatory system modulating antibiotic efflux; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; tetracycline antibiotic; cephalosporin; cefalotin; tigecycline; glycylcycline; ampicillin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; rifamycin antibiotic; phenicol antibiotic; tetracycline; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Regulator UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with triclosan UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37250 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000870 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Triclosan is a common antibacterial agent added to many consumer products as a biocide. It is an inhibitor of fatty acid biosynthesis by blocking enoyl-carrier protein reductase (FabI). UPDATED category_aro_name with rifampin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36308 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000169 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifampin is a semi-synthetic rifamycin, and inhibits RNA synthesis by binding to RNA polymerase. Rifampin is the mainstay agent for the treatment of tuberculosis, leprosy and complicated Gram-positive infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with ampicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36981 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000637 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ampicillin is a penicillin derivative that is highly acid stable, with its activity similar to benzylpenicillin. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefalotin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37084 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000704 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. It is resistant to staphylococci beta-lactamases but hydrolyzed by enterobacterial beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with tigecycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35949 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000030 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tigecycline is an glycylcycline antibiotic. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycylcycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35960 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000042 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycylcyclines are a new class of antibiotics derived from tetracycline. These tetracycline analogues are specifically designed to overcome two common mechanisms of tetracycline resistance. Presently, there is only one glycylcycline antibiotic for clinical use: tigecycline. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome, preventing the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifamycin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36296 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000157 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifamycin antibiotics are a group of broad-spectrum ansamycin antibiotics that inhibit bacterial RNA polymerase by binding to a highly conserved region, blocking the oligonucleotide exit tunnel, and preventing the extension of nascent mRNAs. " 2097 UPDATE Escherichia coli 16S rRNA (rrsB) mutation conferring resistance to paromomycin glycopeptide antibiotic; arbekacin; gentamicin B; tetracycline antibiotic; antibiotic target alteration; isepamicin; G418; chlortetracycline; paromomycin; sisomicin; spectinomycin; netilmicin; apramycin; streptothricin; gentamicin C; streptomycin; aminoglycoside antibiotic; nucleoside antibiotic; 16s rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics; peptide antibiotic; minocycline; hygromycin B; doxycycline; amikacin; bleomycin B2; bleomycinic acid; bleomycin A2; dibekacin; oxytetracycline; neomycin; kanamycin A; tigecycline; glycylcycline; demeclocycline; astromicin; butirosin; ribostamycin; tetracycline; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with G418 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000653 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A gentamicin class aminoglycoside antibiotic often used in mammalian cell culture work as a selectable marker for the neo cassette (APH3'). UPDATED category_aro_name with chlortetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36667 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000528 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chlortetracycline was an early, first-generation tetracycline antibiotic developed in the 1940's. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes, preventing the aminoacyl-tRNA from binding to the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with paromomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000657 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with An aminoglycoside antibiotic used for the treatment of parasitic infections. It is similar to neomycin sharing a similar spectrum of activity, but its hydroxyl group at the 6'-position instead of an amino group makes it resistant to AAC(6') modifying enzymes. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with dibekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35926 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with spectinomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35957 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000039 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Spectinomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Spectinomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit inhibiting translation. UPDATED category_aro_name with netilmicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35956 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000038 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. UPDATED category_aro_name with apramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35955 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000037 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Apramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections in animals. Apramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptothricin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35931 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000012 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptothricins are a group of N-glycoside antibiotics that include a carbamoylated D-glucosamine to which are attached a series of L-beta-lysine residues at position 2 and a streptolidine at position 1. Streptothricins vary by the number of beta-lysine residues (from 1 (nourseothricin) to 7) and target protein synthesis in bacteria and eukaryotes. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin C UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35933 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin C is a mixture of gentamicin C1, gentamicin C1a, and gentamicin C2 (these differ in substituents at position C6'). Gentamicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35958 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000040 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Streptomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with nucleoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36174 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000034 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucleoside antibiotics are made of modified nucleosides and nucleotides with wide-ranging activities and means of antibacterial effects. This drug class includes aminonucleoside antibiotics, which contain an amino group. UPDATED category_aro_name with 16s rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40277 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Point mutations in the 16S rRNA of bacteria can confer resistance to aminoglycosides. UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with minocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36291 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000152 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Minocycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with hygromycin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36353 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000214 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Hygromycin B is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Hygromycin B works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Hygromycin B has also been shown to interact with eukaryotic cells. UPDATED category_aro_name with doxycycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35986 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Doxycycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin B2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37036 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000692 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin B2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycinic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37034 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000690 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycinic acid is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin A2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37035 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000691 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin A2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with demeclocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37011 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000667 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Demeclocycline is a tetracycline analog with 7-chloro and 6-methyl groups. Due to its fast absorption and slow excretion, it maintains higher effective blood levels compared to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with oxytetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37012 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000668 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Oxytetracycline is a derivative of tetracycline with a 5-hydroxyl group. Its activity is similar to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tigecycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35949 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000030 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tigecycline is an glycylcycline antibiotic. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycylcycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35960 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000042 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycylcyclines are a new class of antibiotics derived from tetracycline. These tetracycline analogues are specifically designed to overcome two common mechanisms of tetracycline resistance. Presently, there is only one glycylcycline antibiotic for clinical use: tigecycline. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome, preventing the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA. UPDATED category_aro_name with astromicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35922 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Astromicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Astromicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with butirosin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35943 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000024 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Butirosin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Butirosin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with ribostamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35940 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000021 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ribostamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Ribostamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 2096 UPDATE Escherichia coli 16S rRNA (rrsC) mutation conferring resistance to kasugamicin glycopeptide antibiotic; arbekacin; gentamicin B; kasugamycin; tetracycline antibiotic; antibiotic target alteration; isepamicin; G418; chlortetracycline; paromomycin; sisomicin; spectinomycin; netilmicin; apramycin; streptothricin; gentamicin C; streptomycin; aminoglycoside antibiotic; nucleoside antibiotic; 16s rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics; peptide antibiotic; minocycline; hygromycin B; doxycycline; amikacin; bleomycin B2; bleomycinic acid; bleomycin A2; dibekacin; oxytetracycline; neomycin; kanamycin A; tigecycline; glycylcycline; demeclocycline; astromicin; butirosin; ribostamycin; tetracycline; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with kasugamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37695 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3001296 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with An unusual aminoglycoside because the cyclitol ring is not amino substituted; it was discovered as a fermentation product of Streptomyces kasugaensis. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with G418 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000653 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A gentamicin class aminoglycoside antibiotic often used in mammalian cell culture work as a selectable marker for the neo cassette (APH3'). UPDATED category_aro_name with chlortetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36667 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000528 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chlortetracycline was an early, first-generation tetracycline antibiotic developed in the 1940's. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes, preventing the aminoacyl-tRNA from binding to the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with paromomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000657 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with An aminoglycoside antibiotic used for the treatment of parasitic infections. It is similar to neomycin sharing a similar spectrum of activity, but its hydroxyl group at the 6'-position instead of an amino group makes it resistant to AAC(6') modifying enzymes. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with dibekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35926 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with spectinomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35957 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000039 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Spectinomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Spectinomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit inhibiting translation. UPDATED category_aro_name with netilmicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35956 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000038 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. UPDATED category_aro_name with apramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35955 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000037 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Apramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections in animals. Apramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptothricin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35931 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000012 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptothricins are a group of N-glycoside antibiotics that include a carbamoylated D-glucosamine to which are attached a series of L-beta-lysine residues at position 2 and a streptolidine at position 1. Streptothricins vary by the number of beta-lysine residues (from 1 (nourseothricin) to 7) and target protein synthesis in bacteria and eukaryotes. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin C UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35933 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin C is a mixture of gentamicin C1, gentamicin C1a, and gentamicin C2 (these differ in substituents at position C6'). Gentamicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35958 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000040 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Streptomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with nucleoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36174 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000034 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucleoside antibiotics are made of modified nucleosides and nucleotides with wide-ranging activities and means of antibacterial effects. This drug class includes aminonucleoside antibiotics, which contain an amino group. UPDATED category_aro_name with 16s rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40277 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Point mutations in the 16S rRNA of bacteria can confer resistance to aminoglycosides. UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with minocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36291 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000152 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Minocycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with hygromycin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36353 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000214 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Hygromycin B is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Hygromycin B works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Hygromycin B has also been shown to interact with eukaryotic cells. UPDATED category_aro_name with doxycycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35986 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Doxycycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin B2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37036 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000692 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin B2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycinic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37034 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000690 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycinic acid is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin A2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37035 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000691 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin A2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with demeclocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37011 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000667 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Demeclocycline is a tetracycline analog with 7-chloro and 6-methyl groups. Due to its fast absorption and slow excretion, it maintains higher effective blood levels compared to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with oxytetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37012 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000668 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Oxytetracycline is a derivative of tetracycline with a 5-hydroxyl group. Its activity is similar to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tigecycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35949 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000030 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tigecycline is an glycylcycline antibiotic. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycylcycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35960 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000042 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycylcyclines are a new class of antibiotics derived from tetracycline. These tetracycline analogues are specifically designed to overcome two common mechanisms of tetracycline resistance. Presently, there is only one glycylcycline antibiotic for clinical use: tigecycline. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome, preventing the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA. UPDATED category_aro_name with astromicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35922 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Astromicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Astromicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with butirosin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35943 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000024 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Butirosin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Butirosin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with ribostamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35940 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000021 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ribostamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Ribostamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 2091 UPDATE Mycobacterium chelonae 16S rRNA mutation conferring resistance to gentamicin C glycopeptide antibiotic; arbekacin; gentamicin B; tetracycline antibiotic; antibiotic target alteration; isepamicin; G418; chlortetracycline; paromomycin; sisomicin; spectinomycin; netilmicin; apramycin; streptothricin; gentamicin C; streptomycin; aminoglycoside antibiotic; nucleoside antibiotic; 16s rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics; peptide antibiotic; minocycline; hygromycin B; doxycycline; amikacin; bleomycin B2; bleomycinic acid; bleomycin A2; dibekacin; oxytetracycline; neomycin; kanamycin A; tigecycline; glycylcycline; demeclocycline; astromicin; butirosin; ribostamycin; tetracycline; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with G418 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000653 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A gentamicin class aminoglycoside antibiotic often used in mammalian cell culture work as a selectable marker for the neo cassette (APH3'). UPDATED category_aro_name with chlortetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36667 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000528 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chlortetracycline was an early, first-generation tetracycline antibiotic developed in the 1940's. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes, preventing the aminoacyl-tRNA from binding to the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with paromomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000657 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with An aminoglycoside antibiotic used for the treatment of parasitic infections. It is similar to neomycin sharing a similar spectrum of activity, but its hydroxyl group at the 6'-position instead of an amino group makes it resistant to AAC(6') modifying enzymes. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with dibekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35926 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with spectinomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35957 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000039 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Spectinomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Spectinomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit inhibiting translation. UPDATED category_aro_name with netilmicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35956 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000038 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. UPDATED category_aro_name with apramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35955 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000037 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Apramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections in animals. Apramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptothricin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35931 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000012 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptothricins are a group of N-glycoside antibiotics that include a carbamoylated D-glucosamine to which are attached a series of L-beta-lysine residues at position 2 and a streptolidine at position 1. Streptothricins vary by the number of beta-lysine residues (from 1 (nourseothricin) to 7) and target protein synthesis in bacteria and eukaryotes. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin C UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35933 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin C is a mixture of gentamicin C1, gentamicin C1a, and gentamicin C2 (these differ in substituents at position C6'). Gentamicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35958 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000040 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Streptomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with nucleoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36174 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000034 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucleoside antibiotics are made of modified nucleosides and nucleotides with wide-ranging activities and means of antibacterial effects. This drug class includes aminonucleoside antibiotics, which contain an amino group. UPDATED category_aro_name with 16s rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40277 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Point mutations in the 16S rRNA of bacteria can confer resistance to aminoglycosides. UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with minocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36291 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000152 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Minocycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with hygromycin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36353 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000214 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Hygromycin B is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Hygromycin B works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Hygromycin B has also been shown to interact with eukaryotic cells. UPDATED category_aro_name with doxycycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35986 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Doxycycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin B2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37036 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000692 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin B2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycinic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37034 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000690 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycinic acid is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin A2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37035 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000691 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin A2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with demeclocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37011 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000667 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Demeclocycline is a tetracycline analog with 7-chloro and 6-methyl groups. Due to its fast absorption and slow excretion, it maintains higher effective blood levels compared to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with oxytetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37012 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000668 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Oxytetracycline is a derivative of tetracycline with a 5-hydroxyl group. Its activity is similar to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tigecycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35949 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000030 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tigecycline is an glycylcycline antibiotic. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycylcycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35960 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000042 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycylcyclines are a new class of antibiotics derived from tetracycline. These tetracycline analogues are specifically designed to overcome two common mechanisms of tetracycline resistance. Presently, there is only one glycylcycline antibiotic for clinical use: tigecycline. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome, preventing the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA. UPDATED category_aro_name with astromicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35922 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Astromicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Astromicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with butirosin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35943 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000024 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Butirosin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Butirosin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with ribostamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35940 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000021 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ribostamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Ribostamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 2090 UPDATE Mycobacterium abscessus 16S rRNA mutation conferring resistance to kanamycin glycopeptide antibiotic; arbekacin; gentamicin B; tetracycline antibiotic; antibiotic target alteration; isepamicin; G418; chlortetracycline; paromomycin; sisomicin; spectinomycin; netilmicin; apramycin; streptothricin; gentamicin C; streptomycin; aminoglycoside antibiotic; nucleoside antibiotic; 16s rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics; peptide antibiotic; minocycline; hygromycin B; doxycycline; amikacin; bleomycin B2; bleomycinic acid; bleomycin A2; dibekacin; oxytetracycline; neomycin; kanamycin A; tigecycline; glycylcycline; demeclocycline; astromicin; butirosin; ribostamycin; tetracycline; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with G418 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000653 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A gentamicin class aminoglycoside antibiotic often used in mammalian cell culture work as a selectable marker for the neo cassette (APH3'). UPDATED category_aro_name with chlortetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36667 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000528 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chlortetracycline was an early, first-generation tetracycline antibiotic developed in the 1940's. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes, preventing the aminoacyl-tRNA from binding to the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with paromomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000657 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with An aminoglycoside antibiotic used for the treatment of parasitic infections. It is similar to neomycin sharing a similar spectrum of activity, but its hydroxyl group at the 6'-position instead of an amino group makes it resistant to AAC(6') modifying enzymes. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with dibekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35926 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with spectinomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35957 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000039 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Spectinomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Spectinomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit inhibiting translation. UPDATED category_aro_name with netilmicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35956 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000038 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. UPDATED category_aro_name with apramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35955 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000037 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Apramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections in animals. Apramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptothricin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35931 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000012 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptothricins are a group of N-glycoside antibiotics that include a carbamoylated D-glucosamine to which are attached a series of L-beta-lysine residues at position 2 and a streptolidine at position 1. Streptothricins vary by the number of beta-lysine residues (from 1 (nourseothricin) to 7) and target protein synthesis in bacteria and eukaryotes. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin C UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35933 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin C is a mixture of gentamicin C1, gentamicin C1a, and gentamicin C2 (these differ in substituents at position C6'). Gentamicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35958 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000040 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Streptomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with nucleoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36174 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000034 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucleoside antibiotics are made of modified nucleosides and nucleotides with wide-ranging activities and means of antibacterial effects. This drug class includes aminonucleoside antibiotics, which contain an amino group. UPDATED category_aro_name with 16s rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40277 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Point mutations in the 16S rRNA of bacteria can confer resistance to aminoglycosides. UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with minocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36291 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000152 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Minocycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with hygromycin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36353 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000214 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Hygromycin B is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Hygromycin B works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Hygromycin B has also been shown to interact with eukaryotic cells. UPDATED category_aro_name with doxycycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35986 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Doxycycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin B2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37036 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000692 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin B2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycinic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37034 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000690 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycinic acid is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin A2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37035 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000691 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin A2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with demeclocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37011 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000667 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Demeclocycline is a tetracycline analog with 7-chloro and 6-methyl groups. Due to its fast absorption and slow excretion, it maintains higher effective blood levels compared to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with oxytetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37012 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000668 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Oxytetracycline is a derivative of tetracycline with a 5-hydroxyl group. Its activity is similar to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tigecycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35949 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000030 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tigecycline is an glycylcycline antibiotic. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycylcycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35960 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000042 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycylcyclines are a new class of antibiotics derived from tetracycline. These tetracycline analogues are specifically designed to overcome two common mechanisms of tetracycline resistance. Presently, there is only one glycylcycline antibiotic for clinical use: tigecycline. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome, preventing the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA. UPDATED category_aro_name with astromicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35922 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Astromicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Astromicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with butirosin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35943 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000024 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Butirosin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Butirosin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with ribostamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35940 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000021 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ribostamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Ribostamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 2093 UPDATE Chlamydophila psittaci 16S rRNA mutation conferring resistance to spectinomycin glycopeptide antibiotic; arbekacin; gentamicin B; tetracycline antibiotic; antibiotic target alteration; isepamicin; G418; chlortetracycline; paromomycin; sisomicin; spectinomycin; netilmicin; apramycin; streptothricin; gentamicin C; streptomycin; aminoglycoside antibiotic; nucleoside antibiotic; 16s rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics; peptide antibiotic; minocycline; hygromycin B; doxycycline; amikacin; bleomycin B2; bleomycinic acid; bleomycin A2; dibekacin; oxytetracycline; neomycin; kanamycin A; tigecycline; glycylcycline; demeclocycline; astromicin; butirosin; ribostamycin; tetracycline; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with G418 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000653 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A gentamicin class aminoglycoside antibiotic often used in mammalian cell culture work as a selectable marker for the neo cassette (APH3'). UPDATED category_aro_name with chlortetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36667 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000528 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chlortetracycline was an early, first-generation tetracycline antibiotic developed in the 1940's. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes, preventing the aminoacyl-tRNA from binding to the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with paromomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000657 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with An aminoglycoside antibiotic used for the treatment of parasitic infections. It is similar to neomycin sharing a similar spectrum of activity, but its hydroxyl group at the 6'-position instead of an amino group makes it resistant to AAC(6') modifying enzymes. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with dibekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35926 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with spectinomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35957 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000039 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Spectinomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Spectinomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit inhibiting translation. UPDATED category_aro_name with netilmicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35956 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000038 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. UPDATED category_aro_name with apramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35955 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000037 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Apramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections in animals. Apramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptothricin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35931 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000012 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptothricins are a group of N-glycoside antibiotics that include a carbamoylated D-glucosamine to which are attached a series of L-beta-lysine residues at position 2 and a streptolidine at position 1. Streptothricins vary by the number of beta-lysine residues (from 1 (nourseothricin) to 7) and target protein synthesis in bacteria and eukaryotes. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin C UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35933 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin C is a mixture of gentamicin C1, gentamicin C1a, and gentamicin C2 (these differ in substituents at position C6'). Gentamicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35958 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000040 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Streptomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with nucleoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36174 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000034 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucleoside antibiotics are made of modified nucleosides and nucleotides with wide-ranging activities and means of antibacterial effects. This drug class includes aminonucleoside antibiotics, which contain an amino group. UPDATED category_aro_name with 16s rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40277 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Point mutations in the 16S rRNA of bacteria can confer resistance to aminoglycosides. UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with minocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36291 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000152 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Minocycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with hygromycin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36353 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000214 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Hygromycin B is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Hygromycin B works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Hygromycin B has also been shown to interact with eukaryotic cells. UPDATED category_aro_name with doxycycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35986 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Doxycycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin B2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37036 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000692 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin B2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycinic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37034 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000690 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycinic acid is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin A2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37035 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000691 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin A2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with demeclocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37011 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000667 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Demeclocycline is a tetracycline analog with 7-chloro and 6-methyl groups. Due to its fast absorption and slow excretion, it maintains higher effective blood levels compared to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with oxytetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37012 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000668 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Oxytetracycline is a derivative of tetracycline with a 5-hydroxyl group. Its activity is similar to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tigecycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35949 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000030 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tigecycline is an glycylcycline antibiotic. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycylcycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35960 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000042 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycylcyclines are a new class of antibiotics derived from tetracycline. These tetracycline analogues are specifically designed to overcome two common mechanisms of tetracycline resistance. Presently, there is only one glycylcycline antibiotic for clinical use: tigecycline. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome, preventing the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA. UPDATED category_aro_name with astromicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35922 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Astromicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Astromicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with butirosin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35943 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000024 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Butirosin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Butirosin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with ribostamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35940 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000021 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ribostamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Ribostamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 2092 UPDATE Enterobacter aerogenes acrR with mutation conferring multidrug antibiotic resistance penam; antibiotic efflux; triclosan; rifampin; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; protein(s) and two-component regulatory system modulating antibiotic efflux; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; antibiotic target alteration; tetracycline antibiotic; cephalosporin; cefalotin; tigecycline; glycylcycline; ampicillin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; rifamycin antibiotic; phenicol antibiotic; tetracycline; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Regulator DELETED 35950 UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with triclosan UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37250 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000870 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Triclosan is a common antibacterial agent added to many consumer products as a biocide. It is an inhibitor of fatty acid biosynthesis by blocking enoyl-carrier protein reductase (FabI). UPDATED category_aro_name with rifampin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36308 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000169 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifampin is a semi-synthetic rifamycin, and inhibits RNA synthesis by binding to RNA polymerase. Rifampin is the mainstay agent for the treatment of tuberculosis, leprosy and complicated Gram-positive infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. UPDATED category_aro_name with ampicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36981 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000637 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ampicillin is a penicillin derivative that is highly acid stable, with its activity similar to benzylpenicillin. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefalotin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37084 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000704 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. It is resistant to staphylococci beta-lactamases but hydrolyzed by enterobacterial beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with tigecycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35949 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000030 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tigecycline is an glycylcycline antibiotic. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycylcycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35960 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000042 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycylcyclines are a new class of antibiotics derived from tetracycline. These tetracycline analogues are specifically designed to overcome two common mechanisms of tetracycline resistance. Presently, there is only one glycylcycline antibiotic for clinical use: tigecycline. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome, preventing the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifamycin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36296 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000157 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifamycin antibiotics are a group of broad-spectrum ansamycin antibiotics that inhibit bacterial RNA polymerase by binding to a highly conserved region, blocking the oligonucleotide exit tunnel, and preventing the extension of nascent mRNAs. " 2099 UPDATE Mycobacterium smegmatis 16S rRNA (rrsB) mutation conferring resistance to kanamycin A glycopeptide antibiotic; arbekacin; gentamicin B; tetracycline antibiotic; antibiotic target alteration; isepamicin; G418; chlortetracycline; paromomycin; sisomicin; spectinomycin; netilmicin; apramycin; streptothricin; gentamicin C; streptomycin; aminoglycoside antibiotic; nucleoside antibiotic; 16s rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics; peptide antibiotic; minocycline; hygromycin B; doxycycline; amikacin; bleomycin B2; bleomycinic acid; bleomycin A2; dibekacin; oxytetracycline; neomycin; kanamycin A; tigecycline; glycylcycline; demeclocycline; astromicin; butirosin; ribostamycin; tetracycline; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with G418 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000653 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A gentamicin class aminoglycoside antibiotic often used in mammalian cell culture work as a selectable marker for the neo cassette (APH3'). UPDATED category_aro_name with chlortetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36667 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000528 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chlortetracycline was an early, first-generation tetracycline antibiotic developed in the 1940's. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes, preventing the aminoacyl-tRNA from binding to the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with paromomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000657 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with An aminoglycoside antibiotic used for the treatment of parasitic infections. It is similar to neomycin sharing a similar spectrum of activity, but its hydroxyl group at the 6'-position instead of an amino group makes it resistant to AAC(6') modifying enzymes. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with dibekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35926 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with spectinomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35957 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000039 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Spectinomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Spectinomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit inhibiting translation. UPDATED category_aro_name with netilmicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35956 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000038 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. UPDATED category_aro_name with apramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35955 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000037 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Apramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections in animals. Apramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptothricin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35931 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000012 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptothricins are a group of N-glycoside antibiotics that include a carbamoylated D-glucosamine to which are attached a series of L-beta-lysine residues at position 2 and a streptolidine at position 1. Streptothricins vary by the number of beta-lysine residues (from 1 (nourseothricin) to 7) and target protein synthesis in bacteria and eukaryotes. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin C UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35933 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin C is a mixture of gentamicin C1, gentamicin C1a, and gentamicin C2 (these differ in substituents at position C6'). Gentamicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35958 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000040 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Streptomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with nucleoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36174 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000034 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucleoside antibiotics are made of modified nucleosides and nucleotides with wide-ranging activities and means of antibacterial effects. This drug class includes aminonucleoside antibiotics, which contain an amino group. UPDATED category_aro_name with 16s rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40277 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Point mutations in the 16S rRNA of bacteria can confer resistance to aminoglycosides. UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with minocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36291 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000152 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Minocycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with hygromycin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36353 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000214 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Hygromycin B is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Hygromycin B works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Hygromycin B has also been shown to interact with eukaryotic cells. UPDATED category_aro_name with doxycycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35986 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Doxycycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin B2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37036 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000692 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin B2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycinic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37034 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000690 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycinic acid is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin A2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37035 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000691 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin A2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with demeclocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37011 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000667 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Demeclocycline is a tetracycline analog with 7-chloro and 6-methyl groups. Due to its fast absorption and slow excretion, it maintains higher effective blood levels compared to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with oxytetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37012 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000668 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Oxytetracycline is a derivative of tetracycline with a 5-hydroxyl group. Its activity is similar to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tigecycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35949 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000030 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tigecycline is an glycylcycline antibiotic. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycylcycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35960 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000042 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycylcyclines are a new class of antibiotics derived from tetracycline. These tetracycline analogues are specifically designed to overcome two common mechanisms of tetracycline resistance. Presently, there is only one glycylcycline antibiotic for clinical use: tigecycline. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome, preventing the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA. UPDATED category_aro_name with astromicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35922 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Astromicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Astromicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with butirosin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35943 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000024 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Butirosin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Butirosin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with ribostamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35940 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000021 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ribostamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Ribostamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 2098 UPDATE Mycobacterium smegmatis 16S rRNA (rrsB) mutation conferring resistance to viomycin glycopeptide antibiotic; arbekacin; gentamicin B; tetracycline antibiotic; antibiotic target alteration; isepamicin; G418; chlortetracycline; paromomycin; sisomicin; spectinomycin; netilmicin; apramycin; streptothricin; gentamicin C; streptomycin; aminoglycoside antibiotic; viomycin; tuberactinomycin; 16s rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to peptide antibiotics; nucleoside antibiotic; peptide antibiotic; minocycline; hygromycin B; doxycycline; amikacin; bleomycin B2; bleomycinic acid; bleomycin A2; dibekacin; oxytetracycline; neomycin; kanamycin A; tigecycline; glycylcycline; demeclocycline; astromicin; butirosin; ribostamycin; tetracycline; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with G418 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000653 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A gentamicin class aminoglycoside antibiotic often used in mammalian cell culture work as a selectable marker for the neo cassette (APH3'). UPDATED category_aro_name with chlortetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36667 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000528 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chlortetracycline was an early, first-generation tetracycline antibiotic developed in the 1940's. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes, preventing the aminoacyl-tRNA from binding to the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with paromomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000657 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with An aminoglycoside antibiotic used for the treatment of parasitic infections. It is similar to neomycin sharing a similar spectrum of activity, but its hydroxyl group at the 6'-position instead of an amino group makes it resistant to AAC(6') modifying enzymes. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with dibekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35926 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with spectinomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35957 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000039 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Spectinomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Spectinomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit inhibiting translation. UPDATED category_aro_name with tuberactinomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36629 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000490 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tuberactinomycins are a family of cyclic peptide antibiotics that are important in the treatment of tuberculosis. Tuberactinomycins contain nonproteinogenic amino acids and inhibit group I self-splicing RNA to disrupt prokaryotic protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with apramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35955 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000037 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Apramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections in animals. Apramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptothricin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35931 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000012 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptothricins are a group of N-glycoside antibiotics that include a carbamoylated D-glucosamine to which are attached a series of L-beta-lysine residues at position 2 and a streptolidine at position 1. Streptothricins vary by the number of beta-lysine residues (from 1 (nourseothricin) to 7) and target protein synthesis in bacteria and eukaryotes. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin C UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35933 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin C is a mixture of gentamicin C1, gentamicin C1a, and gentamicin C2 (these differ in substituents at position C6'). Gentamicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35958 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000040 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Streptomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with viomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35937 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000018 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Viomycin sulfate (Viocin) is an polypeptide antibiotic used in the treatment of tuberculosis. It is produced by the actinomycete Streptomyces puniceus and binds to the bacterial ribosome, inhibiting prokaryotic protein synthesis and certain forms of RNA splicing. UPDATED category_aro_name with netilmicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35956 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000038 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. UPDATED category_aro_name with 16s rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to peptide antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40278 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003667 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Point mutations in the 16S rRNA of bacteria can confer resistance to peptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with nucleoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36174 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000034 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucleoside antibiotics are made of modified nucleosides and nucleotides with wide-ranging activities and means of antibacterial effects. This drug class includes aminonucleoside antibiotics, which contain an amino group. UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with minocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36291 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000152 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Minocycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with hygromycin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36353 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000214 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Hygromycin B is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Hygromycin B works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Hygromycin B has also been shown to interact with eukaryotic cells. UPDATED category_aro_name with doxycycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35986 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Doxycycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin B2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37036 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000692 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin B2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycinic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37034 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000690 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycinic acid is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin A2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37035 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000691 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin A2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with demeclocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37011 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000667 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Demeclocycline is a tetracycline analog with 7-chloro and 6-methyl groups. Due to its fast absorption and slow excretion, it maintains higher effective blood levels compared to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with oxytetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37012 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000668 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Oxytetracycline is a derivative of tetracycline with a 5-hydroxyl group. Its activity is similar to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tigecycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35949 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000030 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tigecycline is an glycylcycline antibiotic. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycylcycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35960 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000042 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycylcyclines are a new class of antibiotics derived from tetracycline. These tetracycline analogues are specifically designed to overcome two common mechanisms of tetracycline resistance. Presently, there is only one glycylcycline antibiotic for clinical use: tigecycline. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome, preventing the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA. UPDATED category_aro_name with astromicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35922 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Astromicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Astromicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with butirosin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35943 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000024 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Butirosin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Butirosin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with ribostamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35940 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000021 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ribostamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Ribostamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 2525 UPDATE AAC(6')-34 antibiotic inactivation; kanamycin A; aminoglycoside antibiotic; AAC(6'); isepamicin; sisomicin; arbekacin; gentamicin B; netilmicin; amikacin; dibekacin; neomycin; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with AAC(6') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36484 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000345 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Acetylation of the aminoglycoside antibiotic on the amino group at position 6'. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with netilmicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35956 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000038 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with dibekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35926 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 2524 UPDATE AAC(2')-IIb antibiotic inactivation; aminoglycoside antibiotic; AAC(2'); kasugamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with AAC(2') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36480 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000341 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Acetylation of the aminoglycoside antibiotic on the amino group at position 2'. UPDATED category_aro_name with kasugamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37695 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3001296 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with An unusual aminoglycoside because the cyclitol ring is not amino substituted; it was discovered as a fermentation product of Streptomyces kasugaensis. " 2527 UPDATE mphI antibiotic inactivation; macrolide phosphotransferase (MPH); macrolide antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide phosphotransferase (MPH) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36472 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000333 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolide phosphotransferases (MPH) are enzymes encoded by macrolide phosphotransferase genes (mph genes). These enzymes phosphorylate macrolides in GTP dependent manner at 2'-OH of desosamine sugar thereby inactivating them. Characterized MPH's are differentiated based on their substrate specificity. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. " 2526 UPDATE vgbC antibiotic inactivation; pristinamycin IB; quinupristin; vernamycin B-gamma; pristinamycin IA; streptogramin antibiotic; streptogramin vgb lyase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IB UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37019 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000675 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IB is a class B streptogramin similar to pristinamycin IA, the former containing a N-methyl-4-(methylamino)phenylalanine instead of a N-methyl-4-(dimethylamino)phenylalanine in its class A streptogramin counterpart (one less methyl group). UPDATED category_aro_name with quinupristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36723 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000584 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Quinupristin is a type B streptogramin and a semisynthetic derivative of pristinamycin 1A. It is a component of the drug Synercid and interacts with the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with vernamycin B-gamma UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37022 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000678 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Vernamycin B-gamma is a class B streptogramin derived from virginiamycin S1. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36722 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000583 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin 1A is a type B streptogramin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis. It binds to the P site of the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, preventing the extension of protein chains. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptogramin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35945 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000026 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptogramin antibiotics are natural products produced by various members of the Streptomyces genus. These antibiotics bind to the P site of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The family consists of two subgroups, type A and type B, which are simultaneously produced by the same bacterial species in a ratio of roughly 70:30. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptogramin vgb lyase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36515 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000376 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with vgb (Virginiamycin B) lyase inactivates type B streptogramin antibiotics by linearizing the streptogramin lactone ring at the ester linkage through an elimination mechanism, thus conferring resistance to these compounds. " 2521 UPDATE BahA Bah amidohydrolase; peptide antibiotic; antibiotic inactivation; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with Bah amidohydrolase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41424 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004260 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Bah amidohydrolases are membrane proteins that inactivate bacitracin. UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. " 2520 UPDATE CatU antibiotic inactivation; thiamphenicol; chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT); azidamfenicol; phenicol antibiotic; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with thiamphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36595 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000456 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Derivative of Chloramphenicol. The nitro group (-NO2) is substituted by a sulfomethyl group (-SO2CH3). UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36261 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000122 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Inactivates chloramphenicol by addition of an acyl group. cat is used to describe many variants of the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene in a range of organisms including Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Bacillus clausii, Bacillus subtilis, Campylobacter coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, Lactococcus lactis, Listeria monocytogenes, Listonella anguillarum Morganella morganii, Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella typhi, Serratia marcescens, Shigella flexneri, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Staphylococcus intermedius, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus suis and Streptomyces acrimycini UPDATED category_aro_name with azidamfenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36521 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000382 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Azidamfenicol is a water soluble derivative of chloramphenicol, sharing the same mode of action of inhibiting peptide synthesis by interacting with the 23S RNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. " 2523 UPDATE VatI dalfopristin; antibiotic inactivation; streptogramin vat acetyltransferase; pristinamycin IIA; madumycin II; griseoviridin; streptogramin antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with dalfopristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37018 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000674 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dalfopristin is a water-soluble semi-synthetic derivative of pristinamycin IIA. It is produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis and is used in combination with quinupristin in a 7:3 ratio. Both work together to inhibit protein synthesis, and is active against Gram-positive bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptogramin vat acetyltransferase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36592 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000453 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with vat (Virginiamycin acetyltransferases) enzymes catalyze the transfer of an acetyl group from acetyl-CoA to the secondary alcohol of streptogramin A compounds, thus inactivating virginiamycin-like antibiotics and conferring resistance to these compounds. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IIA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37013 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000669 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IIA is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with madumycin II UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37016 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000672 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Madumycin II is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with griseoviridin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000673 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Griseoviridin is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptogramin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35945 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000026 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptogramin antibiotics are natural products produced by various members of the Streptomyces genus. These antibiotics bind to the P site of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The family consists of two subgroups, type A and type B, which are simultaneously produced by the same bacterial species in a ratio of roughly 70:30. " 2522 UPDATE TaeA pleuromutilin; ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump; antibiotic efflux; pleuromutilin antibiotic; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with pleuromutilin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37716 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3001317 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pleuromutilin is a natural product antibiotic produced by Clitopilus passeckerianus. Related antibiotics of clinical significance, such as tiamulin and retapamulin, are semi-synthetic derivatives of this compound. UPDATED category_aro_name with ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36002 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are present in all cells of all organisms and use the energy of ATP binding/hydrolysis to transport substrates across cell membranes. UPDATED category_aro_name with pleuromutilin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37014 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000670 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Pleuromutilins are natural fungal products that target bacterial protein translation by binding the the 23S rRNA, blocking the ribosome P site at the 50S subunit. They are mostly used for agriculture and veterinary purposes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. " 2529 UPDATE cpaA antibiotic inactivation; capreomycin; aminoglycoside antibiotic; cpa acetyltransferase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with capreomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40875 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003993 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Capreomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic, capable of treating a large number of infections but in particular used for killing bacteria causing tuberculosis. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with cpa acetyltransferase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41421 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004257 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Acetyltransferases of the cpa family confer resistance to capreomycin, an aminoglycoside antibiotic " 2528 UPDATE rphB antibiotic inactivation; rifampin; rifapentine; rifampin phosphotransferase; rifabutin; rifaximin; rifamycin antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifampin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36308 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000169 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifampin is a semi-synthetic rifamycin, and inhibits RNA synthesis by binding to RNA polymerase. Rifampin is the mainstay agent for the treatment of tuberculosis, leprosy and complicated Gram-positive infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifapentine UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36673 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000534 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifapentine is a semisynthetic rifamycin that inhibits DNA-dependent RNA synthesis. It is often used in the treatment of tuberculosis and leprosy. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifampin phosphotransferase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41087 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004040 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymes, protein or other gene products that inactivate rifampin (rifamycin) antibiotics through phosphorylation of the antibiotic at the 21-OH position. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifabutin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36669 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000530 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifabutin is a semisynthetic rifamycin used in tuberculosis therapy. It inhibits DNA-dependent RNA synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifaximin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36656 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000517 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifaximin is a semi-synthetic rifamycin used to treat traveller's diarrhea. Rifaximin inhibits RNA synthesis by binding to the beta subunit of bacterial RNA polymerase. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifamycin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36296 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000157 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifamycin antibiotics are a group of broad-spectrum ansamycin antibiotics that inhibit bacterial RNA polymerase by binding to a highly conserved region, blocking the oligonucleotide exit tunnel, and preventing the extension of nascent mRNAs. " 2705 UPDATE MexEF-OprN with MexS mutations conferring resistance to chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, and trimethoprim antibiotic efflux; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; trimethoprim; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; diaminopyrimidine antibiotic; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; phenicol antibiotic; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36327 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000188 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Trimethoprim is a synthetic 5-(3,4,5- trimethoxybenzyl) pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, inhibiting synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid. Tetrahydrofolic acid is an essential precursor in the de novo synthesis of the DNA nucleotide thymidine. Trimethoprim is a bacteriostatic antibiotic mainly used in the prophylaxis and treatment of urinary tract infections in combination with sulfamethoxazole, a sulfonamide antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with diaminopyrimidine antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36310 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000171 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Diaminopyrimidines are a class of organic compounds containing a pyrimidine ring substituted by two amine groups. They are inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme critical for DNA synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. " 2704 UPDATE MexEF-OprN with MexT mutation conferring resistance to chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, and trimethoprim antibiotic efflux; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; trimethoprim; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; diaminopyrimidine antibiotic; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; phenicol antibiotic; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36327 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000188 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Trimethoprim is a synthetic 5-(3,4,5- trimethoxybenzyl) pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, inhibiting synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid. Tetrahydrofolic acid is an essential precursor in the de novo synthesis of the DNA nucleotide thymidine. Trimethoprim is a bacteriostatic antibiotic mainly used in the prophylaxis and treatment of urinary tract infections in combination with sulfamethoxazole, a sulfonamide antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with diaminopyrimidine antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36310 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000171 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Diaminopyrimidines are a class of organic compounds containing a pyrimidine ring substituted by two amine groups. They are inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme critical for DNA synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. " 2707 UPDATE MexEF-OprN with MvaT deletion conferring resistance to chloramphenicol and norfloxacin antibiotic efflux; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; norfloxacin; trimethoprim; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; diaminopyrimidine antibiotic; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; phenicol antibiotic; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36327 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000188 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Trimethoprim is a synthetic 5-(3,4,5- trimethoxybenzyl) pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, inhibiting synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid. Tetrahydrofolic acid is an essential precursor in the de novo synthesis of the DNA nucleotide thymidine. Trimethoprim is a bacteriostatic antibiotic mainly used in the prophylaxis and treatment of urinary tract infections in combination with sulfamethoxazole, a sulfonamide antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with diaminopyrimidine antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36310 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000171 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Diaminopyrimidines are a class of organic compounds containing a pyrimidine ring substituted by two amine groups. They are inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme critical for DNA synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. " 2706 UPDATE MvaT antibiotic efflux; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; protein(s) and two-component regulatory system modulating antibiotic efflux; norfloxacin; trimethoprim; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; diaminopyrimidine antibiotic; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; phenicol antibiotic; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Regulator UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36327 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000188 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Trimethoprim is a synthetic 5-(3,4,5- trimethoxybenzyl) pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, inhibiting synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid. Tetrahydrofolic acid is an essential precursor in the de novo synthesis of the DNA nucleotide thymidine. Trimethoprim is a bacteriostatic antibiotic mainly used in the prophylaxis and treatment of urinary tract infections in combination with sulfamethoxazole, a sulfonamide antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with diaminopyrimidine antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36310 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000171 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Diaminopyrimidines are a class of organic compounds containing a pyrimidine ring substituted by two amine groups. They are inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme critical for DNA synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. " 1829 UPDATE CMY-87 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 1828 UPDATE GES-6 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; GES beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with GES beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36205 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000066 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with GES beta-lactamases or Guiana extended-spectrum beta-lactamases are related to the other plasmid-located class A beta-lactamases " 1825 UPDATE CTX-M-27 antibiotic inactivation; ceftazidime; cefalotin; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftazidime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35977 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000060 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftazidime is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Unlike most third-generation agents, it is active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, however it has weaker activity against Gram-positive microorganisms and is not used for such infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefalotin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37084 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000704 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. It is resistant to staphylococci beta-lactamases but hydrolyzed by enterobacterial beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 1824 UPDATE oleI antibiotic inactivation; ole glycosyltransferase; macrolide antibiotic; oleandomycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ole glycosyltransferase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36604 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000465 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OleI and OleD are glycosyltransferases found in Streptomyces antibioticus which is a natural producer of antibiotic oleandomycin. OleI glycosylates antibiotic oleandomycin whereas OleD can glycosylate a wide variety of macrolides. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with oleandomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37247 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000867 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Oleandomycin is a 14-membered macrolide produced by Streptomyces antibioticus. It is ssimilar to erythromycin, and contains a desosamine amino sugar and an oleandrose sugar. It targets the 50S ribosomal subunit to prevent protein synthesis. " 1827 UPDATE SHV-5 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 1826 UPDATE ykkC antibiotic efflux; small multidrug resistance (SMR) antibiotic efflux pump; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; tetracycline antibiotic; streptomycin; aminoglycoside antibiotic; phenicol antibiotic; tetracycline; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with small multidrug resistance (SMR) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36004 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Small multidrug resistance (SMR) proteins are a relatively small family of transporters, restricted to prokaryotic cells. They are also the smallest multidrug transporters, with only four transmembrane alpha-helices and no significant extramembrane domain. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35958 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000040 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Streptomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. " 1821 UPDATE AAC(6')-Ir antibiotic inactivation; kanamycin A; aminoglycoside antibiotic; AAC(6'); isepamicin; sisomicin; arbekacin; gentamicin B; netilmicin; amikacin; dibekacin; neomycin; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with AAC(6') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36484 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000345 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Acetylation of the aminoglycoside antibiotic on the amino group at position 6'. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with netilmicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35956 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000038 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with dibekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35926 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 1820 UPDATE bacA peptide antibiotic; undecaprenyl pyrophosphate related proteins conferring resistance to bacitracin; bacitracin B; bacitracin F; bacitracin A; antibiotic target alteration; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with undecaprenyl pyrophosphate related proteins conferring resistance to bacitracin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 39982 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003398 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Undecaprenyl phosphate is a universal lipid carrier of glycan biosynthetic intermediates for carbohydrate polymers that are exported to the bacterial cell envelope. Antibiotics that targets this compound or proteins associated with the production of this compound leads to cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with bacitracin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36974 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000630 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bacitracin B is a component of bacitracin, an antibiotic mixture that interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis. It differs from Bacitracin A with a valine instead of an isoleucine in its peptide. UPDATED category_aro_name with bacitracin F UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36975 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000631 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bacitracin F is a component of bacitracin, an antibiotic mixture that interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis. It is formed when the thiazoline ring of bacitracin A is oxidatively deaminated. UPDATED category_aro_name with bacitracin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36973 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000629 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bacitracin A is the primary component of bacitracin. It contains many uncommon amino acids and interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. " 1823 UPDATE OXY-1-3 penam; OXY beta-lactamase; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; monobactam; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 38788 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3002388 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXY beta-lactamases are chromosomal class A beta-lactamases that are found in Klebsiella oxytoca. At constitutive low levels, OXY beta-lactamases confer resistance to aminopenicillins and carboxypenicillins. At high induced levels, OXY beta-lactamases confer resistance to penicillins, cephalosporins and aztreonam. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 1822 UPDATE Staphylococcus aureus gyrB conferring resistance to aminocoumarin clorobiocin; aminocoumarin antibiotic; novobiocin; coumermycin A1; antibiotic target alteration; aminocoumarin resistant gyrB; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with clorobiocin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36271 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000132 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Clorobiocin is an aminocoumarin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces roseochromogenes, and binds DNA gyrase subunit B to inhibit ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminocoumarin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36242 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000103 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminocoumarin antibiotics bind DNA gyrase subunit B to inhibit ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with novobiocin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36250 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000111 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Novobiocin is an aminocoumarin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spheroides and Streptomyces niveus, and binds DNA gyrase subunit B inhibiting ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with coumermycin A1 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36289 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000150 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Coumermycin A1 is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces rishiriensis, and binds DNA gyrase subunit B to inhibit ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminocoumarin resistant gyrB UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36618 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000479 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Point mutations in DNA gyrase subunit B (gyrB) can result in resistance to aminocoumarins. These mutations usually involve arginine residues in organisms. " 2147 UPDATE Escherichia coli EF-Tu mutants conferring resistance to Enacyloxin IIa pulvomycin; elfamycin resistant EF-Tu; GE2270A; LFF571; elfamycin antibiotic; enacyloxin IIa; antibiotic target alteration; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with pulvomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36725 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000586 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pulvomycin is a polyketide antibiotic that binds elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu) to inhibit protein biosynthesis by preventing the formation of the ternary complex (EF-Tu*GTP*aa-tRNA). Phenotypically, it was shown that pulvomycin sensitivity is dominant over resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with elfamycin resistant EF-Tu UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37711 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3001312 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Sequence variants of elongation factor Tu that confer resistance to elfamycin antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with GE2270A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37636 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3001237 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with GE2270A is the model molecule of cyclic thiazolyl peptide elfamycins. GE2270A is produced by Planobispora rosea. Biosynthesis of the molecule has been shown to originate as a ribosomally synthesized peptide that undergoes significant post-translational modification. Clinical use of cyclic thiazolyl peptides is hindered by their low water solubility and bioavailability. UPDATED category_aro_name with LFF571 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 39998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003414 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with LFF571 is a novel semi-synthetic thiopeptide antibiotic derived from GE2270. It has been shown to possess potent in vitro and in vivo activity against Gram-positive bacteria. It is hypothesized that it a translation inhibitor leading to cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with elfamycin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37618 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3001219 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Elfamycins are molecules that inhibit bacterial elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu), a key protein which brings aminoacyl-tRNA (aa-tRNA) to the ribosome during protein synthesis. Elfamycins defined by their target (EF-Tu), rather than a conserved chemical backbone. Elfamycins follow two mechanisms to disrupt protein synthesis: 1. kirromycins and enacyloxin fix EF-Tu in the GTP bound conformation and lock EF-Tu onto the ribosome, and 2. pulvomycin and GE2270 cover the binding site of aa-tRNA disallowing EF-Tu from being charged with aa-tRNA. All elfamycins cause increased the affinity of EF-Tu for GTP. UPDATED category_aro_name with enacyloxin IIa UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37641 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3001242 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Enacyloxin IIa is structurally distinct but acts in a similar mechanism to kirromycin-like elfamycins. It prohibits the transfer of the amino acid at the A site to the elongating peptide chain. It is most likely that the mechanism of action is that EF-Tu*GDP is locked in the EF-Tu*GTP form, and EF-Tu*GDP*aa-tRNA is immobilized on the ribosome. It is an open question whether enacyloxin IIa actually belongs to the kirromycin-like group of elfamycins due to their high similarity. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. " 2146 UPDATE Escherichia coli 16S rRNA (rrnB) mutation conferring resistance to streptomycin glycopeptide antibiotic; arbekacin; gentamicin B; tetracycline antibiotic; antibiotic target alteration; isepamicin; G418; chlortetracycline; paromomycin; sisomicin; spectinomycin; netilmicin; apramycin; streptothricin; gentamicin C; streptomycin; aminoglycoside antibiotic; nucleoside antibiotic; 16s rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics; peptide antibiotic; minocycline; hygromycin B; doxycycline; amikacin; bleomycin B2; bleomycinic acid; bleomycin A2; dibekacin; oxytetracycline; neomycin; kanamycin A; tigecycline; glycylcycline; demeclocycline; astromicin; butirosin; ribostamycin; tetracycline; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with G418 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000653 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A gentamicin class aminoglycoside antibiotic often used in mammalian cell culture work as a selectable marker for the neo cassette (APH3'). UPDATED category_aro_name with chlortetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36667 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000528 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chlortetracycline was an early, first-generation tetracycline antibiotic developed in the 1940's. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes, preventing the aminoacyl-tRNA from binding to the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with paromomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000657 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with An aminoglycoside antibiotic used for the treatment of parasitic infections. It is similar to neomycin sharing a similar spectrum of activity, but its hydroxyl group at the 6'-position instead of an amino group makes it resistant to AAC(6') modifying enzymes. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with dibekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35926 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with spectinomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35957 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000039 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Spectinomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Spectinomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit inhibiting translation. UPDATED category_aro_name with netilmicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35956 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000038 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. UPDATED category_aro_name with apramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35955 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000037 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Apramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections in animals. Apramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptothricin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35931 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000012 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptothricins are a group of N-glycoside antibiotics that include a carbamoylated D-glucosamine to which are attached a series of L-beta-lysine residues at position 2 and a streptolidine at position 1. Streptothricins vary by the number of beta-lysine residues (from 1 (nourseothricin) to 7) and target protein synthesis in bacteria and eukaryotes. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin C UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35933 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin C is a mixture of gentamicin C1, gentamicin C1a, and gentamicin C2 (these differ in substituents at position C6'). Gentamicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35958 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000040 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Streptomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with nucleoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36174 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000034 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucleoside antibiotics are made of modified nucleosides and nucleotides with wide-ranging activities and means of antibacterial effects. This drug class includes aminonucleoside antibiotics, which contain an amino group. UPDATED category_aro_name with 16s rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40277 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Point mutations in the 16S rRNA of bacteria can confer resistance to aminoglycosides. UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with minocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36291 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000152 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Minocycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with hygromycin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36353 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000214 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Hygromycin B is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Hygromycin B works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Hygromycin B has also been shown to interact with eukaryotic cells. UPDATED category_aro_name with doxycycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35986 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Doxycycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin B2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37036 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000692 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin B2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycinic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37034 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000690 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycinic acid is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin A2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37035 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000691 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin A2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with demeclocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37011 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000667 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Demeclocycline is a tetracycline analog with 7-chloro and 6-methyl groups. Due to its fast absorption and slow excretion, it maintains higher effective blood levels compared to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with oxytetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37012 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000668 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Oxytetracycline is a derivative of tetracycline with a 5-hydroxyl group. Its activity is similar to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tigecycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35949 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000030 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tigecycline is an glycylcycline antibiotic. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycylcycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35960 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000042 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycylcyclines are a new class of antibiotics derived from tetracycline. These tetracycline analogues are specifically designed to overcome two common mechanisms of tetracycline resistance. Presently, there is only one glycylcycline antibiotic for clinical use: tigecycline. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome, preventing the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA. UPDATED category_aro_name with astromicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35922 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Astromicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Astromicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with butirosin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35943 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000024 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Butirosin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Butirosin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with ribostamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35940 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000021 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ribostamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Ribostamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 2145 UPDATE Escherichia coli 16S rRNA (rrsB) mutation conferring resistance to tetracycline glycopeptide antibiotic; arbekacin; gentamicin B; tetracycline antibiotic; antibiotic target alteration; isepamicin; G418; chlortetracycline; paromomycin; sisomicin; spectinomycin; netilmicin; apramycin; streptothricin; gentamicin C; amikacin; aminoglycoside antibiotic; nucleoside antibiotic; peptide antibiotic; minocycline; hygromycin B; doxycycline; streptomycin; bleomycin B2; bleomycinic acid; butirosin; dibekacin; oxytetracycline; bleomycin A2; neomycin; kanamycin A; tigecycline; glycylcycline; demeclocycline; astromicin; 16S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to tetracycline derivatives; ribostamycin; tetracycline; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with G418 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000653 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A gentamicin class aminoglycoside antibiotic often used in mammalian cell culture work as a selectable marker for the neo cassette (APH3'). UPDATED category_aro_name with chlortetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36667 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000528 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chlortetracycline was an early, first-generation tetracycline antibiotic developed in the 1940's. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes, preventing the aminoacyl-tRNA from binding to the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with paromomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000657 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with An aminoglycoside antibiotic used for the treatment of parasitic infections. It is similar to neomycin sharing a similar spectrum of activity, but its hydroxyl group at the 6'-position instead of an amino group makes it resistant to AAC(6') modifying enzymes. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with dibekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35926 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with spectinomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35957 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000039 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Spectinomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Spectinomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit inhibiting translation. UPDATED category_aro_name with netilmicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35956 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000038 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. UPDATED category_aro_name with apramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35955 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000037 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Apramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections in animals. Apramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptothricin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35931 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000012 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptothricins are a group of N-glycoside antibiotics that include a carbamoylated D-glucosamine to which are attached a series of L-beta-lysine residues at position 2 and a streptolidine at position 1. Streptothricins vary by the number of beta-lysine residues (from 1 (nourseothricin) to 7) and target protein synthesis in bacteria and eukaryotes. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin C UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35933 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin C is a mixture of gentamicin C1, gentamicin C1a, and gentamicin C2 (these differ in substituents at position C6'). Gentamicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with nucleoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36174 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000034 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucleoside antibiotics are made of modified nucleosides and nucleotides with wide-ranging activities and means of antibacterial effects. This drug class includes aminonucleoside antibiotics, which contain an amino group. UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with minocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36291 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000152 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Minocycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with hygromycin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36353 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000214 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Hygromycin B is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Hygromycin B works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Hygromycin B has also been shown to interact with eukaryotic cells. UPDATED category_aro_name with doxycycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35986 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Doxycycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35958 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000040 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Streptomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin B2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37036 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000692 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin B2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycinic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37034 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000690 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycinic acid is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin A2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37035 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000691 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin A2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with demeclocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37011 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000667 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Demeclocycline is a tetracycline analog with 7-chloro and 6-methyl groups. Due to its fast absorption and slow excretion, it maintains higher effective blood levels compared to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with oxytetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37012 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000668 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Oxytetracycline is a derivative of tetracycline with a 5-hydroxyl group. Its activity is similar to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with butirosin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35943 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000024 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Butirosin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Butirosin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tigecycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35949 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000030 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tigecycline is an glycylcycline antibiotic. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycylcycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35960 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000042 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycylcyclines are a new class of antibiotics derived from tetracycline. These tetracycline analogues are specifically designed to overcome two common mechanisms of tetracycline resistance. Presently, there is only one glycylcycline antibiotic for clinical use: tigecycline. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome, preventing the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA. UPDATED category_aro_name with astromicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35922 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Astromicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Astromicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with 16S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to tetracycline derivatives UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40280 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003669 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Point mutations in the bacterial 16S rRNA region shown clinically to confer resistance to tetracycline and tetracycline derivatives (polyketide antibiotics). UPDATED category_aro_name with ribostamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35940 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000021 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ribostamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Ribostamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 2412 UPDATE Shigella flexneri parC conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones ofloxacin; norfloxacin; nalidixic acid; levofloxacin; fluoroquinolone resistant parC; antibiotic target alteration; ciprofloxacin; pefloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with ofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37007 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000663 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ofloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a methyl-substituted oxazine ring. It has a broad spectrum of activity including many enterobacteria and mycoplasma but most anaerobes are resistant. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone resistant parC UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36913 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000619 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with ParC is a subunit of topoisomerase IV, which decatenates and relaxes DNA to allow access to genes for transcription or translation. Point mutations in ParC prevent fluoroquinolone antibiotics from inhibiting DNA synthesis, and confer low-level resistance. Higher-level resistance results from both gyrA and parC mutations. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with pefloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37142 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000762 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pefloxacin is structurally and functionally similar to norfloxacin. It is poorly active against mycobacteria, while anaerobes are resistant. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. " 2143 UPDATE Borrelia burgdorferi 16S rRNA mutation conferring resistance to gentamicin glycopeptide antibiotic; arbekacin; gentamicin B; tetracycline antibiotic; antibiotic target alteration; isepamicin; G418; chlortetracycline; paromomycin; sisomicin; spectinomycin; netilmicin; apramycin; streptothricin; gentamicin C; streptomycin; aminoglycoside antibiotic; nucleoside antibiotic; 16s rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics; peptide antibiotic; minocycline; hygromycin B; doxycycline; amikacin; bleomycin B2; bleomycinic acid; bleomycin A2; dibekacin; oxytetracycline; neomycin; kanamycin A; tigecycline; glycylcycline; demeclocycline; astromicin; butirosin; ribostamycin; tetracycline; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with G418 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000653 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A gentamicin class aminoglycoside antibiotic often used in mammalian cell culture work as a selectable marker for the neo cassette (APH3'). UPDATED category_aro_name with chlortetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36667 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000528 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chlortetracycline was an early, first-generation tetracycline antibiotic developed in the 1940's. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes, preventing the aminoacyl-tRNA from binding to the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with paromomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000657 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with An aminoglycoside antibiotic used for the treatment of parasitic infections. It is similar to neomycin sharing a similar spectrum of activity, but its hydroxyl group at the 6'-position instead of an amino group makes it resistant to AAC(6') modifying enzymes. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with dibekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35926 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with spectinomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35957 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000039 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Spectinomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Spectinomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit inhibiting translation. UPDATED category_aro_name with netilmicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35956 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000038 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. UPDATED category_aro_name with apramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35955 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000037 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Apramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections in animals. Apramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptothricin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35931 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000012 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptothricins are a group of N-glycoside antibiotics that include a carbamoylated D-glucosamine to which are attached a series of L-beta-lysine residues at position 2 and a streptolidine at position 1. Streptothricins vary by the number of beta-lysine residues (from 1 (nourseothricin) to 7) and target protein synthesis in bacteria and eukaryotes. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin C UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35933 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin C is a mixture of gentamicin C1, gentamicin C1a, and gentamicin C2 (these differ in substituents at position C6'). Gentamicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35958 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000040 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Streptomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with nucleoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36174 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000034 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucleoside antibiotics are made of modified nucleosides and nucleotides with wide-ranging activities and means of antibacterial effects. This drug class includes aminonucleoside antibiotics, which contain an amino group. UPDATED category_aro_name with 16s rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40277 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Point mutations in the 16S rRNA of bacteria can confer resistance to aminoglycosides. UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with minocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36291 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000152 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Minocycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with hygromycin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36353 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000214 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Hygromycin B is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Hygromycin B works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Hygromycin B has also been shown to interact with eukaryotic cells. UPDATED category_aro_name with doxycycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35986 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Doxycycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin B2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37036 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000692 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin B2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycinic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37034 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000690 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycinic acid is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin A2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37035 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000691 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin A2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with demeclocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37011 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000667 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Demeclocycline is a tetracycline analog with 7-chloro and 6-methyl groups. Due to its fast absorption and slow excretion, it maintains higher effective blood levels compared to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with oxytetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37012 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000668 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Oxytetracycline is a derivative of tetracycline with a 5-hydroxyl group. Its activity is similar to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tigecycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35949 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000030 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tigecycline is an glycylcycline antibiotic. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycylcycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35960 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000042 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycylcyclines are a new class of antibiotics derived from tetracycline. These tetracycline analogues are specifically designed to overcome two common mechanisms of tetracycline resistance. Presently, there is only one glycylcycline antibiotic for clinical use: tigecycline. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome, preventing the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA. UPDATED category_aro_name with astromicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35922 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Astromicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Astromicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with butirosin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35943 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000024 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Butirosin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Butirosin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with ribostamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35940 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000021 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ribostamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Ribostamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 2142 UPDATE Mycobacterium smegmatis 16S rRNA (rrsA) mutation conferring resistance to viomycin glycopeptide antibiotic; arbekacin; gentamicin B; tetracycline antibiotic; antibiotic target alteration; isepamicin; G418; chlortetracycline; paromomycin; sisomicin; spectinomycin; netilmicin; apramycin; streptothricin; gentamicin C; streptomycin; aminoglycoside antibiotic; viomycin; tuberactinomycin; 16s rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to peptide antibiotics; nucleoside antibiotic; peptide antibiotic; minocycline; hygromycin B; doxycycline; amikacin; bleomycin B2; bleomycinic acid; bleomycin A2; dibekacin; oxytetracycline; neomycin; kanamycin A; tigecycline; glycylcycline; demeclocycline; astromicin; butirosin; ribostamycin; tetracycline; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with G418 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000653 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A gentamicin class aminoglycoside antibiotic often used in mammalian cell culture work as a selectable marker for the neo cassette (APH3'). UPDATED category_aro_name with chlortetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36667 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000528 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chlortetracycline was an early, first-generation tetracycline antibiotic developed in the 1940's. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes, preventing the aminoacyl-tRNA from binding to the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with paromomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000657 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with An aminoglycoside antibiotic used for the treatment of parasitic infections. It is similar to neomycin sharing a similar spectrum of activity, but its hydroxyl group at the 6'-position instead of an amino group makes it resistant to AAC(6') modifying enzymes. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with dibekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35926 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with spectinomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35957 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000039 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Spectinomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Spectinomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit inhibiting translation. UPDATED category_aro_name with tuberactinomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36629 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000490 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tuberactinomycins are a family of cyclic peptide antibiotics that are important in the treatment of tuberculosis. Tuberactinomycins contain nonproteinogenic amino acids and inhibit group I self-splicing RNA to disrupt prokaryotic protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with apramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35955 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000037 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Apramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections in animals. Apramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptothricin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35931 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000012 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptothricins are a group of N-glycoside antibiotics that include a carbamoylated D-glucosamine to which are attached a series of L-beta-lysine residues at position 2 and a streptolidine at position 1. Streptothricins vary by the number of beta-lysine residues (from 1 (nourseothricin) to 7) and target protein synthesis in bacteria and eukaryotes. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin C UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35933 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin C is a mixture of gentamicin C1, gentamicin C1a, and gentamicin C2 (these differ in substituents at position C6'). Gentamicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35958 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000040 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Streptomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with viomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35937 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000018 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Viomycin sulfate (Viocin) is an polypeptide antibiotic used in the treatment of tuberculosis. It is produced by the actinomycete Streptomyces puniceus and binds to the bacterial ribosome, inhibiting prokaryotic protein synthesis and certain forms of RNA splicing. UPDATED category_aro_name with netilmicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35956 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000038 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. UPDATED category_aro_name with 16s rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to peptide antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40278 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003667 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Point mutations in the 16S rRNA of bacteria can confer resistance to peptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with nucleoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36174 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000034 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucleoside antibiotics are made of modified nucleosides and nucleotides with wide-ranging activities and means of antibacterial effects. This drug class includes aminonucleoside antibiotics, which contain an amino group. UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with minocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36291 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000152 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Minocycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with hygromycin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36353 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000214 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Hygromycin B is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Hygromycin B works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Hygromycin B has also been shown to interact with eukaryotic cells. UPDATED category_aro_name with doxycycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35986 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Doxycycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin B2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37036 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000692 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin B2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycinic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37034 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000690 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycinic acid is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin A2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37035 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000691 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin A2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with demeclocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37011 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000667 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Demeclocycline is a tetracycline analog with 7-chloro and 6-methyl groups. Due to its fast absorption and slow excretion, it maintains higher effective blood levels compared to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with oxytetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37012 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000668 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Oxytetracycline is a derivative of tetracycline with a 5-hydroxyl group. Its activity is similar to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tigecycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35949 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000030 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tigecycline is an glycylcycline antibiotic. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycylcycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35960 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000042 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycylcyclines are a new class of antibiotics derived from tetracycline. These tetracycline analogues are specifically designed to overcome two common mechanisms of tetracycline resistance. Presently, there is only one glycylcycline antibiotic for clinical use: tigecycline. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome, preventing the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA. UPDATED category_aro_name with astromicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35922 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Astromicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Astromicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with butirosin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35943 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000024 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Butirosin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Butirosin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with ribostamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35940 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000021 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ribostamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Ribostamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 2141 UPDATE Mycobacterium smegmatis 16S rRNA (rrsB) mutation conferring resistance to neomycin glycopeptide antibiotic; arbekacin; gentamicin B; tetracycline antibiotic; antibiotic target alteration; isepamicin; G418; chlortetracycline; paromomycin; sisomicin; spectinomycin; netilmicin; apramycin; streptothricin; gentamicin C; streptomycin; aminoglycoside antibiotic; nucleoside antibiotic; 16s rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics; peptide antibiotic; minocycline; hygromycin B; doxycycline; amikacin; bleomycin B2; bleomycinic acid; bleomycin A2; dibekacin; oxytetracycline; neomycin; kanamycin A; tigecycline; glycylcycline; demeclocycline; astromicin; butirosin; ribostamycin; tetracycline; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with G418 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000653 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A gentamicin class aminoglycoside antibiotic often used in mammalian cell culture work as a selectable marker for the neo cassette (APH3'). UPDATED category_aro_name with chlortetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36667 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000528 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chlortetracycline was an early, first-generation tetracycline antibiotic developed in the 1940's. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes, preventing the aminoacyl-tRNA from binding to the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with paromomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000657 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with An aminoglycoside antibiotic used for the treatment of parasitic infections. It is similar to neomycin sharing a similar spectrum of activity, but its hydroxyl group at the 6'-position instead of an amino group makes it resistant to AAC(6') modifying enzymes. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with dibekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35926 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with spectinomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35957 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000039 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Spectinomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Spectinomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit inhibiting translation. UPDATED category_aro_name with netilmicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35956 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000038 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. UPDATED category_aro_name with apramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35955 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000037 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Apramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections in animals. Apramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptothricin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35931 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000012 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptothricins are a group of N-glycoside antibiotics that include a carbamoylated D-glucosamine to which are attached a series of L-beta-lysine residues at position 2 and a streptolidine at position 1. Streptothricins vary by the number of beta-lysine residues (from 1 (nourseothricin) to 7) and target protein synthesis in bacteria and eukaryotes. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin C UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35933 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin C is a mixture of gentamicin C1, gentamicin C1a, and gentamicin C2 (these differ in substituents at position C6'). Gentamicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35958 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000040 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Streptomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with nucleoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36174 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000034 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucleoside antibiotics are made of modified nucleosides and nucleotides with wide-ranging activities and means of antibacterial effects. This drug class includes aminonucleoside antibiotics, which contain an amino group. UPDATED category_aro_name with 16s rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40277 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Point mutations in the 16S rRNA of bacteria can confer resistance to aminoglycosides. UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with minocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36291 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000152 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Minocycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with hygromycin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36353 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000214 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Hygromycin B is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Hygromycin B works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Hygromycin B has also been shown to interact with eukaryotic cells. UPDATED category_aro_name with doxycycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35986 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Doxycycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin B2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37036 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000692 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin B2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycinic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37034 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000690 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycinic acid is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin A2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37035 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000691 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin A2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with demeclocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37011 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000667 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Demeclocycline is a tetracycline analog with 7-chloro and 6-methyl groups. Due to its fast absorption and slow excretion, it maintains higher effective blood levels compared to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with oxytetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37012 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000668 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Oxytetracycline is a derivative of tetracycline with a 5-hydroxyl group. Its activity is similar to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tigecycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35949 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000030 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tigecycline is an glycylcycline antibiotic. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycylcycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35960 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000042 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycylcyclines are a new class of antibiotics derived from tetracycline. These tetracycline analogues are specifically designed to overcome two common mechanisms of tetracycline resistance. Presently, there is only one glycylcycline antibiotic for clinical use: tigecycline. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome, preventing the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA. UPDATED category_aro_name with astromicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35922 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Astromicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Astromicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with butirosin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35943 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000024 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Butirosin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Butirosin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with ribostamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35940 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000021 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ribostamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Ribostamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 2140 UPDATE Escherichia coli 16S rRNA (rrsB) mutation conferring resistance to streptomycin glycopeptide antibiotic; arbekacin; gentamicin B; tetracycline antibiotic; antibiotic target alteration; isepamicin; G418; chlortetracycline; paromomycin; sisomicin; spectinomycin; netilmicin; apramycin; streptothricin; gentamicin C; streptomycin; aminoglycoside antibiotic; nucleoside antibiotic; 16s rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics; peptide antibiotic; minocycline; hygromycin B; doxycycline; amikacin; bleomycin B2; bleomycinic acid; bleomycin A2; dibekacin; oxytetracycline; neomycin; kanamycin A; tigecycline; glycylcycline; demeclocycline; astromicin; butirosin; ribostamycin; tetracycline; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with G418 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000653 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A gentamicin class aminoglycoside antibiotic often used in mammalian cell culture work as a selectable marker for the neo cassette (APH3'). UPDATED category_aro_name with chlortetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36667 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000528 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chlortetracycline was an early, first-generation tetracycline antibiotic developed in the 1940's. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes, preventing the aminoacyl-tRNA from binding to the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with paromomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000657 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with An aminoglycoside antibiotic used for the treatment of parasitic infections. It is similar to neomycin sharing a similar spectrum of activity, but its hydroxyl group at the 6'-position instead of an amino group makes it resistant to AAC(6') modifying enzymes. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with dibekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35926 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with spectinomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35957 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000039 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Spectinomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Spectinomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit inhibiting translation. UPDATED category_aro_name with netilmicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35956 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000038 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. UPDATED category_aro_name with apramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35955 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000037 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Apramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections in animals. Apramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptothricin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35931 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000012 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptothricins are a group of N-glycoside antibiotics that include a carbamoylated D-glucosamine to which are attached a series of L-beta-lysine residues at position 2 and a streptolidine at position 1. Streptothricins vary by the number of beta-lysine residues (from 1 (nourseothricin) to 7) and target protein synthesis in bacteria and eukaryotes. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin C UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35933 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin C is a mixture of gentamicin C1, gentamicin C1a, and gentamicin C2 (these differ in substituents at position C6'). Gentamicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35958 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000040 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Streptomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with nucleoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36174 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000034 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucleoside antibiotics are made of modified nucleosides and nucleotides with wide-ranging activities and means of antibacterial effects. This drug class includes aminonucleoside antibiotics, which contain an amino group. UPDATED category_aro_name with 16s rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40277 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Point mutations in the 16S rRNA of bacteria can confer resistance to aminoglycosides. UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with minocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36291 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000152 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Minocycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with hygromycin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36353 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000214 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Hygromycin B is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Hygromycin B works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Hygromycin B has also been shown to interact with eukaryotic cells. UPDATED category_aro_name with doxycycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35986 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Doxycycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin B2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37036 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000692 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin B2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycinic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37034 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000690 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycinic acid is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin A2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37035 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000691 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin A2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with demeclocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37011 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000667 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Demeclocycline is a tetracycline analog with 7-chloro and 6-methyl groups. Due to its fast absorption and slow excretion, it maintains higher effective blood levels compared to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with oxytetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37012 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000668 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Oxytetracycline is a derivative of tetracycline with a 5-hydroxyl group. Its activity is similar to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tigecycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35949 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000030 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tigecycline is an glycylcycline antibiotic. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycylcycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35960 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000042 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycylcyclines are a new class of antibiotics derived from tetracycline. These tetracycline analogues are specifically designed to overcome two common mechanisms of tetracycline resistance. Presently, there is only one glycylcycline antibiotic for clinical use: tigecycline. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome, preventing the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA. UPDATED category_aro_name with astromicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35922 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Astromicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Astromicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with butirosin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35943 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000024 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Butirosin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Butirosin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with ribostamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35940 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000021 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ribostamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Ribostamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 920 UPDATE TEM-152 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 921 UPDATE OKP-A-11 penam; antibiotic inactivation; OKP beta-lactamase; cephalosporin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with OKP beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 38817 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3002417 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OKP beta-lactamases are chromosomal class A beta-lactamase that confer resistance to penicillins and early cephalosporins in Klebsiella pneumoniae. OKP beta-lactamases can be subdivided into two groups: OKP-A and OKP-B which diverge by about 4.2% UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 922 UPDATE AAC(6')-30/AAC(6')-Ib' fusion protein antibiotic inactivation; kanamycin A; aminoglycoside antibiotic; AAC(6'); isepamicin; sisomicin; arbekacin; gentamicin B; netilmicin; amikacin; dibekacin; neomycin; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with AAC(6') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36484 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000345 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Acetylation of the aminoglycoside antibiotic on the amino group at position 6'. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with netilmicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35956 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000038 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with dibekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35926 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 923 UPDATE VIM-25 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; carbapenem; cephalosporin; cephamycin; VIM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with VIM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36030 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000021 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with The Verone integron-encoded metallo-beta-lactamase (VIM) family was reported from Italy in 1999. There are, to date, 23 reported variants. VIM enzymes mostly occur in P. aeruginosa, also P. putida and, very rarely, Enterobacteriaceae. Integron-associated, sometimes within plasmids. Hydrolyses all beta-lactams except monobactams, and evades all beta-lactam inhibitors. There is a strong incidence of these in East Asia. " 924 UPDATE AAC(6')-33 antibiotic inactivation; kanamycin A; aminoglycoside antibiotic; AAC(6'); isepamicin; sisomicin; arbekacin; gentamicin B; netilmicin; amikacin; dibekacin; neomycin; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with AAC(6') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36484 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000345 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Acetylation of the aminoglycoside antibiotic on the amino group at position 6'. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with netilmicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35956 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000038 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with dibekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35926 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 925 UPDATE AAC(3)-IIb antibiotic inactivation; AAC(3); gentamicin B; gentamicin C; amikacin; aminoglycoside antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with AAC(3) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36461 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000322 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Acetylation of the aminoglycoside antibiotic on the amino group at position 3. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin C UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35933 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin C is a mixture of gentamicin C1, gentamicin C1a, and gentamicin C2 (these differ in substituents at position C6'). Gentamicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 2149 UPDATE Mycobacterium smegmatis 16S rRNA (rrsA) mutation conferring resistance to hygromycin B glycopeptide antibiotic; arbekacin; gentamicin B; tetracycline antibiotic; antibiotic target alteration; isepamicin; G418; chlortetracycline; paromomycin; sisomicin; spectinomycin; netilmicin; apramycin; streptothricin; gentamicin C; streptomycin; aminoglycoside antibiotic; nucleoside antibiotic; 16s rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics; peptide antibiotic; minocycline; hygromycin B; doxycycline; amikacin; bleomycin B2; bleomycinic acid; bleomycin A2; dibekacin; oxytetracycline; neomycin; kanamycin A; tigecycline; glycylcycline; demeclocycline; astromicin; butirosin; ribostamycin; tetracycline; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with G418 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000653 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A gentamicin class aminoglycoside antibiotic often used in mammalian cell culture work as a selectable marker for the neo cassette (APH3'). UPDATED category_aro_name with chlortetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36667 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000528 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chlortetracycline was an early, first-generation tetracycline antibiotic developed in the 1940's. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes, preventing the aminoacyl-tRNA from binding to the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with paromomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000657 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with An aminoglycoside antibiotic used for the treatment of parasitic infections. It is similar to neomycin sharing a similar spectrum of activity, but its hydroxyl group at the 6'-position instead of an amino group makes it resistant to AAC(6') modifying enzymes. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with dibekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35926 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with spectinomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35957 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000039 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Spectinomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Spectinomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit inhibiting translation. UPDATED category_aro_name with netilmicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35956 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000038 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. UPDATED category_aro_name with apramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35955 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000037 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Apramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections in animals. Apramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptothricin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35931 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000012 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptothricins are a group of N-glycoside antibiotics that include a carbamoylated D-glucosamine to which are attached a series of L-beta-lysine residues at position 2 and a streptolidine at position 1. Streptothricins vary by the number of beta-lysine residues (from 1 (nourseothricin) to 7) and target protein synthesis in bacteria and eukaryotes. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin C UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35933 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin C is a mixture of gentamicin C1, gentamicin C1a, and gentamicin C2 (these differ in substituents at position C6'). Gentamicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35958 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000040 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Streptomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with nucleoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36174 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000034 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucleoside antibiotics are made of modified nucleosides and nucleotides with wide-ranging activities and means of antibacterial effects. This drug class includes aminonucleoside antibiotics, which contain an amino group. UPDATED category_aro_name with 16s rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40277 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Point mutations in the 16S rRNA of bacteria can confer resistance to aminoglycosides. UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with minocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36291 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000152 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Minocycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with hygromycin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36353 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000214 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Hygromycin B is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Hygromycin B works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Hygromycin B has also been shown to interact with eukaryotic cells. UPDATED category_aro_name with doxycycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35986 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Doxycycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin B2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37036 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000692 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin B2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycinic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37034 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000690 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycinic acid is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin A2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37035 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000691 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin A2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with demeclocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37011 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000667 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Demeclocycline is a tetracycline analog with 7-chloro and 6-methyl groups. Due to its fast absorption and slow excretion, it maintains higher effective blood levels compared to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with oxytetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37012 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000668 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Oxytetracycline is a derivative of tetracycline with a 5-hydroxyl group. Its activity is similar to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tigecycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35949 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000030 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tigecycline is an glycylcycline antibiotic. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycylcycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35960 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000042 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycylcyclines are a new class of antibiotics derived from tetracycline. These tetracycline analogues are specifically designed to overcome two common mechanisms of tetracycline resistance. Presently, there is only one glycylcycline antibiotic for clinical use: tigecycline. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome, preventing the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA. UPDATED category_aro_name with astromicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35922 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Astromicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Astromicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with butirosin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35943 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000024 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Butirosin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Butirosin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with ribostamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35940 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000021 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ribostamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Ribostamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 2148 UPDATE Ureaplasma urealyticum gyrB conferring resistance to fluoroquinolone aminocoumarin antibiotic; antibiotic target alteration; moxifloxacin; fluoroquinolone resistant gyrB; grepafloxacin; trovafloxacin; ofloxacin; norfloxacin; nalidixic acid; lomefloxacin; gatifloxacin; coumermycin A1; ciprofloxacin; fleroxacin; levofloxacin; sparfloxacin; clorobiocin; novobiocin; Clofazimine; clinafloxacin; enoxacin; pefloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; cinoxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with aminocoumarin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36242 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000103 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminocoumarin antibiotics bind DNA gyrase subunit B to inhibit ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone resistant gyrB UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37244 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000864 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Point mutations in DNA gyrase subunit B (gyrB) observed in Mycobacterium tuberculosis can result in resistance to fluoroquinolones. UPDATED category_aro_name with grepafloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37009 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000665 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Grepafloxacin is a broad-spectrum antibacterial quinoline. It is no longer taken due to its high toxicity. UPDATED category_aro_name with trovafloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37008 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000664 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Trovafloxacin is a trifluoroquinalone with a broad spectrum of activity that acts by inhibiting the uncoiling of supercoiled DNA. While potent against many Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, it is less active against pseudomonads and Cl. difficile. It is usually taken as the prodrug trovafloxacin mesylate or alatrofloxacin mesylate for oral or intravenous administration, respectively. UPDATED category_aro_name with ofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37007 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000663 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ofloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a methyl-substituted oxazine ring. It has a broad spectrum of activity including many enterobacteria and mycoplasma but most anaerobes are resistant. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with lomefloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37004 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000660 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Lomefloxacin is a difluoropiperazinyl quinolone, sharing similar activities with other fluoroquinolones. It is used to treat urinary tract infections. Relative to other fluoroquinolones, it has a longer half life and has higher serum concentrations. UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with coumermycin A1 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36289 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000150 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Coumermycin A1 is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces rishiriensis, and binds DNA gyrase subunit B to inhibit ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fleroxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40940 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Fleroxacin is a broad spectrum fluoroquinolone antibiotic that inhibits the DNA supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, resulting in double-stranded DNA breaks and subsequent cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with clorobiocin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36271 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000132 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Clorobiocin is an aminocoumarin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces roseochromogenes, and binds DNA gyrase subunit B to inhibit ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with novobiocin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36250 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000111 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Novobiocin is an aminocoumarin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spheroides and Streptomyces niveus, and binds DNA gyrase subunit B inhibiting ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with Clofazimine UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004012 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Clofazimine is a fluoroquinolone-class phenazine dye used for the treatment of leprosy. Clofazimine binds to DNA and disrupts bacterial DNA gyrase, thereby causing double-stranded DNA breaks, and subsequent cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with clinafloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40938 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004011 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Clinafloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic and gyrase (DNA topoisomerase II) inhibitor. It binds to DNA gyrase and disrupts replication by causing double-stranded DNA breaks, resulting in cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with enoxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35942 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000023 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Enoxacin belongs to a group called fluoroquinolones. Its mode of action depends upon blocking bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to DNA gyrase and causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with pefloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37142 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000762 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pefloxacin is structurally and functionally similar to norfloxacin. It is poorly active against mycobacteria, while anaerobes are resistant. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with cinoxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40937 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004010 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cinoxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic primarily used for the treatment of urinary tract infections in adults. Cinoxacin binds to DNA gyrase, resulting in double-stranded DNA breaks and cell death. " 1920 UPDATE vanSF glycopeptide antibiotic; vanS; antibiotic target alteration; vancomycin; glycopeptide resistance gene cluster; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with vanS UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36210 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with VanS is similar to histidine protein kinases like EnvZ and acts as a response regulator by activating VanR. VanS is required for high level transcription of other van glycopeptide resistance genes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with vancomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35947 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000028 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Vancomycin is a glycopeptide antibiotic used in the prophylaxis and treatment of infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria. Vancomycin inhibits the synthesis of peptidoglycan, the major component of the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria. Its mechanism of action is unusual in that it acts by binding precursors of peptidoglycan, rather than by interacting with an enzyme. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide resistance gene cluster UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36373 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000234 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Genes that when expressed confer resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin type antibiotics. " 1921 UPDATE EreB antibiotic inactivation; macrolide esterase; macrolide antibiotic; roxithromycin; clarithromycin; azithromycin; erythromycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide esterase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36459 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000320 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Hydrolytic enzymes that cleave the macrocycle lactone ring of macrolide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with roxithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35946 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000027 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Roxithromycin is a semi-synthetic, 14-carbon ring macrolide antibiotic derived from erythromycin. It is used to treat respiratory tract, urinary and soft tissue infections. Roxithromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. UPDATED category_aro_name with clarithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35982 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000065 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Clarithromycin is a methyl derivative of erythromycin, sharing the 14-carbon macrolide ring. The antibiotic binds to the 50S subunit of the ribosome and is used to treat pharyngitis, tonsillitis, acute maxillary sinusitis, acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, pneumonia (especially atypical pneumonias associated with Chlamydia pneumoniae or TWAR), and skin structure infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with azithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36297 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000158 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Azithromycin is a 15-membered macrolide and falls under the subclass of azalide. Like other macrolides, azithromycin binds bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The nitrogen substitution at the C-9a position prevents its degradation. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. " 1922 UPDATE marA penem; tetracycline antibiotic; antibiotic efflux; rifampin; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; reduced permeability to antibiotic; carbapenem; cephalosporin; cefalotin; protein(s) and two-component regulatory system modulating antibiotic efflux; ampicillin; penam; triclosan; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; cephamycin; tigecycline; glycylcycline; General Bacterial Porin with reduced permeability to beta-lactams; monobactam; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; chloramphenicol; phenicol antibiotic; tetracycline; rifamycin antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Regulator DELETED 36409 UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifampin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36308 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000169 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifampin is a semi-synthetic rifamycin, and inhibits RNA synthesis by binding to RNA polymerase. Rifampin is the mainstay agent for the treatment of tuberculosis, leprosy and complicated Gram-positive infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with reduced permeability to antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36383 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000244 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Reduction in permeability to antibiotic, generally through reduced production of porins, can provide resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefalotin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37084 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000704 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. It is resistant to staphylococci beta-lactamases but hydrolyzed by enterobacterial beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with ampicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36981 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000637 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ampicillin is a penicillin derivative that is highly acid stable, with its activity similar to benzylpenicillin. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with triclosan UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37250 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000870 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Triclosan is a common antibacterial agent added to many consumer products as a biocide. It is an inhibitor of fatty acid biosynthesis by blocking enoyl-carrier protein reductase (FabI). UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with tigecycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35949 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000030 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tigecycline is an glycylcycline antibiotic. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycylcycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35960 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000042 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycylcyclines are a new class of antibiotics derived from tetracycline. These tetracycline analogues are specifically designed to overcome two common mechanisms of tetracycline resistance. Presently, there is only one glycylcycline antibiotic for clinical use: tigecycline. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome, preventing the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA. UPDATED category_aro_name with General Bacterial Porin with reduced permeability to beta-lactams UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41445 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004281 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These are GBPs that are associated with decreased susceptibility to beta-lactams either through mutations in the porin protein, absence of the porin protein, or expression of the porin protein. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifamycin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36296 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000157 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifamycin antibiotics are a group of broad-spectrum ansamycin antibiotics that inhibit bacterial RNA polymerase by binding to a highly conserved region, blocking the oligonucleotide exit tunnel, and preventing the extension of nascent mRNAs. " 1923 UPDATE APH(3'')-Ia antibiotic inactivation; APH(3''); streptomycin; aminoglycoside antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with APH(3'') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36266 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000127 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Phosphorylation of streptomycin on the hydroxyl group at position 3'' UPDATED category_aro_name with streptomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35958 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000040 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Streptomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 1924 UPDATE vanM glycopeptide antibiotic; glycopeptide resistance gene cluster; van ligase; antibiotic target alteration; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide resistance gene cluster UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36373 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000234 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Genes that when expressed confer resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin type antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with van ligase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 39340 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3002906 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with van ligases synthesize alternative substrates for peptidoglycan synthesis that reduce vancomycin binding affinity. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. " 1925 UPDATE MexB sulfonamide antibiotic; penem; panipenem; tetracycline antibiotic; clavulanate; meropenem; antibiotic efflux; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; aztreonam; nalidixic acid; aminocoumarin antibiotic; cephalosporin; macrolide antibiotic; carbapenem; ceftazidime; ciprofloxacin; cephamycin; ceftriaxone; peptide antibiotic; diaminopyrimidine antibiotic; ticarcillin; ampicillin; amoxicillin; penam; sulfamethoxazole; novobiocin; phenicol antibiotic; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole; tetracycline; monobactam; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; erythromycin; trimethoprim; azithromycin; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with panipenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40362 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003708 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Panipenem is a carbapenem antibacterial agent with a broad spectrum of in vitro activity covering a wide range of Gram-negative and Gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic bacterial. It is used in combination with betamipron to inhibit panipenem uptake into the renal tubule and prevent nephrotoxicity. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with clavulanate UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000079 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Adjuvant UPDATED category_aro_description with Clavulanic acid is a beta-lactamase inhibitor (marketed by GlaxoSmithKline, formerly Beecham) combined with penicillin group antibiotics to overcome certain types of antibiotic resistance. It is used to overcome resistance in bacteria that secrete beta-lactamase, which otherwise inactivates most penicillins. UPDATED category_aro_name with meropenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35990 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000073 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Meropenem is an ultra-broad spectrum injectable antibiotic used to treat a wide variety of infections, including meningitis and pneumonia. It is a beta-lactam and belongs to the subgroup of carbapenem, similar to imipenem and ertapenem. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with aztreonam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36689 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000550 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Aztreonam was the first monobactam discovered, and is greatly effective against Gram-negative bacteria while inactive against Gram-positive bacteria. Artreonam is a poor substrate for beta-lactamases, and may even act as an inhibitor. In Gram-negative bacteria, Aztreonam interferes with filamentation, inhibiting cell division and leading to cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminocoumarin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36242 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000103 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminocoumarin antibiotics bind DNA gyrase subunit B to inhibit ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftazidime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35977 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000060 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftazidime is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Unlike most third-generation agents, it is active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, however it has weaker activity against Gram-positive microorganisms and is not used for such infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40957 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004024 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with An antibiotic cocktail containing the diaminopyrimidine antibiotic Trimethoprim and the sulfonamide antibiotic sulfamethoxazole (1 TMP:5 SMX). UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftriaxone UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35979 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000062 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftriaxone is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. The presence of an aminothiazolyl sidechain increases ceftriazone's resistance to beta-lactamases. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with diaminopyrimidine antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36310 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000171 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Diaminopyrimidines are a class of organic compounds containing a pyrimidine ring substituted by two amine groups. They are inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme critical for DNA synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with ticarcillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40523 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003832 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ticarcillin is a carboxypenicillin used for the treatment of Gram-negative bacteria, particularly P. aeruginosa. Ticarcillin's antibiotic properties arise from its ability to prevent cross-linking of peptidoglycan during cell wall synthesis, when the bacteria try to divide, causing cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with ampicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36981 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000637 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ampicillin is a penicillin derivative that is highly acid stable, with its activity similar to benzylpenicillin. UPDATED category_aro_name with amoxicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35981 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000064 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amoxicillin is a moderate-spectrum, bacteriolytic, beta-lactam antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections caused by susceptible microorganisms. A derivative of penicillin, it has a wider range of treatment but remains relatively ineffective against Gram-negative bacteria. It is commonly taken with clavulanic acid, a beta-lactamase inhibitor. Like other beta-lactams, amoxicillin interferes with the synthesis of peptidoglycan. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36327 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000188 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Trimethoprim is a synthetic 5-(3,4,5- trimethoxybenzyl) pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, inhibiting synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid. Tetrahydrofolic acid is an essential precursor in the de novo synthesis of the DNA nucleotide thymidine. Trimethoprim is a bacteriostatic antibiotic mainly used in the prophylaxis and treatment of urinary tract infections in combination with sulfamethoxazole, a sulfonamide antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with sulfamethoxazole UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36468 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000329 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sulfamethoxazole is a sulfonamide antibiotic usually taken with trimethoprim, a diaminopyrimidine antibiotic. Sulfamethoxazole inhibits dihydropteroate synthase, essential to tetrahydrofolic acid biosynthesis. This pathway generates compounds used in the synthesis of many amino acids and nucleotides. UPDATED category_aro_name with novobiocin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36250 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000111 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Novobiocin is an aminocoumarin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spheroides and Streptomyces niveus, and binds DNA gyrase subunit B inhibiting ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with azithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36297 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000158 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Azithromycin is a 15-membered macrolide and falls under the subclass of azalide. Like other macrolides, azithromycin binds bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The nitrogen substitution at the C-9a position prevents its degradation. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with sulfonamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36421 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000282 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Sulfonamides are broad spectrum, synthetic antibiotics that contain the sulfonamide group. Sulfonamides inhibit dihydropteroate synthase, which catalyzes the conversion of p-aminobenzoic acid to dihydropteroic acid as part of the tetrahydrofolic acid biosynthetic pathway. Tetrahydrofolic acid is essential for folate synthesis, a precursor of many nucleotides and amino acids. Many sulfamides are taken with trimethoprim, an inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, also disturbing the trihydrofolic acid synthesis pathway. " 1926 UPDATE CMY-34 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 1927 UPDATE SHV-29 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 1928 UPDATE OXA-50 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; cefalotin; ampicillin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefalotin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37084 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000704 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. It is resistant to staphylococci beta-lactamases but hydrolyzed by enterobacterial beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with ampicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36981 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000637 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ampicillin is a penicillin derivative that is highly acid stable, with its activity similar to benzylpenicillin. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1929 UPDATE ACT-24 antibiotic inactivation; carbapenem; penam; ACT beta-lactamase; cephalosporin; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with ACT beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36211 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000072 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with ACT beta-lactamases, also known as AmpC beta-lactamases, are cephalosporinases that cannot be inhibited by clavulanate. These enzymes are encoded by genes located on the chromosome and can be induced by the presence of beta-lactam antibiotics. However recently, these genes have been found on plasmids and expressed at high constitutive levels in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 832 UPDATE SHV-161 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 833 UPDATE CfxA5 antibiotic inactivation; cephamycin; CfxA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with CfxA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 39434 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with cfxA beta-lactamases are class A beta-lactamases " 830 UPDATE SHV-157 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 831 UPDATE OKP-B-13 penam; antibiotic inactivation; OKP beta-lactamase; cephalosporin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with OKP beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 38817 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3002417 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OKP beta-lactamases are chromosomal class A beta-lactamase that confer resistance to penicillins and early cephalosporins in Klebsiella pneumoniae. OKP beta-lactamases can be subdivided into two groups: OKP-A and OKP-B which diverge by about 4.2% UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 836 UPDATE TEM-68 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 837 UPDATE vatH dalfopristin; antibiotic inactivation; streptogramin vat acetyltransferase; pristinamycin IIA; madumycin II; griseoviridin; streptogramin antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with dalfopristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37018 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000674 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dalfopristin is a water-soluble semi-synthetic derivative of pristinamycin IIA. It is produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis and is used in combination with quinupristin in a 7:3 ratio. Both work together to inhibit protein synthesis, and is active against Gram-positive bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptogramin vat acetyltransferase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36592 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000453 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with vat (Virginiamycin acetyltransferases) enzymes catalyze the transfer of an acetyl group from acetyl-CoA to the secondary alcohol of streptogramin A compounds, thus inactivating virginiamycin-like antibiotics and conferring resistance to these compounds. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IIA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37013 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000669 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IIA is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with madumycin II UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37016 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000672 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Madumycin II is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with griseoviridin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000673 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Griseoviridin is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptogramin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35945 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000026 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptogramin antibiotics are natural products produced by various members of the Streptomyces genus. These antibiotics bind to the P site of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The family consists of two subgroups, type A and type B, which are simultaneously produced by the same bacterial species in a ratio of roughly 70:30. " 834 UPDATE FosA3 fosfomycin; fosfomycin thiol transferase; antibiotic inactivation; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with fosfomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35944 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000025 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Fosfomycin (also known as phosphomycin and phosphonomycin) is a broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by certain Streptomyces species. It is effective on gram positive and negative bacteria as it targets the cell wall, an essential feature shared by both bacteria. Its specific target is MurA (MurZ in E.coli), which attaches phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, a step of commitment to cell wall synthesis. In the active site of MurA, the active cysteine molecule is alkylated which stops the catalytic reaction. UPDATED category_aro_name with fosfomycin thiol transferase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36272 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000133 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Catalyzes the addition of a thiol group from a nucleophilic molecule to fosfomycin. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. " 835 UPDATE APH(3')-Ib antibiotic inactivation; aminoglycoside antibiotic; paromomycin; kanamycin A; APH(3'); gentamicin B; lividomycin B; ribostamycin; G418; neomycin; lividomycin A; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with paromomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000657 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with An aminoglycoside antibiotic used for the treatment of parasitic infections. It is similar to neomycin sharing a similar spectrum of activity, but its hydroxyl group at the 6'-position instead of an amino group makes it resistant to AAC(6') modifying enzymes. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with APH(3') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36265 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000126 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Phosphorylation of 2-deoxystreptamine aminoglycosides on the hydroxyl group at position 3' UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with lividomycin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37045 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000701 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Lividomycin B is a derivative of lividomycin A with a removed mannose group (demannosyllividomycin A). Livodomycins interfere with bacterial protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with ribostamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35940 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000021 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ribostamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Ribostamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with G418 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000653 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A gentamicin class aminoglycoside antibiotic often used in mammalian cell culture work as a selectable marker for the neo cassette (APH3'). UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with lividomycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37044 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000700 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Lividomycin A is a pentasaccharide antibiotic which interferes with bacterial protein synthesis. " 838 UPDATE CTX-M-102 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 839 UPDATE CMY-44 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 3 UPDATE Escherichia coli ompF with mutation penam; reduced permeability to antibiotic; penem; carbapenem; cephalosporin; cefepime; cephamycin; General Bacterial Porin with reduced permeability to beta-lactams; monobactam; ARO_description; ARO_name; model_sequences; model_name; ARO_category "UPDATED ARO_description with The Escherichia coli ompF (oprF) is a nonspecific porin channel involved in the membrane translocation of small hydrophilic molecules, including and especially beta-lactam antibiotics. Mutations in ompF can decrease diffusion of antibiotics across the cellular membrane, thereby decreasing overall susceptibility through absence of porin function. UPDATED ARO_name with Escherichia coli ompF with mutation conferring resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics UPDATED fmax with 986982 UPDATED strand with - UPDATED accession with NC_000913.3 UPDATED fmin with 985893 UPDATED sequence with TTAGAACTGGTAAACGATACCCACAGCAACGGTGTCGTCTGAACCTACGCCCAGTTTGTTGTCAGAATCGATCTGGTTGATGATGTAGTCAACATAGGTGGACATGTTTTTGTTGAAGTAGTAGGTTGCGCCCACTTCAAAGTAGTTCACCAGATCAACATCACCGATACCTTCTACGTCTTTCGCTTTAGATTTGGTGTAAGCGATGGACGGACGCAGACCGAAATCGAACTGGTATTGCGCAACTAACAGAACGTCTTGCGTTTTGTTGGCGAAGCCGCTGGTGTTTGTAAATTTATTAGTGATCGGCGTAGCGTTACGGGTTTCACCGTAGTTCGCTGCCAGGTAGATGTTGTTCGCGTCGTACTTCAGACCAGTAGCCCACTGTTCAGCTTTTTTACCGTTGCCAAGAGGTTGAGCTTCTTGCAGGTTGGTACGGTCAGCTGCACCATAAGCACCAACGATACCAAAGCCTTCGTATTCGTAGCTGATAGAACCGCCAACACCGTCGCCGTTAGAACGGCGTGCAGTGTCACGCTCGTTTTTACCCAGGTACTGAACAGCGAAGTTCAGGCCATCAACCAGACCAAAGAAGTTGGAGTTACGATAGGTAGCAACGCCGCCAACACGACCAACGAAGAAGTCATCGCTGTATGCAGTATCACCACCAAATTCTGGCAGCATATCGGTGTAACCCAGTGCATCATAAACCACACCGTAGTTACGGCCGTAATCGAAAGAACCAACGTCAGCGTATTTAAGACCCGCGAATGCCAGACGCGTTTTGTTACCAGTTTGAGCGTCAGCGCCTTCAGAGTTGTTACCCTGGAAGTTATATTCCCACTGACCATAACCGGTCAGATCGGAATTGATTTGAGTTTCCCCTTTAAAACCAAGACGGGCATAGGTCATGTCGCCATTGCCACCGTAACTGTTTTCACCGTTACCCTTGGAAAAATAATGCAGACCAACAGCTTTACCGTACAGATCTACTTTGTTGCCATCTTTGTTATAGATTTCTGCAGCGTTTGCAGTACCTGCTACTAACAGAGCAGGGACGATCACTGCCAGAATATTGCGCTTCATCAT UPDATED NCBI_taxonomy_name with Escherichia coli str. K-12 substr. MG1655 UPDATED NCBI_taxonomy_id with 511145 UPDATED NCBI_taxonomy_cvterm_id with 36849 UPDATED accession with NP_415449.1 UPDATED sequence with MMKRNILAVIVPALLVAGTANAAEIYNKDGNKVDLYGKAVGLHYFSKGNGENSYGGNGDMTYARLGFKGETQINSDLTGYGQWEYNFQGNNSEGADAQTGNKTRLAFAGLKYADVGSFDYGRNYGVVYDALGYTDMLPEFGGDTAYSDDFFVGRVGGVATYRNSNFFGLVDGLNFAVQYLGKNERDTARRSNGDGVGGSISYEYEGFGIVGAYGAADRTNLQEAQPLGNGKKAEQWATGLKYDANNIYLAANYGETRNATPITNKFTNTSGFANKTQDVLLVAQYQFDFGLRPSIAYTKSKAKDVEGIGDVDLVNYFEVGATYYFNKNMSTYVDYIINQIDSDNKLGVGSDDTVAVGIVYQF UPDATED model_name with Pseudomonas aeruginosa ompF with mutation UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with reduced permeability to antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36383 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000244 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Reduction in permeability to antibiotic, generally through reduced production of porins, can provide resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefepime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35976 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000059 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefepime (INN) is a fourth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic developed in 1994. It contains an aminothiazolyl group that decreases its affinity with beta-lactamases. Cefepime shows high binding affinity with penicillin-binding proteins and has an extended spectrum of activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, with greater activity against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms than third-generation agents. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with General Bacterial Porin with reduced permeability to beta-lactams UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41445 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004281 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These are GBPs that are associated with decreased susceptibility to beta-lactams either through mutations in the porin protein, absence of the porin protein, or expression of the porin protein. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 1267 UPDATE QnrB40 sparfloxacin; norfloxacin; quinolone resistance protein (qnr); gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; antibiotic target protection; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; nalidixic acid; moxifloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with quinolone resistance protein (qnr) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36558 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000419 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Qnr proteins are pentapeptide repeat proteins that mimic DNA and protect the cell from the activity of fluoroquinolone antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target protection UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. " 784 UPDATE AAC(6')-Iv antibiotic inactivation; kanamycin A; aminoglycoside antibiotic; AAC(6'); isepamicin; sisomicin; arbekacin; gentamicin B; netilmicin; amikacin; dibekacin; neomycin; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with AAC(6') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36484 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000345 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Acetylation of the aminoglycoside antibiotic on the amino group at position 6'. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with netilmicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35956 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000038 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with dibekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35926 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 785 UPDATE OXY-2-9 penam; OXY beta-lactamase; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; monobactam; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 38788 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3002388 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXY beta-lactamases are chromosomal class A beta-lactamases that are found in Klebsiella oxytoca. At constitutive low levels, OXY beta-lactamases confer resistance to aminopenicillins and carboxypenicillins. At high induced levels, OXY beta-lactamases confer resistance to penicillins, cephalosporins and aztreonam. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 786 UPDATE vanHO glycopeptide antibiotic; glycopeptide resistance gene cluster; vanH; antibiotic target alteration; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide resistance gene cluster UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36373 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000234 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Genes that when expressed confer resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin type antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with vanH UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36015 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with VanH is a D-specific alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase that synthesizes D-lactate. D-lactate is incorporated into the end of the peptidoglycan subunits, decreasing vancomycin binding affinity. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. " 787 UPDATE dfrA23 iclaprim; trimethoprim; brodimoprim; tetroxoprim; diaminopyrimidine antibiotic; antibiotic target replacement; trimethoprim resistant dihydrofolate reductase dfr; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with iclaprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36476 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000337 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Iclaprim is a bactericidal compound that inhibits dihydrofolate reductase. It is used against clinically important Gram-positive pathogens, including methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36327 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000188 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Trimethoprim is a synthetic 5-(3,4,5- trimethoxybenzyl) pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, inhibiting synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid. Tetrahydrofolic acid is an essential precursor in the de novo synthesis of the DNA nucleotide thymidine. Trimethoprim is a bacteriostatic antibiotic mainly used in the prophylaxis and treatment of urinary tract infections in combination with sulfamethoxazole, a sulfonamide antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with brodimoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36408 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000269 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Brodimoprim is a structural derivative of trimethoprim and an inhibitor of bacterial dihydrofolate reductase. The 4-methoxy group of trimethoprim is replaced with a bromine atom. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetroxoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36423 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000284 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetroxoprim is a trimethoprim derivative that inhibits bacterial dihydrofolate reductase. UPDATED category_aro_name with diaminopyrimidine antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36310 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000171 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Diaminopyrimidines are a class of organic compounds containing a pyrimidine ring substituted by two amine groups. They are inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme critical for DNA synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target replacement UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Replacement or substitution of antibiotic action target, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim resistant dihydrofolate reductase dfr UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37617 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3001218 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Alternative dihydropteroate synthase dfr present on plasmids produces alternate proteins that are less sensitive to trimethoprim from inhibiting its role in folate synthesis, thus conferring trimethoprim resistance. " 780 UPDATE CARB-9 penam; antibiotic inactivation; CARB beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CARB beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36230 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000091 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CARB beta-lactamases are class A lactamases that can hydrolyze carbenicillin. Many of the PSE beta-lactamases have been renamed as CARB-lactamases with the notable exception of PSE-2 which is now OXA-10. " 781 UPDATE QnrB25 sparfloxacin; norfloxacin; quinolone resistance protein (qnr); gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; antibiotic target protection; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; nalidixic acid; moxifloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with quinolone resistance protein (qnr) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36558 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000419 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Qnr proteins are pentapeptide repeat proteins that mimic DNA and protect the cell from the activity of fluoroquinolone antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target protection UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. " 782 UPDATE OXA-63 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1729 UPDATE CTX-M-66 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 1726 UPDATE FOX-4 antibiotic inactivation; cephamycin; cephalosporin; FOX beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with FOX beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36206 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000067 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with FOX beta-lactamases are plasmid-encoded AmpC-type beta-lactamase which conferred resistance to broad-spectrum cephalosporins and cephamycins " 1727 UPDATE SHV-73 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 1724 UPDATE vanHM glycopeptide antibiotic; glycopeptide resistance gene cluster; vanH; antibiotic target alteration; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide resistance gene cluster UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36373 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000234 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Genes that when expressed confer resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin type antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with vanH UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36015 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with VanH is a D-specific alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase that synthesizes D-lactate. D-lactate is incorporated into the end of the peptidoglycan subunits, decreasing vancomycin binding affinity. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. " 1725 UPDATE TEM-101 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 788 UPDATE SHV-46 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 789 UPDATE IMP-43 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; carbapenem; cephalosporin; IMP beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with IMP beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36029 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Plasmid mediated IMP-type carbapenemases, of which at least 26 varieties are currently known, became established in Japan in the 1990s in enteric gram-negative organisms, Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter species. Integron-associated, sometimes within plasmids. Hydrolyses all beta-lactams except monobactams, and evades all beta-lactam inhibitors. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 1720 UPDATE tap tetracycline antibiotic; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump; tetracycline; antibiotic efflux; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and ABC transporters comprise the two largest and most functionally diverse of the transporter superfamilies. However, MFS transporters are distinct from ABC transporters in both their primary sequence and structure and in the mechanism of energy coupling. As secondary transporters they are, like RND and SMR transporters, energized by the electrochemical proton gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. " 1721 UPDATE Mycobacterium leprae folP with mutation conferring resistance to dapsone sulfadiazine; dapsone resistant dihydropteroate synthase folP; sulfadoxine; sulfacetamide; sulfadimidine; mafenide; sulfamethoxazole; sulfisoxazole; antibiotic target alteration; sulfone antibiotic; sulfamethizole; sulfasalazine; sulfonamide antibiotic; dapsone; ARO_category; model_param "UPDATED category_aro_name with sulfadiazine UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36463 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000324 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sulfadiazine is a potent inhibitor of dihydropteroate synthase, interfering with the tetrahydrofolic biosynthesis pathway. Tetrahydrofolic acid is essential for folate synthesis, a precursor to many nucleotides and amino acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with dapsone resistant dihydropteroate synthase folP UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 39972 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003388 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Dapsone inhibits bacterial synthesis of dihydrofolic acid by competing with with para-aminobenzoate for the active site of dihydropteroate synthetase. Thus acts as a competitive inhibitor of folP. Point mutation within the folP gene results in lowered affinity of dapsone for folP UPDATED category_aro_name with sulfadoxine UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36466 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000327 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sulfadoxine is an inhibitor of dihydropteroate synthase, interfering with the tetrahydrofolic biosynthesis pathway. Tetrahydrofolic acid is essential for folate synthesis, a precursor to many nucleotides and amino acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with sulfacetamide UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37027 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000683 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sulfacetamide is a very soluable sulfonamide antibiotic previously used to treat urinary tract infections. Its relatively low activity and toxicity to those with Stevens-Johnson syndrome have reduced its use and availability. UPDATED category_aro_name with sulfadimidine UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36464 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000325 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sulfadimidine is an alkaline sulfonamide antibiotic that inhibits dihydropteroate synthase, and enzyme in the tetrahydrofolic acid biosynthesis pathway. This interferes with the production of folate, which is a precursor to many amino acids and nucleotides. UPDATED category_aro_name with mafenide UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37028 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000684 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Mafenide is a sulfonamide used topically for treating burns. UPDATED category_aro_name with sulfamethoxazole UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36468 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000329 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sulfamethoxazole is a sulfonamide antibiotic usually taken with trimethoprim, a diaminopyrimidine antibiotic. Sulfamethoxazole inhibits dihydropteroate synthase, essential to tetrahydrofolic acid biosynthesis. This pathway generates compounds used in the synthesis of many amino acids and nucleotides. UPDATED category_aro_name with sulfisoxazole UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36469 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000330 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sulfisoxazole is an inhibitor of dihydropteroate synthase, interfering with the tetrahydrofolic biosynthesis pathway. Tetrahydrofolic acid is essential for folate synthesis, a precursor to many nucleotides and amino acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with sulfone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 39985 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003401 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with A sulfone active against a wide range of bacteria but mainly employed for its actions against mycobacterium laprae. Its mechanism of action involves inhibition of folic acid synthesis in susceptible organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with sulfamethizole UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37043 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000699 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sulfamethizole is a short-acting sulfonamide that inhibits dihydropteroate synthetase. UPDATED category_aro_name with sulfasalazine UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37042 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000698 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sulfasalazine is a derivative of the early sulfonamide sulfapyridine (salicylazosulfapyridine). It was developed to increase water solubility and is taken orally for ulcerative colitis. UPDATED category_aro_name with sulfonamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36421 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000282 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Sulfonamides are broad spectrum, synthetic antibiotics that contain the sulfonamide group. Sulfonamides inhibit dihydropteroate synthase, which catalyzes the conversion of p-aminobenzoic acid to dihydropteroic acid as part of the tetrahydrofolic acid biosynthetic pathway. Tetrahydrofolic acid is essential for folate synthesis, a precursor of many nucleotides and amino acids. Many sulfamides are taken with trimethoprim, an inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, also disturbing the trihydrofolic acid synthesis pathway. UPDATED category_aro_name with dapsone UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 39996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003412 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dapsone is a sulfone in which it inhibits folic acid synthesis, such as the dihydropteroate synthase. UPDATED 3409 with V48F UPDATED 3408 with V48A UPDATED 3407 with V48G UPDATED 3406 with R54G UPDATED 3409 with V48F UPDATED 3408 with V48A UPDATED 3407 with V48G UPDATED 3406 with R54G " 468 UPDATE Erm(37) antibiotic target alteration; vernamycin B-gamma; oleandomycin; macrolide antibiotic; telithromycin; tylosin; lincosamide antibiotic; dirithromycin; clarithromycin; clindamycin; dalfopristin; pristinamycin IB; quinupristin; pristinamycin IA; Erm 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase; pristinamycin IIA; madumycin II; griseoviridin; lincomycin; streptogramin antibiotic; roxithromycin; spiramycin; azithromycin; erythromycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with vernamycin B-gamma UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37022 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000678 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Vernamycin B-gamma is a class B streptogramin derived from virginiamycin S1. UPDATED category_aro_name with oleandomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37247 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000867 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Oleandomycin is a 14-membered macrolide produced by Streptomyces antibioticus. It is ssimilar to erythromycin, and contains a desosamine amino sugar and an oleandrose sugar. It targets the 50S ribosomal subunit to prevent protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with telithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35974 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000057 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Telithromycin is a semi-synthetic derivative of erythromycin. It is a 14-membered macrolide and is the first ketolide antibiotic to be used in clinics. Telithromycin binds the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with tylosin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36284 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000145 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tylosin is a 16-membered macrolide, naturally produced by Streptomyces fradiae. It interacts with the bacterial ribosome 50S subunit to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincosamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35936 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincosamides (e.g. lincomycin, clindamycin) are a class of drugs which bind to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. This interaction inhibits early elongation of peptide chains by inhibiting the transpeptidase reaction, acting similarly to macrolides. UPDATED category_aro_name with dirithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36315 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000176 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dirithromycin is an oxazine derivative of erythromycin, sharing the 14-carbon macrolide ring. The antibiotic binds to the 50S subunit of the ribosome to inhibit bacterial protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with clarithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35982 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000065 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Clarithromycin is a methyl derivative of erythromycin, sharing the 14-carbon macrolide ring. The antibiotic binds to the 50S subunit of the ribosome and is used to treat pharyngitis, tonsillitis, acute maxillary sinusitis, acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, pneumonia (especially atypical pneumonias associated with Chlamydia pneumoniae or TWAR), and skin structure infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with clindamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35983 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000066 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Clindamycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that blocks A-site aminoacyl-tRNA binding. It is usually used to treat infections with anaerobic bacteria but can also be used to treat some protozoal diseases, such as malaria. UPDATED category_aro_name with dalfopristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37018 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000674 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dalfopristin is a water-soluble semi-synthetic derivative of pristinamycin IIA. It is produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis and is used in combination with quinupristin in a 7:3 ratio. Both work together to inhibit protein synthesis, and is active against Gram-positive bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IB UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37019 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000675 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IB is a class B streptogramin similar to pristinamycin IA, the former containing a N-methyl-4-(methylamino)phenylalanine instead of a N-methyl-4-(dimethylamino)phenylalanine in its class A streptogramin counterpart (one less methyl group). UPDATED category_aro_name with quinupristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36723 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000584 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Quinupristin is a type B streptogramin and a semisynthetic derivative of pristinamycin 1A. It is a component of the drug Synercid and interacts with the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36722 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000583 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin 1A is a type B streptogramin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis. It binds to the P site of the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, preventing the extension of protein chains. UPDATED category_aro_name with Erm 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36699 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000560 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Erm proteins are part of the RNA methyltransferase family and methylate A2058 (E. coli nomenclature) of the 23S ribosomal RNA conferring degrees of resistance to Macrolides, Lincosamides and Streptogramin b. This is called the MLSb phenotype. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IIA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37013 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000669 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IIA is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with madumycin II UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37016 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000672 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Madumycin II is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with griseoviridin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000673 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Griseoviridin is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35964 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000046 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincomycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that comes from the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis. It binds to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes and inhibit early elongation of peptide chain by inhibiting transpeptidase reaction. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptogramin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35945 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000026 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptogramin antibiotics are natural products produced by various members of the Streptomyces genus. These antibiotics bind to the P site of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The family consists of two subgroups, type A and type B, which are simultaneously produced by the same bacterial species in a ratio of roughly 70:30. UPDATED category_aro_name with roxithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35946 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000027 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Roxithromycin is a semi-synthetic, 14-carbon ring macrolide antibiotic derived from erythromycin. It is used to treat respiratory tract, urinary and soft tissue infections. Roxithromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. UPDATED category_aro_name with spiramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36295 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000156 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Spiramycin is a 16-membered macrolide and is natural product produced by Streptomyces ambofaciens. It binds to the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes and inhibits peptidyl transfer activity to disrupt protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with azithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36297 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000158 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Azithromycin is a 15-membered macrolide and falls under the subclass of azalide. Like other macrolides, azithromycin binds bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The nitrogen substitution at the C-9a position prevents its degradation. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. " 60 UPDATE QnrS6 sparfloxacin; norfloxacin; quinolone resistance protein (qnr); gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; antibiotic target protection; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; nalidixic acid; moxifloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with quinolone resistance protein (qnr) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36558 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000419 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Qnr proteins are pentapeptide repeat proteins that mimic DNA and protect the cell from the activity of fluoroquinolone antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target protection UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. " 61 UPDATE OXA-330 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 62 UPDATE CMY-42 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; ceftazidime; cephamycin; CMY beta-lactamase; cefoxitin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftazidime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35977 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000060 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftazidime is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Unlike most third-generation agents, it is active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, however it has weaker activity against Gram-positive microorganisms and is not used for such infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefoxitin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35927 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefoxitin is a cephamycin antibiotic often grouped with the second generation cephalosporins. Cefoxitin is bactericidal and acts by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. Cefoxitin's 7-alpha-methoxy group and 3' leaving group make it a poor substrate for most beta-lactamases. " 63 UPDATE AAC(6')-Ib antibiotic inactivation; kanamycin A; AAC(3); AAC(6'); isepamicin; aminoglycoside antibiotic; sisomicin; arbekacin; gentamicin B; netilmicin; gentamicin C; amikacin; dibekacin; neomycin; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with AAC(3) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36461 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000322 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Acetylation of the aminoglycoside antibiotic on the amino group at position 3. UPDATED category_aro_name with AAC(6') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36484 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000345 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Acetylation of the aminoglycoside antibiotic on the amino group at position 6'. UPDATED category_aro_name with dibekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35926 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with netilmicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35956 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000038 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin C UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35933 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin C is a mixture of gentamicin C1, gentamicin C1a, and gentamicin C2 (these differ in substituents at position C6'). Gentamicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 64 UPDATE CMY-70 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 65 UPDATE GES-21 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; GES beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with GES beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36205 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000066 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with GES beta-lactamases or Guiana extended-spectrum beta-lactamases are related to the other plasmid-located class A beta-lactamases " 66 UPDATE SHV-41 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 67 UPDATE OXA-391 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 68 UPDATE TEM-132 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 69 UPDATE aadA23 antibiotic inactivation; aminoglycoside antibiotic; ANT(3''); streptomycin; spectinomycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with ANT(3'') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41439 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004275 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucleotidylylation of streptomycin at the hydroxyl group at position 3'' UPDATED category_aro_name with streptomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35958 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000040 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Streptomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with spectinomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35957 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000039 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Spectinomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Spectinomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit inhibiting translation. " 1371 UPDATE CTX-M-26 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 1588 UPDATE QnrB50 sparfloxacin; norfloxacin; quinolone resistance protein (qnr); gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; antibiotic target protection; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; nalidixic acid; moxifloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with quinolone resistance protein (qnr) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36558 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000419 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Qnr proteins are pentapeptide repeat proteins that mimic DNA and protect the cell from the activity of fluoroquinolone antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target protection UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. " 1589 UPDATE PER-3 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; carbapenem; cephalosporin; PER beta-lactamase; monobactam; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with PER beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36195 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000056 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with PER beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated extended spectrum beta-lactamases found in the Enterobacteriaceae family. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 406 UPDATE ACC-4 penam; monobactam; cephalosporin; ACC beta-lactamase; antibiotic inactivation; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with ACC beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36212 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000073 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with ACC beta-lactamases or Ambler class C beta-lactamases are AmpC beta-lactamases. They possess an interesting resistance phenotype due to their low activity against cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. " 1582 UPDATE dfrA5 iclaprim; trimethoprim; brodimoprim; tetroxoprim; diaminopyrimidine antibiotic; antibiotic target replacement; trimethoprim resistant dihydrofolate reductase dfr; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with iclaprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36476 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000337 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Iclaprim is a bactericidal compound that inhibits dihydrofolate reductase. It is used against clinically important Gram-positive pathogens, including methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36327 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000188 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Trimethoprim is a synthetic 5-(3,4,5- trimethoxybenzyl) pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, inhibiting synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid. Tetrahydrofolic acid is an essential precursor in the de novo synthesis of the DNA nucleotide thymidine. Trimethoprim is a bacteriostatic antibiotic mainly used in the prophylaxis and treatment of urinary tract infections in combination with sulfamethoxazole, a sulfonamide antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with brodimoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36408 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000269 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Brodimoprim is a structural derivative of trimethoprim and an inhibitor of bacterial dihydrofolate reductase. The 4-methoxy group of trimethoprim is replaced with a bromine atom. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetroxoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36423 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000284 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetroxoprim is a trimethoprim derivative that inhibits bacterial dihydrofolate reductase. UPDATED category_aro_name with diaminopyrimidine antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36310 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000171 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Diaminopyrimidines are a class of organic compounds containing a pyrimidine ring substituted by two amine groups. They are inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme critical for DNA synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target replacement UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Replacement or substitution of antibiotic action target, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim resistant dihydrofolate reductase dfr UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37617 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3001218 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Alternative dihydropteroate synthase dfr present on plasmids produces alternate proteins that are less sensitive to trimethoprim from inhibiting its role in folate synthesis, thus conferring trimethoprim resistance. " 1583 UPDATE QnrVC6 sparfloxacin; norfloxacin; quinolone resistance protein (qnr); gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; antibiotic target protection; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; nalidixic acid; moxifloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with quinolone resistance protein (qnr) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36558 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000419 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Qnr proteins are pentapeptide repeat proteins that mimic DNA and protect the cell from the activity of fluoroquinolone antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target protection UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. " 1580 UPDATE catIII antibiotic inactivation; thiamphenicol; chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT); azidamfenicol; phenicol antibiotic; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with thiamphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36595 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000456 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Derivative of Chloramphenicol. The nitro group (-NO2) is substituted by a sulfomethyl group (-SO2CH3). UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36261 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000122 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Inactivates chloramphenicol by addition of an acyl group. cat is used to describe many variants of the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene in a range of organisms including Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Bacillus clausii, Bacillus subtilis, Campylobacter coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, Lactococcus lactis, Listeria monocytogenes, Listonella anguillarum Morganella morganii, Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella typhi, Serratia marcescens, Shigella flexneri, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Staphylococcus intermedius, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus suis and Streptomyces acrimycini UPDATED category_aro_name with azidamfenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36521 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000382 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Azidamfenicol is a water soluble derivative of chloramphenicol, sharing the same mode of action of inhibiting peptide synthesis by interacting with the 23S RNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. " 1581 UPDATE ACT-3 antibiotic inactivation; carbapenem; penam; ACT beta-lactamase; cephalosporin; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with ACT beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36211 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000072 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with ACT beta-lactamases, also known as AmpC beta-lactamases, are cephalosporinases that cannot be inhibited by clavulanate. These enzymes are encoded by genes located on the chromosome and can be induced by the presence of beta-lactam antibiotics. However recently, these genes have been found on plasmids and expressed at high constitutive levels in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 1586 UPDATE CTX-M-32 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 1373 UPDATE CMY-26 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 1584 UPDATE tet(41) tetracycline antibiotic; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump; tetracycline; antibiotic efflux; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and ABC transporters comprise the two largest and most functionally diverse of the transporter superfamilies. However, MFS transporters are distinct from ABC transporters in both their primary sequence and structure and in the mechanism of energy coupling. As secondary transporters they are, like RND and SMR transporters, energized by the electrochemical proton gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. " 1585 UPDATE CMY-73 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 159 UPDATE vgaALC dalfopristin; pleuromutilin; ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump; antibiotic efflux; pristinamycin IIA; pleuromutilin antibiotic; madumycin II; griseoviridin; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; streptogramin antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with dalfopristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37018 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000674 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dalfopristin is a water-soluble semi-synthetic derivative of pristinamycin IIA. It is produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis and is used in combination with quinupristin in a 7:3 ratio. Both work together to inhibit protein synthesis, and is active against Gram-positive bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with pleuromutilin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37716 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3001317 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pleuromutilin is a natural product antibiotic produced by Clitopilus passeckerianus. Related antibiotics of clinical significance, such as tiamulin and retapamulin, are semi-synthetic derivatives of this compound. UPDATED category_aro_name with ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36002 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are present in all cells of all organisms and use the energy of ATP binding/hydrolysis to transport substrates across cell membranes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IIA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37013 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000669 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IIA is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with pleuromutilin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37014 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000670 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Pleuromutilins are natural fungal products that target bacterial protein translation by binding the the 23S rRNA, blocking the ribosome P site at the 50S subunit. They are mostly used for agriculture and veterinary purposes. UPDATED category_aro_name with madumycin II UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37016 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000672 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Madumycin II is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with griseoviridin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000673 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Griseoviridin is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptogramin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35945 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000026 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptogramin antibiotics are natural products produced by various members of the Streptomyces genus. These antibiotics bind to the P site of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The family consists of two subgroups, type A and type B, which are simultaneously produced by the same bacterial species in a ratio of roughly 70:30. " 1038 UPDATE cmlB1 antibiotic efflux; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump; phenicol antibiotic; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and ABC transporters comprise the two largest and most functionally diverse of the transporter superfamilies. However, MFS transporters are distinct from ABC transporters in both their primary sequence and structure and in the mechanism of energy coupling. As secondary transporters they are, like RND and SMR transporters, energized by the electrochemical proton gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. " 404 UPDATE OXA-217 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 508 UPDATE tetA(P) tetracycline antibiotic; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump; tetracycline; antibiotic efflux; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and ABC transporters comprise the two largest and most functionally diverse of the transporter superfamilies. However, MFS transporters are distinct from ABC transporters in both their primary sequence and structure and in the mechanism of energy coupling. As secondary transporters they are, like RND and SMR transporters, energized by the electrochemical proton gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. " 509 UPDATE FOX-1 antibiotic inactivation; cephamycin; cephalosporin; FOX beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with FOX beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36206 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000067 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with FOX beta-lactamases are plasmid-encoded AmpC-type beta-lactamase which conferred resistance to broad-spectrum cephalosporins and cephamycins " 1032 UPDATE OXA-365 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 507 UPDATE rosB peptide antibiotic; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump; antibiotic efflux; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and ABC transporters comprise the two largest and most functionally diverse of the transporter superfamilies. However, MFS transporters are distinct from ABC transporters in both their primary sequence and structure and in the mechanism of energy coupling. As secondary transporters they are, like RND and SMR transporters, energized by the electrochemical proton gradient. " 504 UPDATE TEM-52 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 1031 UPDATE APH(6)-Id antibiotic inactivation; APH(6); streptomycin; aminoglycoside antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with APH(6) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36290 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000151 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Phosphorylation of streptomycin on the hydroxyl group at position 6 UPDATED category_aro_name with streptomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35958 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000040 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Streptomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 502 UPDATE aadA17 antibiotic inactivation; aminoglycoside antibiotic; ANT(3''); streptomycin; spectinomycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with ANT(3'') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41439 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004275 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucleotidylylation of streptomycin at the hydroxyl group at position 3'' UPDATED category_aro_name with streptomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35958 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000040 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Streptomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with spectinomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35957 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000039 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Spectinomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Spectinomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit inhibiting translation. " 503 UPDATE CTX-M-69 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 1034 UPDATE QnrA7 sparfloxacin; norfloxacin; quinolone resistance protein (qnr); gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; antibiotic target protection; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; nalidixic acid; moxifloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with quinolone resistance protein (qnr) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36558 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000419 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Qnr proteins are pentapeptide repeat proteins that mimic DNA and protect the cell from the activity of fluoroquinolone antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target protection UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. " 402 UPDATE tet(Y) tetracycline antibiotic; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump; tetracycline; antibiotic efflux; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and ABC transporters comprise the two largest and most functionally diverse of the transporter superfamilies. However, MFS transporters are distinct from ABC transporters in both their primary sequence and structure and in the mechanism of energy coupling. As secondary transporters they are, like RND and SMR transporters, energized by the electrochemical proton gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. " 1212 UPDATE OXA-141 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 631 UPDATE TEM-21 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 632 UPDATE basR pmr phosphoethanolamine transferase; peptide antibiotic; antibiotic target alteration; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with pmr phosphoethanolamine transferase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41433 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004269 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with This family of phosphoethanolamine transferase catalyze the addition of 4-amino-4-deoxy-L-arabinose (L-Ara4N) and phosphoethanolamine to lipid A, which impedes the binding of colistin to the cell membrane. UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. " 1211 UPDATE VIM-1 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; carbapenem; cephalosporin; cephamycin; VIM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with VIM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36030 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000021 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with The Verone integron-encoded metallo-beta-lactamase (VIM) family was reported from Italy in 1999. There are, to date, 23 reported variants. VIM enzymes mostly occur in P. aeruginosa, also P. putida and, very rarely, Enterobacteriaceae. Integron-associated, sometimes within plasmids. Hydrolyses all beta-lactams except monobactams, and evades all beta-lactam inhibitors. There is a strong incidence of these in East Asia. " 1216 UPDATE SHV-119 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 635 UPDATE OXA-332 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 636 UPDATE CFE-1 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 637 UPDATE OXY-6-2 penam; OXY beta-lactamase; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; monobactam; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 38788 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3002388 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXY beta-lactamases are chromosomal class A beta-lactamases that are found in Klebsiella oxytoca. At constitutive low levels, OXY beta-lactamases confer resistance to aminopenicillins and carboxypenicillins. At high induced levels, OXY beta-lactamases confer resistance to penicillins, cephalosporins and aztreonam. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 638 UPDATE ACT-16 antibiotic inactivation; carbapenem; penam; ACT beta-lactamase; cephalosporin; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with ACT beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36211 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000072 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with ACT beta-lactamases, also known as AmpC beta-lactamases, are cephalosporinases that cannot be inhibited by clavulanate. These enzymes are encoded by genes located on the chromosome and can be induced by the presence of beta-lactam antibiotics. However recently, these genes have been found on plasmids and expressed at high constitutive levels in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 639 UPDATE AAC(3)-IV antibiotic inactivation; AAC(3); aminoglycoside antibiotic; apramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with AAC(3) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36461 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000322 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Acetylation of the aminoglycoside antibiotic on the amino group at position 3. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with apramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35955 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000037 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Apramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections in animals. Apramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 1218 UPDATE TEM-219 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 927 UPDATE OXA-381 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1394 UPDATE OXA-257 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 2416 UPDATE abcA penam; peptide antibiotic; ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump; antibiotic efflux; daptomycin; cefotaxime; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; cephalosporin; methicillin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component DELETED 36590 UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefotaxime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36989 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000645 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefotaxime is a semisynthetic cephalosporin taken parenterally. It is resistant to most beta-lactamases and active against Gram-negative rods and cocci due to its aminothiazoyl and methoximino functional groups. UPDATED category_aro_name with ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36002 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are present in all cells of all organisms and use the energy of ATP binding/hydrolysis to transport substrates across cell membranes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with methicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35934 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Derived from penicillin to combat penicillin-resistance, methicillin is insensitive to beta-lactamases (also known as penicillinases) secreted by many penicillin-resistant bacteria. Methicillin is bactericidal, and acts by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with daptomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35985 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000068 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Daptomycin is a novel lipopeptide antibiotic used in the treatment of certain infections caused by Gram-positive organisms. Daptomycin interferes with the bacterial cell membrane, reducing membrane potential and inhibiting cell wall synthesis. " 1728 UPDATE OXA-42 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 783 UPDATE NDM-1 penam; antibiotic inactivation; imipenem; cephamycin; carbapenem; cephalosporin; NDM beta-lactamase; amoxicillin; clavulanate; meropenem; ertapenem; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with imipenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36309 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000170 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Imipenem is a broad-spectrum antibiotic and is usually taken with cilastatin, which prevents hydrolysis of imipenem by renal dehydropeptidase-I. It is resistant to hydrolysis by most other beta-lactamases. Notable exceptions are the KPC beta-lactamases and Ambler Class B enzymes. UPDATED category_aro_name with NDM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36196 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000057 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with NDM beta-lactamases or New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamases are class B beta-lactamases that confer resistance to a broad range of antibiotics including carbapenems, cephalosporins and penicillins. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with clavulanate UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000079 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Adjuvant UPDATED category_aro_description with Clavulanic acid is a beta-lactamase inhibitor (marketed by GlaxoSmithKline, formerly Beecham) combined with penicillin group antibiotics to overcome certain types of antibiotic resistance. It is used to overcome resistance in bacteria that secrete beta-lactamase, which otherwise inactivates most penicillins. UPDATED category_aro_name with amoxicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35981 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000064 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amoxicillin is a moderate-spectrum, bacteriolytic, beta-lactam antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections caused by susceptible microorganisms. A derivative of penicillin, it has a wider range of treatment but remains relatively ineffective against Gram-negative bacteria. It is commonly taken with clavulanic acid, a beta-lactamase inhibitor. Like other beta-lactams, amoxicillin interferes with the synthesis of peptidoglycan. UPDATED category_aro_name with meropenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35990 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000073 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Meropenem is an ultra-broad spectrum injectable antibiotic used to treat a wide variety of infections, including meningitis and pneumonia. It is a beta-lactam and belongs to the subgroup of carbapenem, similar to imipenem and ertapenem. UPDATED category_aro_name with ertapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35987 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000070 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ertapenem is a carbapenem antibiotic and is highly resistant to beta-lactamases like other carbapenems. It inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis. " 1454 UPDATE CMY-112 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 1455 UPDATE IND-9 carbapenem; antibiotic inactivation; IND beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with IND beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36199 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000060 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with IND beta-lactamases are class B carbapenem-hydrolyzing beta-lactamases " 1456 UPDATE IMP-15 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; carbapenem; cephalosporin; IMP beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with IMP beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36029 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Plasmid mediated IMP-type carbapenemases, of which at least 26 varieties are currently known, became established in Japan in the 1990s in enteric gram-negative organisms, Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter species. Integron-associated, sometimes within plasmids. Hydrolyses all beta-lactams except monobactams, and evades all beta-lactam inhibitors. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 1105 UPDATE AAC(3)-VIa antibiotic inactivation; aminoglycoside antibiotic; gentamicin C; AAC(3); gentamicin B; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin C UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35933 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin C is a mixture of gentamicin C1, gentamicin C1a, and gentamicin C2 (these differ in substituents at position C6'). Gentamicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with AAC(3) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36461 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000322 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Acetylation of the aminoglycoside antibiotic on the amino group at position 3. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. " 1450 UPDATE Escherichia coli parC conferring resistance to fluoroquinolone fluoroquinolone self resistant parC; grepafloxacin; trovafloxacin; ofloxacin; norfloxacin; nalidixic acid; lomefloxacin; gatifloxacin; sparfloxacin; levofloxacin; fluoroquinolone resistant parC; antibiotic target alteration; enoxacin; ciprofloxacin; pefloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; moxifloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone self resistant parC UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40471 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003786 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Inherent parC resistance to fluoroquinolone from an antibiotic producer. The presence of these genes confers self-resistance to the antibiotic it produces. UPDATED category_aro_name with grepafloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37009 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000665 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Grepafloxacin is a broad-spectrum antibacterial quinoline. It is no longer taken due to its high toxicity. UPDATED category_aro_name with trovafloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37008 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000664 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Trovafloxacin is a trifluoroquinalone with a broad spectrum of activity that acts by inhibiting the uncoiling of supercoiled DNA. While potent against many Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, it is less active against pseudomonads and Cl. difficile. It is usually taken as the prodrug trovafloxacin mesylate or alatrofloxacin mesylate for oral or intravenous administration, respectively. UPDATED category_aro_name with ofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37007 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000663 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ofloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a methyl-substituted oxazine ring. It has a broad spectrum of activity including many enterobacteria and mycoplasma but most anaerobes are resistant. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with lomefloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37004 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000660 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Lomefloxacin is a difluoropiperazinyl quinolone, sharing similar activities with other fluoroquinolones. It is used to treat urinary tract infections. Relative to other fluoroquinolones, it has a longer half life and has higher serum concentrations. UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with enoxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35942 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000023 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Enoxacin belongs to a group called fluoroquinolones. Its mode of action depends upon blocking bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to DNA gyrase and causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with pefloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37142 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000762 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pefloxacin is structurally and functionally similar to norfloxacin. It is poorly active against mycobacteria, while anaerobes are resistant. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone resistant parC UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36913 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000619 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with ParC is a subunit of topoisomerase IV, which decatenates and relaxes DNA to allow access to genes for transcription or translation. Point mutations in ParC prevent fluoroquinolone antibiotics from inhibiting DNA synthesis, and confer low-level resistance. Higher-level resistance results from both gyrA and parC mutations. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. " 1103 UPDATE CMY-17 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 1452 UPDATE TEM-216 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 1453 UPDATE vanYD glycopeptide antibiotic; glycopeptide resistance gene cluster; antibiotic target alteration; vanY; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide resistance gene cluster UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36373 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000234 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Genes that when expressed confer resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin type antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with vanY UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36216 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000077 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with VanY is a D,D-carboxypeptidase that cleaves removes the terminal D-Ala from peptidoglycan for the addition of D-Lactate. The D-Ala-D-Lac peptidoglycan subunits have reduced binding affinity with vancomycin compared to D-Ala-D-Ala. " 1458 UPDATE TEM-157 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 1459 UPDATE CTX-M-78 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 1108 UPDATE Enterococcus faecium liaS mutant conferring daptomycin resistance peptide antibiotic; antibiotic target alteration; daptomycin resistant liaS; daptomycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with daptomycin resistant liaS UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41428 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004264 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutations in the liaS histidine kinase that confer daptomycin resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with daptomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35985 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000068 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Daptomycin is a novel lipopeptide antibiotic used in the treatment of certain infections caused by Gram-positive organisms. Daptomycin interferes with the bacterial cell membrane, reducing membrane potential and inhibiting cell wall synthesis. " 1109 UPDATE CAU-1 carbapenem; penam; CAU beta-lactamase; antibiotic inactivation; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CAU beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41382 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004218 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CAU beta-lactamases are a subclass B3 family. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. " 1722 UPDATE TEM-184 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 1723 UPDATE IMP-44 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; carbapenem; cephalosporin; IMP beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with IMP beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36029 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Plasmid mediated IMP-type carbapenemases, of which at least 26 varieties are currently known, became established in Japan in the 1990s in enteric gram-negative organisms, Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter species. Integron-associated, sometimes within plasmids. Hydrolyses all beta-lactams except monobactams, and evades all beta-lactam inhibitors. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 1577 UPDATE AAC(6')-32 antibiotic inactivation; kanamycin A; aminoglycoside antibiotic; AAC(6'); isepamicin; sisomicin; arbekacin; gentamicin B; netilmicin; amikacin; dibekacin; neomycin; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with AAC(6') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36484 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000345 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Acetylation of the aminoglycoside antibiotic on the amino group at position 6'. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with netilmicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35956 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000038 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with dibekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35926 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 959 UPDATE OXA-64 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 958 UPDATE OXA-418 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 216 UPDATE LEN-9 penam; LEN beta-lactamase; antibiotic inactivation; penem; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with LEN beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36236 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000097 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with LEN beta-lactamases are chromosomal class A beta-lactamases that confer resistance to ampicillin, amoxicillin, carbenicillin, and ticarcillin but not to extended-spectrum beta-lactams. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. " 217 UPDATE vanXA antibiotic target alteration; glycopeptide resistance gene cluster; teicoplanin; glycopeptide antibiotic; vanX; vancomycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide resistance gene cluster UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36373 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000234 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Genes that when expressed confer resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin type antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with teicoplanin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35948 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000029 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Teicoplanin is a glycopeptide antibiotic used in the prophylaxis and treatment of serious infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria. Teicoplanin has a unique acyl-aliphatic chain, and binds to cell wall precursors to inhibit transglycosylation and transpeptidation. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with vanX UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36020 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000011 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with VanX is a D,D-dipeptidase that cleaves D-Ala-D-Ala but not D-Ala-D-Lac, ensuring that the latter dipeptide that has reduced binding affinity with vancomycin is used to synthesize peptidoglycan substrate. UPDATED category_aro_name with vancomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35947 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000028 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Vancomycin is a glycopeptide antibiotic used in the prophylaxis and treatment of infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria. Vancomycin inhibits the synthesis of peptidoglycan, the major component of the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria. Its mechanism of action is unusual in that it acts by binding precursors of peptidoglycan, rather than by interacting with an enzyme. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. " 214 UPDATE SHV-121 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 215 UPDATE bcrC peptide antibiotic; undecaprenyl pyrophosphate related proteins conferring resistance to bacitracin; bacitracin B; bacitracin F; bacitracin A; antibiotic target alteration; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with undecaprenyl pyrophosphate related proteins conferring resistance to bacitracin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 39982 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003398 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Undecaprenyl phosphate is a universal lipid carrier of glycan biosynthetic intermediates for carbohydrate polymers that are exported to the bacterial cell envelope. Antibiotics that targets this compound or proteins associated with the production of this compound leads to cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with bacitracin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36974 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000630 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bacitracin B is a component of bacitracin, an antibiotic mixture that interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis. It differs from Bacitracin A with a valine instead of an isoleucine in its peptide. UPDATED category_aro_name with bacitracin F UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36975 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000631 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bacitracin F is a component of bacitracin, an antibiotic mixture that interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis. It is formed when the thiazoline ring of bacitracin A is oxidatively deaminated. UPDATED category_aro_name with bacitracin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36973 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000629 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bacitracin A is the primary component of bacitracin. It contains many uncommon amino acids and interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. " 213 UPDATE OXA-21 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 210 UPDATE SHV-35 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 211 UPDATE TEM-206 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 218 UPDATE npmA antibiotic target alteration; aminoglycoside antibiotic; 16S rRNA methyltransferase (A1408); ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with 16S rRNA methyltransferase (A1408) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41436 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004272 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Methyltransferases that methylate the A1408 position of 16S rRNA, which is part of an aminoglycoside binding site. " 219 UPDATE OKP-A-12 penam; antibiotic inactivation; OKP beta-lactamase; cephalosporin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with OKP beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 38817 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3002417 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OKP beta-lactamases are chromosomal class A beta-lactamase that confer resistance to penicillins and early cephalosporins in Klebsiella pneumoniae. OKP beta-lactamases can be subdivided into two groups: OKP-A and OKP-B which diverge by about 4.2% UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 957 UPDATE tet(G) tetracycline antibiotic; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump; tetracycline; antibiotic efflux; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and ABC transporters comprise the two largest and most functionally diverse of the transporter superfamilies. However, MFS transporters are distinct from ABC transporters in both their primary sequence and structure and in the mechanism of energy coupling. As secondary transporters they are, like RND and SMR transporters, energized by the electrochemical proton gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. " 956 UPDATE TEM-88 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 4 UPDATE SHV-52 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 2550 UPDATE Clostridium difficile gyrA conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones antibiotic target alteration; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; nybomycin; fluoroquinolone resistant gyrA; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nybomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40463 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003780 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with A heterocyclic antibiotic that targets mutant gyrA (type II topoisomerase) containing an S84L substitution, counteracting acquired quinolone resistance. It is effective against quinolone-resistant Gram-positive bacteria including S. aureus and E. faecalis. Due to its ability to counteract quinolone resistance by targeting the mutant form of the gyrA protein, it is classified as a reverse antibiotic (RA). UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone resistant gyrA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 39876 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003292 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with DNA gyrase is responsible for DNA supercoiling and consists of two alpha and two beta subunits. GyrA point mutations confer resistance by preventing fluoroquinolone antibiotics from binding the alpha-subunit. " 2551 UPDATE glycopeptide resistance gene cluster VanI glycopeptide antibiotic; glycopeptide resistance gene cluster; antibiotic target alteration; ARO_category; model_param "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide resistance gene cluster UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36373 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000234 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Genes that when expressed confer resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin type antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED param_description with The gene order model parameter describes the relative order of a set of genes or other genetic elements on a chromosome, a plasmid or within an operon. Antibiotic resistance is only conferred when the detected set of genes appears in the indicated order; otherwise, no resistance phenotype is produced. This parameter is part of the gene cluster meta-model, and may be attached to detection models with the following notation: [[cvterm_id 1],[cvterm_id 2],...,[cvterm_id n]], where the cvterm_id denotes a gene-associated AMR term and an attached model id. This parameter currently (August 2017) lacks an algorithm for detection. " 2396 UPDATE OXA-368 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 2397 UPDATE pgpB lipid A phosphatase; peptide antibiotic; antibiotic target alteration; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with lipid A phosphatase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41451 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004287 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with The antimicrobial activity of certain antibiotics, such as peptide antibiotics, is proposed to be initiated through binding to the lipid A moiety of lipopolysaccharides. Thus, covalent modification of Gram-negative bacterial lipid A by phosphatases is a mechanism to reduce the susceptibility of the bacteria to antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. " 2395 UPDATE apmA antibiotic inactivation; aminoglycoside antibiotic; apramycin; amp acetyltransferase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with apramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35955 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000037 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Apramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections in animals. Apramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with amp acetyltransferase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41422 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004258 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with A family of acetyltransferases that confer resistance to apramycin. " 2398 UPDATE TEM-220 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 2399 UPDATE oqxA antibiotic efflux; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; trimethoprim; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; diaminopyrimidine antibiotic; tigecycline; glycylcycline; ciprofloxacin; tetracycline antibiotic; nitrofuran antibiotic; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; nitrofurantoin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36327 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000188 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Trimethoprim is a synthetic 5-(3,4,5- trimethoxybenzyl) pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, inhibiting synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid. Tetrahydrofolic acid is an essential precursor in the de novo synthesis of the DNA nucleotide thymidine. Trimethoprim is a bacteriostatic antibiotic mainly used in the prophylaxis and treatment of urinary tract infections in combination with sulfamethoxazole, a sulfonamide antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with diaminopyrimidine antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36310 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000171 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Diaminopyrimidines are a class of organic compounds containing a pyrimidine ring substituted by two amine groups. They are inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme critical for DNA synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with tigecycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35949 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000030 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tigecycline is an glycylcycline antibiotic. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycylcycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35960 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000042 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycylcyclines are a new class of antibiotics derived from tetracycline. These tetracycline analogues are specifically designed to overcome two common mechanisms of tetracycline resistance. Presently, there is only one glycylcycline antibiotic for clinical use: tigecycline. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome, preventing the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with nitrofuran antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41240 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004116 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Nitrofurans are chemotherapeutic agents with antibacterial and antiprotozoal activity. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nitrofurantoin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35992 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000075 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nitrofurantoin is an antibiotic used to treat urinary tract infections. It inhibits enzyme synthesis by inhibiting essential enzymes involved in the citric acid cycle, as well as those involved in DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis. It is marketed under the following brand names: Furadantin, Macrobid, Macrodantin, Nitro Macro and Urantoin. " 2778 UPDATE MCR-2 peptide antibiotic; MCR phosphoethanolamine transferase; antibiotic target alteration; colistin B; colistin A; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with MCR phosphoethanolamine transferase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41432 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004268 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with A group of mobile colistin resistance genes encode the MCR family of phosphoethanolamine transferases, which catalyze the addition of phosphoethanolamine onto lipid A, thus interfering with the binding of colistin to the cell membrane. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with colistin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000624 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Colistin B, or polymyxin E2, has a 6-heptanoic acid lipid tail. Polymyxins disrupt the cell membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with colistin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000622 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Colistin A, or polymyxin E1, has a 6-octanoic acid lipid tail. Polymyxins disrupt the cell membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. " 2779 UPDATE FosA6 fosfomycin; fosfomycin thiol transferase; antibiotic inactivation; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with fosfomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35944 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000025 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Fosfomycin (also known as phosphomycin and phosphonomycin) is a broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by certain Streptomyces species. It is effective on gram positive and negative bacteria as it targets the cell wall, an essential feature shared by both bacteria. Its specific target is MurA (MurZ in E.coli), which attaches phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, a step of commitment to cell wall synthesis. In the active site of MurA, the active cysteine molecule is alkylated which stops the catalytic reaction. UPDATED category_aro_name with fosfomycin thiol transferase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36272 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000133 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Catalyzes the addition of a thiol group from a nucleophilic molecule to fosfomycin. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. " 2770 UPDATE kamB 16S rRNA methyltransferase (A1408); kanamycin A; apramycin; antibiotic target alteration; aminoglycoside antibiotic; neomycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with 16S rRNA methyltransferase (A1408) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41436 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004272 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Methyltransferases that methylate the A1408 position of 16S rRNA, which is part of an aminoglycoside binding site. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with apramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35955 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000037 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Apramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections in animals. Apramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 2771 UPDATE QepA2 antibiotic efflux; major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump; norfloxacin; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; moxifloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and ABC transporters comprise the two largest and most functionally diverse of the transporter superfamilies. However, MFS transporters are distinct from ABC transporters in both their primary sequence and structure and in the mechanism of energy coupling. As secondary transporters they are, like RND and SMR transporters, energized by the electrochemical proton gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. " 2773 UPDATE TMB-1 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; carbapenem; ceftazidime; cephamycin; TMB beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftazidime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35977 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000060 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftazidime is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Unlike most third-generation agents, it is active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, however it has weaker activity against Gram-positive microorganisms and is not used for such infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with TMB beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41216 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004104 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TMB-1, the first known member of the Tripoli metallo-beta-lactamase family (TMB) was isolated from Achromobacter xylosoxidans in a Tripoli central hospital. TMB-1 was located on a class 1 integron and is a chromosomally-encoded beta-lactamase capable of hydrolyzing multiple antibiotics. " 2774 UPDATE TMB-2 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; carbapenem; ceftazidime; cephamycin; TMB beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftazidime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35977 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000060 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftazidime is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Unlike most third-generation agents, it is active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, however it has weaker activity against Gram-positive microorganisms and is not used for such infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with TMB beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41216 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004104 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TMB-1, the first known member of the Tripoli metallo-beta-lactamase family (TMB) was isolated from Achromobacter xylosoxidans in a Tripoli central hospital. TMB-1 was located on a class 1 integron and is a chromosomally-encoded beta-lactamase capable of hydrolyzing multiple antibiotics. " 2775 UPDATE Pseudomonas aeruginosa soxR antibiotic target alteration; tetracycline antibiotic; antibiotic efflux; ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump; major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; norfloxacin; cephalosporin; cefalotin; ciprofloxacin; tigecycline; protein(s) and two-component regulatory system modulating antibiotic efflux; acridine dye; rifampin; ampicillin; penam; triclosan; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; acriflavin; glycylcycline; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; chloramphenicol; phenicol antibiotic; tetracycline; rifamycin antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Regulator DELETED 35950 UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36002 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are present in all cells of all organisms and use the energy of ATP binding/hydrolysis to transport substrates across cell membranes. UPDATED category_aro_name with major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and ABC transporters comprise the two largest and most functionally diverse of the transporter superfamilies. However, MFS transporters are distinct from ABC transporters in both their primary sequence and structure and in the mechanism of energy coupling. As secondary transporters they are, like RND and SMR transporters, energized by the electrochemical proton gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefalotin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37084 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000704 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. It is resistant to staphylococci beta-lactamases but hydrolyzed by enterobacterial beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with acriflavin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35963 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000045 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Acriflavin is a topical antiseptic. It has the form of an orange or brown powder. It may be harmful in the eyes or if inhaled. Acriflavine is also used as treatment for external fungal infections of aquarium fish. UPDATED category_aro_name with acridine dye UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36193 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000054 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Acridine dyes are cell permeable, basic molecules with an acridine chromophore. These compounds intercalate DNA. The image shown represents the core structure of the acridine family, with specific dyes containing varying substituents. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifampin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36308 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000169 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifampin is a semi-synthetic rifamycin, and inhibits RNA synthesis by binding to RNA polymerase. Rifampin is the mainstay agent for the treatment of tuberculosis, leprosy and complicated Gram-positive infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with ampicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36981 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000637 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ampicillin is a penicillin derivative that is highly acid stable, with its activity similar to benzylpenicillin. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with triclosan UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37250 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000870 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Triclosan is a common antibacterial agent added to many consumer products as a biocide. It is an inhibitor of fatty acid biosynthesis by blocking enoyl-carrier protein reductase (FabI). UPDATED category_aro_name with tigecycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35949 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000030 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tigecycline is an glycylcycline antibiotic. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycylcycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35960 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000042 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycylcyclines are a new class of antibiotics derived from tetracycline. These tetracycline analogues are specifically designed to overcome two common mechanisms of tetracycline resistance. Presently, there is only one glycylcycline antibiotic for clinical use: tigecycline. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome, preventing the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifamycin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36296 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000157 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifamycin antibiotics are a group of broad-spectrum ansamycin antibiotics that inhibit bacterial RNA polymerase by binding to a highly conserved region, blocking the oligonucleotide exit tunnel, and preventing the extension of nascent mRNAs. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. " 1858 UPDATE OXA-387 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1859 UPDATE QnrVC7 sparfloxacin; norfloxacin; quinolone resistance protein (qnr); gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; antibiotic target protection; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; nalidixic acid; moxifloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with quinolone resistance protein (qnr) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36558 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000419 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Qnr proteins are pentapeptide repeat proteins that mimic DNA and protect the cell from the activity of fluoroquinolone antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target protection UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. " 1850 UPDATE FomB fosfomycin; antibiotic inactivation; Fom phosphotransferase family; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with fosfomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35944 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000025 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Fosfomycin (also known as phosphomycin and phosphonomycin) is a broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by certain Streptomyces species. It is effective on gram positive and negative bacteria as it targets the cell wall, an essential feature shared by both bacteria. Its specific target is MurA (MurZ in E.coli), which attaches phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, a step of commitment to cell wall synthesis. In the active site of MurA, the active cysteine molecule is alkylated which stops the catalytic reaction. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with Fom phosphotransferase family UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41410 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004246 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Two members of the Fom family have been identified, FomA and FomB. FomB must interact with FomA confer resistance to fosfomycin, however FomA is capable of conferring resistance alone. " 1851 UPDATE KPC-13 antibiotic inactivation; penam; carbapenem; cephalosporin; monobactam; KPC beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with KPC beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36198 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000059 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenem resistant (KPC) beta-lactamases are notorious for their ability to efficiently hydrolyze carbapenems, unlike other Ambler Class A beta-lactamases. There are currently 9 variants reported worldwide. These enzymes were first isolated from Klebsiella pneumoniae strains in 2001 in the United States. Hospital outbreaks have since been reported in Greece and Israel and KPC carrying strains are now endemic to New York facilities. KPC-1 and KPC-2 have been shown to be identical and are now referred to as KPC-2. " 1852 UPDATE rmtF antibiotic target alteration; aminoglycoside antibiotic; 16S rRNA methyltransferase (G1405); ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with 16S rRNA methyltransferase (G1405) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41435 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004271 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Methyltransferases that methylate the G1405 position of 16S rRNA, which is part of an aminoglycoside binding site. " 1853 UPDATE OXA-20 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1854 UPDATE rmtA kanamycin A; aminoglycoside antibiotic; isepamicin; 16S rRNA methyltransferase (G1405); sisomicin; arbekacin; gentamicin B; netilmicin; antibiotic target alteration; gentamicin C; amikacin; dibekacin; G418; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with dibekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35926 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with 16S rRNA methyltransferase (G1405) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41435 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004271 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Methyltransferases that methylate the G1405 position of 16S rRNA, which is part of an aminoglycoside binding site. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with netilmicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35956 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000038 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin C UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35933 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin C is a mixture of gentamicin C1, gentamicin C1a, and gentamicin C2 (these differ in substituents at position C6'). Gentamicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with G418 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000653 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A gentamicin class aminoglycoside antibiotic often used in mammalian cell culture work as a selectable marker for the neo cassette (APH3'). UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 1855 UPDATE CTX-M-72 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 1856 UPDATE QnrB20 sparfloxacin; norfloxacin; quinolone resistance protein (qnr); gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; antibiotic target protection; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; nalidixic acid; moxifloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with quinolone resistance protein (qnr) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36558 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000419 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Qnr proteins are pentapeptide repeat proteins that mimic DNA and protect the cell from the activity of fluoroquinolone antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target protection UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. " 1857 UPDATE VIM-9 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; carbapenem; cephalosporin; cephamycin; VIM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with VIM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36030 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000021 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with The Verone integron-encoded metallo-beta-lactamase (VIM) family was reported from Italy in 1999. There are, to date, 23 reported variants. VIM enzymes mostly occur in P. aeruginosa, also P. putida and, very rarely, Enterobacteriaceae. Integron-associated, sometimes within plasmids. Hydrolyses all beta-lactams except monobactams, and evades all beta-lactam inhibitors. There is a strong incidence of these in East Asia. " 919 UPDATE PER-1 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; carbapenem; cephalosporin; PER beta-lactamase; monobactam; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with PER beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36195 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000056 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with PER beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated extended spectrum beta-lactamases found in the Enterobacteriaceae family. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 918 UPDATE TEM-49 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 915 UPDATE SHV-106 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 914 UPDATE ANT(6)-Ia antibiotic inactivation; streptomycin; aminoglycoside antibiotic; ANT(6); ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35958 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000040 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Streptomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with ANT(6) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36364 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000225 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucelotidylylation of streptomycin at the hydroxyl group at position 6 " 917 UPDATE SHV-186 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 916 UPDATE OXA-36 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 911 UPDATE CMY-50 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 910 UPDATE rphA antibiotic inactivation; rifampin; rifapentine; rifampin phosphotransferase; rifabutin; rifaximin; rifamycin antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifampin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36308 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000169 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifampin is a semi-synthetic rifamycin, and inhibits RNA synthesis by binding to RNA polymerase. Rifampin is the mainstay agent for the treatment of tuberculosis, leprosy and complicated Gram-positive infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifapentine UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36673 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000534 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifapentine is a semisynthetic rifamycin that inhibits DNA-dependent RNA synthesis. It is often used in the treatment of tuberculosis and leprosy. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifampin phosphotransferase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41087 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004040 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymes, protein or other gene products that inactivate rifampin (rifamycin) antibiotics through phosphorylation of the antibiotic at the 21-OH position. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifabutin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36669 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000530 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifabutin is a semisynthetic rifamycin used in tuberculosis therapy. It inhibits DNA-dependent RNA synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifaximin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36656 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000517 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifaximin is a semi-synthetic rifamycin used to treat traveller's diarrhea. Rifaximin inhibits RNA synthesis by binding to the beta subunit of bacterial RNA polymerase. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifamycin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36296 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000157 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifamycin antibiotics are a group of broad-spectrum ansamycin antibiotics that inhibit bacterial RNA polymerase by binding to a highly conserved region, blocking the oligonucleotide exit tunnel, and preventing the extension of nascent mRNAs. " 913 UPDATE OXY-6-4 penam; OXY beta-lactamase; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; monobactam; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 38788 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3002388 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXY beta-lactamases are chromosomal class A beta-lactamases that are found in Klebsiella oxytoca. At constitutive low levels, OXY beta-lactamases confer resistance to aminopenicillins and carboxypenicillins. At high induced levels, OXY beta-lactamases confer resistance to penicillins, cephalosporins and aztreonam. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 912 UPDATE LEN-13 penam; LEN beta-lactamase; antibiotic inactivation; penem; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with LEN beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36236 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000097 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with LEN beta-lactamases are chromosomal class A beta-lactamases that confer resistance to ampicillin, amoxicillin, carbenicillin, and ticarcillin but not to extended-spectrum beta-lactams. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. " 516 UPDATE PmrC pmr phosphoethanolamine transferase; peptide antibiotic; antibiotic target alteration; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with pmr phosphoethanolamine transferase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41433 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004269 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with This family of phosphoethanolamine transferase catalyze the addition of 4-amino-4-deoxy-L-arabinose (L-Ara4N) and phosphoethanolamine to lipid A, which impedes the binding of colistin to the cell membrane. UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. " 1420 UPDATE aadA5 antibiotic inactivation; aminoglycoside antibiotic; ANT(3''); streptomycin; spectinomycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with ANT(3'') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41439 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004275 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucleotidylylation of streptomycin at the hydroxyl group at position 3'' UPDATED category_aro_name with streptomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35958 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000040 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Streptomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with spectinomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35957 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000039 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Spectinomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Spectinomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit inhibiting translation. " 1423 UPDATE TEM-15 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 1933 UPDATE SHV-160 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 1932 UPDATE IMP-32 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; carbapenem; cephalosporin; IMP beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with IMP beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36029 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Plasmid mediated IMP-type carbapenemases, of which at least 26 varieties are currently known, became established in Japan in the 1990s in enteric gram-negative organisms, Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter species. Integron-associated, sometimes within plasmids. Hydrolyses all beta-lactams except monobactams, and evades all beta-lactam inhibitors. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 1931 UPDATE TEM-150 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 1930 UPDATE CTX-M-29 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 1937 UPDATE OXA-118 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1936 UPDATE CTX-M-43 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 1935 UPDATE Mycobacterium tuberculosis gyrA conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones nybomycin; grepafloxacin; trovafloxacin; ofloxacin; norfloxacin; nalidixic acid; lomefloxacin; gatifloxacin; fluoroquinolone resistant gyrA; levofloxacin; sparfloxacin; antibiotic target alteration; enoxacin; ciprofloxacin; pefloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; moxifloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with nybomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40463 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003780 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with A heterocyclic antibiotic that targets mutant gyrA (type II topoisomerase) containing an S84L substitution, counteracting acquired quinolone resistance. It is effective against quinolone-resistant Gram-positive bacteria including S. aureus and E. faecalis. Due to its ability to counteract quinolone resistance by targeting the mutant form of the gyrA protein, it is classified as a reverse antibiotic (RA). UPDATED category_aro_name with grepafloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37009 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000665 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Grepafloxacin is a broad-spectrum antibacterial quinoline. It is no longer taken due to its high toxicity. UPDATED category_aro_name with trovafloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37008 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000664 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Trovafloxacin is a trifluoroquinalone with a broad spectrum of activity that acts by inhibiting the uncoiling of supercoiled DNA. While potent against many Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, it is less active against pseudomonads and Cl. difficile. It is usually taken as the prodrug trovafloxacin mesylate or alatrofloxacin mesylate for oral or intravenous administration, respectively. UPDATED category_aro_name with ofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37007 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000663 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ofloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a methyl-substituted oxazine ring. It has a broad spectrum of activity including many enterobacteria and mycoplasma but most anaerobes are resistant. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with lomefloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37004 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000660 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Lomefloxacin is a difluoropiperazinyl quinolone, sharing similar activities with other fluoroquinolones. It is used to treat urinary tract infections. Relative to other fluoroquinolones, it has a longer half life and has higher serum concentrations. UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone resistant gyrA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 39876 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003292 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with DNA gyrase is responsible for DNA supercoiling and consists of two alpha and two beta subunits. GyrA point mutations confer resistance by preventing fluoroquinolone antibiotics from binding the alpha-subunit. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with enoxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35942 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000023 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Enoxacin belongs to a group called fluoroquinolones. Its mode of action depends upon blocking bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to DNA gyrase and causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with pefloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37142 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000762 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pefloxacin is structurally and functionally similar to norfloxacin. It is poorly active against mycobacteria, while anaerobes are resistant. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. " 1934 UPDATE lnuD antibiotic inactivation; lincosamide nucleotidyltransferase (LNU); lincosamide antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincosamide nucleotidyltransferase (LNU) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000221 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Resistance to the lincosamide antibiotic by ATP-dependent modification of the 3' and/or 4'-hydroxyl groups of the methylthiolincosamide sugar. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincosamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35936 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincosamides (e.g. lincomycin, clindamycin) are a class of drugs which bind to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. This interaction inhibits early elongation of peptide chains by inhibiting the transpeptidase reaction, acting similarly to macrolides. " 1939 UPDATE AAC(6')-Ix antibiotic inactivation; kanamycin A; aminoglycoside antibiotic; AAC(6'); isepamicin; sisomicin; arbekacin; gentamicin B; netilmicin; amikacin; dibekacin; neomycin; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with AAC(6') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36484 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000345 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Acetylation of the aminoglycoside antibiotic on the amino group at position 6'. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with netilmicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35956 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000038 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with dibekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35926 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 1938 UPDATE mtrD penam; antibiotic efflux; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; macrolide antibiotic; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; penicillin; azithromycin; erythromycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component DELETED 36590 UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with penicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35971 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000054 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Penicillin (sometimes abbreviated PCN) is a beta-lactam antibiotic used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. It works by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with azithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36297 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000158 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Azithromycin is a 15-membered macrolide and falls under the subclass of azalide. Like other macrolides, azithromycin binds bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The nitrogen substitution at the C-9a position prevents its degradation. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. " 847 UPDATE CTX-M-108 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 846 UPDATE DHA-12 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; cephamycin; DHA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with DHA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36207 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000068 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with DHA beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated AmpC β-lactamases that confer resistance to cephamycins and oxyimino-cephalosporins. " 845 UPDATE TEM-163 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 844 UPDATE CMY-117 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 843 UPDATE QnrB14 sparfloxacin; norfloxacin; quinolone resistance protein (qnr); gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; antibiotic target protection; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; nalidixic acid; moxifloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with quinolone resistance protein (qnr) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36558 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000419 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Qnr proteins are pentapeptide repeat proteins that mimic DNA and protect the cell from the activity of fluoroquinolone antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target protection UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. " 842 UPDATE PmrE pmr phosphoethanolamine transferase; peptide antibiotic; antibiotic target alteration; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with pmr phosphoethanolamine transferase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41433 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004269 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with This family of phosphoethanolamine transferase catalyze the addition of 4-amino-4-deoxy-L-arabinose (L-Ara4N) and phosphoethanolamine to lipid A, which impedes the binding of colistin to the cell membrane. UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. " 841 UPDATE CTX-M-14 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 840 UPDATE CMY-20 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 1426 UPDATE IMP-7 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; carbapenem; cephalosporin; IMP beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with IMP beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36029 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Plasmid mediated IMP-type carbapenemases, of which at least 26 varieties are currently known, became established in Japan in the 1990s in enteric gram-negative organisms, Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter species. Integron-associated, sometimes within plasmids. Hydrolyses all beta-lactams except monobactams, and evades all beta-lactam inhibitors. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 849 UPDATE OXA-138 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 848 UPDATE OKP-A-2 penam; antibiotic inactivation; OKP beta-lactamase; cephalosporin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with OKP beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 38817 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3002417 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OKP beta-lactamases are chromosomal class A beta-lactamase that confer resistance to penicillins and early cephalosporins in Klebsiella pneumoniae. OKP beta-lactamases can be subdivided into two groups: OKP-A and OKP-B which diverge by about 4.2% UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 459 UPDATE CTX-M-94 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 1587 UPDATE OXA-10 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1739 UPDATE SHV-16 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 1738 UPDATE CTX-M-45 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 1731 UPDATE mphB antibiotic inactivation; macrolide phosphotransferase (MPH); oleandomycin; dirithromycin; macrolide antibiotic; telithromycin; azithromycin; roxithromycin; spiramycin; clarithromycin; tylosin; erythromycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide phosphotransferase (MPH) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36472 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000333 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolide phosphotransferases (MPH) are enzymes encoded by macrolide phosphotransferase genes (mph genes). These enzymes phosphorylate macrolides in GTP dependent manner at 2'-OH of desosamine sugar thereby inactivating them. Characterized MPH's are differentiated based on their substrate specificity. UPDATED category_aro_name with oleandomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37247 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000867 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Oleandomycin is a 14-membered macrolide produced by Streptomyces antibioticus. It is ssimilar to erythromycin, and contains a desosamine amino sugar and an oleandrose sugar. It targets the 50S ribosomal subunit to prevent protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with dirithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36315 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000176 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dirithromycin is an oxazine derivative of erythromycin, sharing the 14-carbon macrolide ring. The antibiotic binds to the 50S subunit of the ribosome to inhibit bacterial protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with telithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35974 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000057 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Telithromycin is a semi-synthetic derivative of erythromycin. It is a 14-membered macrolide and is the first ketolide antibiotic to be used in clinics. Telithromycin binds the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with azithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36297 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000158 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Azithromycin is a 15-membered macrolide and falls under the subclass of azalide. Like other macrolides, azithromycin binds bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The nitrogen substitution at the C-9a position prevents its degradation. UPDATED category_aro_name with roxithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35946 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000027 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Roxithromycin is a semi-synthetic, 14-carbon ring macrolide antibiotic derived from erythromycin. It is used to treat respiratory tract, urinary and soft tissue infections. Roxithromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. UPDATED category_aro_name with spiramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36295 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000156 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Spiramycin is a 16-membered macrolide and is natural product produced by Streptomyces ambofaciens. It binds to the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes and inhibits peptidyl transfer activity to disrupt protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with clarithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35982 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000065 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Clarithromycin is a methyl derivative of erythromycin, sharing the 14-carbon macrolide ring. The antibiotic binds to the 50S subunit of the ribosome and is used to treat pharyngitis, tonsillitis, acute maxillary sinusitis, acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, pneumonia (especially atypical pneumonias associated with Chlamydia pneumoniae or TWAR), and skin structure infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with tylosin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36284 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000145 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tylosin is a 16-membered macrolide, naturally produced by Streptomyces fradiae. It interacts with the bacterial ribosome 50S subunit to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. " 1730 UPDATE OXA-235 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1733 UPDATE OXA-415 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1732 UPDATE SHV-151 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 1735 UPDATE vatA dalfopristin; antibiotic inactivation; streptogramin vat acetyltransferase; pristinamycin IIA; madumycin II; griseoviridin; streptogramin antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with dalfopristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37018 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000674 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dalfopristin is a water-soluble semi-synthetic derivative of pristinamycin IIA. It is produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis and is used in combination with quinupristin in a 7:3 ratio. Both work together to inhibit protein synthesis, and is active against Gram-positive bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptogramin vat acetyltransferase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36592 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000453 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with vat (Virginiamycin acetyltransferases) enzymes catalyze the transfer of an acetyl group from acetyl-CoA to the secondary alcohol of streptogramin A compounds, thus inactivating virginiamycin-like antibiotics and conferring resistance to these compounds. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IIA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37013 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000669 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IIA is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with madumycin II UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37016 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000672 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Madumycin II is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with griseoviridin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000673 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Griseoviridin is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptogramin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35945 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000026 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptogramin antibiotics are natural products produced by various members of the Streptomyces genus. These antibiotics bind to the P site of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The family consists of two subgroups, type A and type B, which are simultaneously produced by the same bacterial species in a ratio of roughly 70:30. " 1734 UPDATE IND-4 carbapenem; antibiotic inactivation; IND beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with IND beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36199 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000060 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with IND beta-lactamases are class B carbapenem-hydrolyzing beta-lactamases " 1737 UPDATE ANT(4')-Ia antibiotic inactivation; aminoglycoside antibiotic; ribostamycin; paromomycin; kanamycin A; gentamicin B; ANT(4'); isepamicin; G418; neomycin; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with ribostamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35940 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000021 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ribostamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Ribostamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with paromomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000657 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with An aminoglycoside antibiotic used for the treatment of parasitic infections. It is similar to neomycin sharing a similar spectrum of activity, but its hydroxyl group at the 6'-position instead of an amino group makes it resistant to AAC(6') modifying enzymes. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with ANT(4') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36368 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000229 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucleotidylylation of 2-deoxystreptamine aminoglycosides at the hydroxyl group at position 4' UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with G418 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000653 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A gentamicin class aminoglycoside antibiotic often used in mammalian cell culture work as a selectable marker for the neo cassette (APH3'). UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 1736 UPDATE GES-24 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; GES beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with GES beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36205 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000066 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with GES beta-lactamases or Guiana extended-spectrum beta-lactamases are related to the other plasmid-located class A beta-lactamases " 1039 UPDATE dfrB3 iclaprim; trimethoprim; brodimoprim; tetroxoprim; diaminopyrimidine antibiotic; antibiotic target replacement; trimethoprim resistant dihydrofolate reductase dfr; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with iclaprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36476 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000337 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Iclaprim is a bactericidal compound that inhibits dihydrofolate reductase. It is used against clinically important Gram-positive pathogens, including methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36327 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000188 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Trimethoprim is a synthetic 5-(3,4,5- trimethoxybenzyl) pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, inhibiting synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid. Tetrahydrofolic acid is an essential precursor in the de novo synthesis of the DNA nucleotide thymidine. Trimethoprim is a bacteriostatic antibiotic mainly used in the prophylaxis and treatment of urinary tract infections in combination with sulfamethoxazole, a sulfonamide antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with brodimoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36408 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000269 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Brodimoprim is a structural derivative of trimethoprim and an inhibitor of bacterial dihydrofolate reductase. The 4-methoxy group of trimethoprim is replaced with a bromine atom. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetroxoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36423 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000284 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetroxoprim is a trimethoprim derivative that inhibits bacterial dihydrofolate reductase. UPDATED category_aro_name with diaminopyrimidine antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36310 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000171 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Diaminopyrimidines are a class of organic compounds containing a pyrimidine ring substituted by two amine groups. They are inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme critical for DNA synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target replacement UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Replacement or substitution of antibiotic action target, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim resistant dihydrofolate reductase dfr UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37617 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3001218 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Alternative dihydropteroate synthase dfr present on plasmids produces alternate proteins that are less sensitive to trimethoprim from inhibiting its role in folate synthesis, thus conferring trimethoprim resistance. " 753 UPDATE SMB-1 SMB beta-lactamase; carbapenem; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; penam; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with SMB beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41381 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004217 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SMB beta-lactamases are a subclass B3 beta-lactamases that hydrolyze a variety of beta-lactams, including penicillins, cephalosporins, and carbapenems. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. " 752 UPDATE vanRM glycopeptide antibiotic; glycopeptide resistance gene cluster; antibiotic target alteration; vanR; vancomycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide resistance gene cluster UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36373 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000234 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Genes that when expressed confer resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin type antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with vanR UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36713 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000574 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with VanR is a OmpR-family transcriptional activator in the VanSR regulatory system. When activated by VanS, it promotes cotranscription of VanA, VanH, and VanX. UPDATED category_aro_name with vancomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35947 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000028 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Vancomycin is a glycopeptide antibiotic used in the prophylaxis and treatment of infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria. Vancomycin inhibits the synthesis of peptidoglycan, the major component of the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria. Its mechanism of action is unusual in that it acts by binding precursors of peptidoglycan, rather than by interacting with an enzyme. " 751 UPDATE TEM-217 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 750 UPDATE SHV-172 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 757 UPDATE CMY-80 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 756 UPDATE Enterococcus faecium liaR mutant conferring daptomycin resistance peptide antibiotic; antibiotic target alteration; daptomycin resistant liaR; daptomycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with daptomycin resistant liaR UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41427 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004263 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutations to the liaR response regulator that confer resistance to daptomycin. UPDATED category_aro_name with daptomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35985 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000068 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Daptomycin is a novel lipopeptide antibiotic used in the treatment of certain infections caused by Gram-positive organisms. Daptomycin interferes with the bacterial cell membrane, reducing membrane potential and inhibiting cell wall synthesis. " 755 UPDATE KPC-9 antibiotic inactivation; penam; carbapenem; cephalosporin; monobactam; KPC beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with KPC beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36198 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000059 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenem resistant (KPC) beta-lactamases are notorious for their ability to efficiently hydrolyze carbapenems, unlike other Ambler Class A beta-lactamases. There are currently 9 variants reported worldwide. These enzymes were first isolated from Klebsiella pneumoniae strains in 2001 in the United States. Hospital outbreaks have since been reported in Greece and Israel and KPC carrying strains are now endemic to New York facilities. KPC-1 and KPC-2 have been shown to be identical and are now referred to as KPC-2. " 754 UPDATE CTX-M-48 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 759 UPDATE OCH-2 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; cephamycin; monobactam; OCH beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OCH beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36233 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000094 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OCH beta-lactamases are Ambler class C chromosomal-encoded beta-lactamases in Ochrobactrum anthropi " 758 UPDATE OXA-198 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1595 UPDATE mecB antibiotic target replacement; ceftaroline; ampicillin; flucloxacillin; ceftibuten; cefditoren; piperacillin; cefpodoxime; cefixime; cefdinir; meropenem; carbapenem; imipenem; aztreonam; cefradine; isopenicillin N; cefazolin; penicillin N; ceftazidime; cefepime; penicillin; oxacillin; cefmetazole; moxalactam; cloxacillin; cefadroxil; ceftriaxone; methicillin; loracarbef; ceftizoxime; cephalosporin; cefotaxime; cefaclor; phenoxymethylpenicillin; cefonicid; monobactam; cefuroxime; amoxicillin; mezlocillin; azlocillin; cefalexin; doripenem; cefotiam; ertapenem; penam; cefprozil; cephapirin; ceftobiprole; benzylpenicillin; methicillin resistant PBP2; cephamycin; carbenicillin; cefalotin; ceftiofur; mecillinam; propicillin; cefoxitin; dicloxacillin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with ampicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36981 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000637 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ampicillin is a penicillin derivative that is highly acid stable, with its activity similar to benzylpenicillin. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target replacement UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Replacement or substitution of antibiotic action target, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftibuten UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36992 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000648 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftibuten is a semisynthetic cephalosporin active against Gram-negative bacilli. It is resistant against many plasmid-mediated beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefditoren UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36993 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000649 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefditoren is a semisynthetic cephalosporin active against staphylococci, streptococci, and and most enterobacteria. It is resistant to staphylococcal and most enterobacterial beta-lactamases, and is usually taken as the prodrug cefditoren pivoxil. UPDATED category_aro_name with piperacillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35995 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000078 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Piperacillin is an acetylureidopenicillin and has an extended spectrum of targets relative to other beta-lactam antibiotics. It inhibits cell wall synthesis in bacteria, and is usually taken with the beta-lactamase inhibitor tazobactam to overcome penicillin-resistant bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefpodoxime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000647 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefpodoxime is a semisynthetic cephalosporin that acts similarly to cefotaxime with broad-spectrum activity. It is stable to many plasmid-mediated beta-lactamses. Cefpodoxime is consumed as the prodrug cefpodoxime proxetil. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefixime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36990 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000646 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefixime is a cephalosporin resistant to most beta-lactamases. It is active against many enterobacteria, but activity against staphylococci is poor. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefdinir UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36994 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000650 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefdinir is similar to cefixime with a modified side-chain at its 7-amino position. It also shares similar activity with cefixime but is more active against staphylococci. It has also be shown to enhance phagocytosis. UPDATED category_aro_name with meropenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35990 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000073 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Meropenem is an ultra-broad spectrum injectable antibiotic used to treat a wide variety of infections, including meningitis and pneumonia. It is a beta-lactam and belongs to the subgroup of carbapenem, similar to imipenem and ertapenem. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with imipenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36309 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000170 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Imipenem is a broad-spectrum antibiotic and is usually taken with cilastatin, which prevents hydrolysis of imipenem by renal dehydropeptidase-I. It is resistant to hydrolysis by most other beta-lactamases. Notable exceptions are the KPC beta-lactamases and Ambler Class B enzymes. UPDATED category_aro_name with azlocillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36982 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000638 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Azlocillin is a semisynthetic derivative of penicillin that is notably active against Ps. aeruginosa and other Gram-negative bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with aztreonam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36689 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000550 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Aztreonam was the first monobactam discovered, and is greatly effective against Gram-negative bacteria while inactive against Gram-positive bacteria. Artreonam is a poor substrate for beta-lactamases, and may even act as an inhibitor. In Gram-negative bacteria, Aztreonam interferes with filamentation, inhibiting cell division and leading to cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftazidime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35977 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000060 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftazidime is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Unlike most third-generation agents, it is active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, however it has weaker activity against Gram-positive microorganisms and is not used for such infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefazolin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35975 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000058 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefazolin (INN), also known as cefazoline or cephazolin, is a first generation cephalosporin antibiotic. It is administered parenterally, and is active against a broad spectrum of bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with penicillin N UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37086 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Penicillin N is a penicillin derivative produced by Cephalosporium acremonium. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefmetazole UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40928 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefmetazole is a semi-synthetic cephamycin antibiotic with broad spectrum antibiotic activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, that disrupt cell wall synthesis through binding to PBPs causing cell lysis. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefepime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35976 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000059 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefepime (INN) is a fourth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic developed in 1994. It contains an aminothiazolyl group that decreases its affinity with beta-lactamases. Cefepime shows high binding affinity with penicillin-binding proteins and has an extended spectrum of activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, with greater activity against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms than third-generation agents. UPDATED category_aro_name with penicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35971 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000054 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Penicillin (sometimes abbreviated PCN) is a beta-lactam antibiotic used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. It works by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with oxacillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35973 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000056 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Oxacillin is a penicillinase-resistant beta-lactam. It is similar to methicillin, and has replaced methicillin in clinical use. Oxacillin, especially in combination with other antibiotics, is effective against many penicillinase-producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxalactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40944 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxalactam (Latamoxef) is a broad spectrum cephalosporin (oxacephem) and beta-lactam antibiotic. Moxalactam binding to PBPs inhibits peptidoglycan cross-linkage in the cell wall, resulting in cell death. Moxalactam is proposed to be effective against meningitides as it passes the blood-brain barrier. UPDATED category_aro_name with cloxacillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35930 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000011 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cloxacillin is a semisynthetic, isoxazolyl penicillin derivative in the beta-lactam class of antibiotics. It interferes with peptidogylcan synthesis and is commonly used for treating penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftaroline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36995 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000651 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftaroline is a novel cephalosporin active against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Like other cephalosporins it binds penicillin-binding proteins to inhibit cell wall synthesis. It strongly binds with PBP2a, associated with methicillin resistance. It is taken orally as the prodrug ceftaroline fosamil. UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftriaxone UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35979 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000062 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftriaxone is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. The presence of an aminothiazolyl sidechain increases ceftriazone's resistance to beta-lactamases. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with methicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35934 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Derived from penicillin to combat penicillin-resistance, methicillin is insensitive to beta-lactamases (also known as penicillinases) secreted by many penicillin-resistant bacteria. Methicillin is bactericidal, and acts by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with loracarbef UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40943 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Loracarbef is a second-generation cephalosporin (carbacephem) and broad spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic. Loracarbef inhibits PBPs through binding, disrupting peptidoglycan cell wall cross-linkage and resulting in cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with flucloxacillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36980 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000636 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Flucloxacillin is similar to cloxacillin, with an extra additional fluorine atom. UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftizoxime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40934 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftizoxime is a third-generation cephalosporin and broad spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic. Ceftizoxime causes bacterial cell lysis through peptidoglycan cross-linking inhibition by binding to PBPs. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefotaxime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36989 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000645 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefotaxime is a semisynthetic cephalosporin taken parenterally. It is resistant to most beta-lactamases and active against Gram-negative rods and cocci due to its aminothiazoyl and methoximino functional groups. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefaclor UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000644 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefaclor is a semisynthetic cephalosporin derived from cephalexin. It has broad-spectrum antibiotic activity. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenoxymethylpenicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36977 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000633 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenoxymethylpenicillin, or penicillin V, is a penicillin derivative that is acid stable but less active than benzylpenicillin (penicillin G). UPDATED category_aro_name with cefonicid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40929 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefonicid is a second-generation cephalosporin-class beta-lactam antibiotic with broad spectrum activity. Particularly used against urinary tract infections and lower respiratory infections. Causes cell lysis by inactivation of PBPs through binding, inhibiting peptidoglycan synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefuroxime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35980 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000063 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefuroxime is a second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with increased stability with beta-lactamases than first-generation cephalosporins. Cefuroxime is active against Gram-positive organisms but less active against methicillin-resistant strains. UPDATED category_aro_name with amoxicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35981 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000064 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amoxicillin is a moderate-spectrum, bacteriolytic, beta-lactam antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections caused by susceptible microorganisms. A derivative of penicillin, it has a wider range of treatment but remains relatively ineffective against Gram-negative bacteria. It is commonly taken with clavulanic acid, a beta-lactamase inhibitor. Like other beta-lactams, amoxicillin interferes with the synthesis of peptidoglycan. UPDATED category_aro_name with mezlocillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36983 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000639 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Mezlocillin is a penicillin derivative taken parenterally. UPDATED category_aro_name with isopenicillin N UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37085 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000705 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Isopenicillin N is a natural penicillin derivative produced by Penicillium chrysogenum with activity similar to penicillin N. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefalexin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36985 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000641 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefalexin is a cephalosporin antibiotic that causes filamentation. It is resistant to staphylococcal beta-lactamase, but degraded by enterobacterial beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with doripenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36984 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000640 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Doripenem is a carbapenem with a broad range of activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and along with meropenem, it is the most active beta-lactam antibiotic against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefotiam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36987 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000643 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefotiam is a cephalosporin antibiotic with similar activity to cefuroxime but more active against enterobacteria. It is consumed orally as the prodrug cefotiam hexetil. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefadroxil UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36986 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000642 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefadroxil, or p-hydroxycephalexin, is an cephalosporin antibiotic similar to cefalexin. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefprozil UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefprozil is a cephalosporin and beta-lactam antibiotic with bactericidal activity. It selectively binds to PBPs and inhibits peptidoglycan synthesis, a major cell wall component, resulting in cell lysis. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephapirin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephapirin is a first-generation cephalosporin and broad spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic. Inactivation of penicillin-binding proteins through cephapirin binding disrupts peptidoglycan cross-linking, resulting in cell lysis. UPDATED category_aro_name with dicloxacillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36979 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000635 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dicloxacillin is a penicillin derivative that has an extra chlorine atom in comparison to cloxacillin. While more active than cloxacillin, its high affinity for serum protein reduces its activity in human serum in vitro. UPDATED category_aro_name with benzylpenicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36976 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000632 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Benzylpenicillin, commonly referred to as penicillin G, is effective against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. It is unstable in acid. UPDATED category_aro_name with methicillin resistant PBP2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37589 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3001208 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with In methicillin sensitive S. aureus (MSSA), beta-lactams bind to native penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) and disrupt synthesis of the cell membrane's peptidoglycan layer. In methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA), foreign PBP2a acquired by lateral gene transfer is able to perform peptidoglycan synthesis in the presence of beta-lactams. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftobiprole UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35978 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000061 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftobiprole (Zeftera/Zevtera) is a next generation (5th generation) cephalosporin antibiotic with activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterococci. Ceftobiprole inhibits transpeptidases essential to building cell walls, and is a poor substrate for most beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbenicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35961 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000043 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbenicillin is a semi-synthetic antibiotic belonging to the carboxypenicillin subgroup of the penicillins. It has gram-negative coverage which includes Pseudomonas aeruginosa but limited gram-positive coverage. The carboxypenicillins are susceptible to degradation by beta-lactamase enzymes. Carbenicillin antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefalotin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37084 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000704 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. It is resistant to staphylococci beta-lactamases but hydrolyzed by enterobacterial beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftiofur UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40933 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftiofur is a third-generation broad spectrum cephalosporin and beta-lactam antibiotic. It causes cell lysis by disrupting peptidoglycan cross-linkage and cell wall formation by binding to PBPs. UPDATED category_aro_name with mecillinam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37141 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000761 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Mecillinam is a broad-spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic that was semi-synthetically derived to have a different drug centre, being a 6-alpha-amidinopenicillanate instead of a 6-alpha-acylaminopenicillanate. Contrasting most beta-lactam drugs, mecillinam is most active against Gram-negative bacteria. It binds specifically to penicillin binding protein 2 (PBP2). UPDATED category_aro_name with propicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36978 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000634 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Propicillin is an orally taken penicillin derivative that has high absorption but poor activity. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefoxitin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35927 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefoxitin is a cephamycin antibiotic often grouped with the second generation cephalosporins. Cefoxitin is bactericidal and acts by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. Cefoxitin's 7-alpha-methoxy group and 3' leaving group make it a poor substrate for most beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with ertapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35987 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000070 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ertapenem is a carbapenem antibiotic and is highly resistant to beta-lactamases like other carbapenems. It inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefradine UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40936 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004009 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefradine is a first-generation cephalosporin and broad spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic. Cefradine binding to penicillin-binding proteins disrupts cell wall peptidoglycan cross-linkage, resulting in cell lysis. " 506 UPDATE IMP-5 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; carbapenem; cephalosporin; IMP beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with IMP beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36029 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Plasmid mediated IMP-type carbapenemases, of which at least 26 varieties are currently known, became established in Japan in the 1990s in enteric gram-negative organisms, Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter species. Integron-associated, sometimes within plasmids. Hydrolyses all beta-lactams except monobactams, and evades all beta-lactam inhibitors. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 1597 UPDATE SHV-2A carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 1596 UPDATE OXA-24 penam; antibiotic inactivation; BAL30072; cephalosporin; monobactam; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with BAL30072 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40512 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003821 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with BAL30072 is a monocyclic beta-lactam antibiotic belonging to the sulfactams. BAL30072 was found to trigger the spheroplasting and lysis of Escherichia coli rather than the formation of extensive filaments. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1591 UPDATE CMY-64 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 1590 UPDATE QnrB27 sparfloxacin; norfloxacin; quinolone resistance protein (qnr); gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; antibiotic target protection; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; nalidixic acid; moxifloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with quinolone resistance protein (qnr) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36558 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000419 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Qnr proteins are pentapeptide repeat proteins that mimic DNA and protect the cell from the activity of fluoroquinolone antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target protection UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. " 1593 UPDATE CMY-99 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 1592 UPDATE dfrA14 iclaprim; trimethoprim; brodimoprim; tetroxoprim; diaminopyrimidine antibiotic; antibiotic target replacement; trimethoprim resistant dihydrofolate reductase dfr; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with iclaprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36476 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000337 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Iclaprim is a bactericidal compound that inhibits dihydrofolate reductase. It is used against clinically important Gram-positive pathogens, including methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36327 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000188 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Trimethoprim is a synthetic 5-(3,4,5- trimethoxybenzyl) pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, inhibiting synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid. Tetrahydrofolic acid is an essential precursor in the de novo synthesis of the DNA nucleotide thymidine. Trimethoprim is a bacteriostatic antibiotic mainly used in the prophylaxis and treatment of urinary tract infections in combination with sulfamethoxazole, a sulfonamide antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with brodimoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36408 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000269 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Brodimoprim is a structural derivative of trimethoprim and an inhibitor of bacterial dihydrofolate reductase. The 4-methoxy group of trimethoprim is replaced with a bromine atom. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetroxoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36423 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000284 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetroxoprim is a trimethoprim derivative that inhibits bacterial dihydrofolate reductase. UPDATED category_aro_name with diaminopyrimidine antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36310 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000171 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Diaminopyrimidines are a class of organic compounds containing a pyrimidine ring substituted by two amine groups. They are inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme critical for DNA synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target replacement UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Replacement or substitution of antibiotic action target, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim resistant dihydrofolate reductase dfr UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37617 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3001218 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Alternative dihydropteroate synthase dfr present on plasmids produces alternate proteins that are less sensitive to trimethoprim from inhibiting its role in folate synthesis, thus conferring trimethoprim resistance. " 1599 UPDATE SHV-23 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 1030 UPDATE vanZA vanZ; glycopeptide resistance gene cluster; teicoplanin; antibiotic target alteration; vancomycin; glycopeptide antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with vanZ UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36255 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000116 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with VanZ is a teicoplanin resistance gene that is an accessory protein. VanZ prevents the incorporation of the terminal D-Ala into peptidoglycan subunits. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide resistance gene cluster UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36373 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000234 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Genes that when expressed confer resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin type antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with teicoplanin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35948 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000029 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Teicoplanin is a glycopeptide antibiotic used in the prophylaxis and treatment of serious infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria. Teicoplanin has a unique acyl-aliphatic chain, and binds to cell wall precursors to inhibit transglycosylation and transpeptidation. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with vancomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35947 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000028 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Vancomycin is a glycopeptide antibiotic used in the prophylaxis and treatment of infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria. Vancomycin inhibits the synthesis of peptidoglycan, the major component of the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria. Its mechanism of action is unusual in that it acts by binding precursors of peptidoglycan, rather than by interacting with an enzyme. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. " 1025 UPDATE TEM-136 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 1024 UPDATE AAC(6')-Ib-SK antibiotic inactivation; kanamycin A; aminoglycoside antibiotic; AAC(6'); isepamicin; sisomicin; arbekacin; gentamicin B; netilmicin; amikacin; dibekacin; neomycin; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with AAC(6') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36484 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000345 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Acetylation of the aminoglycoside antibiotic on the amino group at position 6'. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with netilmicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35956 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000038 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with dibekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35926 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 1027 UPDATE tet(H) tetracycline antibiotic; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump; tetracycline; antibiotic efflux; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and ABC transporters comprise the two largest and most functionally diverse of the transporter superfamilies. However, MFS transporters are distinct from ABC transporters in both their primary sequence and structure and in the mechanism of energy coupling. As secondary transporters they are, like RND and SMR transporters, energized by the electrochemical proton gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. " 1026 UPDATE SHV-74 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 1021 UPDATE CTX-M-54 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 1020 UPDATE OXA-241 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1023 UPDATE IMP-14 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; carbapenem; cephalosporin; IMP beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with IMP beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36029 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Plasmid mediated IMP-type carbapenemases, of which at least 26 varieties are currently known, became established in Japan in the 1990s in enteric gram-negative organisms, Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter species. Integron-associated, sometimes within plasmids. Hydrolyses all beta-lactams except monobactams, and evades all beta-lactam inhibitors. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 1022 UPDATE TEM-28 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 1036 UPDATE vanWB glycopeptide antibiotic; glycopeptide resistance gene cluster; antibiotic target alteration; vanW; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide resistance gene cluster UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36373 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000234 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Genes that when expressed confer resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin type antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with vanW UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36011 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with vanW is an accessory gene, with unknown function, found on vancomycin resistance operons. " 1029 UPDATE CMY-102 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 1028 UPDATE SHV-1 penam; carbapenem; cefazolin; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; ampicillin; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefazolin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35975 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000058 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefazolin (INN), also known as cefazoline or cephazolin, is a first generation cephalosporin antibiotic. It is administered parenterally, and is active against a broad spectrum of bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with ampicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36981 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000637 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ampicillin is a penicillin derivative that is highly acid stable, with its activity similar to benzylpenicillin. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 1037 UPDATE cmlA1 antibiotic efflux; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump; phenicol antibiotic; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and ABC transporters comprise the two largest and most functionally diverse of the transporter superfamilies. However, MFS transporters are distinct from ABC transporters in both their primary sequence and structure and in the mechanism of energy coupling. As secondary transporters they are, like RND and SMR transporters, energized by the electrochemical proton gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. " 500 UPDATE OXA-164 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 501 UPDATE AAC(3)-VIIIa antibiotic inactivation; AAC(3); aminoglycoside antibiotic; neomycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with AAC(3) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36461 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000322 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Acetylation of the aminoglycoside antibiotic on the amino group at position 3. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 605 UPDATE OXA-96 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 604 UPDATE OXA-385 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 607 UPDATE TEM-201 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 606 UPDATE IMI-2 carbapenem; antibiotic inactivation; IMI beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with IMI beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36027 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000018 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with IMI beta-lactamases are a group of TEM-1-like beta-lactamase that are known to hydrolyze imipenem. IMI beta-lactamases are inhibited by clavulanic acid and tazobactam. " 601 UPDATE dfrA20 iclaprim; trimethoprim; brodimoprim; tetroxoprim; diaminopyrimidine antibiotic; antibiotic target replacement; trimethoprim resistant dihydrofolate reductase dfr; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with iclaprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36476 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000337 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Iclaprim is a bactericidal compound that inhibits dihydrofolate reductase. It is used against clinically important Gram-positive pathogens, including methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36327 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000188 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Trimethoprim is a synthetic 5-(3,4,5- trimethoxybenzyl) pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, inhibiting synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid. Tetrahydrofolic acid is an essential precursor in the de novo synthesis of the DNA nucleotide thymidine. Trimethoprim is a bacteriostatic antibiotic mainly used in the prophylaxis and treatment of urinary tract infections in combination with sulfamethoxazole, a sulfonamide antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with brodimoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36408 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000269 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Brodimoprim is a structural derivative of trimethoprim and an inhibitor of bacterial dihydrofolate reductase. The 4-methoxy group of trimethoprim is replaced with a bromine atom. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetroxoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36423 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000284 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetroxoprim is a trimethoprim derivative that inhibits bacterial dihydrofolate reductase. UPDATED category_aro_name with diaminopyrimidine antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36310 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000171 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Diaminopyrimidines are a class of organic compounds containing a pyrimidine ring substituted by two amine groups. They are inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme critical for DNA synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target replacement UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Replacement or substitution of antibiotic action target, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim resistant dihydrofolate reductase dfr UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37617 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3001218 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Alternative dihydropteroate synthase dfr present on plasmids produces alternate proteins that are less sensitive to trimethoprim from inhibiting its role in folate synthesis, thus conferring trimethoprim resistance. " 600 UPDATE CMY-2 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; ceftazidime; cephamycin; CMY beta-lactamase; cefoxitin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftazidime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35977 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000060 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftazidime is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Unlike most third-generation agents, it is active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, however it has weaker activity against Gram-positive microorganisms and is not used for such infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefoxitin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35927 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefoxitin is a cephamycin antibiotic often grouped with the second generation cephalosporins. Cefoxitin is bactericidal and acts by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. Cefoxitin's 7-alpha-methoxy group and 3' leaving group make it a poor substrate for most beta-lactamases. " 603 UPDATE mdtG fosfomycin; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump; antibiotic efflux; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with fosfomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35944 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000025 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Fosfomycin (also known as phosphomycin and phosphonomycin) is a broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by certain Streptomyces species. It is effective on gram positive and negative bacteria as it targets the cell wall, an essential feature shared by both bacteria. Its specific target is MurA (MurZ in E.coli), which attaches phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, a step of commitment to cell wall synthesis. In the active site of MurA, the active cysteine molecule is alkylated which stops the catalytic reaction. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and ABC transporters comprise the two largest and most functionally diverse of the transporter superfamilies. However, MFS transporters are distinct from ABC transporters in both their primary sequence and structure and in the mechanism of energy coupling. As secondary transporters they are, like RND and SMR transporters, energized by the electrochemical proton gradient. " 602 UPDATE VIM-16 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; carbapenem; cephalosporin; cephamycin; VIM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with VIM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36030 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000021 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with The Verone integron-encoded metallo-beta-lactamase (VIM) family was reported from Italy in 1999. There are, to date, 23 reported variants. VIM enzymes mostly occur in P. aeruginosa, also P. putida and, very rarely, Enterobacteriaceae. Integron-associated, sometimes within plasmids. Hydrolyses all beta-lactams except monobactams, and evades all beta-lactam inhibitors. There is a strong incidence of these in East Asia. " 1205 UPDATE VIM-39 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; carbapenem; cephalosporin; cephamycin; VIM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with VIM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36030 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000021 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with The Verone integron-encoded metallo-beta-lactamase (VIM) family was reported from Italy in 1999. There are, to date, 23 reported variants. VIM enzymes mostly occur in P. aeruginosa, also P. putida and, very rarely, Enterobacteriaceae. Integron-associated, sometimes within plasmids. Hydrolyses all beta-lactams except monobactams, and evades all beta-lactam inhibitors. There is a strong incidence of these in East Asia. " 1204 UPDATE tcmA efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump; antibiotic efflux; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and ABC transporters comprise the two largest and most functionally diverse of the transporter superfamilies. However, MFS transporters are distinct from ABC transporters in both their primary sequence and structure and in the mechanism of energy coupling. As secondary transporters they are, like RND and SMR transporters, energized by the electrochemical proton gradient. " 1207 UPDATE DHA-13 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; cephamycin; DHA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with DHA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36207 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000068 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with DHA beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated AmpC β-lactamases that confer resistance to cephamycins and oxyimino-cephalosporins. " 1206 UPDATE QepA antibiotic efflux; major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump; norfloxacin; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and ABC transporters comprise the two largest and most functionally diverse of the transporter superfamilies. However, MFS transporters are distinct from ABC transporters in both their primary sequence and structure and in the mechanism of energy coupling. As secondary transporters they are, like RND and SMR transporters, energized by the electrochemical proton gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. " 609 UPDATE emrK tetracycline antibiotic; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump; tetracycline; antibiotic efflux; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and ABC transporters comprise the two largest and most functionally diverse of the transporter superfamilies. However, MFS transporters are distinct from ABC transporters in both their primary sequence and structure and in the mechanism of energy coupling. As secondary transporters they are, like RND and SMR transporters, energized by the electrochemical proton gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. " 1200 UPDATE msrA antibiotic efflux; ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump; quinupristin; macrolide antibiotic; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; streptogramin antibiotic; erythromycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36002 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are present in all cells of all organisms and use the energy of ATP binding/hydrolysis to transport substrates across cell membranes. UPDATED category_aro_name with quinupristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36723 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000584 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Quinupristin is a type B streptogramin and a semisynthetic derivative of pristinamycin 1A. It is a component of the drug Synercid and interacts with the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptogramin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35945 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000026 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptogramin antibiotics are natural products produced by various members of the Streptomyces genus. These antibiotics bind to the P site of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The family consists of two subgroups, type A and type B, which are simultaneously produced by the same bacterial species in a ratio of roughly 70:30. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. " 1203 UPDATE Mycobacterium tuberculosis ndh with mutation conferring resistance to isoniazid isoniazid; antibiotic target alteration; antibiotic resistant ndh; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with isoniazid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36659 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000520 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Isoniazid is an organic compound that is the first-line anti tuberculosis medication in prevention and treatment. As a prodrug, it is activated by mycobacterial catalase-peroxidases such as M. tuberculosis KatG. Isoniazid inhibits mycolic acid synthesis, which prevents cell wall synthesis in mycobacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic resistant ndh UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40053 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003460 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with ndh is a NADH oxidase. It participates in antibiotic resistance by diminishing NADH oxidation and consequently causes an increase in NADH concentration and depletion of NAD+. This alteration of the NADH/NAD+ ratio prevents the peroxidation reactions required for the activation of INH, as well as the displacement of the NADH-isonicotinic acyl complex from InhA enzyme binding site. " 1202 UPDATE CTX-M-28 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 633 UPDATE OXA-355 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 634 UPDATE smeF antibiotic efflux; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; macrolide antibiotic; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; tetracycline antibiotic; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; phenicol antibiotic; tetracycline; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. " 1217 UPDATE OXA-139 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1214 UPDATE TEM-134 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 1215 UPDATE FosC fosfomycin; antibiotic inactivation; fosC phosphotransferase family; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with fosfomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35944 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000025 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Fosfomycin (also known as phosphomycin and phosphonomycin) is a broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by certain Streptomyces species. It is effective on gram positive and negative bacteria as it targets the cell wall, an essential feature shared by both bacteria. Its specific target is MurA (MurZ in E.coli), which attaches phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, a step of commitment to cell wall synthesis. In the active site of MurA, the active cysteine molecule is alkylated which stops the catalytic reaction. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with fosC phosphotransferase family UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41409 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004245 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with The fosC family of phosphotransferases phosphorylate fosfomycin to confer resistance and have been found in various bacterial isolates. " 1111 UPDATE AAC(6')-Ig antibiotic inactivation; kanamycin A; aminoglycoside antibiotic; AAC(6'); isepamicin; sisomicin; arbekacin; gentamicin B; netilmicin; amikacin; dibekacin; neomycin; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with AAC(6') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36484 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000345 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Acetylation of the aminoglycoside antibiotic on the amino group at position 6'. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with netilmicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35956 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000038 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with dibekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35926 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 1110 UPDATE LEN-19 penam; LEN beta-lactamase; antibiotic inactivation; penem; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with LEN beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36236 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000097 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with LEN beta-lactamases are chromosomal class A beta-lactamases that confer resistance to ampicillin, amoxicillin, carbenicillin, and ticarcillin but not to extended-spectrum beta-lactams. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. " 1113 UPDATE ANT(6)-Ib antibiotic inactivation; streptomycin; aminoglycoside antibiotic; ANT(6); ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35958 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000040 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Streptomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with ANT(6) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36364 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000225 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucelotidylylation of streptomycin at the hydroxyl group at position 6 " 1444 UPDATE IND-12 carbapenem; antibiotic inactivation; IND beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with IND beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36199 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000060 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with IND beta-lactamases are class B carbapenem-hydrolyzing beta-lactamases " 1115 UPDATE OXA-435 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1442 UPDATE mdtN antibiotic efflux; major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; acridine dye; puromycin; acriflavin; nucleoside antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and ABC transporters comprise the two largest and most functionally diverse of the transporter superfamilies. However, MFS transporters are distinct from ABC transporters in both their primary sequence and structure and in the mechanism of energy coupling. As secondary transporters they are, like RND and SMR transporters, energized by the electrochemical proton gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with acridine dye UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36193 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000054 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Acridine dyes are cell permeable, basic molecules with an acridine chromophore. These compounds intercalate DNA. The image shown represents the core structure of the acridine family, with specific dyes containing varying substituents. UPDATED category_aro_name with puromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35965 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000047 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Puromycin is an aminonucleoside antibiotic, derived from Streptomyces alboniger, that causes premature chain termination during ribosomal protein translation. UPDATED category_aro_name with acriflavin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35963 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000045 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Acriflavin is a topical antiseptic. It has the form of an orange or brown powder. It may be harmful in the eyes or if inhaled. Acriflavine is also used as treatment for external fungal infections of aquarium fish. UPDATED category_aro_name with nucleoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36174 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000034 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucleoside antibiotics are made of modified nucleosides and nucleotides with wide-ranging activities and means of antibacterial effects. This drug class includes aminonucleoside antibiotics, which contain an amino group. " 1117 UPDATE ErmD antibiotic target alteration; vernamycin B-gamma; oleandomycin; macrolide antibiotic; telithromycin; tylosin; lincosamide antibiotic; dirithromycin; clarithromycin; clindamycin; dalfopristin; pristinamycin IB; quinupristin; pristinamycin IA; Erm 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase; pristinamycin IIA; madumycin II; griseoviridin; lincomycin; streptogramin antibiotic; roxithromycin; spiramycin; azithromycin; erythromycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with vernamycin B-gamma UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37022 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000678 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Vernamycin B-gamma is a class B streptogramin derived from virginiamycin S1. UPDATED category_aro_name with oleandomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37247 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000867 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Oleandomycin is a 14-membered macrolide produced by Streptomyces antibioticus. It is ssimilar to erythromycin, and contains a desosamine amino sugar and an oleandrose sugar. It targets the 50S ribosomal subunit to prevent protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with telithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35974 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000057 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Telithromycin is a semi-synthetic derivative of erythromycin. It is a 14-membered macrolide and is the first ketolide antibiotic to be used in clinics. Telithromycin binds the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with tylosin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36284 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000145 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tylosin is a 16-membered macrolide, naturally produced by Streptomyces fradiae. It interacts with the bacterial ribosome 50S subunit to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincosamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35936 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincosamides (e.g. lincomycin, clindamycin) are a class of drugs which bind to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. This interaction inhibits early elongation of peptide chains by inhibiting the transpeptidase reaction, acting similarly to macrolides. UPDATED category_aro_name with dirithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36315 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000176 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dirithromycin is an oxazine derivative of erythromycin, sharing the 14-carbon macrolide ring. The antibiotic binds to the 50S subunit of the ribosome to inhibit bacterial protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with clarithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35982 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000065 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Clarithromycin is a methyl derivative of erythromycin, sharing the 14-carbon macrolide ring. The antibiotic binds to the 50S subunit of the ribosome and is used to treat pharyngitis, tonsillitis, acute maxillary sinusitis, acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, pneumonia (especially atypical pneumonias associated with Chlamydia pneumoniae or TWAR), and skin structure infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with clindamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35983 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000066 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Clindamycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that blocks A-site aminoacyl-tRNA binding. It is usually used to treat infections with anaerobic bacteria but can also be used to treat some protozoal diseases, such as malaria. UPDATED category_aro_name with dalfopristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37018 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000674 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dalfopristin is a water-soluble semi-synthetic derivative of pristinamycin IIA. It is produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis and is used in combination with quinupristin in a 7:3 ratio. Both work together to inhibit protein synthesis, and is active against Gram-positive bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IB UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37019 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000675 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IB is a class B streptogramin similar to pristinamycin IA, the former containing a N-methyl-4-(methylamino)phenylalanine instead of a N-methyl-4-(dimethylamino)phenylalanine in its class A streptogramin counterpart (one less methyl group). UPDATED category_aro_name with quinupristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36723 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000584 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Quinupristin is a type B streptogramin and a semisynthetic derivative of pristinamycin 1A. It is a component of the drug Synercid and interacts with the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36722 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000583 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin 1A is a type B streptogramin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis. It binds to the P site of the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, preventing the extension of protein chains. UPDATED category_aro_name with Erm 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36699 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000560 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Erm proteins are part of the RNA methyltransferase family and methylate A2058 (E. coli nomenclature) of the 23S ribosomal RNA conferring degrees of resistance to Macrolides, Lincosamides and Streptogramin b. This is called the MLSb phenotype. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IIA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37013 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000669 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IIA is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with madumycin II UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37016 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000672 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Madumycin II is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with griseoviridin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000673 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Griseoviridin is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35964 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000046 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincomycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that comes from the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis. It binds to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes and inhibit early elongation of peptide chain by inhibiting transpeptidase reaction. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptogramin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35945 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000026 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptogramin antibiotics are natural products produced by various members of the Streptomyces genus. These antibiotics bind to the P site of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The family consists of two subgroups, type A and type B, which are simultaneously produced by the same bacterial species in a ratio of roughly 70:30. UPDATED category_aro_name with roxithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35946 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000027 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Roxithromycin is a semi-synthetic, 14-carbon ring macrolide antibiotic derived from erythromycin. It is used to treat respiratory tract, urinary and soft tissue infections. Roxithromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. UPDATED category_aro_name with spiramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36295 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000156 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Spiramycin is a 16-membered macrolide and is natural product produced by Streptomyces ambofaciens. It binds to the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes and inhibits peptidyl transfer activity to disrupt protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with azithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36297 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000158 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Azithromycin is a 15-membered macrolide and falls under the subclass of azalide. Like other macrolides, azithromycin binds bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The nitrogen substitution at the C-9a position prevents its degradation. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. " 1116 UPDATE arr-2 antibiotic inactivation; rifampin; rifapentine; rifabutin; rifampin ADP-ribosyltransferase (Arr); rifaximin; rifamycin antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifampin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36308 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000169 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifampin is a semi-synthetic rifamycin, and inhibits RNA synthesis by binding to RNA polymerase. Rifampin is the mainstay agent for the treatment of tuberculosis, leprosy and complicated Gram-positive infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifapentine UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36673 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000534 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifapentine is a semisynthetic rifamycin that inhibits DNA-dependent RNA synthesis. It is often used in the treatment of tuberculosis and leprosy. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifabutin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36669 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000530 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifabutin is a semisynthetic rifamycin used in tuberculosis therapy. It inhibits DNA-dependent RNA synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifampin ADP-ribosyltransferase (Arr) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36529 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000390 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzyme responsible for the ADP-ribosylative inactivation of rifampin at the 23-OH position using NAD+. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifaximin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36656 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000517 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifaximin is a semi-synthetic rifamycin used to treat traveller's diarrhea. Rifaximin inhibits RNA synthesis by binding to the beta subunit of bacterial RNA polymerase. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifamycin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36296 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000157 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifamycin antibiotics are a group of broad-spectrum ansamycin antibiotics that inhibit bacterial RNA polymerase by binding to a highly conserved region, blocking the oligonucleotide exit tunnel, and preventing the extension of nascent mRNAs. " 1119 UPDATE EBR-1 beta-lactamase carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; EBR beta-lactamase; antibiotic inactivation; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with EBR beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41368 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004204 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with EBR beta-lactamases are Class B beta-lactamases first isolated from Empedobacter brevis and are able to hydrolyze penicillins, cephalosporins, and carbapenems. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. " 1118 UPDATE OXA-2 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; carbapenem; ceftazidime; ampicillin; amoxicillin; OXA beta-lactamase; meropenem; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftazidime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35977 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000060 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftazidime is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Unlike most third-generation agents, it is active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, however it has weaker activity against Gram-positive microorganisms and is not used for such infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with ampicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36981 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000637 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ampicillin is a penicillin derivative that is highly acid stable, with its activity similar to benzylpenicillin. UPDATED category_aro_name with amoxicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35981 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000064 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amoxicillin is a moderate-spectrum, bacteriolytic, beta-lactam antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections caused by susceptible microorganisms. A derivative of penicillin, it has a wider range of treatment but remains relatively ineffective against Gram-negative bacteria. It is commonly taken with clavulanic acid, a beta-lactamase inhibitor. Like other beta-lactams, amoxicillin interferes with the synthesis of peptidoglycan. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. UPDATED category_aro_name with meropenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35990 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000073 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Meropenem is an ultra-broad spectrum injectable antibiotic used to treat a wide variety of infections, including meningitis and pneumonia. It is a beta-lactam and belongs to the subgroup of carbapenem, similar to imipenem and ertapenem. " 1351 UPDATE QnrVC1 sparfloxacin; norfloxacin; quinolone resistance protein (qnr); gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; antibiotic target protection; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; nalidixic acid; moxifloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with quinolone resistance protein (qnr) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36558 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000419 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Qnr proteins are pentapeptide repeat proteins that mimic DNA and protect the cell from the activity of fluoroquinolone antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target protection UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. " 1449 UPDATE OXA-59 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1448 UPDATE SHV-26 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 1219 UPDATE vanRN glycopeptide antibiotic; glycopeptide resistance gene cluster; antibiotic target alteration; vanR; vancomycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide resistance gene cluster UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36373 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000234 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Genes that when expressed confer resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin type antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with vanR UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36713 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000574 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with VanR is a OmpR-family transcriptional activator in the VanSR regulatory system. When activated by VanS, it promotes cotranscription of VanA, VanH, and VanX. UPDATED category_aro_name with vancomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35947 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000028 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Vancomycin is a glycopeptide antibiotic used in the prophylaxis and treatment of infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria. Vancomycin inhibits the synthesis of peptidoglycan, the major component of the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria. Its mechanism of action is unusual in that it acts by binding precursors of peptidoglycan, rather than by interacting with an enzyme. " 461 UPDATE OXA-13 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1356 UPDATE dfrA22 iclaprim; trimethoprim; brodimoprim; tetroxoprim; diaminopyrimidine antibiotic; antibiotic target replacement; trimethoprim resistant dihydrofolate reductase dfr; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with iclaprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36476 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000337 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Iclaprim is a bactericidal compound that inhibits dihydrofolate reductase. It is used against clinically important Gram-positive pathogens, including methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36327 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000188 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Trimethoprim is a synthetic 5-(3,4,5- trimethoxybenzyl) pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, inhibiting synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid. Tetrahydrofolic acid is an essential precursor in the de novo synthesis of the DNA nucleotide thymidine. Trimethoprim is a bacteriostatic antibiotic mainly used in the prophylaxis and treatment of urinary tract infections in combination with sulfamethoxazole, a sulfonamide antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with brodimoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36408 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000269 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Brodimoprim is a structural derivative of trimethoprim and an inhibitor of bacterial dihydrofolate reductase. The 4-methoxy group of trimethoprim is replaced with a bromine atom. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetroxoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36423 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000284 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetroxoprim is a trimethoprim derivative that inhibits bacterial dihydrofolate reductase. UPDATED category_aro_name with diaminopyrimidine antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36310 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000171 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Diaminopyrimidines are a class of organic compounds containing a pyrimidine ring substituted by two amine groups. They are inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme critical for DNA synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target replacement UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Replacement or substitution of antibiotic action target, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim resistant dihydrofolate reductase dfr UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37617 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3001218 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Alternative dihydropteroate synthase dfr present on plasmids produces alternate proteins that are less sensitive to trimethoprim from inhibiting its role in folate synthesis, thus conferring trimethoprim resistance. " 463 UPDATE CTX-M-30 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 489 UPDATE Mycobacterium tuberculosis gidB mutation conferring resistance to streptomycin antibiotic target alteration; streptomycin; aminoglycoside antibiotic; antibiotic resistant gidB; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35958 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000040 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Streptomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic resistant gidB UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40059 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003466 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with GidB is a m7G methyltransferase specific for 16S rRNA. Mutations within the gidB gene causes changes in the structure or 16s rRNA, leading to resistance to aminoglycosides " 488 UPDATE SHV-156 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 487 UPDATE macB efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump; antibiotic efflux; macrolide antibiotic; erythromycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36002 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are present in all cells of all organisms and use the energy of ATP binding/hydrolysis to transport substrates across cell membranes. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. " 486 UPDATE cmlB antibiotic efflux; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump; phenicol antibiotic; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and ABC transporters comprise the two largest and most functionally diverse of the transporter superfamilies. However, MFS transporters are distinct from ABC transporters in both their primary sequence and structure and in the mechanism of energy coupling. As secondary transporters they are, like RND and SMR transporters, energized by the electrochemical proton gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. " 485 UPDATE TEM-191 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 484 UPDATE QnrB49 sparfloxacin; norfloxacin; quinolone resistance protein (qnr); gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; antibiotic target protection; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; nalidixic acid; moxifloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with quinolone resistance protein (qnr) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36558 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000419 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Qnr proteins are pentapeptide repeat proteins that mimic DNA and protect the cell from the activity of fluoroquinolone antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target protection UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. " 483 UPDATE GES-7 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; GES beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with GES beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36205 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000066 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with GES beta-lactamases or Guiana extended-spectrum beta-lactamases are related to the other plasmid-located class A beta-lactamases " 482 UPDATE LEN-1 penam; LEN beta-lactamase; antibiotic inactivation; penem; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with LEN beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36236 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000097 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with LEN beta-lactamases are chromosomal class A beta-lactamases that confer resistance to ampicillin, amoxicillin, carbenicillin, and ticarcillin but not to extended-spectrum beta-lactams. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. " 481 UPDATE VIM-30 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; carbapenem; cephalosporin; cephamycin; VIM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with VIM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36030 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000021 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with The Verone integron-encoded metallo-beta-lactamase (VIM) family was reported from Italy in 1999. There are, to date, 23 reported variants. VIM enzymes mostly occur in P. aeruginosa, also P. putida and, very rarely, Enterobacteriaceae. Integron-associated, sometimes within plasmids. Hydrolyses all beta-lactams except monobactams, and evades all beta-lactam inhibitors. There is a strong incidence of these in East Asia. " 480 UPDATE GES-9 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; GES beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with GES beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36205 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000066 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with GES beta-lactamases or Guiana extended-spectrum beta-lactamases are related to the other plasmid-located class A beta-lactamases " 199 UPDATE SRT-1 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; SRT beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with SRT beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36234 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000095 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SRT beta-lactamases. " 198 UPDATE TEM-138 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 195 UPDATE CTX-M-58 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 194 UPDATE SHV-61 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 197 UPDATE CTX-M-56 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 196 UPDATE Mycobacterium tuberculosis embB mutations conferring resistance to ethambutol antibiotic target alteration; ethambutol resistant arabinosyltransferase; polyamine antibiotic; ethambutol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ethambutol resistant arabinosyltransferase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 39310 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3002876 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Arabinosyl transferases allow for the polymerization of arabinose to form arabinan. Arabinan is required for formation of mycobacterial cell walls and arabinosyltransferases are targets of the drug ethambutol. Mutations in these genes can confer resistance to ethambutol. UPDATED category_aro_name with polyamine antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36666 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000527 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Polyamine antibiotics are organic compounds having two or more primary amino groups. UPDATED category_aro_name with ethambutol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36636 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000497 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ethambutol is an antimycobacterial drug prescribed to treat tuberculosis. It is usually given in combination with other tuberculosis drugs, such as isoniazid, rifampicin, and pyrazinamide. Ethambutol inhibits arabinosyl biosynthesis, disrupting mycobacterial cell wall formation. " 191 UPDATE OXA-199 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 190 UPDATE OXA-195 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 193 UPDATE TEM-121 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 192 UPDATE CTX-M-38 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 1106 UPDATE NDM-5 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; carbapenem; ceftazidime; NDM beta-lactamase; cephamycin; piperacillin; tazobactam; cefoxitin; ertapenem; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftazidime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35977 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000060 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftazidime is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Unlike most third-generation agents, it is active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, however it has weaker activity against Gram-positive microorganisms and is not used for such infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with NDM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36196 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000057 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with NDM beta-lactamases or New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamases are class B beta-lactamases that confer resistance to a broad range of antibiotics including carbapenems, cephalosporins and penicillins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with piperacillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35995 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000078 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Piperacillin is an acetylureidopenicillin and has an extended spectrum of targets relative to other beta-lactam antibiotics. It inhibits cell wall synthesis in bacteria, and is usually taken with the beta-lactamase inhibitor tazobactam to overcome penicillin-resistant bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with tazobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35994 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000077 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Adjuvant UPDATED category_aro_description with Tazobactam is a compound which inhibits the action of bacterial beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefoxitin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35927 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefoxitin is a cephamycin antibiotic often grouped with the second generation cephalosporins. Cefoxitin is bactericidal and acts by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. Cefoxitin's 7-alpha-methoxy group and 3' leaving group make it a poor substrate for most beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with ertapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35987 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000070 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ertapenem is a carbapenem antibiotic and is highly resistant to beta-lactamases like other carbapenems. It inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis. " 1107 UPDATE PDC-2 PDC beta-lactamase; monobactam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; carbapenem; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with PDC beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36237 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000098 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with PDC beta-lactamases are class C beta-lactamases that are found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 1104 UPDATE acrB penam; antibiotic efflux; triclosan; rifampin; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; tetracycline antibiotic; cephalosporin; cefalotin; tigecycline; glycylcycline; ampicillin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; rifamycin antibiotic; phenicol antibiotic; tetracycline; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with triclosan UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37250 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000870 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Triclosan is a common antibacterial agent added to many consumer products as a biocide. It is an inhibitor of fatty acid biosynthesis by blocking enoyl-carrier protein reductase (FabI). UPDATED category_aro_name with rifampin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36308 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000169 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifampin is a semi-synthetic rifamycin, and inhibits RNA synthesis by binding to RNA polymerase. Rifampin is the mainstay agent for the treatment of tuberculosis, leprosy and complicated Gram-positive infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with ampicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36981 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000637 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ampicillin is a penicillin derivative that is highly acid stable, with its activity similar to benzylpenicillin. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefalotin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37084 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000704 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. It is resistant to staphylococci beta-lactamases but hydrolyzed by enterobacterial beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with tigecycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35949 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000030 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tigecycline is an glycylcycline antibiotic. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycylcycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35960 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000042 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycylcyclines are a new class of antibiotics derived from tetracycline. These tetracycline analogues are specifically designed to overcome two common mechanisms of tetracycline resistance. Presently, there is only one glycylcycline antibiotic for clinical use: tigecycline. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome, preventing the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifamycin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36296 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000157 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifamycin antibiotics are a group of broad-spectrum ansamycin antibiotics that inhibit bacterial RNA polymerase by binding to a highly conserved region, blocking the oligonucleotide exit tunnel, and preventing the extension of nascent mRNAs. " 2383 UPDATE ANT(4')-Ib antibiotic inactivation; aminoglycoside antibiotic; ribostamycin; paromomycin; kanamycin A; gentamicin B; ANT(4'); isepamicin; G418; neomycin; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with ribostamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35940 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000021 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ribostamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Ribostamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with paromomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000657 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with An aminoglycoside antibiotic used for the treatment of parasitic infections. It is similar to neomycin sharing a similar spectrum of activity, but its hydroxyl group at the 6'-position instead of an amino group makes it resistant to AAC(6') modifying enzymes. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with ANT(4') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36368 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000229 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucleotidylylation of 2-deoxystreptamine aminoglycosides at the hydroxyl group at position 4' UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with G418 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000653 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A gentamicin class aminoglycoside antibiotic often used in mammalian cell culture work as a selectable marker for the neo cassette (APH3'). UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 1457 UPDATE CTX-M-13 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 2387 UPDATE Erm(47) antibiotic target alteration; streptogramin antibiotic; Erm 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase; macrolide antibiotic; lincosamide antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptogramin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35945 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000026 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptogramin antibiotics are natural products produced by various members of the Streptomyces genus. These antibiotics bind to the P site of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The family consists of two subgroups, type A and type B, which are simultaneously produced by the same bacterial species in a ratio of roughly 70:30. UPDATED category_aro_name with Erm 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36699 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000560 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Erm proteins are part of the RNA methyltransferase family and methylate A2058 (E. coli nomenclature) of the 23S ribosomal RNA conferring degrees of resistance to Macrolides, Lincosamides and Streptogramin b. This is called the MLSb phenotype. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincosamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35936 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincosamides (e.g. lincomycin, clindamycin) are a class of drugs which bind to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. This interaction inhibits early elongation of peptide chains by inhibiting the transpeptidase reaction, acting similarly to macrolides. " 2386 UPDATE cipA dalfopristin; thiamphenicol; oxazolidinone antibiotic; pristinamycin IIA; pleuromutilin antibiotic; tiamulin; madumycin II; griseoviridin; linezolid; lincomycin; macrolide antibiotic; streptogramin antibiotic; antibiotic target alteration; lincosamide antibiotic; azidamfenicol; clindamycin; phenicol antibiotic; Cfr 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with dalfopristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37018 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000674 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dalfopristin is a water-soluble semi-synthetic derivative of pristinamycin IIA. It is produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis and is used in combination with quinupristin in a 7:3 ratio. Both work together to inhibit protein synthesis, and is active against Gram-positive bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincosamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35936 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincosamides (e.g. lincomycin, clindamycin) are a class of drugs which bind to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. This interaction inhibits early elongation of peptide chains by inhibiting the transpeptidase reaction, acting similarly to macrolides. UPDATED category_aro_name with thiamphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36595 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000456 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Derivative of Chloramphenicol. The nitro group (-NO2) is substituted by a sulfomethyl group (-SO2CH3). UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IIA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37013 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000669 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IIA is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with pleuromutilin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37014 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000670 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Pleuromutilins are natural fungal products that target bacterial protein translation by binding the the 23S rRNA, blocking the ribosome P site at the 50S subunit. They are mostly used for agriculture and veterinary purposes. UPDATED category_aro_name with tiamulin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37015 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000671 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tiamulin is a pleuromutilin derivative currently used in veterinary medicine. It binds to the 23 rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit to inhibit protein translation. UPDATED category_aro_name with madumycin II UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37016 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000672 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Madumycin II is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with griseoviridin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000673 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Griseoviridin is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with linezolid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35989 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000072 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Linezolid is a synthetic antibiotic used for the treatment of serious infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria that are resistant to several other antibiotics. It inhibits protein synthesis by binding to domain V of the 23S rRNA of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35964 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000046 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincomycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that comes from the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis. It binds to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes and inhibit early elongation of peptide chain by inhibiting transpeptidase reaction. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with oxazolidinone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36218 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000079 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Oxazolidinones are a class of synthetic antibiotics discovered the the 1980's. They inhibit protein synthesis by binding to domain V of the 23S rRNA of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. Linezolid is the only member of this class currently in clinical use. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptogramin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35945 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000026 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptogramin antibiotics are natural products produced by various members of the Streptomyces genus. These antibiotics bind to the P site of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The family consists of two subgroups, type A and type B, which are simultaneously produced by the same bacterial species in a ratio of roughly 70:30. UPDATED category_aro_name with azidamfenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36521 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000382 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Azidamfenicol is a water soluble derivative of chloramphenicol, sharing the same mode of action of inhibiting peptide synthesis by interacting with the 23S RNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit. UPDATED category_aro_name with clindamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35983 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000066 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Clindamycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that blocks A-site aminoacyl-tRNA binding. It is usually used to treat infections with anaerobic bacteria but can also be used to treat some protozoal diseases, such as malaria. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with Cfr 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36341 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000202 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Cfr genes produce enzymes which catalyze the methylation of the 23S rRNA subunit at position 8 of adenine-2503. Methylation of 23S rRNA at this site confers resistance to some classes of antibiotics, including streptogramins, chloramphenicols, florfenicols, linezolids and clindamycin. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. " 1102 UPDATE QnrB29 sparfloxacin; norfloxacin; quinolone resistance protein (qnr); gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; antibiotic target protection; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; nalidixic acid; moxifloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with quinolone resistance protein (qnr) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36558 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000419 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Qnr proteins are pentapeptide repeat proteins that mimic DNA and protect the cell from the activity of fluoroquinolone antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target protection UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. " 1451 UPDATE MIR-17 antibiotic inactivation; monobactam; cephalosporin; cephamycin; MIR beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with MIR beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36197 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000058 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with MIR beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated beta-lactamases that confer resistance to oxyimino- and alpha-methoxy beta-lactams " 2769 UPDATE MdtNOP antibiotic efflux; major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; acridine dye; puromycin; acriflavin; nucleoside antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and ABC transporters comprise the two largest and most functionally diverse of the transporter superfamilies. However, MFS transporters are distinct from ABC transporters in both their primary sequence and structure and in the mechanism of energy coupling. As secondary transporters they are, like RND and SMR transporters, energized by the electrochemical proton gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with acridine dye UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36193 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000054 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Acridine dyes are cell permeable, basic molecules with an acridine chromophore. These compounds intercalate DNA. The image shown represents the core structure of the acridine family, with specific dyes containing varying substituents. UPDATED category_aro_name with puromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35965 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000047 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Puromycin is an aminonucleoside antibiotic, derived from Streptomyces alboniger, that causes premature chain termination during ribosomal protein translation. UPDATED category_aro_name with acriflavin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35963 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000045 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Acriflavin is a topical antiseptic. It has the form of an orange or brown powder. It may be harmful in the eyes or if inhaled. Acriflavine is also used as treatment for external fungal infections of aquarium fish. UPDATED category_aro_name with nucleoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36174 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000034 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucleoside antibiotics are made of modified nucleosides and nucleotides with wide-ranging activities and means of antibacterial effects. This drug class includes aminonucleoside antibiotics, which contain an amino group. " 2768 UPDATE MdtEF-TolC penam; antibiotic efflux; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; norfloxacin; macrolide antibiotic; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; oxacillin; cloxacillin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; erythromycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with oxacillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35973 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000056 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Oxacillin is a penicillinase-resistant beta-lactam. It is similar to methicillin, and has replaced methicillin in clinical use. Oxacillin, especially in combination with other antibiotics, is effective against many penicillinase-producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. UPDATED category_aro_name with cloxacillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35930 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000011 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cloxacillin is a semisynthetic, isoxazolyl penicillin derivative in the beta-lactam class of antibiotics. It interferes with peptidogylcan synthesis and is commonly used for treating penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. " 1100 UPDATE OXA-245 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 2763 UPDATE MdtABC-TolC efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; antibiotic efflux; aminocoumarin antibiotic; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; novobiocin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminocoumarin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36242 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000103 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminocoumarin antibiotics bind DNA gyrase subunit B to inhibit ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with novobiocin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36250 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000111 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Novobiocin is an aminocoumarin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spheroides and Streptomyces niveus, and binds DNA gyrase subunit B inhibiting ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. " 2762 UPDATE MexMN-OprM antibiotic efflux; thiamphenicol; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; phenicol antibiotic; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with thiamphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36595 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000456 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Derivative of Chloramphenicol. The nitro group (-NO2) is substituted by a sulfomethyl group (-SO2CH3). UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. " 2761 UPDATE MexPQ-OpmE kitasamycin; imipenem; thiamphenicol; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; rokitamycin; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; trimethoprim; macrolide antibiotic; antibiotic efflux; carbapenem; acridine dye; diaminopyrimidine antibiotic; acriflavin; tetracycline antibiotic; chloramphenicol; phenicol antibiotic; tetracycline; erythromycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with kitasamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37626 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3001227 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kitasamycin is a macrolide antibiotic and is produced by Streptoverticillium kitasatoense. The drug has antimicrobial activity against a wide spectrum of pathogens. UPDATED category_aro_name with imipenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36309 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000170 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Imipenem is a broad-spectrum antibiotic and is usually taken with cilastatin, which prevents hydrolysis of imipenem by renal dehydropeptidase-I. It is resistant to hydrolysis by most other beta-lactamases. Notable exceptions are the KPC beta-lactamases and Ambler Class B enzymes. UPDATED category_aro_name with thiamphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36595 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000456 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Derivative of Chloramphenicol. The nitro group (-NO2) is substituted by a sulfomethyl group (-SO2CH3). UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with rokitamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40353 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003701 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Rokitamycin is a macrolide antibiotic. Synthesized from strains of Streptomyces kitasatoensis. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36327 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000188 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Trimethoprim is a synthetic 5-(3,4,5- trimethoxybenzyl) pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, inhibiting synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid. Tetrahydrofolic acid is an essential precursor in the de novo synthesis of the DNA nucleotide thymidine. Trimethoprim is a bacteriostatic antibiotic mainly used in the prophylaxis and treatment of urinary tract infections in combination with sulfamethoxazole, a sulfonamide antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with acridine dye UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36193 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000054 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Acridine dyes are cell permeable, basic molecules with an acridine chromophore. These compounds intercalate DNA. The image shown represents the core structure of the acridine family, with specific dyes containing varying substituents. UPDATED category_aro_name with diaminopyrimidine antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36310 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000171 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Diaminopyrimidines are a class of organic compounds containing a pyrimidine ring substituted by two amine groups. They are inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme critical for DNA synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with acriflavin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35963 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000045 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Acriflavin is a topical antiseptic. It has the form of an orange or brown powder. It may be harmful in the eyes or if inhaled. Acriflavine is also used as treatment for external fungal infections of aquarium fish. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. " 2760 UPDATE MexGHI-OpmD antibiotic efflux; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; norfloxacin; acridine dye; acriflavin; tetracycline antibiotic; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; tetracycline; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with acridine dye UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36193 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000054 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Acridine dyes are cell permeable, basic molecules with an acridine chromophore. These compounds intercalate DNA. The image shown represents the core structure of the acridine family, with specific dyes containing varying substituents. UPDATED category_aro_name with acriflavin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35963 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000045 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Acriflavin is a topical antiseptic. It has the form of an orange or brown powder. It may be harmful in the eyes or if inhaled. Acriflavine is also used as treatment for external fungal infections of aquarium fish. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. " 2766 UPDATE EmrKY-TolC tetracycline antibiotic; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump; tetracycline; antibiotic efflux; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and ABC transporters comprise the two largest and most functionally diverse of the transporter superfamilies. However, MFS transporters are distinct from ABC transporters in both their primary sequence and structure and in the mechanism of energy coupling. As secondary transporters they are, like RND and SMR transporters, energized by the electrochemical proton gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. " 2765 UPDATE EmrAB-TolC efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; nalidixic acid; major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; antibiotic efflux; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and ABC transporters comprise the two largest and most functionally diverse of the transporter superfamilies. However, MFS transporters are distinct from ABC transporters in both their primary sequence and structure and in the mechanism of energy coupling. As secondary transporters they are, like RND and SMR transporters, energized by the electrochemical proton gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. " 902 UPDATE OXA-92 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 903 UPDATE APH(2'')-Ig antibiotic inactivation; kanamycin A; gentamicin B; aminoglycoside antibiotic; sisomicin; arbekacin; APH(2''); netilmicin; gentamicin C; amikacin; isepamicin; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with APH(2'') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36267 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000128 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Phosphorylation of 2-deoxystreptamine aminoglycosides on the hydroxyl group at position 2'' UPDATED category_aro_name with netilmicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35956 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000038 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin C UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35933 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin C is a mixture of gentamicin C1, gentamicin C1a, and gentamicin C2 (these differ in substituents at position C6'). Gentamicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 900 UPDATE tet(C) tetracycline antibiotic; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump; tetracycline; antibiotic efflux; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and ABC transporters comprise the two largest and most functionally diverse of the transporter superfamilies. However, MFS transporters are distinct from ABC transporters in both their primary sequence and structure and in the mechanism of energy coupling. As secondary transporters they are, like RND and SMR transporters, energized by the electrochemical proton gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. " 901 UPDATE LCR-1 LCR beta-lactamase; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with LCR beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 39430 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3002996 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with LCR beta-lactamases are a class D beta-lactamase that hydrolyze a variety of penams and some cephalosporins. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. " 906 UPDATE CARB-21 penam; antibiotic inactivation; CARB beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CARB beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36230 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000091 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CARB beta-lactamases are class A lactamases that can hydrolyze carbenicillin. Many of the PSE beta-lactamases have been renamed as CARB-lactamases with the notable exception of PSE-2 which is now OXA-10. " 907 UPDATE fexA antibiotic efflux; major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; florfenicol; phenicol antibiotic; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and ABC transporters comprise the two largest and most functionally diverse of the transporter superfamilies. However, MFS transporters are distinct from ABC transporters in both their primary sequence and structure and in the mechanism of energy coupling. As secondary transporters they are, like RND and SMR transporters, energized by the electrochemical proton gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with florfenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36600 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000461 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Florfenicol is a fluorine derivative of chloramphenicol, where the nitro group (-NO2) is substituted by a sulfomethyl group (-SO2CH3) and the hydroxyl group (-OH), by a fluorine group (-F). The action mechanism is the same as chloramphenicol's, where the antibiotic binds to the 23S RNA of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. " 904 UPDATE rmtB kanamycin A; aminoglycoside antibiotic; isepamicin; 16S rRNA methyltransferase (G1405); sisomicin; arbekacin; gentamicin B; netilmicin; antibiotic target alteration; gentamicin C; amikacin; dibekacin; G418; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with dibekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35926 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with 16S rRNA methyltransferase (G1405) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41435 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004271 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Methyltransferases that methylate the G1405 position of 16S rRNA, which is part of an aminoglycoside binding site. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with netilmicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35956 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000038 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin C UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35933 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin C is a mixture of gentamicin C1, gentamicin C1a, and gentamicin C2 (these differ in substituents at position C6'). Gentamicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with G418 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000653 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A gentamicin class aminoglycoside antibiotic often used in mammalian cell culture work as a selectable marker for the neo cassette (APH3'). UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 905 UPDATE CTX-M-93 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 1843 UPDATE rmtD antibiotic target alteration; aminoglycoside antibiotic; 16S rRNA methyltransferase (G1405); ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with 16S rRNA methyltransferase (G1405) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41435 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004271 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Methyltransferases that methylate the G1405 position of 16S rRNA, which is part of an aminoglycoside binding site. " 1842 UPDATE IMI-3 carbapenem; antibiotic inactivation; IMI beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with IMI beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36027 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000018 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with IMI beta-lactamases are a group of TEM-1-like beta-lactamase that are known to hydrolyze imipenem. IMI beta-lactamases are inhibited by clavulanic acid and tazobactam. " 1841 UPDATE OXA-76 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1840 UPDATE CMY-59 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 1847 UPDATE emrB efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; nalidixic acid; major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; antibiotic efflux; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and ABC transporters comprise the two largest and most functionally diverse of the transporter superfamilies. However, MFS transporters are distinct from ABC transporters in both their primary sequence and structure and in the mechanism of energy coupling. As secondary transporters they are, like RND and SMR transporters, energized by the electrochemical proton gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. " 1846 UPDATE CTX-M-91 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 1845 UPDATE OXA-312 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1844 UPDATE OXA-128 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 2614 UPDATE mphD antibiotic inactivation; macrolide phosphotransferase (MPH); macrolide antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide phosphotransferase (MPH) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36472 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000333 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolide phosphotransferases (MPH) are enzymes encoded by macrolide phosphotransferase genes (mph genes). These enzymes phosphorylate macrolides in GTP dependent manner at 2'-OH of desosamine sugar thereby inactivating them. Characterized MPH's are differentiated based on their substrate specificity. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. " 1908 UPDATE OKP-A-6 penam; antibiotic inactivation; OKP beta-lactamase; cephalosporin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with OKP beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 38817 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3002417 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OKP beta-lactamases are chromosomal class A beta-lactamase that confer resistance to penicillins and early cephalosporins in Klebsiella pneumoniae. OKP beta-lactamases can be subdivided into two groups: OKP-A and OKP-B which diverge by about 4.2% UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 1909 UPDATE AAC(6')-Iak antibiotic inactivation; kanamycin A; aminoglycoside antibiotic; AAC(6'); isepamicin; sisomicin; arbekacin; gentamicin B; netilmicin; amikacin; dibekacin; neomycin; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with AAC(6') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36484 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000345 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Acetylation of the aminoglycoside antibiotic on the amino group at position 6'. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with netilmicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35956 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000038 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with dibekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35926 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 1906 UPDATE CTX-M-17 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 1907 UPDATE vanSA glycopeptide resistance gene cluster; vanS; teicoplanin; glycopeptide antibiotic; antibiotic target alteration; vancomycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide resistance gene cluster UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36373 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000234 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Genes that when expressed confer resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin type antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with vanS UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36210 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with VanS is similar to histidine protein kinases like EnvZ and acts as a response regulator by activating VanR. VanS is required for high level transcription of other van glycopeptide resistance genes. UPDATED category_aro_name with teicoplanin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35948 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000029 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Teicoplanin is a glycopeptide antibiotic used in the prophylaxis and treatment of serious infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria. Teicoplanin has a unique acyl-aliphatic chain, and binds to cell wall precursors to inhibit transglycosylation and transpeptidation. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with vancomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35947 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000028 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Vancomycin is a glycopeptide antibiotic used in the prophylaxis and treatment of infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria. Vancomycin inhibits the synthesis of peptidoglycan, the major component of the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria. Its mechanism of action is unusual in that it acts by binding precursors of peptidoglycan, rather than by interacting with an enzyme. " 1904 UPDATE ACT-32 antibiotic inactivation; carbapenem; penam; ACT beta-lactamase; cephalosporin; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with ACT beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36211 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000072 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with ACT beta-lactamases, also known as AmpC beta-lactamases, are cephalosporinases that cannot be inhibited by clavulanate. These enzymes are encoded by genes located on the chromosome and can be induced by the presence of beta-lactam antibiotics. However recently, these genes have been found on plasmids and expressed at high constitutive levels in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 1905 UPDATE ACT-21 antibiotic inactivation; carbapenem; penam; ACT beta-lactamase; cephalosporin; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with ACT beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36211 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000072 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with ACT beta-lactamases, also known as AmpC beta-lactamases, are cephalosporinases that cannot be inhibited by clavulanate. These enzymes are encoded by genes located on the chromosome and can be induced by the presence of beta-lactam antibiotics. However recently, these genes have been found on plasmids and expressed at high constitutive levels in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 1902 UPDATE OXA-246 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1903 UPDATE mdtE penam; antibiotic efflux; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; norfloxacin; macrolide antibiotic; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; oxacillin; cloxacillin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; erythromycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with oxacillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35973 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000056 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Oxacillin is a penicillinase-resistant beta-lactam. It is similar to methicillin, and has replaced methicillin in clinical use. Oxacillin, especially in combination with other antibiotics, is effective against many penicillinase-producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. UPDATED category_aro_name with cloxacillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35930 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000011 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cloxacillin is a semisynthetic, isoxazolyl penicillin derivative in the beta-lactam class of antibiotics. It interferes with peptidogylcan synthesis and is commonly used for treating penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. " 1900 UPDATE ACT-13 antibiotic inactivation; carbapenem; penam; ACT beta-lactamase; cephalosporin; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with ACT beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36211 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000072 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with ACT beta-lactamases, also known as AmpC beta-lactamases, are cephalosporinases that cannot be inhibited by clavulanate. These enzymes are encoded by genes located on the chromosome and can be induced by the presence of beta-lactam antibiotics. However recently, these genes have been found on plasmids and expressed at high constitutive levels in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 1901 UPDATE CTX-M-51 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 854 UPDATE CMY-58 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 855 UPDATE TEM-142 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 856 UPDATE mepR antibiotic efflux; protein(s) and two-component regulatory system modulating antibiotic efflux; multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) transporter; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; tigecycline; glycylcycline; tetracycline antibiotic; tetracycline; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Regulator UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) transporter UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36251 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000112 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) transporters utilize the cationic gradient across the membrane as an energy source. Although there is a diverse substrate specificity, almost all MATE transporters recognize fluoroquinolones. Arciflavine, ethidium and aminoglycosides are also good substrates. UPDATED category_aro_name with tigecycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35949 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000030 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tigecycline is an glycylcycline antibiotic. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycylcycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35960 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000042 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycylcyclines are a new class of antibiotics derived from tetracycline. These tetracycline analogues are specifically designed to overcome two common mechanisms of tetracycline resistance. Presently, there is only one glycylcycline antibiotic for clinical use: tigecycline. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome, preventing the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. " 850 UPDATE OXA-26 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 851 UPDATE Mycobacterium tuberculosis pncA mutations conferring resistance to pyrazinamide antibiotic target alteration; pyrazinamide resistant pncA; pyrazinamide; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with pyrazinamide resistant pncA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40002 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003418 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with pncA is a pyrazinamidase/nicotinamidase. It catalyzes the activation of pyrazinamide to pyrazinoic acid. Mutations arise within the pncA gene that caused the loss of pyrazinamidase activity is the major mechanism of antibiotic resistance UPDATED category_aro_name with pyrazinamide UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 39997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003413 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Pyrazinamide is an Antimycobacterial. It is highly specific and active only against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This compound is a prodrug and needs to be activated inside the cell. It interferes with the bacterium's ability to synthesize new fatty acids, causing cell death. " 852 UPDATE QnrB62 sparfloxacin; norfloxacin; quinolone resistance protein (qnr); gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; antibiotic target protection; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; nalidixic acid; moxifloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with quinolone resistance protein (qnr) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36558 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000419 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Qnr proteins are pentapeptide repeat proteins that mimic DNA and protect the cell from the activity of fluoroquinolone antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target protection UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. " 853 UPDATE OXA-160 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 858 UPDATE IND-14 carbapenem; antibiotic inactivation; IND beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with IND beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36199 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000060 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with IND beta-lactamases are class B carbapenem-hydrolyzing beta-lactamases " 740 UPDATE QnrB21 sparfloxacin; norfloxacin; quinolone resistance protein (qnr); gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; antibiotic target protection; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; nalidixic acid; moxifloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with quinolone resistance protein (qnr) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36558 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000419 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Qnr proteins are pentapeptide repeat proteins that mimic DNA and protect the cell from the activity of fluoroquinolone antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target protection UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. " 741 UPDATE CfxA antibiotic inactivation; flomoxef; cefmetazole; cephamycin; cefotetan; CfxA beta-lactamase; cefoxitin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with flomoxef UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40941 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Flomoxef is a second-generation cephamycin (oxacephem) and beta-lactam antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefmetazole UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40928 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefmetazole is a semi-synthetic cephamycin antibiotic with broad spectrum antibiotic activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, that disrupt cell wall synthesis through binding to PBPs causing cell lysis. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefotetan UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40931 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefotetan is a cephamycin-class beta-lactam antibiotic that is highly resistant to beta-lactamases and effective against a wide range of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with CfxA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 39434 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with cfxA beta-lactamases are class A beta-lactamases UPDATED category_aro_name with cefoxitin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35927 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefoxitin is a cephamycin antibiotic often grouped with the second generation cephalosporins. Cefoxitin is bactericidal and acts by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. Cefoxitin's 7-alpha-methoxy group and 3' leaving group make it a poor substrate for most beta-lactamases. " 742 UPDATE AAC(3)-Id antibiotic inactivation; AAC(3); sisomicin; gentamicin B; astromicin; gentamicin C; aminoglycoside antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with AAC(3) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36461 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000322 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Acetylation of the aminoglycoside antibiotic on the amino group at position 3. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with astromicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35922 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Astromicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Astromicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin C UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35933 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin C is a mixture of gentamicin C1, gentamicin C1a, and gentamicin C2 (these differ in substituents at position C6'). Gentamicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 743 UPDATE arr-3 antibiotic inactivation; rifampin; rifapentine; rifabutin; rifampin ADP-ribosyltransferase (Arr); rifaximin; rifamycin antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifampin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36308 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000169 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifampin is a semi-synthetic rifamycin, and inhibits RNA synthesis by binding to RNA polymerase. Rifampin is the mainstay agent for the treatment of tuberculosis, leprosy and complicated Gram-positive infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifapentine UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36673 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000534 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifapentine is a semisynthetic rifamycin that inhibits DNA-dependent RNA synthesis. It is often used in the treatment of tuberculosis and leprosy. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifabutin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36669 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000530 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifabutin is a semisynthetic rifamycin used in tuberculosis therapy. It inhibits DNA-dependent RNA synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifampin ADP-ribosyltransferase (Arr) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36529 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000390 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzyme responsible for the ADP-ribosylative inactivation of rifampin at the 23-OH position using NAD+. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifaximin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36656 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000517 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifaximin is a semi-synthetic rifamycin used to treat traveller's diarrhea. Rifaximin inhibits RNA synthesis by binding to the beta subunit of bacterial RNA polymerase. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifamycin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36296 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000157 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifamycin antibiotics are a group of broad-spectrum ansamycin antibiotics that inhibit bacterial RNA polymerase by binding to a highly conserved region, blocking the oligonucleotide exit tunnel, and preventing the extension of nascent mRNAs. " 744 UPDATE vanSL glycopeptide antibiotic; vanS; antibiotic target alteration; vancomycin; glycopeptide resistance gene cluster; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with vanS UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36210 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with VanS is similar to histidine protein kinases like EnvZ and acts as a response regulator by activating VanR. VanS is required for high level transcription of other van glycopeptide resistance genes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with vancomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35947 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000028 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Vancomycin is a glycopeptide antibiotic used in the prophylaxis and treatment of infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria. Vancomycin inhibits the synthesis of peptidoglycan, the major component of the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria. Its mechanism of action is unusual in that it acts by binding precursors of peptidoglycan, rather than by interacting with an enzyme. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide resistance gene cluster UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36373 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000234 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Genes that when expressed confer resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin type antibiotics. " 745 UPDATE CMY-40 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 746 UPDATE AAC(2')-Ib antibiotic inactivation; AAC(2'); arbekacin; gentamicin B; gentamicin C; amikacin; aminoglycoside antibiotic; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with AAC(2') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36480 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000341 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Acetylation of the aminoglycoside antibiotic on the amino group at position 2'. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin C UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35933 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin C is a mixture of gentamicin C1, gentamicin C1a, and gentamicin C2 (these differ in substituents at position C6'). Gentamicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 747 UPDATE QnrA4 sparfloxacin; norfloxacin; quinolone resistance protein (qnr); gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; antibiotic target protection; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; nalidixic acid; moxifloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with quinolone resistance protein (qnr) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36558 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000419 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Qnr proteins are pentapeptide repeat proteins that mimic DNA and protect the cell from the activity of fluoroquinolone antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target protection UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. " 748 UPDATE cmeB antibiotic efflux; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; macrolide antibiotic; cefotaxime; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; cephalosporin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; fusidic acid; erythromycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefotaxime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36989 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000645 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefotaxime is a semisynthetic cephalosporin taken parenterally. It is resistant to most beta-lactamases and active against Gram-negative rods and cocci due to its aminothiazoyl and methoximino functional groups. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with fusidic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37139 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000759 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Fusidic acid is the only commercially available fusidane, a group of steroid-like antibiotics. It is most active against Gram-positive bacteria, and acts by inhibiting elongation factor G to block protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. " 749 UPDATE SHV-97 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 1050 UPDATE AAC(6')-Ii antibiotic inactivation; kanamycin A; aminoglycoside antibiotic; AAC(6'); isepamicin; sisomicin; arbekacin; gentamicin B; netilmicin; amikacin; dibekacin; neomycin; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with AAC(6') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36484 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000345 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Acetylation of the aminoglycoside antibiotic on the amino group at position 6'. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with netilmicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35956 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000038 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with dibekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35926 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 1051 UPDATE LEN-12 penam; LEN beta-lactamase; antibiotic inactivation; penem; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with LEN beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36236 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000097 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with LEN beta-lactamases are chromosomal class A beta-lactamases that confer resistance to ampicillin, amoxicillin, carbenicillin, and ticarcillin but not to extended-spectrum beta-lactams. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. " 1052 UPDATE OXA-206 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1053 UPDATE SHV-2 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 1055 UPDATE Escherichia coli parE conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones fluoroquinolone resistant parE; grepafloxacin; trovafloxacin; ofloxacin; norfloxacin; nalidixic acid; lomefloxacin; gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; sparfloxacin; antibiotic target alteration; enoxacin; ciprofloxacin; pefloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; moxifloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone resistant parE UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 39897 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003313 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with ParE is a subunit of topoisomerase IV, necessary for cell survival. Point mutations in ParE prevent fluoroquinolones from inhibiting DNA synthesis, thus conferring resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with grepafloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37009 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000665 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Grepafloxacin is a broad-spectrum antibacterial quinoline. It is no longer taken due to its high toxicity. UPDATED category_aro_name with trovafloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37008 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000664 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Trovafloxacin is a trifluoroquinalone with a broad spectrum of activity that acts by inhibiting the uncoiling of supercoiled DNA. While potent against many Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, it is less active against pseudomonads and Cl. difficile. It is usually taken as the prodrug trovafloxacin mesylate or alatrofloxacin mesylate for oral or intravenous administration, respectively. UPDATED category_aro_name with ofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37007 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000663 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ofloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a methyl-substituted oxazine ring. It has a broad spectrum of activity including many enterobacteria and mycoplasma but most anaerobes are resistant. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with lomefloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37004 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000660 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Lomefloxacin is a difluoropiperazinyl quinolone, sharing similar activities with other fluoroquinolones. It is used to treat urinary tract infections. Relative to other fluoroquinolones, it has a longer half life and has higher serum concentrations. UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with enoxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35942 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000023 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Enoxacin belongs to a group called fluoroquinolones. Its mode of action depends upon blocking bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to DNA gyrase and causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with pefloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37142 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000762 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pefloxacin is structurally and functionally similar to norfloxacin. It is poorly active against mycobacteria, while anaerobes are resistant. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. " 1056 UPDATE VIM-19 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; carbapenem; cephalosporin; cephamycin; VIM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with VIM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36030 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000021 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with The Verone integron-encoded metallo-beta-lactamase (VIM) family was reported from Italy in 1999. There are, to date, 23 reported variants. VIM enzymes mostly occur in P. aeruginosa, also P. putida and, very rarely, Enterobacteriaceae. Integron-associated, sometimes within plasmids. Hydrolyses all beta-lactams except monobactams, and evades all beta-lactam inhibitors. There is a strong incidence of these in East Asia. " 1057 UPDATE CTX-M-114 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 1058 UPDATE VIM-27 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; carbapenem; cephalosporin; cephamycin; VIM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with VIM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36030 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000021 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with The Verone integron-encoded metallo-beta-lactamase (VIM) family was reported from Italy in 1999. There are, to date, 23 reported variants. VIM enzymes mostly occur in P. aeruginosa, also P. putida and, very rarely, Enterobacteriaceae. Integron-associated, sometimes within plasmids. Hydrolyses all beta-lactams except monobactams, and evades all beta-lactam inhibitors. There is a strong incidence of these in East Asia. " 1059 UPDATE APH(9)-Ib antibiotic inactivation; aminoglycoside antibiotic; APH(9); spectinomycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with APH(9) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36292 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000153 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Phosphorylation of spectinomycin on the hydroxyl group at position 9 UPDATED category_aro_name with spectinomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35957 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000039 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Spectinomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Spectinomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit inhibiting translation. " 1696 UPDATE Salmonella serovars gyrB conferring resistance to fluoroquinolone aminocoumarin antibiotic; antibiotic target alteration; moxifloxacin; fluoroquinolone resistant gyrB; grepafloxacin; trovafloxacin; ofloxacin; norfloxacin; nalidixic acid; lomefloxacin; gatifloxacin; coumermycin A1; ciprofloxacin; fleroxacin; levofloxacin; sparfloxacin; clorobiocin; novobiocin; Clofazimine; clinafloxacin; enoxacin; pefloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; cinoxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with aminocoumarin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36242 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000103 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminocoumarin antibiotics bind DNA gyrase subunit B to inhibit ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone resistant gyrB UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37244 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000864 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Point mutations in DNA gyrase subunit B (gyrB) observed in Mycobacterium tuberculosis can result in resistance to fluoroquinolones. UPDATED category_aro_name with grepafloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37009 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000665 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Grepafloxacin is a broad-spectrum antibacterial quinoline. It is no longer taken due to its high toxicity. UPDATED category_aro_name with trovafloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37008 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000664 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Trovafloxacin is a trifluoroquinalone with a broad spectrum of activity that acts by inhibiting the uncoiling of supercoiled DNA. While potent against many Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, it is less active against pseudomonads and Cl. difficile. It is usually taken as the prodrug trovafloxacin mesylate or alatrofloxacin mesylate for oral or intravenous administration, respectively. UPDATED category_aro_name with ofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37007 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000663 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ofloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a methyl-substituted oxazine ring. It has a broad spectrum of activity including many enterobacteria and mycoplasma but most anaerobes are resistant. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with lomefloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37004 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000660 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Lomefloxacin is a difluoropiperazinyl quinolone, sharing similar activities with other fluoroquinolones. It is used to treat urinary tract infections. Relative to other fluoroquinolones, it has a longer half life and has higher serum concentrations. UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with coumermycin A1 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36289 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000150 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Coumermycin A1 is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces rishiriensis, and binds DNA gyrase subunit B to inhibit ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fleroxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40940 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Fleroxacin is a broad spectrum fluoroquinolone antibiotic that inhibits the DNA supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, resulting in double-stranded DNA breaks and subsequent cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with clorobiocin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36271 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000132 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Clorobiocin is an aminocoumarin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces roseochromogenes, and binds DNA gyrase subunit B to inhibit ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with novobiocin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36250 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000111 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Novobiocin is an aminocoumarin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spheroides and Streptomyces niveus, and binds DNA gyrase subunit B inhibiting ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with Clofazimine UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004012 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Clofazimine is a fluoroquinolone-class phenazine dye used for the treatment of leprosy. Clofazimine binds to DNA and disrupts bacterial DNA gyrase, thereby causing double-stranded DNA breaks, and subsequent cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with clinafloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40938 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004011 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Clinafloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic and gyrase (DNA topoisomerase II) inhibitor. It binds to DNA gyrase and disrupts replication by causing double-stranded DNA breaks, resulting in cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with enoxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35942 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000023 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Enoxacin belongs to a group called fluoroquinolones. Its mode of action depends upon blocking bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to DNA gyrase and causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with pefloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37142 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000762 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pefloxacin is structurally and functionally similar to norfloxacin. It is poorly active against mycobacteria, while anaerobes are resistant. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with cinoxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40937 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004010 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cinoxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic primarily used for the treatment of urinary tract infections in adults. Cinoxacin binds to DNA gyrase, resulting in double-stranded DNA breaks and cell death. " 1697 UPDATE TEM-135 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 1694 UPDATE OXA-353 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1695 UPDATE DHA-5 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; cephamycin; DHA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with DHA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36207 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000068 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with DHA beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated AmpC β-lactamases that confer resistance to cephamycins and oxyimino-cephalosporins. " 1692 UPDATE tetM chlortetracycline; demeclocycline; oxytetracycline; tetracycline antibiotic; tetracycline; antibiotic target protection; minocycline; tetracycline-resistant ribosomal protection protein; doxycycline; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with chlortetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36667 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000528 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chlortetracycline was an early, first-generation tetracycline antibiotic developed in the 1940's. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes, preventing the aminoacyl-tRNA from binding to the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with demeclocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37011 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000667 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Demeclocycline is a tetracycline analog with 7-chloro and 6-methyl groups. Due to its fast absorption and slow excretion, it maintains higher effective blood levels compared to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with oxytetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37012 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000668 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Oxytetracycline is a derivative of tetracycline with a 5-hydroxyl group. Its activity is similar to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target protection UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with minocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36291 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000152 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Minocycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline-resistant ribosomal protection protein UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35921 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with A family of proteins known to bind to the 30S ribosomal subunit. This interaction prevents tetracycline and tetracycline derivatives from inhibiting ribosomal function. Thus, these proteins confer elevated resistance to tetracycline derivatives as a ribosomal protection protein. UPDATED category_aro_name with doxycycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35986 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Doxycycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. " 1693 UPDATE TEM-143 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 1690 UPDATE OXA-317 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1691 UPDATE CMY-31 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 715 UPDATE PDC-3 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; carbapenem; ceftazidime; PDC beta-lactamase; monobactam; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftazidime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35977 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000060 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftazidime is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Unlike most third-generation agents, it is active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, however it has weaker activity against Gram-positive microorganisms and is not used for such infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with PDC beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36237 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000098 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with PDC beta-lactamases are class C beta-lactamases that are found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 1698 UPDATE OCH-6 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; cephamycin; monobactam; OCH beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OCH beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36233 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000094 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OCH beta-lactamases are Ambler class C chromosomal-encoded beta-lactamases in Ochrobactrum anthropi " 1699 UPDATE vanXO glycopeptide antibiotic; glycopeptide resistance gene cluster; vanX; antibiotic target alteration; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide resistance gene cluster UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36373 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000234 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Genes that when expressed confer resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin type antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with vanX UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36020 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000011 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with VanX is a D,D-dipeptidase that cleaves D-Ala-D-Ala but not D-Ala-D-Lac, ensuring that the latter dipeptide that has reduced binding affinity with vancomycin is used to synthesize peptidoglycan substrate. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. " 1278 UPDATE TEM-45 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 1279 UPDATE TEM-104 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 618 UPDATE emeA acridine dye; antibiotic efflux; multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) transporter; acriflavin; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with acridine dye UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36193 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000054 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Acridine dyes are cell permeable, basic molecules with an acridine chromophore. These compounds intercalate DNA. The image shown represents the core structure of the acridine family, with specific dyes containing varying substituents. UPDATED category_aro_name with multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) transporter UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36251 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000112 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) transporters utilize the cationic gradient across the membrane as an energy source. Although there is a diverse substrate specificity, almost all MATE transporters recognize fluoroquinolones. Arciflavine, ethidium and aminoglycosides are also good substrates. UPDATED category_aro_name with acriflavin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35963 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000045 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Acriflavin is a topical antiseptic. It has the form of an orange or brown powder. It may be harmful in the eyes or if inhaled. Acriflavine is also used as treatment for external fungal infections of aquarium fish. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. " 619 UPDATE SHV-30 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 1270 UPDATE QnrS3 sparfloxacin; norfloxacin; quinolone resistance protein (qnr); gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; antibiotic target protection; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; nalidixic acid; moxifloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with quinolone resistance protein (qnr) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36558 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000419 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Qnr proteins are pentapeptide repeat proteins that mimic DNA and protect the cell from the activity of fluoroquinolone antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target protection UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. " 1271 UPDATE AAC(6')-Iw antibiotic inactivation; kanamycin A; aminoglycoside antibiotic; AAC(6'); isepamicin; sisomicin; arbekacin; gentamicin B; netilmicin; amikacin; dibekacin; neomycin; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with AAC(6') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36484 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000345 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Acetylation of the aminoglycoside antibiotic on the amino group at position 6'. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with netilmicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35956 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000038 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with dibekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35926 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 610 UPDATE SHV-153 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 611 UPDATE OXA-328 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 616 UPDATE NDM-8 antibiotic inactivation; penam; carbapenem; cephalosporin; cephamycin; NDM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with NDM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36196 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000057 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with NDM beta-lactamases or New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamases are class B beta-lactamases that confer resistance to a broad range of antibiotics including carbapenems, cephalosporins and penicillins. " 1275 UPDATE ErmT antibiotic target alteration; vernamycin B-gamma; oleandomycin; macrolide antibiotic; telithromycin; tylosin; lincosamide antibiotic; dirithromycin; clarithromycin; clindamycin; dalfopristin; pristinamycin IB; quinupristin; pristinamycin IA; Erm 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase; pristinamycin IIA; madumycin II; griseoviridin; lincomycin; streptogramin antibiotic; roxithromycin; spiramycin; azithromycin; erythromycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with vernamycin B-gamma UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37022 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000678 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Vernamycin B-gamma is a class B streptogramin derived from virginiamycin S1. UPDATED category_aro_name with oleandomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37247 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000867 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Oleandomycin is a 14-membered macrolide produced by Streptomyces antibioticus. It is ssimilar to erythromycin, and contains a desosamine amino sugar and an oleandrose sugar. It targets the 50S ribosomal subunit to prevent protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with telithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35974 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000057 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Telithromycin is a semi-synthetic derivative of erythromycin. It is a 14-membered macrolide and is the first ketolide antibiotic to be used in clinics. Telithromycin binds the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with tylosin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36284 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000145 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tylosin is a 16-membered macrolide, naturally produced by Streptomyces fradiae. It interacts with the bacterial ribosome 50S subunit to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincosamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35936 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincosamides (e.g. lincomycin, clindamycin) are a class of drugs which bind to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. This interaction inhibits early elongation of peptide chains by inhibiting the transpeptidase reaction, acting similarly to macrolides. UPDATED category_aro_name with dirithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36315 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000176 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dirithromycin is an oxazine derivative of erythromycin, sharing the 14-carbon macrolide ring. The antibiotic binds to the 50S subunit of the ribosome to inhibit bacterial protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with clarithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35982 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000065 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Clarithromycin is a methyl derivative of erythromycin, sharing the 14-carbon macrolide ring. The antibiotic binds to the 50S subunit of the ribosome and is used to treat pharyngitis, tonsillitis, acute maxillary sinusitis, acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, pneumonia (especially atypical pneumonias associated with Chlamydia pneumoniae or TWAR), and skin structure infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with clindamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35983 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000066 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Clindamycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that blocks A-site aminoacyl-tRNA binding. It is usually used to treat infections with anaerobic bacteria but can also be used to treat some protozoal diseases, such as malaria. UPDATED category_aro_name with dalfopristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37018 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000674 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dalfopristin is a water-soluble semi-synthetic derivative of pristinamycin IIA. It is produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis and is used in combination with quinupristin in a 7:3 ratio. Both work together to inhibit protein synthesis, and is active against Gram-positive bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IB UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37019 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000675 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IB is a class B streptogramin similar to pristinamycin IA, the former containing a N-methyl-4-(methylamino)phenylalanine instead of a N-methyl-4-(dimethylamino)phenylalanine in its class A streptogramin counterpart (one less methyl group). UPDATED category_aro_name with quinupristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36723 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000584 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Quinupristin is a type B streptogramin and a semisynthetic derivative of pristinamycin 1A. It is a component of the drug Synercid and interacts with the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36722 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000583 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin 1A is a type B streptogramin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis. It binds to the P site of the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, preventing the extension of protein chains. UPDATED category_aro_name with Erm 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36699 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000560 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Erm proteins are part of the RNA methyltransferase family and methylate A2058 (E. coli nomenclature) of the 23S ribosomal RNA conferring degrees of resistance to Macrolides, Lincosamides and Streptogramin b. This is called the MLSb phenotype. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IIA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37013 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000669 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IIA is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with madumycin II UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37016 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000672 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Madumycin II is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with griseoviridin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000673 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Griseoviridin is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35964 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000046 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincomycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that comes from the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis. It binds to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes and inhibit early elongation of peptide chain by inhibiting transpeptidase reaction. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptogramin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35945 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000026 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptogramin antibiotics are natural products produced by various members of the Streptomyces genus. These antibiotics bind to the P site of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The family consists of two subgroups, type A and type B, which are simultaneously produced by the same bacterial species in a ratio of roughly 70:30. UPDATED category_aro_name with roxithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35946 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000027 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Roxithromycin is a semi-synthetic, 14-carbon ring macrolide antibiotic derived from erythromycin. It is used to treat respiratory tract, urinary and soft tissue infections. Roxithromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. UPDATED category_aro_name with spiramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36295 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000156 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Spiramycin is a 16-membered macrolide and is natural product produced by Streptomyces ambofaciens. It binds to the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes and inhibits peptidyl transfer activity to disrupt protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with azithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36297 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000158 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Azithromycin is a 15-membered macrolide and falls under the subclass of azalide. Like other macrolides, azithromycin binds bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The nitrogen substitution at the C-9a position prevents its degradation. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. " 1276 UPDATE OXA-210 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 615 UPDATE OXA-211 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 711 UPDATE SHV-62 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 710 UPDATE dfrB6 iclaprim; trimethoprim; brodimoprim; tetroxoprim; diaminopyrimidine antibiotic; antibiotic target replacement; trimethoprim resistant dihydrofolate reductase dfr; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with iclaprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36476 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000337 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Iclaprim is a bactericidal compound that inhibits dihydrofolate reductase. It is used against clinically important Gram-positive pathogens, including methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36327 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000188 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Trimethoprim is a synthetic 5-(3,4,5- trimethoxybenzyl) pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, inhibiting synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid. Tetrahydrofolic acid is an essential precursor in the de novo synthesis of the DNA nucleotide thymidine. Trimethoprim is a bacteriostatic antibiotic mainly used in the prophylaxis and treatment of urinary tract infections in combination with sulfamethoxazole, a sulfonamide antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with brodimoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36408 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000269 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Brodimoprim is a structural derivative of trimethoprim and an inhibitor of bacterial dihydrofolate reductase. The 4-methoxy group of trimethoprim is replaced with a bromine atom. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetroxoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36423 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000284 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetroxoprim is a trimethoprim derivative that inhibits bacterial dihydrofolate reductase. UPDATED category_aro_name with diaminopyrimidine antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36310 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000171 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Diaminopyrimidines are a class of organic compounds containing a pyrimidine ring substituted by two amine groups. They are inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme critical for DNA synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target replacement UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Replacement or substitution of antibiotic action target, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim resistant dihydrofolate reductase dfr UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37617 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3001218 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Alternative dihydropteroate synthase dfr present on plasmids produces alternate proteins that are less sensitive to trimethoprim from inhibiting its role in folate synthesis, thus conferring trimethoprim resistance. " 1491 UPDATE lnuF antibiotic inactivation; lincosamide nucleotidyltransferase (LNU); lincosamide antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincosamide nucleotidyltransferase (LNU) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000221 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Resistance to the lincosamide antibiotic by ATP-dependent modification of the 3' and/or 4'-hydroxyl groups of the methylthiolincosamide sugar. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincosamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35936 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincosamides (e.g. lincomycin, clindamycin) are a class of drugs which bind to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. This interaction inhibits early elongation of peptide chains by inhibiting the transpeptidase reaction, acting similarly to macrolides. " 1472 UPDATE DHA-18 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; cephamycin; DHA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with DHA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36207 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000068 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with DHA beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated AmpC β-lactamases that confer resistance to cephamycins and oxyimino-cephalosporins. " 1473 UPDATE CTX-M-44 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 1470 UPDATE QnrB26 sparfloxacin; norfloxacin; quinolone resistance protein (qnr); gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; antibiotic target protection; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; nalidixic acid; moxifloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with quinolone resistance protein (qnr) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36558 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000419 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Qnr proteins are pentapeptide repeat proteins that mimic DNA and protect the cell from the activity of fluoroquinolone antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target protection UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. " 1471 UPDATE adeI antibiotic efflux; imipenem; rifampin; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; trimethoprim; rifamycin antibiotic; penem; macrolide antibiotic; carbapenem; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; cephalosporin; diaminopyrimidine antibiotic; ticarcillin; tetracycline antibiotic; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; lincosamide antibiotic; phenicol antibiotic; tetracycline; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with imipenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36309 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000170 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Imipenem is a broad-spectrum antibiotic and is usually taken with cilastatin, which prevents hydrolysis of imipenem by renal dehydropeptidase-I. It is resistant to hydrolysis by most other beta-lactamases. Notable exceptions are the KPC beta-lactamases and Ambler Class B enzymes. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifampin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36308 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000169 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifampin is a semi-synthetic rifamycin, and inhibits RNA synthesis by binding to RNA polymerase. Rifampin is the mainstay agent for the treatment of tuberculosis, leprosy and complicated Gram-positive infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36327 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000188 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Trimethoprim is a synthetic 5-(3,4,5- trimethoxybenzyl) pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, inhibiting synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid. Tetrahydrofolic acid is an essential precursor in the de novo synthesis of the DNA nucleotide thymidine. Trimethoprim is a bacteriostatic antibiotic mainly used in the prophylaxis and treatment of urinary tract infections in combination with sulfamethoxazole, a sulfonamide antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with diaminopyrimidine antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36310 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000171 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Diaminopyrimidines are a class of organic compounds containing a pyrimidine ring substituted by two amine groups. They are inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme critical for DNA synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with ticarcillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40523 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003832 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ticarcillin is a carboxypenicillin used for the treatment of Gram-negative bacteria, particularly P. aeruginosa. Ticarcillin's antibiotic properties arise from its ability to prevent cross-linking of peptidoglycan during cell wall synthesis, when the bacteria try to divide, causing cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincosamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35936 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincosamides (e.g. lincomycin, clindamycin) are a class of drugs which bind to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. This interaction inhibits early elongation of peptide chains by inhibiting the transpeptidase reaction, acting similarly to macrolides. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifamycin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36296 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000157 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifamycin antibiotics are a group of broad-spectrum ansamycin antibiotics that inhibit bacterial RNA polymerase by binding to a highly conserved region, blocking the oligonucleotide exit tunnel, and preventing the extension of nascent mRNAs. " 1476 UPDATE TEM-199 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 1477 UPDATE SHV-39 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 1474 UPDATE MexR sulfonamide antibiotic; penem; panipenem; antibiotic target alteration; tetracycline antibiotic; clavulanate; meropenem; antibiotic efflux; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; aztreonam; trimethoprim; aminocoumarin antibiotic; cephalosporin; macrolide antibiotic; carbapenem; ceftazidime; ciprofloxacin; cephamycin; ceftriaxone; protein(s) and two-component regulatory system modulating antibiotic efflux; peptide antibiotic; diaminopyrimidine antibiotic; ampicillin; amoxicillin; penam; sulfamethoxazole; novobiocin; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole; tetracycline; monobactam; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; erythromycin; phenicol antibiotic; azithromycin; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Regulator DELETED 35950 UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with panipenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40362 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003708 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Panipenem is a carbapenem antibacterial agent with a broad spectrum of in vitro activity covering a wide range of Gram-negative and Gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic bacterial. It is used in combination with betamipron to inhibit panipenem uptake into the renal tubule and prevent nephrotoxicity. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with clavulanate UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000079 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Adjuvant UPDATED category_aro_description with Clavulanic acid is a beta-lactamase inhibitor (marketed by GlaxoSmithKline, formerly Beecham) combined with penicillin group antibiotics to overcome certain types of antibiotic resistance. It is used to overcome resistance in bacteria that secrete beta-lactamase, which otherwise inactivates most penicillins. UPDATED category_aro_name with meropenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35990 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000073 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Meropenem is an ultra-broad spectrum injectable antibiotic used to treat a wide variety of infections, including meningitis and pneumonia. It is a beta-lactam and belongs to the subgroup of carbapenem, similar to imipenem and ertapenem. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with aztreonam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36689 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000550 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Aztreonam was the first monobactam discovered, and is greatly effective against Gram-negative bacteria while inactive against Gram-positive bacteria. Artreonam is a poor substrate for beta-lactamases, and may even act as an inhibitor. In Gram-negative bacteria, Aztreonam interferes with filamentation, inhibiting cell division and leading to cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36327 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000188 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Trimethoprim is a synthetic 5-(3,4,5- trimethoxybenzyl) pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, inhibiting synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid. Tetrahydrofolic acid is an essential precursor in the de novo synthesis of the DNA nucleotide thymidine. Trimethoprim is a bacteriostatic antibiotic mainly used in the prophylaxis and treatment of urinary tract infections in combination with sulfamethoxazole, a sulfonamide antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminocoumarin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36242 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000103 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminocoumarin antibiotics bind DNA gyrase subunit B to inhibit ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftazidime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35977 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000060 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftazidime is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Unlike most third-generation agents, it is active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, however it has weaker activity against Gram-positive microorganisms and is not used for such infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40957 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004024 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with An antibiotic cocktail containing the diaminopyrimidine antibiotic Trimethoprim and the sulfonamide antibiotic sulfamethoxazole (1 TMP:5 SMX). UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftriaxone UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35979 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000062 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftriaxone is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. The presence of an aminothiazolyl sidechain increases ceftriazone's resistance to beta-lactamases. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with diaminopyrimidine antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36310 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000171 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Diaminopyrimidines are a class of organic compounds containing a pyrimidine ring substituted by two amine groups. They are inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme critical for DNA synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with ampicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36981 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000637 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ampicillin is a penicillin derivative that is highly acid stable, with its activity similar to benzylpenicillin. UPDATED category_aro_name with amoxicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35981 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000064 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amoxicillin is a moderate-spectrum, bacteriolytic, beta-lactam antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections caused by susceptible microorganisms. A derivative of penicillin, it has a wider range of treatment but remains relatively ineffective against Gram-negative bacteria. It is commonly taken with clavulanic acid, a beta-lactamase inhibitor. Like other beta-lactams, amoxicillin interferes with the synthesis of peptidoglycan. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with sulfamethoxazole UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36468 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000329 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sulfamethoxazole is a sulfonamide antibiotic usually taken with trimethoprim, a diaminopyrimidine antibiotic. Sulfamethoxazole inhibits dihydropteroate synthase, essential to tetrahydrofolic acid biosynthesis. This pathway generates compounds used in the synthesis of many amino acids and nucleotides. UPDATED category_aro_name with novobiocin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36250 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000111 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Novobiocin is an aminocoumarin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spheroides and Streptomyces niveus, and binds DNA gyrase subunit B inhibiting ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with azithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36297 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000158 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Azithromycin is a 15-membered macrolide and falls under the subclass of azalide. Like other macrolides, azithromycin binds bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The nitrogen substitution at the C-9a position prevents its degradation. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with sulfonamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36421 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000282 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Sulfonamides are broad spectrum, synthetic antibiotics that contain the sulfonamide group. Sulfonamides inhibit dihydropteroate synthase, which catalyzes the conversion of p-aminobenzoic acid to dihydropteroic acid as part of the tetrahydrofolic acid biosynthetic pathway. Tetrahydrofolic acid is essential for folate synthesis, a precursor of many nucleotides and amino acids. Many sulfamides are taken with trimethoprim, an inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, also disturbing the trihydrofolic acid synthesis pathway. " 1475 UPDATE SHV-99 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 1478 UPDATE CARB-10 penam; antibiotic inactivation; CARB beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CARB beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36230 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000091 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CARB beta-lactamases are class A lactamases that can hydrolyze carbenicillin. Many of the PSE beta-lactamases have been renamed as CARB-lactamases with the notable exception of PSE-2 which is now OXA-10. " 1479 UPDATE IMP-40 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; carbapenem; cephalosporin; IMP beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with IMP beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36029 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Plasmid mediated IMP-type carbapenemases, of which at least 26 varieties are currently known, became established in Japan in the 1990s in enteric gram-negative organisms, Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter species. Integron-associated, sometimes within plasmids. Hydrolyses all beta-lactams except monobactams, and evades all beta-lactam inhibitors. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 1304 UPDATE CTX-M-85 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 1305 UPDATE OprM sulfonamide antibiotic; tetracycline; erythromycin; penem; panipenem; tetracycline antibiotic; clavulanate; meropenem; antibiotic efflux; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; aztreonam; ofloxacin; norfloxacin; nalidixic acid; aminocoumarin antibiotic; cephalosporin; macrolide antibiotic; carbapenem; ceftazidime; ciprofloxacin; cephamycin; gentamicin C; amikacin; ceftriaxone; thiamphenicol; peptide antibiotic; acridine dye; diaminopyrimidine antibiotic; ticarcillin; ampicillin; amoxicillin; penam; aminoglycoside antibiotic; sulfamethoxazole; novobiocin; phenicol antibiotic; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole; acriflavin; monobactam; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; chloramphenicol; trimethoprim; azithromycin; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with panipenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40362 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003708 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Panipenem is a carbapenem antibacterial agent with a broad spectrum of in vitro activity covering a wide range of Gram-negative and Gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic bacterial. It is used in combination with betamipron to inhibit panipenem uptake into the renal tubule and prevent nephrotoxicity. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with clavulanate UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000079 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Adjuvant UPDATED category_aro_description with Clavulanic acid is a beta-lactamase inhibitor (marketed by GlaxoSmithKline, formerly Beecham) combined with penicillin group antibiotics to overcome certain types of antibiotic resistance. It is used to overcome resistance in bacteria that secrete beta-lactamase, which otherwise inactivates most penicillins. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with meropenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35990 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000073 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Meropenem is an ultra-broad spectrum injectable antibiotic used to treat a wide variety of infections, including meningitis and pneumonia. It is a beta-lactam and belongs to the subgroup of carbapenem, similar to imipenem and ertapenem. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with aztreonam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36689 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000550 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Aztreonam was the first monobactam discovered, and is greatly effective against Gram-negative bacteria while inactive against Gram-positive bacteria. Artreonam is a poor substrate for beta-lactamases, and may even act as an inhibitor. In Gram-negative bacteria, Aztreonam interferes with filamentation, inhibiting cell division and leading to cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with ofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37007 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000663 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ofloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a methyl-substituted oxazine ring. It has a broad spectrum of activity including many enterobacteria and mycoplasma but most anaerobes are resistant. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminocoumarin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36242 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000103 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminocoumarin antibiotics bind DNA gyrase subunit B to inhibit ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with azithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36297 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000158 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Azithromycin is a 15-membered macrolide and falls under the subclass of azalide. Like other macrolides, azithromycin binds bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The nitrogen substitution at the C-9a position prevents its degradation. UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftazidime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35977 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000060 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftazidime is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Unlike most third-generation agents, it is active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, however it has weaker activity against Gram-positive microorganisms and is not used for such infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40957 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004024 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with An antibiotic cocktail containing the diaminopyrimidine antibiotic Trimethoprim and the sulfonamide antibiotic sulfamethoxazole (1 TMP:5 SMX). UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin C UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35933 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin C is a mixture of gentamicin C1, gentamicin C1a, and gentamicin C2 (these differ in substituents at position C6'). Gentamicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftriaxone UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35979 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000062 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftriaxone is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. The presence of an aminothiazolyl sidechain increases ceftriazone's resistance to beta-lactamases. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with thiamphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36595 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000456 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Derivative of Chloramphenicol. The nitro group (-NO2) is substituted by a sulfomethyl group (-SO2CH3). UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with acridine dye UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36193 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000054 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Acridine dyes are cell permeable, basic molecules with an acridine chromophore. These compounds intercalate DNA. The image shown represents the core structure of the acridine family, with specific dyes containing varying substituents. UPDATED category_aro_name with diaminopyrimidine antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36310 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000171 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Diaminopyrimidines are a class of organic compounds containing a pyrimidine ring substituted by two amine groups. They are inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme critical for DNA synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with ticarcillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40523 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003832 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ticarcillin is a carboxypenicillin used for the treatment of Gram-negative bacteria, particularly P. aeruginosa. Ticarcillin's antibiotic properties arise from its ability to prevent cross-linking of peptidoglycan during cell wall synthesis, when the bacteria try to divide, causing cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with ampicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36981 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000637 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ampicillin is a penicillin derivative that is highly acid stable, with its activity similar to benzylpenicillin. UPDATED category_aro_name with amoxicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35981 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000064 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amoxicillin is a moderate-spectrum, bacteriolytic, beta-lactam antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections caused by susceptible microorganisms. A derivative of penicillin, it has a wider range of treatment but remains relatively ineffective against Gram-negative bacteria. It is commonly taken with clavulanic acid, a beta-lactamase inhibitor. Like other beta-lactams, amoxicillin interferes with the synthesis of peptidoglycan. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36327 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000188 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Trimethoprim is a synthetic 5-(3,4,5- trimethoxybenzyl) pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, inhibiting synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid. Tetrahydrofolic acid is an essential precursor in the de novo synthesis of the DNA nucleotide thymidine. Trimethoprim is a bacteriostatic antibiotic mainly used in the prophylaxis and treatment of urinary tract infections in combination with sulfamethoxazole, a sulfonamide antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with sulfamethoxazole UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36468 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000329 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sulfamethoxazole is a sulfonamide antibiotic usually taken with trimethoprim, a diaminopyrimidine antibiotic. Sulfamethoxazole inhibits dihydropteroate synthase, essential to tetrahydrofolic acid biosynthesis. This pathway generates compounds used in the synthesis of many amino acids and nucleotides. UPDATED category_aro_name with novobiocin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36250 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000111 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Novobiocin is an aminocoumarin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spheroides and Streptomyces niveus, and binds DNA gyrase subunit B inhibiting ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with acriflavin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35963 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000045 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Acriflavin is a topical antiseptic. It has the form of an orange or brown powder. It may be harmful in the eyes or if inhaled. Acriflavine is also used as treatment for external fungal infections of aquarium fish. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with sulfonamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36421 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000282 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Sulfonamides are broad spectrum, synthetic antibiotics that contain the sulfonamide group. Sulfonamides inhibit dihydropteroate synthase, which catalyzes the conversion of p-aminobenzoic acid to dihydropteroic acid as part of the tetrahydrofolic acid biosynthetic pathway. Tetrahydrofolic acid is essential for folate synthesis, a precursor of many nucleotides and amino acids. Many sulfamides are taken with trimethoprim, an inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, also disturbing the trihydrofolic acid synthesis pathway. " 1306 UPDATE IND-5 carbapenem; antibiotic inactivation; IND beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with IND beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36199 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000060 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with IND beta-lactamases are class B carbapenem-hydrolyzing beta-lactamases " 1307 UPDATE OXY-1-6 penam; OXY beta-lactamase; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; monobactam; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 38788 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3002388 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXY beta-lactamases are chromosomal class A beta-lactamases that are found in Klebsiella oxytoca. At constitutive low levels, OXY beta-lactamases confer resistance to aminopenicillins and carboxypenicillins. At high induced levels, OXY beta-lactamases confer resistance to penicillins, cephalosporins and aztreonam. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 1300 UPDATE MexF antibiotic efflux; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; norfloxacin; trimethoprim; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; diaminopyrimidine antibiotic; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; phenicol antibiotic; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36327 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000188 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Trimethoprim is a synthetic 5-(3,4,5- trimethoxybenzyl) pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, inhibiting synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid. Tetrahydrofolic acid is an essential precursor in the de novo synthesis of the DNA nucleotide thymidine. Trimethoprim is a bacteriostatic antibiotic mainly used in the prophylaxis and treatment of urinary tract infections in combination with sulfamethoxazole, a sulfonamide antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with diaminopyrimidine antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36310 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000171 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Diaminopyrimidines are a class of organic compounds containing a pyrimidine ring substituted by two amine groups. They are inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme critical for DNA synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. " 1301 UPDATE Staphylococcus aureus cls conferring resistance to daptomycin peptide antibiotic; antibiotic target alteration; daptomycin resistant cls; daptomycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with daptomycin resistant cls UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 39856 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003272 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Cardiolipin synthetase catalyzes the formation of cardiolipin from two phosphatidylglycerol molecules. Cardiolipin is important in membrane translocation and permeabilization. Current known mutations on the enzyme confer resistance to daptomycin. UPDATED category_aro_name with daptomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35985 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000068 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Daptomycin is a novel lipopeptide antibiotic used in the treatment of certain infections caused by Gram-positive organisms. Daptomycin interferes with the bacterial cell membrane, reducing membrane potential and inhibiting cell wall synthesis. " 1302 UPDATE tet34 tetracycline antibiotic; antibiotic target alteration; tetracycline inactivation enzyme; antibiotic inactivation; tetracycline; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline inactivation enzyme UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36176 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymes or other gene products which hydroxylate tetracycline and other tetracycline derivatives. Hydroxylation inactivates tetracycline-like antibiotics, thus conferring resistance to these compounds. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. " 1303 UPDATE BEL-2 penam; monobactam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; BEL beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with BEL beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 38784 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3002384 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with BEL beta-lactamases are class A expanded-spectrum beta-lactamases that are inhibited by clavulanic acid. They are chromosomally encoded and hydrolyze most cephalosporins and aztreonam. " 1308 UPDATE vanTE glycopeptide antibiotic; glycopeptide resistance gene cluster; antibiotic target alteration; vanT; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide resistance gene cluster UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36373 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000234 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Genes that when expressed confer resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin type antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with vanT UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36511 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000372 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with VanT is a membrane bound serine racemase, converting L-serine to D-serine. It is associated with VanC, which incorporated D-serine into D-Ala-D-Ser terminal end of peptidoglycan subunits that have a decreased binding affinity with vancomycin. It was isolated from Enterococcus gallinarum. " 1309 UPDATE ACT-20 antibiotic inactivation; carbapenem; penam; ACT beta-lactamase; cephalosporin; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with ACT beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36211 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000072 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with ACT beta-lactamases, also known as AmpC beta-lactamases, are cephalosporinases that cannot be inhibited by clavulanate. These enzymes are encoded by genes located on the chromosome and can be induced by the presence of beta-lactam antibiotics. However recently, these genes have been found on plasmids and expressed at high constitutive levels in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 498 UPDATE QnrB17 sparfloxacin; norfloxacin; quinolone resistance protein (qnr); gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; antibiotic target protection; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; nalidixic acid; moxifloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with quinolone resistance protein (qnr) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36558 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000419 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Qnr proteins are pentapeptide repeat proteins that mimic DNA and protect the cell from the activity of fluoroquinolone antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target protection UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. " 499 UPDATE vanSB glycopeptide antibiotic; vanS; antibiotic target alteration; vancomycin; glycopeptide resistance gene cluster; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with vanS UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36210 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with VanS is similar to histidine protein kinases like EnvZ and acts as a response regulator by activating VanR. VanS is required for high level transcription of other van glycopeptide resistance genes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with vancomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35947 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000028 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Vancomycin is a glycopeptide antibiotic used in the prophylaxis and treatment of infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria. Vancomycin inhibits the synthesis of peptidoglycan, the major component of the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria. Its mechanism of action is unusual in that it acts by binding precursors of peptidoglycan, rather than by interacting with an enzyme. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide resistance gene cluster UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36373 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000234 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Genes that when expressed confer resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin type antibiotics. " 494 UPDATE KPC-14 antibiotic inactivation; penam; carbapenem; cephalosporin; monobactam; KPC beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with KPC beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36198 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000059 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenem resistant (KPC) beta-lactamases are notorious for their ability to efficiently hydrolyze carbapenems, unlike other Ambler Class A beta-lactamases. There are currently 9 variants reported worldwide. These enzymes were first isolated from Klebsiella pneumoniae strains in 2001 in the United States. Hospital outbreaks have since been reported in Greece and Israel and KPC carrying strains are now endemic to New York facilities. KPC-1 and KPC-2 have been shown to be identical and are now referred to as KPC-2. " 495 UPDATE CMY-28 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 496 UPDATE KPC-16 antibiotic inactivation; penam; carbapenem; cephalosporin; monobactam; KPC beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with KPC beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36198 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000059 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenem resistant (KPC) beta-lactamases are notorious for their ability to efficiently hydrolyze carbapenems, unlike other Ambler Class A beta-lactamases. There are currently 9 variants reported worldwide. These enzymes were first isolated from Klebsiella pneumoniae strains in 2001 in the United States. Hospital outbreaks have since been reported in Greece and Israel and KPC carrying strains are now endemic to New York facilities. KPC-1 and KPC-2 have been shown to be identical and are now referred to as KPC-2. " 497 UPDATE OXA-79 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 490 UPDATE TEM-188 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 491 UPDATE PER-2 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; carbapenem; cephalosporin; PER beta-lactamase; monobactam; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with PER beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36195 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000056 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with PER beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated extended spectrum beta-lactamases found in the Enterobacteriaceae family. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 492 UPDATE catB antibiotic inactivation; thiamphenicol; chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT); azidamfenicol; phenicol antibiotic; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with thiamphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36595 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000456 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Derivative of Chloramphenicol. The nitro group (-NO2) is substituted by a sulfomethyl group (-SO2CH3). UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36261 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000122 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Inactivates chloramphenicol by addition of an acyl group. cat is used to describe many variants of the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene in a range of organisms including Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Bacillus clausii, Bacillus subtilis, Campylobacter coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, Lactococcus lactis, Listeria monocytogenes, Listonella anguillarum Morganella morganii, Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella typhi, Serratia marcescens, Shigella flexneri, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Staphylococcus intermedius, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus suis and Streptomyces acrimycini UPDATED category_aro_name with azidamfenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36521 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000382 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Azidamfenicol is a water soluble derivative of chloramphenicol, sharing the same mode of action of inhibiting peptide synthesis by interacting with the 23S RNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. " 493 UPDATE TEM-84 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 24 UPDATE fusB antibiotic inactivation; fusidic acid; fusidic acid inactivation enzyme; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with fusidic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37139 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000759 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Fusidic acid is the only commercially available fusidane, a group of steroid-like antibiotics. It is most active against Gram-positive bacteria, and acts by inhibiting elongation factor G to block protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with fusidic acid inactivation enzyme UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 39459 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003025 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymes that confer resistance to fusidic acid by inactivation " 25 UPDATE CTX-M-121 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 26 UPDATE VEB-3 antibiotic inactivation; monobactam; cephalosporin; VEB beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with VEB beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36182 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000043 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with VEB beta-lactamases or Vietnamese extended-spectrum beta-lactamases are class A beta-lactamases that confer high-level resistance to oxyimino cephalosporins and to aztreonam " 27 UPDATE lnuA antibiotic inactivation; lincosamide nucleotidyltransferase (LNU); lincosamide antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincosamide nucleotidyltransferase (LNU) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000221 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Resistance to the lincosamide antibiotic by ATP-dependent modification of the 3' and/or 4'-hydroxyl groups of the methylthiolincosamide sugar. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincosamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35936 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincosamides (e.g. lincomycin, clindamycin) are a class of drugs which bind to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. This interaction inhibits early elongation of peptide chains by inhibiting the transpeptidase reaction, acting similarly to macrolides. " 20 UPDATE CMY-1 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 21 UPDATE OXA-329 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 22 UPDATE ACT-10 antibiotic inactivation; carbapenem; penam; ACT beta-lactamase; cephalosporin; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with ACT beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36211 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000072 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with ACT beta-lactamases, also known as AmpC beta-lactamases, are cephalosporinases that cannot be inhibited by clavulanate. These enzymes are encoded by genes located on the chromosome and can be induced by the presence of beta-lactam antibiotics. However recently, these genes have been found on plasmids and expressed at high constitutive levels in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 23 UPDATE OXA-371 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 28 UPDATE OXA-45 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 29 UPDATE Escherichia coli folP with mutation conferring resistance to sulfonamides sulfadiazine; sulfadoxine; sulfacetamide; sulfadimidine; mafenide; sulfonamide resistant dihydropteroate synthase folP; sulfisoxazole; antibiotic target alteration; sulfone antibiotic; sulfamethizole; sulfasalazine; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfamethoxazole; dapsone; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with sulfadiazine UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36463 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000324 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sulfadiazine is a potent inhibitor of dihydropteroate synthase, interfering with the tetrahydrofolic biosynthesis pathway. Tetrahydrofolic acid is essential for folate synthesis, a precursor to many nucleotides and amino acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with sulfadoxine UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36466 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000327 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sulfadoxine is an inhibitor of dihydropteroate synthase, interfering with the tetrahydrofolic biosynthesis pathway. Tetrahydrofolic acid is essential for folate synthesis, a precursor to many nucleotides and amino acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with sulfacetamide UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37027 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000683 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sulfacetamide is a very soluable sulfonamide antibiotic previously used to treat urinary tract infections. Its relatively low activity and toxicity to those with Stevens-Johnson syndrome have reduced its use and availability. UPDATED category_aro_name with sulfadimidine UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36464 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000325 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sulfadimidine is an alkaline sulfonamide antibiotic that inhibits dihydropteroate synthase, and enzyme in the tetrahydrofolic acid biosynthesis pathway. This interferes with the production of folate, which is a precursor to many amino acids and nucleotides. UPDATED category_aro_name with mafenide UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37028 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000684 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Mafenide is a sulfonamide used topically for treating burns. UPDATED category_aro_name with sulfonamide resistant dihydropteroate synthase folP UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 39999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003415 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Point mutations in dihydropteroate synthase folP prevent sulfonamide antibiotics from inhibiting its role in folate synthesis, thus conferring sulfonamide resistance UPDATED category_aro_name with sulfisoxazole UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36469 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000330 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sulfisoxazole is an inhibitor of dihydropteroate synthase, interfering with the tetrahydrofolic biosynthesis pathway. Tetrahydrofolic acid is essential for folate synthesis, a precursor to many nucleotides and amino acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with sulfone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 39985 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003401 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with A sulfone active against a wide range of bacteria but mainly employed for its actions against mycobacterium laprae. Its mechanism of action involves inhibition of folic acid synthesis in susceptible organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with sulfamethizole UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37043 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000699 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sulfamethizole is a short-acting sulfonamide that inhibits dihydropteroate synthetase. UPDATED category_aro_name with sulfasalazine UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37042 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000698 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sulfasalazine is a derivative of the early sulfonamide sulfapyridine (salicylazosulfapyridine). It was developed to increase water solubility and is taken orally for ulcerative colitis. UPDATED category_aro_name with sulfonamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36421 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000282 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Sulfonamides are broad spectrum, synthetic antibiotics that contain the sulfonamide group. Sulfonamides inhibit dihydropteroate synthase, which catalyzes the conversion of p-aminobenzoic acid to dihydropteroic acid as part of the tetrahydrofolic acid biosynthetic pathway. Tetrahydrofolic acid is essential for folate synthesis, a precursor of many nucleotides and amino acids. Many sulfamides are taken with trimethoprim, an inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, also disturbing the trihydrofolic acid synthesis pathway. UPDATED category_aro_name with sulfamethoxazole UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36468 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000329 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sulfamethoxazole is a sulfonamide antibiotic usually taken with trimethoprim, a diaminopyrimidine antibiotic. Sulfamethoxazole inhibits dihydropteroate synthase, essential to tetrahydrofolic acid biosynthesis. This pathway generates compounds used in the synthesis of many amino acids and nucleotides. UPDATED category_aro_name with dapsone UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 39996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003412 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dapsone is a sulfone in which it inhibits folic acid synthesis, such as the dihydropteroate synthase. " 1516 UPDATE CMY-45 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 1511 UPDATE OXA-423 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 7 UPDATE CTX-M-130 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 2281 UPDATE Brucella suis mprF peptide antibiotic; antibiotic target alteration; defensin resistant mprF; defensin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with defensin resistant mprF UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37243 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000863 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with MprF is a integral membrane protein that modifies the negatively-charged phosphatidylglycerol on the membrane surface of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. This confers resistance to cationic peptides that disrupt the cell membrane, including defensins. UPDATED category_aro_name with defensin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37037 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000693 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Defensins are natural cationic peptides that have antibiotic properties. It is part of the innate immune system of plants and animals. " 2282 UPDATE Clostridium perfringens mprF peptide antibiotic; antibiotic target alteration; defensin resistant mprF; defensin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with defensin resistant mprF UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37243 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000863 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with MprF is a integral membrane protein that modifies the negatively-charged phosphatidylglycerol on the membrane surface of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. This confers resistance to cationic peptides that disrupt the cell membrane, including defensins. UPDATED category_aro_name with defensin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37037 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000693 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Defensins are natural cationic peptides that have antibiotic properties. It is part of the innate immune system of plants and animals. " 2283 UPDATE Streptococcus agalactiae mprF peptide antibiotic; antibiotic target alteration; defensin resistant mprF; defensin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with defensin resistant mprF UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37243 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000863 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with MprF is a integral membrane protein that modifies the negatively-charged phosphatidylglycerol on the membrane surface of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. This confers resistance to cationic peptides that disrupt the cell membrane, including defensins. UPDATED category_aro_name with defensin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37037 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000693 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Defensins are natural cationic peptides that have antibiotic properties. It is part of the innate immune system of plants and animals. " 2284 UPDATE Escherichia coli murA with mutation conferring resistance to fosfomycin fosfomycin; antibiotic target alteration; murA transferase; ARO_category; model_param "UPDATED category_aro_name with fosfomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35944 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000025 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Fosfomycin (also known as phosphomycin and phosphonomycin) is a broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by certain Streptomyces species. It is effective on gram positive and negative bacteria as it targets the cell wall, an essential feature shared by both bacteria. Its specific target is MurA (MurZ in E.coli), which attaches phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, a step of commitment to cell wall synthesis. In the active site of MurA, the active cysteine molecule is alkylated which stops the catalytic reaction. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with murA transferase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 39245 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3002811 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with murA or UDP-N-acetylglucosamine enolpyruvyl transferase catalyses the initial step in peptidoglycan biosynthesis and is inhibited by fosfomycin. Overexpression of murA through mutations confers fosfomycin resistance. UPDATED 3628 with C115E UPDATED 3627 with C115D UPDATED 3639 with C115S UPDATED 3628 with C115E UPDATED 3627 with C115D UPDATED 3639 with C115S " 446 UPDATE catB8 antibiotic inactivation; thiamphenicol; chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT); azidamfenicol; phenicol antibiotic; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with thiamphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36595 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000456 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Derivative of Chloramphenicol. The nitro group (-NO2) is substituted by a sulfomethyl group (-SO2CH3). UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36261 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000122 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Inactivates chloramphenicol by addition of an acyl group. cat is used to describe many variants of the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene in a range of organisms including Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Bacillus clausii, Bacillus subtilis, Campylobacter coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, Lactococcus lactis, Listeria monocytogenes, Listonella anguillarum Morganella morganii, Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella typhi, Serratia marcescens, Shigella flexneri, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Staphylococcus intermedius, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus suis and Streptomyces acrimycini UPDATED category_aro_name with azidamfenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36521 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000382 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Azidamfenicol is a water soluble derivative of chloramphenicol, sharing the same mode of action of inhibiting peptide synthesis by interacting with the 23S RNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. " 2375 UPDATE Rm3 Rm3 family beta-lactamase; carbapenem; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; penam; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with Rm3 family beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41389 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004225 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with A family encompassing subclass B3 Rm3-like beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. " 2372 UPDATE Escherichia coli GlpT with mutation conferring resistance to fosfomycin fosfomycin; antibiotic target alteration; GlpT; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with fosfomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35944 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000025 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Fosfomycin (also known as phosphomycin and phosphonomycin) is a broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by certain Streptomyces species. It is effective on gram positive and negative bacteria as it targets the cell wall, an essential feature shared by both bacteria. Its specific target is MurA (MurZ in E.coli), which attaches phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, a step of commitment to cell wall synthesis. In the active site of MurA, the active cysteine molecule is alkylated which stops the catalytic reaction. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with GlpT UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41411 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004247 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Fosfomycin is transported bacterial cells through transporters, one of them being glycerol-3-phosphate, which is encoded by the GlpT gene. Mutations in the GlpT gene can confer resistance to fosfomycin. " 2373 UPDATE Escherichia coli UhpT with mutation conferring resistance to fosfomycin fosfomycin; antibiotic target alteration; UhpT; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with fosfomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35944 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000025 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Fosfomycin (also known as phosphomycin and phosphonomycin) is a broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by certain Streptomyces species. It is effective on gram positive and negative bacteria as it targets the cell wall, an essential feature shared by both bacteria. Its specific target is MurA (MurZ in E.coli), which attaches phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, a step of commitment to cell wall synthesis. In the active site of MurA, the active cysteine molecule is alkylated which stops the catalytic reaction. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with UhpT UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41412 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004248 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with UhpT encodes a transporter that can import fosfomycin-type drugs into bacterial cells. Mutations to UhpT confer resistance. " 591 UPDATE CTX-M-122 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 590 UPDATE IND-6 carbapenem; antibiotic inactivation; IND beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with IND beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36199 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000060 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with IND beta-lactamases are class B carbapenem-hydrolyzing beta-lactamases " 593 UPDATE abeS antibiotic efflux; small multidrug resistance (SMR) antibiotic efflux pump; aminocoumarin antibiotic; novobiocin; macrolide antibiotic; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; erythromycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with small multidrug resistance (SMR) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36004 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Small multidrug resistance (SMR) proteins are a relatively small family of transporters, restricted to prokaryotic cells. They are also the smallest multidrug transporters, with only four transmembrane alpha-helices and no significant extramembrane domain. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminocoumarin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36242 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000103 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminocoumarin antibiotics bind DNA gyrase subunit B to inhibit ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with novobiocin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36250 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000111 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Novobiocin is an aminocoumarin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spheroides and Streptomyces niveus, and binds DNA gyrase subunit B inhibiting ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. " 1876 UPDATE LEN-7 penam; LEN beta-lactamase; antibiotic inactivation; penem; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with LEN beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36236 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000097 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with LEN beta-lactamases are chromosomal class A beta-lactamases that confer resistance to ampicillin, amoxicillin, carbenicillin, and ticarcillin but not to extended-spectrum beta-lactams. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. " 1877 UPDATE CMY-12 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 1874 UPDATE OXA-196 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1875 UPDATE MIR-11 antibiotic inactivation; monobactam; cephalosporin; cephamycin; MIR beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with MIR beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36197 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000058 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with MIR beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated beta-lactamases that confer resistance to oxyimino- and alpha-methoxy beta-lactams " 1872 UPDATE vanXYL glycopeptide antibiotic; glycopeptide resistance gene cluster; antibiotic target alteration; vanXY; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide resistance gene cluster UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36373 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000234 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Genes that when expressed confer resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin type antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with vanXY UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36635 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000496 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with VanXY is a protein with both D,D-carboxypeptidase and D,D-dipeptidase activity, found in Enterococcus gallinarum. It cleaves and removes the terminal D-Ala of peptidoglycan subunits for the incorporation of D-Ser by VanC. D-Ala-D-Ser has low binding affinity with vancomycin. " 1873 UPDATE linG antibiotic inactivation; lincosamide nucleotidyltransferase (LNU); lincosamide antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincosamide nucleotidyltransferase (LNU) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000221 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Resistance to the lincosamide antibiotic by ATP-dependent modification of the 3' and/or 4'-hydroxyl groups of the methylthiolincosamide sugar. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincosamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35936 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincosamides (e.g. lincomycin, clindamycin) are a class of drugs which bind to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. This interaction inhibits early elongation of peptide chains by inhibiting the transpeptidase reaction, acting similarly to macrolides. " 1870 UPDATE OXA-66 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1871 UPDATE OXA-389 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 595 UPDATE SHV-75 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 1878 UPDATE SRT-2 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; SRT beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with SRT beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36234 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000095 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SRT beta-lactamases. " 1879 UPDATE AAC(3)-IIIa antibiotic inactivation; aminoglycoside antibiotic; gentamicin C; AAC(3); gentamicin B; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin C UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35933 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin C is a mixture of gentamicin C1, gentamicin C1a, and gentamicin C2 (these differ in substituents at position C6'). Gentamicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with AAC(3) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36461 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000322 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Acetylation of the aminoglycoside antibiotic on the amino group at position 3. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. " 977 UPDATE OXA-112 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 976 UPDATE CTX-M-61 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 975 UPDATE QnrB1 sparfloxacin; norfloxacin; quinolone resistance protein (qnr); gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; antibiotic target protection; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; nalidixic acid; moxifloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with quinolone resistance protein (qnr) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36558 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000419 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Qnr proteins are pentapeptide repeat proteins that mimic DNA and protect the cell from the activity of fluoroquinolone antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target protection UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. " 974 UPDATE lmrC efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump; antibiotic efflux; lincosamide antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36002 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are present in all cells of all organisms and use the energy of ATP binding/hydrolysis to transport substrates across cell membranes. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincosamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35936 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincosamides (e.g. lincomycin, clindamycin) are a class of drugs which bind to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. This interaction inhibits early elongation of peptide chains by inhibiting the transpeptidase reaction, acting similarly to macrolides. " 973 UPDATE OXA-378 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 972 UPDATE CMY-23 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 971 UPDATE cmlA4 antibiotic efflux; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump; phenicol antibiotic; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and ABC transporters comprise the two largest and most functionally diverse of the transporter superfamilies. However, MFS transporters are distinct from ABC transporters in both their primary sequence and structure and in the mechanism of energy coupling. As secondary transporters they are, like RND and SMR transporters, energized by the electrochemical proton gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. " 970 UPDATE OKP-B-18 penam; antibiotic inactivation; OKP beta-lactamase; cephalosporin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with OKP beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 38817 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3002417 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OKP beta-lactamases are chromosomal class A beta-lactamase that confer resistance to penicillins and early cephalosporins in Klebsiella pneumoniae. OKP beta-lactamases can be subdivided into two groups: OKP-A and OKP-B which diverge by about 4.2% UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 596 UPDATE ROB-1 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; ROB beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with ROB beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 39428 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3002994 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with ROB beta-lactamases are a class A beta-lactamases. " 979 UPDATE TEM-96 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 978 UPDATE OXA-134 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 182 UPDATE arlS antibiotic efflux; major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump; protein(s) and two-component regulatory system modulating antibiotic efflux; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; norfloxacin; acridine dye; acriflavin; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Regulator UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and ABC transporters comprise the two largest and most functionally diverse of the transporter superfamilies. However, MFS transporters are distinct from ABC transporters in both their primary sequence and structure and in the mechanism of energy coupling. As secondary transporters they are, like RND and SMR transporters, energized by the electrochemical proton gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with acridine dye UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36193 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000054 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Acridine dyes are cell permeable, basic molecules with an acridine chromophore. These compounds intercalate DNA. The image shown represents the core structure of the acridine family, with specific dyes containing varying substituents. UPDATED category_aro_name with acriflavin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35963 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000045 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Acriflavin is a topical antiseptic. It has the form of an orange or brown powder. It may be harmful in the eyes or if inhaled. Acriflavine is also used as treatment for external fungal infections of aquarium fish. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. " 183 UPDATE adeS antibiotic efflux; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; protein(s) and two-component regulatory system modulating antibiotic efflux; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; tigecycline; glycylcycline; tetracycline antibiotic; tetracycline; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Regulator UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with tigecycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35949 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000030 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tigecycline is an glycylcycline antibiotic. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycylcycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35960 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000042 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycylcyclines are a new class of antibiotics derived from tetracycline. These tetracycline analogues are specifically designed to overcome two common mechanisms of tetracycline resistance. Presently, there is only one glycylcycline antibiotic for clinical use: tigecycline. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome, preventing the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. " 180 UPDATE DHA-19 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; cephamycin; DHA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with DHA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36207 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000068 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with DHA beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated AmpC β-lactamases that confer resistance to cephamycins and oxyimino-cephalosporins. " 181 UPDATE GES-14 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; GES beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with GES beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36205 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000066 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with GES beta-lactamases or Guiana extended-spectrum beta-lactamases are related to the other plasmid-located class A beta-lactamases " 186 UPDATE OXA-12 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 187 UPDATE OXA-348 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 184 UPDATE OCH-1 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; cephamycin; monobactam; OCH beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OCH beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36233 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000094 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OCH beta-lactamases are Ambler class C chromosomal-encoded beta-lactamases in Ochrobactrum anthropi " 185 UPDATE OXA-232 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 2110 UPDATE CARB-20 penam; antibiotic inactivation; CARB beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CARB beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36230 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000091 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CARB beta-lactamases are class A lactamases that can hydrolyze carbenicillin. Many of the PSE beta-lactamases have been renamed as CARB-lactamases with the notable exception of PSE-2 which is now OXA-10. " 2111 UPDATE Mycobacterium chelonae 16S rRNA mutation conferring resistance to tobramycin glycopeptide antibiotic; arbekacin; gentamicin B; tetracycline antibiotic; antibiotic target alteration; isepamicin; G418; chlortetracycline; paromomycin; sisomicin; spectinomycin; netilmicin; apramycin; streptothricin; gentamicin C; streptomycin; aminoglycoside antibiotic; nucleoside antibiotic; 16s rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics; peptide antibiotic; minocycline; hygromycin B; doxycycline; amikacin; bleomycin B2; bleomycinic acid; bleomycin A2; dibekacin; oxytetracycline; neomycin; kanamycin A; tigecycline; glycylcycline; demeclocycline; astromicin; butirosin; ribostamycin; tetracycline; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with G418 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000653 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A gentamicin class aminoglycoside antibiotic often used in mammalian cell culture work as a selectable marker for the neo cassette (APH3'). UPDATED category_aro_name with chlortetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36667 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000528 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chlortetracycline was an early, first-generation tetracycline antibiotic developed in the 1940's. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes, preventing the aminoacyl-tRNA from binding to the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with paromomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000657 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with An aminoglycoside antibiotic used for the treatment of parasitic infections. It is similar to neomycin sharing a similar spectrum of activity, but its hydroxyl group at the 6'-position instead of an amino group makes it resistant to AAC(6') modifying enzymes. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with dibekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35926 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with spectinomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35957 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000039 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Spectinomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Spectinomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit inhibiting translation. UPDATED category_aro_name with netilmicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35956 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000038 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. UPDATED category_aro_name with apramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35955 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000037 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Apramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections in animals. Apramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptothricin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35931 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000012 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptothricins are a group of N-glycoside antibiotics that include a carbamoylated D-glucosamine to which are attached a series of L-beta-lysine residues at position 2 and a streptolidine at position 1. Streptothricins vary by the number of beta-lysine residues (from 1 (nourseothricin) to 7) and target protein synthesis in bacteria and eukaryotes. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin C UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35933 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin C is a mixture of gentamicin C1, gentamicin C1a, and gentamicin C2 (these differ in substituents at position C6'). Gentamicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35958 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000040 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Streptomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with nucleoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36174 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000034 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucleoside antibiotics are made of modified nucleosides and nucleotides with wide-ranging activities and means of antibacterial effects. This drug class includes aminonucleoside antibiotics, which contain an amino group. UPDATED category_aro_name with 16s rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40277 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Point mutations in the 16S rRNA of bacteria can confer resistance to aminoglycosides. UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with minocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36291 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000152 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Minocycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with hygromycin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36353 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000214 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Hygromycin B is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Hygromycin B works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Hygromycin B has also been shown to interact with eukaryotic cells. UPDATED category_aro_name with doxycycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35986 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Doxycycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin B2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37036 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000692 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin B2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycinic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37034 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000690 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycinic acid is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin A2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37035 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000691 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin A2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with demeclocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37011 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000667 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Demeclocycline is a tetracycline analog with 7-chloro and 6-methyl groups. Due to its fast absorption and slow excretion, it maintains higher effective blood levels compared to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with oxytetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37012 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000668 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Oxytetracycline is a derivative of tetracycline with a 5-hydroxyl group. Its activity is similar to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tigecycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35949 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000030 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tigecycline is an glycylcycline antibiotic. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycylcycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35960 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000042 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycylcyclines are a new class of antibiotics derived from tetracycline. These tetracycline analogues are specifically designed to overcome two common mechanisms of tetracycline resistance. Presently, there is only one glycylcycline antibiotic for clinical use: tigecycline. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome, preventing the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA. UPDATED category_aro_name with astromicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35922 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Astromicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Astromicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with butirosin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35943 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000024 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Butirosin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Butirosin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with ribostamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35940 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000021 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ribostamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Ribostamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 188 UPDATE SHV-89 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 189 UPDATE CTX-M-19 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 2114 UPDATE APH(3')-IIa antibiotic inactivation; aminoglycoside antibiotic; paromomycin; APH(3'); gentamicin B; ribostamycin; G418; neomycin; butirosin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with paromomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000657 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with An aminoglycoside antibiotic used for the treatment of parasitic infections. It is similar to neomycin sharing a similar spectrum of activity, but its hydroxyl group at the 6'-position instead of an amino group makes it resistant to AAC(6') modifying enzymes. UPDATED category_aro_name with APH(3') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36265 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000126 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Phosphorylation of 2-deoxystreptamine aminoglycosides on the hydroxyl group at position 3' UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with ribostamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35940 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000021 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ribostamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Ribostamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with G418 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000653 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A gentamicin class aminoglycoside antibiotic often used in mammalian cell culture work as a selectable marker for the neo cassette (APH3'). UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with butirosin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35943 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000024 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Butirosin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Butirosin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 2115 UPDATE TEM-4 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 2116 UPDATE Pasteurella multocida 16S rRNA mutation conferring resistance to spectinomycin glycopeptide antibiotic; arbekacin; gentamicin B; tetracycline antibiotic; antibiotic target alteration; isepamicin; G418; chlortetracycline; paromomycin; sisomicin; spectinomycin; netilmicin; apramycin; streptothricin; gentamicin C; streptomycin; aminoglycoside antibiotic; nucleoside antibiotic; 16s rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics; peptide antibiotic; minocycline; hygromycin B; doxycycline; amikacin; bleomycin B2; bleomycinic acid; bleomycin A2; dibekacin; oxytetracycline; neomycin; kanamycin A; tigecycline; glycylcycline; demeclocycline; astromicin; butirosin; ribostamycin; tetracycline; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with G418 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000653 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A gentamicin class aminoglycoside antibiotic often used in mammalian cell culture work as a selectable marker for the neo cassette (APH3'). UPDATED category_aro_name with chlortetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36667 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000528 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chlortetracycline was an early, first-generation tetracycline antibiotic developed in the 1940's. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes, preventing the aminoacyl-tRNA from binding to the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with paromomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000657 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with An aminoglycoside antibiotic used for the treatment of parasitic infections. It is similar to neomycin sharing a similar spectrum of activity, but its hydroxyl group at the 6'-position instead of an amino group makes it resistant to AAC(6') modifying enzymes. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with dibekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35926 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with spectinomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35957 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000039 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Spectinomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Spectinomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit inhibiting translation. UPDATED category_aro_name with netilmicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35956 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000038 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. UPDATED category_aro_name with apramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35955 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000037 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Apramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections in animals. Apramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptothricin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35931 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000012 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptothricins are a group of N-glycoside antibiotics that include a carbamoylated D-glucosamine to which are attached a series of L-beta-lysine residues at position 2 and a streptolidine at position 1. Streptothricins vary by the number of beta-lysine residues (from 1 (nourseothricin) to 7) and target protein synthesis in bacteria and eukaryotes. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin C UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35933 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin C is a mixture of gentamicin C1, gentamicin C1a, and gentamicin C2 (these differ in substituents at position C6'). Gentamicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35958 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000040 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Streptomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with nucleoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36174 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000034 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucleoside antibiotics are made of modified nucleosides and nucleotides with wide-ranging activities and means of antibacterial effects. This drug class includes aminonucleoside antibiotics, which contain an amino group. UPDATED category_aro_name with 16s rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40277 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Point mutations in the 16S rRNA of bacteria can confer resistance to aminoglycosides. UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with minocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36291 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000152 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Minocycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with hygromycin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36353 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000214 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Hygromycin B is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Hygromycin B works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Hygromycin B has also been shown to interact with eukaryotic cells. UPDATED category_aro_name with doxycycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35986 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Doxycycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin B2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37036 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000692 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin B2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycinic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37034 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000690 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycinic acid is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin A2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37035 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000691 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin A2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with demeclocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37011 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000667 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Demeclocycline is a tetracycline analog with 7-chloro and 6-methyl groups. Due to its fast absorption and slow excretion, it maintains higher effective blood levels compared to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with oxytetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37012 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000668 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Oxytetracycline is a derivative of tetracycline with a 5-hydroxyl group. Its activity is similar to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tigecycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35949 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000030 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tigecycline is an glycylcycline antibiotic. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycylcycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35960 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000042 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycylcyclines are a new class of antibiotics derived from tetracycline. These tetracycline analogues are specifically designed to overcome two common mechanisms of tetracycline resistance. Presently, there is only one glycylcycline antibiotic for clinical use: tigecycline. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome, preventing the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA. UPDATED category_aro_name with astromicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35922 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Astromicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Astromicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with butirosin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35943 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000024 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Butirosin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Butirosin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with ribostamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35940 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000021 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ribostamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Ribostamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 1559 UPDATE mtrA penam; antibiotic efflux; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; protein(s) and two-component regulatory system modulating antibiotic efflux; macrolide antibiotic; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; penicillin; azithromycin; erythromycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Regulator UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with penicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35971 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000054 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Penicillin (sometimes abbreviated PCN) is a beta-lactam antibiotic used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. It works by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with azithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36297 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000158 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Azithromycin is a 15-membered macrolide and falls under the subclass of azalide. Like other macrolides, azithromycin binds bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The nitrogen substitution at the C-9a position prevents its degradation. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. " 1919 UPDATE SHV-27 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 1918 UPDATE spd antibiotic inactivation; aminoglycoside antibiotic; spectinomycin; ANT(9); ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with spectinomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35957 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000039 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Spectinomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Spectinomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit inhibiting translation. UPDATED category_aro_name with ANT(9) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36367 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000228 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucleotidylylation of spectinomycin at the hydroxyl group at position 9 " 1464 UPDATE aadA7 antibiotic inactivation; aminoglycoside antibiotic; ANT(3''); streptomycin; spectinomycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with ANT(3'') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41439 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004275 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucleotidylylation of streptomycin at the hydroxyl group at position 3'' UPDATED category_aro_name with streptomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35958 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000040 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Streptomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with spectinomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35957 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000039 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Spectinomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Spectinomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit inhibiting translation. " 1911 UPDATE AAC(6')-Iad antibiotic inactivation; kanamycin A; aminoglycoside antibiotic; AAC(6'); isepamicin; sisomicin; arbekacin; gentamicin B; netilmicin; amikacin; dibekacin; neomycin; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with AAC(6') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36484 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000345 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Acetylation of the aminoglycoside antibiotic on the amino group at position 6'. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with netilmicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35956 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000038 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with dibekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35926 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 1910 UPDATE CTX-M-136 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 1913 UPDATE dfrK iclaprim; trimethoprim; brodimoprim; tetroxoprim; diaminopyrimidine antibiotic; antibiotic target replacement; trimethoprim resistant dihydrofolate reductase dfr; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with iclaprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36476 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000337 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Iclaprim is a bactericidal compound that inhibits dihydrofolate reductase. It is used against clinically important Gram-positive pathogens, including methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36327 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000188 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Trimethoprim is a synthetic 5-(3,4,5- trimethoxybenzyl) pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, inhibiting synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid. Tetrahydrofolic acid is an essential precursor in the de novo synthesis of the DNA nucleotide thymidine. Trimethoprim is a bacteriostatic antibiotic mainly used in the prophylaxis and treatment of urinary tract infections in combination with sulfamethoxazole, a sulfonamide antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with brodimoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36408 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000269 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Brodimoprim is a structural derivative of trimethoprim and an inhibitor of bacterial dihydrofolate reductase. The 4-methoxy group of trimethoprim is replaced with a bromine atom. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetroxoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36423 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000284 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetroxoprim is a trimethoprim derivative that inhibits bacterial dihydrofolate reductase. UPDATED category_aro_name with diaminopyrimidine antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36310 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000171 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Diaminopyrimidines are a class of organic compounds containing a pyrimidine ring substituted by two amine groups. They are inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme critical for DNA synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target replacement UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Replacement or substitution of antibiotic action target, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim resistant dihydrofolate reductase dfr UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37617 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3001218 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Alternative dihydropteroate synthase dfr present on plasmids produces alternate proteins that are less sensitive to trimethoprim from inhibiting its role in folate synthesis, thus conferring trimethoprim resistance. " 1912 UPDATE LRA-13 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; class D LRA beta-lactamase; class C LRA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with class D LRA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41405 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004241 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Beta-lactamases that are part of the LRA gene family and are classified as Class D beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with class C LRA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41395 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004231 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Beta-lactamases that are part of the LRA gene family and are classified as Class C beta-lactamases. " 1915 UPDATE CMY-47 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 1914 UPDATE BEL-3 penam; monobactam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; BEL beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with BEL beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 38784 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3002384 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with BEL beta-lactamases are class A expanded-spectrum beta-lactamases that are inhibited by clavulanic acid. They are chromosomally encoded and hydrolyze most cephalosporins and aztreonam. " 1917 UPDATE tet(30) tetracycline antibiotic; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump; tetracycline; antibiotic efflux; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and ABC transporters comprise the two largest and most functionally diverse of the transporter superfamilies. However, MFS transporters are distinct from ABC transporters in both their primary sequence and structure and in the mechanism of energy coupling. As secondary transporters they are, like RND and SMR transporters, energized by the electrochemical proton gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. " 1916 UPDATE TEM-208 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 869 UPDATE CRP penam; antibiotic efflux; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; protein(s) and two-component regulatory system modulating antibiotic efflux; norfloxacin; macrolide antibiotic; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; oxacillin; cloxacillin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; erythromycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Regulator UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with oxacillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35973 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000056 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Oxacillin is a penicillinase-resistant beta-lactam. It is similar to methicillin, and has replaced methicillin in clinical use. Oxacillin, especially in combination with other antibiotics, is effective against many penicillinase-producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. UPDATED category_aro_name with cloxacillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35930 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000011 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cloxacillin is a semisynthetic, isoxazolyl penicillin derivative in the beta-lactam class of antibiotics. It interferes with peptidogylcan synthesis and is commonly used for treating penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. " 868 UPDATE DHA-1 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; cephamycin; DHA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with DHA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36207 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000068 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with DHA beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated AmpC β-lactamases that confer resistance to cephamycins and oxyimino-cephalosporins. " 2113 UPDATE Escherichia coli 16S rRNA (rrsB) mutation conferring resistance to tobramycin glycopeptide antibiotic; arbekacin; gentamicin B; tetracycline antibiotic; antibiotic target alteration; isepamicin; G418; chlortetracycline; paromomycin; sisomicin; spectinomycin; netilmicin; apramycin; streptothricin; gentamicin C; streptomycin; aminoglycoside antibiotic; nucleoside antibiotic; 16s rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics; peptide antibiotic; minocycline; hygromycin B; doxycycline; amikacin; bleomycin B2; bleomycinic acid; bleomycin A2; dibekacin; oxytetracycline; neomycin; kanamycin A; tigecycline; glycylcycline; demeclocycline; astromicin; butirosin; ribostamycin; tetracycline; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with G418 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000653 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A gentamicin class aminoglycoside antibiotic often used in mammalian cell culture work as a selectable marker for the neo cassette (APH3'). UPDATED category_aro_name with chlortetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36667 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000528 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chlortetracycline was an early, first-generation tetracycline antibiotic developed in the 1940's. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes, preventing the aminoacyl-tRNA from binding to the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with paromomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000657 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with An aminoglycoside antibiotic used for the treatment of parasitic infections. It is similar to neomycin sharing a similar spectrum of activity, but its hydroxyl group at the 6'-position instead of an amino group makes it resistant to AAC(6') modifying enzymes. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with dibekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35926 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with spectinomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35957 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000039 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Spectinomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Spectinomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit inhibiting translation. UPDATED category_aro_name with netilmicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35956 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000038 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. UPDATED category_aro_name with apramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35955 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000037 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Apramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections in animals. Apramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptothricin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35931 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000012 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptothricins are a group of N-glycoside antibiotics that include a carbamoylated D-glucosamine to which are attached a series of L-beta-lysine residues at position 2 and a streptolidine at position 1. Streptothricins vary by the number of beta-lysine residues (from 1 (nourseothricin) to 7) and target protein synthesis in bacteria and eukaryotes. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin C UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35933 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin C is a mixture of gentamicin C1, gentamicin C1a, and gentamicin C2 (these differ in substituents at position C6'). Gentamicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35958 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000040 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Streptomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with nucleoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36174 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000034 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucleoside antibiotics are made of modified nucleosides and nucleotides with wide-ranging activities and means of antibacterial effects. This drug class includes aminonucleoside antibiotics, which contain an amino group. UPDATED category_aro_name with 16s rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40277 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Point mutations in the 16S rRNA of bacteria can confer resistance to aminoglycosides. UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with minocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36291 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000152 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Minocycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with hygromycin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36353 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000214 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Hygromycin B is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Hygromycin B works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Hygromycin B has also been shown to interact with eukaryotic cells. UPDATED category_aro_name with doxycycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35986 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Doxycycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin B2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37036 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000692 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin B2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycinic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37034 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000690 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycinic acid is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin A2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37035 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000691 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin A2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with demeclocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37011 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000667 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Demeclocycline is a tetracycline analog with 7-chloro and 6-methyl groups. Due to its fast absorption and slow excretion, it maintains higher effective blood levels compared to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with oxytetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37012 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000668 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Oxytetracycline is a derivative of tetracycline with a 5-hydroxyl group. Its activity is similar to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tigecycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35949 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000030 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tigecycline is an glycylcycline antibiotic. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycylcycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35960 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000042 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycylcyclines are a new class of antibiotics derived from tetracycline. These tetracycline analogues are specifically designed to overcome two common mechanisms of tetracycline resistance. Presently, there is only one glycylcycline antibiotic for clinical use: tigecycline. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome, preventing the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA. UPDATED category_aro_name with astromicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35922 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Astromicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Astromicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with butirosin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35943 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000024 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Butirosin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Butirosin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with ribostamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35940 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000021 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ribostamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Ribostamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 861 UPDATE OXA-215 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 860 UPDATE TEM-42 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 863 UPDATE PER-7 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; carbapenem; cephalosporin; PER beta-lactamase; monobactam; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with PER beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36195 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000056 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with PER beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated extended spectrum beta-lactamases found in the Enterobacteriaceae family. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 862 UPDATE IMP-16 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; carbapenem; cephalosporin; IMP beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with IMP beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36029 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Plasmid mediated IMP-type carbapenemases, of which at least 26 varieties are currently known, became established in Japan in the 1990s in enteric gram-negative organisms, Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter species. Integron-associated, sometimes within plasmids. Hydrolyses all beta-lactams except monobactams, and evades all beta-lactam inhibitors. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 865 UPDATE OXA-244 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 864 UPDATE CMY-61 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 867 UPDATE OXA-175 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 866 UPDATE adeB antibiotic efflux; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; tigecycline; glycylcycline; tetracycline antibiotic; tetracycline; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with tigecycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35949 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000030 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tigecycline is an glycylcycline antibiotic. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycylcycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35960 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000042 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycylcyclines are a new class of antibiotics derived from tetracycline. These tetracycline analogues are specifically designed to overcome two common mechanisms of tetracycline resistance. Presently, there is only one glycylcycline antibiotic for clinical use: tigecycline. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome, preventing the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. " 2024 UPDATE ACC-2 penam; monobactam; cephalosporin; ACC beta-lactamase; antibiotic inactivation; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with ACC beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36212 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000073 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with ACC beta-lactamases or Ambler class C beta-lactamases are AmpC beta-lactamases. They possess an interesting resistance phenotype due to their low activity against cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. " 2025 UPDATE TEM-57 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 2026 UPDATE OXA-84 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 2027 UPDATE CMY-84 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 2020 UPDATE tetO chlortetracycline; demeclocycline; oxytetracycline; tetracycline antibiotic; tetracycline; antibiotic target protection; minocycline; tetracycline-resistant ribosomal protection protein; doxycycline; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with chlortetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36667 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000528 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chlortetracycline was an early, first-generation tetracycline antibiotic developed in the 1940's. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes, preventing the aminoacyl-tRNA from binding to the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with demeclocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37011 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000667 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Demeclocycline is a tetracycline analog with 7-chloro and 6-methyl groups. Due to its fast absorption and slow excretion, it maintains higher effective blood levels compared to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with oxytetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37012 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000668 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Oxytetracycline is a derivative of tetracycline with a 5-hydroxyl group. Its activity is similar to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target protection UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with minocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36291 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000152 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Minocycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline-resistant ribosomal protection protein UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35921 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with A family of proteins known to bind to the 30S ribosomal subunit. This interaction prevents tetracycline and tetracycline derivatives from inhibiting ribosomal function. Thus, these proteins confer elevated resistance to tetracycline derivatives as a ribosomal protection protein. UPDATED category_aro_name with doxycycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35986 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Doxycycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. " 2021 UPDATE SHV-165 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 2022 UPDATE CTX-M-104 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 2023 UPDATE OXA-132 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 2117 UPDATE AAC(6')-Ib7 antibiotic inactivation; kanamycin A; aminoglycoside antibiotic; AAC(6'); isepamicin; sisomicin; arbekacin; gentamicin B; netilmicin; amikacin; dibekacin; neomycin; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with AAC(6') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36484 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000345 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Acetylation of the aminoglycoside antibiotic on the amino group at position 6'. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with netilmicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35956 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000038 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with dibekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35926 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 2028 UPDATE QnrB43 sparfloxacin; norfloxacin; quinolone resistance protein (qnr); gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; antibiotic target protection; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; nalidixic acid; moxifloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with quinolone resistance protein (qnr) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36558 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000419 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Qnr proteins are pentapeptide repeat proteins that mimic DNA and protect the cell from the activity of fluoroquinolone antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target protection UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. " 2029 UPDATE TEM-123 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 2758 UPDATE LpeA antibiotic efflux; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; macrolide antibiotic; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; spiramycin; azithromycin; erythromycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with spiramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36295 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000156 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Spiramycin is a 16-membered macrolide and is natural product produced by Streptomyces ambofaciens. It binds to the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes and inhibits peptidyl transfer activity to disrupt protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with azithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36297 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000158 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Azithromycin is a 15-membered macrolide and falls under the subclass of azalide. Like other macrolides, azithromycin binds bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The nitrogen substitution at the C-9a position prevents its degradation. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. " 2759 UPDATE LpeB antibiotic efflux; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; macrolide antibiotic; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; spiramycin; azithromycin; erythromycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with spiramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36295 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000156 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Spiramycin is a 16-membered macrolide and is natural product produced by Streptomyces ambofaciens. It binds to the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes and inhibits peptidyl transfer activity to disrupt protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with azithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36297 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000158 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Azithromycin is a 15-membered macrolide and falls under the subclass of azalide. Like other macrolides, azithromycin binds bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The nitrogen substitution at the C-9a position prevents its degradation. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. " 883 UPDATE LRA-17 penam; antibiotic inactivation; subclass B3 LRA beta-lactamase; cephalosporin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with subclass B3 LRA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41390 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004226 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Beta-lactamases that are part of the LRA gene family and are classified as B3 (metallo-) beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 882 UPDATE class A Rhodopseudomonas capsulata beta-lactamase penam; antibiotic inactivation; class A Rhodopseudomonas genus beta-lactamases; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with class A Rhodopseudomonas genus beta-lactamases UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41399 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004235 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Class A beta-lactamases that have been discovered in the Rhodobacter genus. " 881 UPDATE ErmC antibiotic target alteration; vernamycin B-gamma; oleandomycin; macrolide antibiotic; telithromycin; tylosin; lincosamide antibiotic; dirithromycin; clarithromycin; clindamycin; dalfopristin; pristinamycin IB; quinupristin; pristinamycin IA; Erm 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase; pristinamycin IIA; madumycin II; griseoviridin; lincomycin; streptogramin antibiotic; roxithromycin; spiramycin; azithromycin; erythromycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with vernamycin B-gamma UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37022 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000678 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Vernamycin B-gamma is a class B streptogramin derived from virginiamycin S1. UPDATED category_aro_name with oleandomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37247 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000867 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Oleandomycin is a 14-membered macrolide produced by Streptomyces antibioticus. It is ssimilar to erythromycin, and contains a desosamine amino sugar and an oleandrose sugar. It targets the 50S ribosomal subunit to prevent protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with telithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35974 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000057 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Telithromycin is a semi-synthetic derivative of erythromycin. It is a 14-membered macrolide and is the first ketolide antibiotic to be used in clinics. Telithromycin binds the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with tylosin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36284 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000145 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tylosin is a 16-membered macrolide, naturally produced by Streptomyces fradiae. It interacts with the bacterial ribosome 50S subunit to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincosamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35936 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincosamides (e.g. lincomycin, clindamycin) are a class of drugs which bind to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. This interaction inhibits early elongation of peptide chains by inhibiting the transpeptidase reaction, acting similarly to macrolides. UPDATED category_aro_name with dirithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36315 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000176 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dirithromycin is an oxazine derivative of erythromycin, sharing the 14-carbon macrolide ring. The antibiotic binds to the 50S subunit of the ribosome to inhibit bacterial protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with clarithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35982 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000065 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Clarithromycin is a methyl derivative of erythromycin, sharing the 14-carbon macrolide ring. The antibiotic binds to the 50S subunit of the ribosome and is used to treat pharyngitis, tonsillitis, acute maxillary sinusitis, acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, pneumonia (especially atypical pneumonias associated with Chlamydia pneumoniae or TWAR), and skin structure infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with clindamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35983 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000066 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Clindamycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that blocks A-site aminoacyl-tRNA binding. It is usually used to treat infections with anaerobic bacteria but can also be used to treat some protozoal diseases, such as malaria. UPDATED category_aro_name with dalfopristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37018 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000674 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dalfopristin is a water-soluble semi-synthetic derivative of pristinamycin IIA. It is produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis and is used in combination with quinupristin in a 7:3 ratio. Both work together to inhibit protein synthesis, and is active against Gram-positive bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IB UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37019 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000675 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IB is a class B streptogramin similar to pristinamycin IA, the former containing a N-methyl-4-(methylamino)phenylalanine instead of a N-methyl-4-(dimethylamino)phenylalanine in its class A streptogramin counterpart (one less methyl group). UPDATED category_aro_name with quinupristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36723 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000584 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Quinupristin is a type B streptogramin and a semisynthetic derivative of pristinamycin 1A. It is a component of the drug Synercid and interacts with the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36722 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000583 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin 1A is a type B streptogramin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis. It binds to the P site of the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, preventing the extension of protein chains. UPDATED category_aro_name with Erm 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36699 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000560 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Erm proteins are part of the RNA methyltransferase family and methylate A2058 (E. coli nomenclature) of the 23S ribosomal RNA conferring degrees of resistance to Macrolides, Lincosamides and Streptogramin b. This is called the MLSb phenotype. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IIA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37013 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000669 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IIA is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with madumycin II UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37016 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000672 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Madumycin II is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with griseoviridin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000673 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Griseoviridin is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35964 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000046 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincomycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that comes from the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis. It binds to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes and inhibit early elongation of peptide chain by inhibiting transpeptidase reaction. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptogramin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35945 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000026 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptogramin antibiotics are natural products produced by various members of the Streptomyces genus. These antibiotics bind to the P site of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The family consists of two subgroups, type A and type B, which are simultaneously produced by the same bacterial species in a ratio of roughly 70:30. UPDATED category_aro_name with roxithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35946 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000027 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Roxithromycin is a semi-synthetic, 14-carbon ring macrolide antibiotic derived from erythromycin. It is used to treat respiratory tract, urinary and soft tissue infections. Roxithromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. UPDATED category_aro_name with spiramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36295 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000156 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Spiramycin is a 16-membered macrolide and is natural product produced by Streptomyces ambofaciens. It binds to the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes and inhibits peptidyl transfer activity to disrupt protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with azithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36297 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000158 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Azithromycin is a 15-membered macrolide and falls under the subclass of azalide. Like other macrolides, azithromycin binds bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The nitrogen substitution at the C-9a position prevents its degradation. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. " 880 UPDATE APH(6)-Ib antibiotic inactivation; APH(6); streptomycin; aminoglycoside antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with APH(6) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36290 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000151 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Phosphorylation of streptomycin on the hydroxyl group at position 6 UPDATED category_aro_name with streptomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35958 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000040 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Streptomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 887 UPDATE SHV-33 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 886 UPDATE IND-10 carbapenem; antibiotic inactivation; IND beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with IND beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36199 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000060 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with IND beta-lactamases are class B carbapenem-hydrolyzing beta-lactamases " 885 UPDATE TEM-63 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 884 UPDATE CTX-M-99 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 889 UPDATE CMY-74 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 888 UPDATE Erm(36) antibiotic target alteration; vernamycin B-gamma; oleandomycin; macrolide antibiotic; telithromycin; tylosin; lincosamide antibiotic; dirithromycin; clarithromycin; clindamycin; dalfopristin; pristinamycin IB; quinupristin; pristinamycin IA; Erm 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase; pristinamycin IIA; madumycin II; griseoviridin; lincomycin; streptogramin antibiotic; roxithromycin; spiramycin; azithromycin; erythromycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with vernamycin B-gamma UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37022 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000678 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Vernamycin B-gamma is a class B streptogramin derived from virginiamycin S1. UPDATED category_aro_name with oleandomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37247 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000867 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Oleandomycin is a 14-membered macrolide produced by Streptomyces antibioticus. It is ssimilar to erythromycin, and contains a desosamine amino sugar and an oleandrose sugar. It targets the 50S ribosomal subunit to prevent protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with telithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35974 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000057 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Telithromycin is a semi-synthetic derivative of erythromycin. It is a 14-membered macrolide and is the first ketolide antibiotic to be used in clinics. Telithromycin binds the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with tylosin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36284 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000145 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tylosin is a 16-membered macrolide, naturally produced by Streptomyces fradiae. It interacts with the bacterial ribosome 50S subunit to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincosamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35936 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincosamides (e.g. lincomycin, clindamycin) are a class of drugs which bind to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. This interaction inhibits early elongation of peptide chains by inhibiting the transpeptidase reaction, acting similarly to macrolides. UPDATED category_aro_name with dirithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36315 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000176 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dirithromycin is an oxazine derivative of erythromycin, sharing the 14-carbon macrolide ring. The antibiotic binds to the 50S subunit of the ribosome to inhibit bacterial protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with clarithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35982 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000065 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Clarithromycin is a methyl derivative of erythromycin, sharing the 14-carbon macrolide ring. The antibiotic binds to the 50S subunit of the ribosome and is used to treat pharyngitis, tonsillitis, acute maxillary sinusitis, acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, pneumonia (especially atypical pneumonias associated with Chlamydia pneumoniae or TWAR), and skin structure infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with clindamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35983 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000066 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Clindamycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that blocks A-site aminoacyl-tRNA binding. It is usually used to treat infections with anaerobic bacteria but can also be used to treat some protozoal diseases, such as malaria. UPDATED category_aro_name with dalfopristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37018 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000674 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dalfopristin is a water-soluble semi-synthetic derivative of pristinamycin IIA. It is produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis and is used in combination with quinupristin in a 7:3 ratio. Both work together to inhibit protein synthesis, and is active against Gram-positive bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IB UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37019 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000675 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IB is a class B streptogramin similar to pristinamycin IA, the former containing a N-methyl-4-(methylamino)phenylalanine instead of a N-methyl-4-(dimethylamino)phenylalanine in its class A streptogramin counterpart (one less methyl group). UPDATED category_aro_name with quinupristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36723 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000584 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Quinupristin is a type B streptogramin and a semisynthetic derivative of pristinamycin 1A. It is a component of the drug Synercid and interacts with the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36722 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000583 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin 1A is a type B streptogramin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis. It binds to the P site of the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, preventing the extension of protein chains. UPDATED category_aro_name with Erm 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36699 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000560 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Erm proteins are part of the RNA methyltransferase family and methylate A2058 (E. coli nomenclature) of the 23S ribosomal RNA conferring degrees of resistance to Macrolides, Lincosamides and Streptogramin b. This is called the MLSb phenotype. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IIA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37013 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000669 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IIA is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with madumycin II UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37016 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000672 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Madumycin II is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with griseoviridin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000673 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Griseoviridin is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35964 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000046 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincomycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that comes from the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis. It binds to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes and inhibit early elongation of peptide chain by inhibiting transpeptidase reaction. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptogramin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35945 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000026 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptogramin antibiotics are natural products produced by various members of the Streptomyces genus. These antibiotics bind to the P site of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The family consists of two subgroups, type A and type B, which are simultaneously produced by the same bacterial species in a ratio of roughly 70:30. UPDATED category_aro_name with roxithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35946 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000027 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Roxithromycin is a semi-synthetic, 14-carbon ring macrolide antibiotic derived from erythromycin. It is used to treat respiratory tract, urinary and soft tissue infections. Roxithromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. UPDATED category_aro_name with spiramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36295 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000156 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Spiramycin is a 16-membered macrolide and is natural product produced by Streptomyces ambofaciens. It binds to the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes and inhibits peptidyl transfer activity to disrupt protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with azithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36297 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000158 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Azithromycin is a 15-membered macrolide and falls under the subclass of azalide. Like other macrolides, azithromycin binds bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The nitrogen substitution at the C-9a position prevents its degradation. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. " 657 UPDATE SHV-142 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 775 UPDATE CMY-113 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 774 UPDATE tet37 tetracycline antibiotic; antibiotic inactivation; tetracycline inactivation enzyme; tetracycline; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline inactivation enzyme UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36176 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymes or other gene products which hydroxylate tetracycline and other tetracycline derivatives. Hydroxylation inactivates tetracycline-like antibiotics, thus conferring resistance to these compounds. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. " 776 UPDATE tetX antibiotic inactivation; tetracycline; chlortetracycline; demeclocycline; oxytetracycline; tetracycline antibiotic; tigecycline; glycylcycline; minocycline; tetracycline inactivation enzyme; doxycycline; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with chlortetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36667 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000528 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chlortetracycline was an early, first-generation tetracycline antibiotic developed in the 1940's. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes, preventing the aminoacyl-tRNA from binding to the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with demeclocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37011 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000667 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Demeclocycline is a tetracycline analog with 7-chloro and 6-methyl groups. Due to its fast absorption and slow excretion, it maintains higher effective blood levels compared to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with oxytetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37012 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000668 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Oxytetracycline is a derivative of tetracycline with a 5-hydroxyl group. Its activity is similar to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with tigecycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35949 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000030 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tigecycline is an glycylcycline antibiotic. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycylcycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35960 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000042 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycylcyclines are a new class of antibiotics derived from tetracycline. These tetracycline analogues are specifically designed to overcome two common mechanisms of tetracycline resistance. Presently, there is only one glycylcycline antibiotic for clinical use: tigecycline. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome, preventing the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA. UPDATED category_aro_name with minocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36291 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000152 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Minocycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline inactivation enzyme UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36176 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymes or other gene products which hydroxylate tetracycline and other tetracycline derivatives. Hydroxylation inactivates tetracycline-like antibiotics, thus conferring resistance to these compounds. UPDATED category_aro_name with doxycycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35986 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Doxycycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. " 771 UPDATE CMY-24 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 770 UPDATE SHV-57 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 773 UPDATE OCH-4 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; cephamycin; monobactam; OCH beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OCH beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36233 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000094 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OCH beta-lactamases are Ambler class C chromosomal-encoded beta-lactamases in Ochrobactrum anthropi " 772 UPDATE LEN-6 penam; LEN beta-lactamase; antibiotic inactivation; penem; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with LEN beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36236 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000097 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with LEN beta-lactamases are chromosomal class A beta-lactamases that confer resistance to ampicillin, amoxicillin, carbenicillin, and ticarcillin but not to extended-spectrum beta-lactams. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. " 779 UPDATE OXA-350 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 778 UPDATE IMP-25 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; carbapenem; cephalosporin; IMP beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with IMP beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36029 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Plasmid mediated IMP-type carbapenemases, of which at least 26 varieties are currently known, became established in Japan in the 1990s in enteric gram-negative organisms, Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter species. Integron-associated, sometimes within plasmids. Hydrolyses all beta-lactams except monobactams, and evades all beta-lactam inhibitors. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 77 UPDATE TEM-47 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 76 UPDATE SHV-79 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 75 UPDATE fusH antibiotic inactivation; fusidic acid; fusidic acid inactivation enzyme; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with fusidic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37139 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000759 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Fusidic acid is the only commercially available fusidane, a group of steroid-like antibiotics. It is most active against Gram-positive bacteria, and acts by inhibiting elongation factor G to block protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with fusidic acid inactivation enzyme UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 39459 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003025 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymes that confer resistance to fusidic acid by inactivation " 74 UPDATE SHV-18 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 73 UPDATE OXA-35 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 72 UPDATE SHV-42 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 71 UPDATE QnrB66 sparfloxacin; norfloxacin; quinolone resistance protein (qnr); gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; antibiotic target protection; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; nalidixic acid; moxifloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with quinolone resistance protein (qnr) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36558 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000419 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Qnr proteins are pentapeptide repeat proteins that mimic DNA and protect the cell from the activity of fluoroquinolone antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target protection UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. " 70 UPDATE NDM-10 antibiotic inactivation; penam; carbapenem; cephalosporin; cephamycin; NDM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with NDM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36196 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000057 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with NDM beta-lactamases or New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamases are class B beta-lactamases that confer resistance to a broad range of antibiotics including carbapenems, cephalosporins and penicillins. " 79 UPDATE VIM-37 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; carbapenem; cephalosporin; cephamycin; VIM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with VIM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36030 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000021 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with The Verone integron-encoded metallo-beta-lactamase (VIM) family was reported from Italy in 1999. There are, to date, 23 reported variants. VIM enzymes mostly occur in P. aeruginosa, also P. putida and, very rarely, Enterobacteriaceae. Integron-associated, sometimes within plasmids. Hydrolyses all beta-lactams except monobactams, and evades all beta-lactam inhibitors. There is a strong incidence of these in East Asia. " 78 UPDATE TEM-16 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 1043 UPDATE SHV-76 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 1042 UPDATE catB7 antibiotic inactivation; thiamphenicol; chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT); azidamfenicol; phenicol antibiotic; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with thiamphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36595 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000456 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Derivative of Chloramphenicol. The nitro group (-NO2) is substituted by a sulfomethyl group (-SO2CH3). UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36261 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000122 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Inactivates chloramphenicol by addition of an acyl group. cat is used to describe many variants of the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene in a range of organisms including Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Bacillus clausii, Bacillus subtilis, Campylobacter coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, Lactococcus lactis, Listeria monocytogenes, Listonella anguillarum Morganella morganii, Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella typhi, Serratia marcescens, Shigella flexneri, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Staphylococcus intermedius, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus suis and Streptomyces acrimycini UPDATED category_aro_name with azidamfenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36521 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000382 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Azidamfenicol is a water soluble derivative of chloramphenicol, sharing the same mode of action of inhibiting peptide synthesis by interacting with the 23S RNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. " 1041 UPDATE MexS antibiotic efflux; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; protein(s) and two-component regulatory system modulating antibiotic efflux; trimethoprim; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; diaminopyrimidine antibiotic; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; phenicol antibiotic; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Regulator UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36327 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000188 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Trimethoprim is a synthetic 5-(3,4,5- trimethoxybenzyl) pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, inhibiting synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid. Tetrahydrofolic acid is an essential precursor in the de novo synthesis of the DNA nucleotide thymidine. Trimethoprim is a bacteriostatic antibiotic mainly used in the prophylaxis and treatment of urinary tract infections in combination with sulfamethoxazole, a sulfonamide antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with diaminopyrimidine antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36310 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000171 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Diaminopyrimidines are a class of organic compounds containing a pyrimidine ring substituted by two amine groups. They are inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme critical for DNA synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. " 1040 UPDATE OXA-95 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1047 UPDATE catS antibiotic inactivation; thiamphenicol; chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT); azidamfenicol; phenicol antibiotic; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with thiamphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36595 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000456 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Derivative of Chloramphenicol. The nitro group (-NO2) is substituted by a sulfomethyl group (-SO2CH3). UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36261 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000122 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Inactivates chloramphenicol by addition of an acyl group. cat is used to describe many variants of the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene in a range of organisms including Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Bacillus clausii, Bacillus subtilis, Campylobacter coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, Lactococcus lactis, Listeria monocytogenes, Listonella anguillarum Morganella morganii, Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella typhi, Serratia marcescens, Shigella flexneri, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Staphylococcus intermedius, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus suis and Streptomyces acrimycini UPDATED category_aro_name with azidamfenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36521 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000382 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Azidamfenicol is a water soluble derivative of chloramphenicol, sharing the same mode of action of inhibiting peptide synthesis by interacting with the 23S RNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. " 1046 UPDATE vgaD dalfopristin; pleuromutilin; ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump; antibiotic efflux; pristinamycin IIA; pleuromutilin antibiotic; madumycin II; griseoviridin; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; streptogramin antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with dalfopristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37018 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000674 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dalfopristin is a water-soluble semi-synthetic derivative of pristinamycin IIA. It is produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis and is used in combination with quinupristin in a 7:3 ratio. Both work together to inhibit protein synthesis, and is active against Gram-positive bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with pleuromutilin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37716 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3001317 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pleuromutilin is a natural product antibiotic produced by Clitopilus passeckerianus. Related antibiotics of clinical significance, such as tiamulin and retapamulin, are semi-synthetic derivatives of this compound. UPDATED category_aro_name with ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36002 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are present in all cells of all organisms and use the energy of ATP binding/hydrolysis to transport substrates across cell membranes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IIA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37013 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000669 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IIA is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with pleuromutilin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37014 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000670 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Pleuromutilins are natural fungal products that target bacterial protein translation by binding the the 23S rRNA, blocking the ribosome P site at the 50S subunit. They are mostly used for agriculture and veterinary purposes. UPDATED category_aro_name with madumycin II UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37016 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000672 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Madumycin II is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with griseoviridin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000673 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Griseoviridin is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptogramin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35945 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000026 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptogramin antibiotics are natural products produced by various members of the Streptomyces genus. These antibiotics bind to the P site of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The family consists of two subgroups, type A and type B, which are simultaneously produced by the same bacterial species in a ratio of roughly 70:30. " 1045 UPDATE ErmO antibiotic target alteration; streptogramin antibiotic; Erm 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase; macrolide antibiotic; lincosamide antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptogramin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35945 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000026 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptogramin antibiotics are natural products produced by various members of the Streptomyces genus. These antibiotics bind to the P site of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The family consists of two subgroups, type A and type B, which are simultaneously produced by the same bacterial species in a ratio of roughly 70:30. UPDATED category_aro_name with Erm 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36699 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000560 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Erm proteins are part of the RNA methyltransferase family and methylate A2058 (E. coli nomenclature) of the 23S ribosomal RNA conferring degrees of resistance to Macrolides, Lincosamides and Streptogramin b. This is called the MLSb phenotype. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincosamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35936 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincosamides (e.g. lincomycin, clindamycin) are a class of drugs which bind to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. This interaction inhibits early elongation of peptide chains by inhibiting the transpeptidase reaction, acting similarly to macrolides. " 1044 UPDATE CTX-M-22 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 1049 UPDATE MOX-1 penam; antibiotic inactivation; MOX beta-lactamase; cephamycin; cephalosporin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with MOX beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36222 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000083 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with MOX beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated AmpC-type beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 1048 UPDATE QnrB33 sparfloxacin; norfloxacin; quinolone resistance protein (qnr); gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; antibiotic target protection; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; nalidixic acid; moxifloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with quinolone resistance protein (qnr) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36558 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000419 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Qnr proteins are pentapeptide repeat proteins that mimic DNA and protect the cell from the activity of fluoroquinolone antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target protection UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. " 1681 UPDATE APH(4)-Ib antibiotic inactivation; hygromycin B; aminoglycoside antibiotic; APH(4); ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with hygromycin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36353 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000214 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Hygromycin B is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Hygromycin B works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Hygromycin B has also been shown to interact with eukaryotic cells. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with APH(4) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36294 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000155 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Phosphorylation of hygromycin on the hydroxyl group at position 4 " 1680 UPDATE macA efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump; antibiotic efflux; macrolide antibiotic; erythromycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36002 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are present in all cells of all organisms and use the energy of ATP binding/hydrolysis to transport substrates across cell membranes. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. " 1683 UPDATE QnrB67 sparfloxacin; norfloxacin; quinolone resistance protein (qnr); gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; antibiotic target protection; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; nalidixic acid; moxifloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with quinolone resistance protein (qnr) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36558 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000419 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Qnr proteins are pentapeptide repeat proteins that mimic DNA and protect the cell from the activity of fluoroquinolone antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target protection UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. " 1682 UPDATE aadA24 antibiotic inactivation; aminoglycoside antibiotic; ANT(3''); streptomycin; spectinomycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with ANT(3'') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41439 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004275 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucleotidylylation of streptomycin at the hydroxyl group at position 3'' UPDATED category_aro_name with streptomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35958 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000040 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Streptomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with spectinomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35957 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000039 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Spectinomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Spectinomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit inhibiting translation. " 1685 UPDATE SHV-40 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 1684 UPDATE LEN-18 penam; LEN beta-lactamase; antibiotic inactivation; penem; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with LEN beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36236 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000097 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with LEN beta-lactamases are chromosomal class A beta-lactamases that confer resistance to ampicillin, amoxicillin, carbenicillin, and ticarcillin but not to extended-spectrum beta-lactams. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. " 1687 UPDATE cphA3 carbapenem; CphA beta-lactamase; antibiotic inactivation; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CphA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36720 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000581 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CphA is an Ambler Class B MBL; subclass B2 originally isolated from Aeromonas hydrophilia. This enzyme has specific activity against carbapenems and is active as a mono-zinc protein. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. " 1686 UPDATE OXA-34 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1689 UPDATE vanRO glycopeptide antibiotic; glycopeptide resistance gene cluster; antibiotic target alteration; vanR; vancomycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide resistance gene cluster UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36373 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000234 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Genes that when expressed confer resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin type antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with vanR UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36713 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000574 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with VanR is a OmpR-family transcriptional activator in the VanSR regulatory system. When activated by VanS, it promotes cotranscription of VanA, VanH, and VanX. UPDATED category_aro_name with vancomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35947 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000028 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Vancomycin is a glycopeptide antibiotic used in the prophylaxis and treatment of infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria. Vancomycin inhibits the synthesis of peptidoglycan, the major component of the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria. Its mechanism of action is unusual in that it acts by binding precursors of peptidoglycan, rather than by interacting with an enzyme. " 1688 UPDATE CTX-M-90 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 1269 UPDATE OXA-192 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1268 UPDATE CMY-115 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 669 UPDATE MIR-12 antibiotic inactivation; monobactam; cephalosporin; cephamycin; MIR beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with MIR beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36197 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000058 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with MIR beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated beta-lactamases that confer resistance to oxyimino- and alpha-methoxy beta-lactams " 668 UPDATE CTX-M-65 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 667 UPDATE ACT-1 antibiotic inactivation; carbapenem; penam; ACT beta-lactamase; cephalosporin; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with ACT beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36211 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000072 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with ACT beta-lactamases, also known as AmpC beta-lactamases, are cephalosporinases that cannot be inhibited by clavulanate. These enzymes are encoded by genes located on the chromosome and can be induced by the presence of beta-lactam antibiotics. However recently, these genes have been found on plasmids and expressed at high constitutive levels in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 1262 UPDATE SHV-149 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 665 UPDATE TEM-10 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 664 UPDATE CMY-43 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 663 UPDATE ACT-36 antibiotic inactivation; carbapenem; penam; ACT beta-lactamase; cephalosporin; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with ACT beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36211 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000072 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with ACT beta-lactamases, also known as AmpC beta-lactamases, are cephalosporinases that cannot be inhibited by clavulanate. These enzymes are encoded by genes located on the chromosome and can be induced by the presence of beta-lactam antibiotics. However recently, these genes have been found on plasmids and expressed at high constitutive levels in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 662 UPDATE TEM-162 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 1265 UPDATE MIR-4 antibiotic inactivation; monobactam; cephalosporin; cephamycin; MIR beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with MIR beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36197 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000058 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with MIR beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated beta-lactamases that confer resistance to oxyimino- and alpha-methoxy beta-lactams " 1264 UPDATE smeC penam; antibiotic efflux; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; cephalosporin; cephamycin; aminoglycoside antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 1469 UPDATE facT antibiotic efflux; factumycin; elfamycin antibiotic; major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component DELETED 37710 UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with elfamycin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37618 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3001219 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Elfamycins are molecules that inhibit bacterial elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu), a key protein which brings aminoacyl-tRNA (aa-tRNA) to the ribosome during protein synthesis. Elfamycins defined by their target (EF-Tu), rather than a conserved chemical backbone. Elfamycins follow two mechanisms to disrupt protein synthesis: 1. kirromycins and enacyloxin fix EF-Tu in the GTP bound conformation and lock EF-Tu onto the ribosome, and 2. pulvomycin and GE2270 cover the binding site of aa-tRNA disallowing EF-Tu from being charged with aa-tRNA. All elfamycins cause increased the affinity of EF-Tu for GTP. UPDATED category_aro_name with factumycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37619 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3001220 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Factumycin is a kirromycin-like antibiotic produced by Kitasatospora setae and Streptomyces strains. Its biosynthetic cluster has been characterized which has interesting acetyl transferase domains in trans, or outside of the polyketide synthase domains. Factumycin has specific, rather than broad spectrum, antibacterial properties, especially targeting various Acinetobacter baumanii strains. UPDATED category_aro_name with major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and ABC transporters comprise the two largest and most functionally diverse of the transporter superfamilies. However, MFS transporters are distinct from ABC transporters in both their primary sequence and structure and in the mechanism of energy coupling. As secondary transporters they are, like RND and SMR transporters, energized by the electrochemical proton gradient. " 1468 UPDATE SHV-135 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 520 UPDATE AcrS penam; antibiotic efflux; triclosan; rifampin; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; protein(s) and two-component regulatory system modulating antibiotic efflux; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; tetracycline antibiotic; cephalosporin; cefalotin; cephamycin; tigecycline; glycylcycline; ciprofloxacin; ampicillin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; rifamycin antibiotic; phenicol antibiotic; tetracycline; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Regulator UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with triclosan UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37250 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000870 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Triclosan is a common antibacterial agent added to many consumer products as a biocide. It is an inhibitor of fatty acid biosynthesis by blocking enoyl-carrier protein reductase (FabI). UPDATED category_aro_name with rifampin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36308 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000169 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifampin is a semi-synthetic rifamycin, and inhibits RNA synthesis by binding to RNA polymerase. Rifampin is the mainstay agent for the treatment of tuberculosis, leprosy and complicated Gram-positive infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with ampicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36981 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000637 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ampicillin is a penicillin derivative that is highly acid stable, with its activity similar to benzylpenicillin. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefalotin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37084 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000704 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. It is resistant to staphylococci beta-lactamases but hydrolyzed by enterobacterial beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with tigecycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35949 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000030 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tigecycline is an glycylcycline antibiotic. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycylcycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35960 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000042 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycylcyclines are a new class of antibiotics derived from tetracycline. These tetracycline analogues are specifically designed to overcome two common mechanisms of tetracycline resistance. Presently, there is only one glycylcycline antibiotic for clinical use: tigecycline. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome, preventing the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifamycin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36296 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000157 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifamycin antibiotics are a group of broad-spectrum ansamycin antibiotics that inhibit bacterial RNA polymerase by binding to a highly conserved region, blocking the oligonucleotide exit tunnel, and preventing the extension of nascent mRNAs. " 1467 UPDATE LEN-22 penam; LEN beta-lactamase; antibiotic inactivation; penem; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with LEN beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36236 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000097 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with LEN beta-lactamases are chromosomal class A beta-lactamases that confer resistance to ampicillin, amoxicillin, carbenicillin, and ticarcillin but not to extended-spectrum beta-lactams. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. " 1466 UPDATE SHV-13 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 1461 UPDATE SHV-63 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 1460 UPDATE FosB3 fosfomycin; fosfomycin thiol transferase; antibiotic inactivation; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with fosfomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35944 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000025 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Fosfomycin (also known as phosphomycin and phosphonomycin) is a broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by certain Streptomyces species. It is effective on gram positive and negative bacteria as it targets the cell wall, an essential feature shared by both bacteria. Its specific target is MurA (MurZ in E.coli), which attaches phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, a step of commitment to cell wall synthesis. In the active site of MurA, the active cysteine molecule is alkylated which stops the catalytic reaction. UPDATED category_aro_name with fosfomycin thiol transferase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36272 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000133 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Catalyzes the addition of a thiol group from a nucleophilic molecule to fosfomycin. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. " 1463 UPDATE GES-19 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; GES beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with GES beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36205 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000066 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with GES beta-lactamases or Guiana extended-spectrum beta-lactamases are related to the other plasmid-located class A beta-lactamases " 1019 UPDATE IMP-21 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; carbapenem; cephalosporin; IMP beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with IMP beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36029 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Plasmid mediated IMP-type carbapenemases, of which at least 26 varieties are currently known, became established in Japan in the 1990s in enteric gram-negative organisms, Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter species. Integron-associated, sometimes within plasmids. Hydrolyses all beta-lactams except monobactams, and evades all beta-lactam inhibitors. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 1317 UPDATE CTX-M-3 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; ceftazidime; cefalotin; ceftriaxone; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftazidime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35977 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000060 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftazidime is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Unlike most third-generation agents, it is active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, however it has weaker activity against Gram-positive microorganisms and is not used for such infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefalotin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37084 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000704 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. It is resistant to staphylococci beta-lactamases but hydrolyzed by enterobacterial beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftriaxone UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35979 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000062 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftriaxone is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. The presence of an aminothiazolyl sidechain increases ceftriazone's resistance to beta-lactamases. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 1316 UPDATE catB6 antibiotic inactivation; thiamphenicol; chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT); azidamfenicol; phenicol antibiotic; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with thiamphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36595 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000456 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Derivative of Chloramphenicol. The nitro group (-NO2) is substituted by a sulfomethyl group (-SO2CH3). UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36261 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000122 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Inactivates chloramphenicol by addition of an acyl group. cat is used to describe many variants of the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene in a range of organisms including Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Bacillus clausii, Bacillus subtilis, Campylobacter coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, Lactococcus lactis, Listeria monocytogenes, Listonella anguillarum Morganella morganii, Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella typhi, Serratia marcescens, Shigella flexneri, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Staphylococcus intermedius, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus suis and Streptomyces acrimycini UPDATED category_aro_name with azidamfenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36521 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000382 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Azidamfenicol is a water soluble derivative of chloramphenicol, sharing the same mode of action of inhibiting peptide synthesis by interacting with the 23S RNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. " 1315 UPDATE mdtC efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; antibiotic efflux; aminocoumarin antibiotic; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; novobiocin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminocoumarin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36242 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000103 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminocoumarin antibiotics bind DNA gyrase subunit B to inhibit ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with novobiocin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36250 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000111 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Novobiocin is an aminocoumarin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spheroides and Streptomyces niveus, and binds DNA gyrase subunit B inhibiting ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. " 1314 UPDATE OXA-214 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1313 UPDATE adeA antibiotic efflux; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; tigecycline; glycylcycline; tetracycline antibiotic; tetracycline; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with tigecycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35949 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000030 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tigecycline is an glycylcycline antibiotic. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycylcycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35960 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000042 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycylcyclines are a new class of antibiotics derived from tetracycline. These tetracycline analogues are specifically designed to overcome two common mechanisms of tetracycline resistance. Presently, there is only one glycylcycline antibiotic for clinical use: tigecycline. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome, preventing the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. " 1312 UPDATE OXA-111 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1311 UPDATE OXY-5-2 penam; OXY beta-lactamase; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; monobactam; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 38788 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3002388 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXY beta-lactamases are chromosomal class A beta-lactamases that are found in Klebsiella oxytoca. At constitutive low levels, OXY beta-lactamases confer resistance to aminopenicillins and carboxypenicillins. At high induced levels, OXY beta-lactamases confer resistance to penicillins, cephalosporins and aztreonam. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 1310 UPDATE IMP-10 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; carbapenem; cephalosporin; IMP beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with IMP beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36029 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Plasmid mediated IMP-type carbapenemases, of which at least 26 varieties are currently known, became established in Japan in the 1990s in enteric gram-negative organisms, Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter species. Integron-associated, sometimes within plasmids. Hydrolyses all beta-lactams except monobactams, and evades all beta-lactam inhibitors. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 1319 UPDATE SHV-147 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 1318 UPDATE evgS penam; antibiotic efflux; major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; protein(s) and two-component regulatory system modulating antibiotic efflux; norfloxacin; macrolide antibiotic; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; oxacillin; tetracycline antibiotic; cloxacillin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; tetracycline; erythromycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Regulator UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and ABC transporters comprise the two largest and most functionally diverse of the transporter superfamilies. However, MFS transporters are distinct from ABC transporters in both their primary sequence and structure and in the mechanism of energy coupling. As secondary transporters they are, like RND and SMR transporters, energized by the electrochemical proton gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with oxacillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35973 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000056 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Oxacillin is a penicillinase-resistant beta-lactam. It is similar to methicillin, and has replaced methicillin in clinical use. Oxacillin, especially in combination with other antibiotics, is effective against many penicillinase-producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with cloxacillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35930 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000011 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cloxacillin is a semisynthetic, isoxazolyl penicillin derivative in the beta-lactam class of antibiotics. It interferes with peptidogylcan synthesis and is commonly used for treating penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. " 1010 UPDATE TEM-209 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 1011 UPDATE TEM-29 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 319 UPDATE OXA-366 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 318 UPDATE OXA-358 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 313 UPDATE OXA-143 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 312 UPDATE OXA-167 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 311 UPDATE IND-2 carbapenem; antibiotic inactivation; IND beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with IND beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36199 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000060 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with IND beta-lactamases are class B carbapenem-hydrolyzing beta-lactamases " 310 UPDATE SHV-78 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 317 UPDATE TEM-148 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 316 UPDATE CTX-M-36 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 315 UPDATE DHA-2 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; cephamycin; DHA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with DHA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36207 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000068 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with DHA beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated AmpC β-lactamases that confer resistance to cephamycins and oxyimino-cephalosporins. " 314 UPDATE TEM-176 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 2756 UPDATE NDM-17 antibiotic inactivation; penam; carbapenem; cephalosporin; cephamycin; NDM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with NDM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36196 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000057 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with NDM beta-lactamases or New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamases are class B beta-lactamases that confer resistance to a broad range of antibiotics including carbapenems, cephalosporins and penicillins. " 2754 UPDATE ANT(3'')-IIb antibiotic inactivation; ANT(3''); aminoglycoside antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ANT(3'') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41439 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004275 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucleotidylylation of streptomycin at the hydroxyl group at position 3'' UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 443 UPDATE OKP-B-10 penam; antibiotic inactivation; OKP beta-lactamase; cephalosporin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with OKP beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 38817 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3002417 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OKP beta-lactamases are chromosomal class A beta-lactamase that confer resistance to penicillins and early cephalosporins in Klebsiella pneumoniae. OKP beta-lactamases can be subdivided into two groups: OKP-A and OKP-B which diverge by about 4.2% UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 2755 UPDATE ANT(3'')-IIc antibiotic inactivation; ANT(3''); aminoglycoside antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ANT(3'') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41439 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004275 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucleotidylylation of streptomycin at the hydroxyl group at position 3'' UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 442 UPDATE OpmD antibiotic efflux; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; norfloxacin; acridine dye; acriflavin; tetracycline antibiotic; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; tetracycline; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with acridine dye UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36193 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000054 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Acridine dyes are cell permeable, basic molecules with an acridine chromophore. These compounds intercalate DNA. The image shown represents the core structure of the acridine family, with specific dyes containing varying substituents. UPDATED category_aro_name with acriflavin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35963 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000045 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Acriflavin is a topical antiseptic. It has the form of an orange or brown powder. It may be harmful in the eyes or if inhaled. Acriflavine is also used as treatment for external fungal infections of aquarium fish. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. " 2752 UPDATE ANT(3'')-IIa antibiotic inactivation; ANT(3''); aminoglycoside antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ANT(3'') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41439 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004275 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucleotidylylation of streptomycin at the hydroxyl group at position 3'' UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 441 UPDATE OXA-54 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 2753 UPDATE HMB-1 carbapenem; antibiotic inactivation; HMB beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with HMB beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41373 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004209 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with First identified from a multi-drug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolate in 2012, HMB type beta-lactamases can be encoded in transposons and hydrolyze carbapenems. " 440 UPDATE MexA sulfonamide antibiotic; penem; panipenem; tetracycline antibiotic; clavulanate; meropenem; antibiotic efflux; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; aztreonam; nalidixic acid; aminocoumarin antibiotic; cephalosporin; macrolide antibiotic; carbapenem; ceftazidime; ciprofloxacin; cephamycin; ceftriaxone; peptide antibiotic; diaminopyrimidine antibiotic; ticarcillin; ampicillin; amoxicillin; penam; sulfamethoxazole; novobiocin; phenicol antibiotic; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole; tetracycline; monobactam; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; erythromycin; trimethoprim; azithromycin; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with panipenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40362 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003708 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Panipenem is a carbapenem antibacterial agent with a broad spectrum of in vitro activity covering a wide range of Gram-negative and Gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic bacterial. It is used in combination with betamipron to inhibit panipenem uptake into the renal tubule and prevent nephrotoxicity. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with clavulanate UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000079 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Adjuvant UPDATED category_aro_description with Clavulanic acid is a beta-lactamase inhibitor (marketed by GlaxoSmithKline, formerly Beecham) combined with penicillin group antibiotics to overcome certain types of antibiotic resistance. It is used to overcome resistance in bacteria that secrete beta-lactamase, which otherwise inactivates most penicillins. UPDATED category_aro_name with meropenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35990 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000073 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Meropenem is an ultra-broad spectrum injectable antibiotic used to treat a wide variety of infections, including meningitis and pneumonia. It is a beta-lactam and belongs to the subgroup of carbapenem, similar to imipenem and ertapenem. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with aztreonam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36689 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000550 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Aztreonam was the first monobactam discovered, and is greatly effective against Gram-negative bacteria while inactive against Gram-positive bacteria. Artreonam is a poor substrate for beta-lactamases, and may even act as an inhibitor. In Gram-negative bacteria, Aztreonam interferes with filamentation, inhibiting cell division and leading to cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminocoumarin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36242 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000103 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminocoumarin antibiotics bind DNA gyrase subunit B to inhibit ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftazidime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35977 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000060 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftazidime is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Unlike most third-generation agents, it is active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, however it has weaker activity against Gram-positive microorganisms and is not used for such infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40957 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004024 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with An antibiotic cocktail containing the diaminopyrimidine antibiotic Trimethoprim and the sulfonamide antibiotic sulfamethoxazole (1 TMP:5 SMX). UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftriaxone UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35979 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000062 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftriaxone is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. The presence of an aminothiazolyl sidechain increases ceftriazone's resistance to beta-lactamases. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with diaminopyrimidine antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36310 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000171 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Diaminopyrimidines are a class of organic compounds containing a pyrimidine ring substituted by two amine groups. They are inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme critical for DNA synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with ticarcillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40523 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003832 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ticarcillin is a carboxypenicillin used for the treatment of Gram-negative bacteria, particularly P. aeruginosa. Ticarcillin's antibiotic properties arise from its ability to prevent cross-linking of peptidoglycan during cell wall synthesis, when the bacteria try to divide, causing cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with ampicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36981 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000637 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ampicillin is a penicillin derivative that is highly acid stable, with its activity similar to benzylpenicillin. UPDATED category_aro_name with amoxicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35981 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000064 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amoxicillin is a moderate-spectrum, bacteriolytic, beta-lactam antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections caused by susceptible microorganisms. A derivative of penicillin, it has a wider range of treatment but remains relatively ineffective against Gram-negative bacteria. It is commonly taken with clavulanic acid, a beta-lactamase inhibitor. Like other beta-lactams, amoxicillin interferes with the synthesis of peptidoglycan. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36327 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000188 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Trimethoprim is a synthetic 5-(3,4,5- trimethoxybenzyl) pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, inhibiting synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid. Tetrahydrofolic acid is an essential precursor in the de novo synthesis of the DNA nucleotide thymidine. Trimethoprim is a bacteriostatic antibiotic mainly used in the prophylaxis and treatment of urinary tract infections in combination with sulfamethoxazole, a sulfonamide antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with sulfamethoxazole UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36468 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000329 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sulfamethoxazole is a sulfonamide antibiotic usually taken with trimethoprim, a diaminopyrimidine antibiotic. Sulfamethoxazole inhibits dihydropteroate synthase, essential to tetrahydrofolic acid biosynthesis. This pathway generates compounds used in the synthesis of many amino acids and nucleotides. UPDATED category_aro_name with novobiocin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36250 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000111 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Novobiocin is an aminocoumarin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spheroides and Streptomyces niveus, and binds DNA gyrase subunit B inhibiting ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with azithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36297 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000158 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Azithromycin is a 15-membered macrolide and falls under the subclass of azalide. Like other macrolides, azithromycin binds bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The nitrogen substitution at the C-9a position prevents its degradation. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with sulfonamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36421 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000282 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Sulfonamides are broad spectrum, synthetic antibiotics that contain the sulfonamide group. Sulfonamides inhibit dihydropteroate synthase, which catalyzes the conversion of p-aminobenzoic acid to dihydropteroic acid as part of the tetrahydrofolic acid biosynthetic pathway. Tetrahydrofolic acid is essential for folate synthesis, a precursor of many nucleotides and amino acids. Many sulfamides are taken with trimethoprim, an inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, also disturbing the trihydrofolic acid synthesis pathway. " 2750 UPDATE APH(3')-VIII antibiotic inactivation; APH(3'); aminoglycoside antibiotic; G418; neomycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with APH(3') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36265 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000126 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Phosphorylation of 2-deoxystreptamine aminoglycosides on the hydroxyl group at position 3' UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with G418 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000653 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A gentamicin class aminoglycoside antibiotic often used in mammalian cell culture work as a selectable marker for the neo cassette (APH3'). UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 447 UPDATE SHV-67 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 2751 UPDATE APH(3')-IX antibiotic inactivation; APH(3'); aminoglycoside antibiotic; G418; neomycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with APH(3') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36265 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000126 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Phosphorylation of 2-deoxystreptamine aminoglycosides on the hydroxyl group at position 3' UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with G418 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000653 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A gentamicin class aminoglycoside antibiotic often used in mammalian cell culture work as a selectable marker for the neo cassette (APH3'). UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 1330 UPDATE emrR antibiotic efflux; major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump; protein(s) and two-component regulatory system modulating antibiotic efflux; nalidixic acid; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Regulator UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and ABC transporters comprise the two largest and most functionally diverse of the transporter superfamilies. However, MFS transporters are distinct from ABC transporters in both their primary sequence and structure and in the mechanism of energy coupling. As secondary transporters they are, like RND and SMR transporters, energized by the electrochemical proton gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. " 445 UPDATE TEM-22 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 444 UPDATE AAC(6')-Ib-Suzhou antibiotic inactivation; kanamycin A; aminoglycoside antibiotic; AAC(6'); isepamicin; sisomicin; arbekacin; gentamicin B; netilmicin; amikacin; dibekacin; neomycin; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with AAC(6') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36484 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000345 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Acetylation of the aminoglycoside antibiotic on the amino group at position 6'. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with netilmicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35956 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000038 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with dibekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35926 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 630 UPDATE adeJ antibiotic efflux; imipenem; rifampin; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; trimethoprim; rifamycin antibiotic; penem; macrolide antibiotic; carbapenem; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; cephalosporin; diaminopyrimidine antibiotic; ticarcillin; tetracycline antibiotic; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; lincosamide antibiotic; phenicol antibiotic; tetracycline; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with imipenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36309 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000170 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Imipenem is a broad-spectrum antibiotic and is usually taken with cilastatin, which prevents hydrolysis of imipenem by renal dehydropeptidase-I. It is resistant to hydrolysis by most other beta-lactamases. Notable exceptions are the KPC beta-lactamases and Ambler Class B enzymes. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifampin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36308 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000169 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifampin is a semi-synthetic rifamycin, and inhibits RNA synthesis by binding to RNA polymerase. Rifampin is the mainstay agent for the treatment of tuberculosis, leprosy and complicated Gram-positive infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36327 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000188 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Trimethoprim is a synthetic 5-(3,4,5- trimethoxybenzyl) pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, inhibiting synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid. Tetrahydrofolic acid is an essential precursor in the de novo synthesis of the DNA nucleotide thymidine. Trimethoprim is a bacteriostatic antibiotic mainly used in the prophylaxis and treatment of urinary tract infections in combination with sulfamethoxazole, a sulfonamide antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with diaminopyrimidine antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36310 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000171 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Diaminopyrimidines are a class of organic compounds containing a pyrimidine ring substituted by two amine groups. They are inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme critical for DNA synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with ticarcillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40523 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003832 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ticarcillin is a carboxypenicillin used for the treatment of Gram-negative bacteria, particularly P. aeruginosa. Ticarcillin's antibiotic properties arise from its ability to prevent cross-linking of peptidoglycan during cell wall synthesis, when the bacteria try to divide, causing cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincosamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35936 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincosamides (e.g. lincomycin, clindamycin) are a class of drugs which bind to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. This interaction inhibits early elongation of peptide chains by inhibiting the transpeptidase reaction, acting similarly to macrolides. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifamycin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36296 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000157 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifamycin antibiotics are a group of broad-spectrum ansamycin antibiotics that inhibit bacterial RNA polymerase by binding to a highly conserved region, blocking the oligonucleotide exit tunnel, and preventing the extension of nascent mRNAs. " 2298 UPDATE SPM-1 carbapenem; SPM beta-lactamase; antibiotic inactivation; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with SPM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36719 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000580 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Sao Paulo metallo-beta-lactamase (SPM-1) confers resistance to carbapenem in Pseudomonas aeruginosa UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. " 2292 UPDATE Streptomyces rishiriensis parY mutant conferring resistance to aminocoumarin aminocoumarin self resistant parY; clorobiocin; aminocoumarin antibiotic; novobiocin; coumermycin A1; antibiotic target alteration; aminocoumarin resistant parY; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with aminocoumarin self resistant parY UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40472 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003787 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Inherent ParY resistant to aminocoumarin from an antibiotic producer. The presence of these genes confers self resistance to the antibiotic it produces UPDATED category_aro_name with clorobiocin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36271 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000132 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Clorobiocin is an aminocoumarin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces roseochromogenes, and binds DNA gyrase subunit B to inhibit ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminocoumarin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36242 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000103 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminocoumarin antibiotics bind DNA gyrase subunit B to inhibit ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with novobiocin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36250 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000111 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Novobiocin is an aminocoumarin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spheroides and Streptomyces niveus, and binds DNA gyrase subunit B inhibiting ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with coumermycin A1 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36289 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000150 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Coumermycin A1 is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces rishiriensis, and binds DNA gyrase subunit B to inhibit ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminocoumarin resistant parY UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36619 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000480 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Expression of parY(R), which encodes an aminocoumarin resistant topoisomerase IV, can confer aminocoumarin resistance. " 2291 UPDATE Chlamydia trachomatis intrinsic murA conferring resistance to fosfomycin fosfomycin; antibiotic target alteration; murA transferase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with fosfomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35944 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000025 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Fosfomycin (also known as phosphomycin and phosphonomycin) is a broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by certain Streptomyces species. It is effective on gram positive and negative bacteria as it targets the cell wall, an essential feature shared by both bacteria. Its specific target is MurA (MurZ in E.coli), which attaches phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, a step of commitment to cell wall synthesis. In the active site of MurA, the active cysteine molecule is alkylated which stops the catalytic reaction. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with murA transferase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 39245 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3002811 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with murA or UDP-N-acetylglucosamine enolpyruvyl transferase catalyses the initial step in peptidoglycan biosynthesis and is inhibited by fosfomycin. Overexpression of murA through mutations confers fosfomycin resistance. " 2290 UPDATE Mycobacterium tuberculosis intrinsic murA conferring resistance to fosfomycin fosfomycin; antibiotic target alteration; murA transferase; model_type; model_description; ARO_category; model_param; model_type_id "UPDATED model_type with protein variant model UPDATED model_description with The protein variant model is an AMR detection model. Protein variant models are similar to protein homolog models - they detect the presence of a protein sequence based on its similarity to a curated reference sequence, but secondarily search submitted query sequences for curated sets of mutations shown clinically to confer resistance relative to wild-type. This model includes a protein reference sequence, a curated BLASTP cut-off, and mapped resistance variants. Mapped resistance variants may include any or all of: single resistance variants, insertions, deletions, co-dependent resistance variants, nonsense SNPs, and/or frameshift mutations. Protein variant model matches to reference sequences are categorized on two criteria: ""strict"" and ""loose"". A strict match has a BLASTP bitscore above the curated BLASTP cutoff value and contains at least one detected mutation from amongst the mapped resistance variants; a loose match has a BLASTP bitscore below the curated BLASTP cutoff value but still contains at least one detected mutation from amongst the mapped resistance variants. Regardless of BLASTP bitscore, if a sequence does not contain one of the mapped resistance variants, it is not considered a match and not detected by the protein variant model. UPDATED category_aro_name with fosfomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35944 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000025 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Fosfomycin (also known as phosphomycin and phosphonomycin) is a broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by certain Streptomyces species. It is effective on gram positive and negative bacteria as it targets the cell wall, an essential feature shared by both bacteria. Its specific target is MurA (MurZ in E.coli), which attaches phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, a step of commitment to cell wall synthesis. In the active site of MurA, the active cysteine molecule is alkylated which stops the catalytic reaction. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with murA transferase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 39245 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3002811 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with murA or UDP-N-acetylglucosamine enolpyruvyl transferase catalyses the initial step in peptidoglycan biosynthesis and is inhibited by fosfomycin. Overexpression of murA through mutations confers fosfomycin resistance. UPDATED 8298 with C117D UPDATED 8298 with C117D UPDATED param_type with single resistance variant UPDATED param_type_id with 36301 UPDATED param_description with A nucleotide or amino acid substitution that confers elevated resistance to antibiotic(s) relative to wild type. The most common type encoded in the CARD is an amino acid substitution gleaned from the literature with format [wild-type][position][mutation], e.g. R184Q. When present in the associated gene or protein, a single resistance variant confers resistance to an antibiotic drug or drug class. Single resistance variants are used by the protein variant and rRNA mutation models to detect antibiotic resistance from submitted sequences. UPDATED model_type_id with 40293 " 2294 UPDATE Campylobacter jejuni gyrA conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones antibiotic target alteration; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; nybomycin; fluoroquinolone resistant gyrA; ciprofloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nybomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40463 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003780 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with A heterocyclic antibiotic that targets mutant gyrA (type II topoisomerase) containing an S84L substitution, counteracting acquired quinolone resistance. It is effective against quinolone-resistant Gram-positive bacteria including S. aureus and E. faecalis. Due to its ability to counteract quinolone resistance by targeting the mutant form of the gyrA protein, it is classified as a reverse antibiotic (RA). UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone resistant gyrA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 39876 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003292 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with DNA gyrase is responsible for DNA supercoiling and consists of two alpha and two beta subunits. GyrA point mutations confer resistance by preventing fluoroquinolone antibiotics from binding the alpha-subunit. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. " 403 UPDATE dfrA8 iclaprim; trimethoprim; brodimoprim; tetroxoprim; diaminopyrimidine antibiotic; antibiotic target replacement; trimethoprim resistant dihydrofolate reductase dfr; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with iclaprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36476 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000337 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Iclaprim is a bactericidal compound that inhibits dihydrofolate reductase. It is used against clinically important Gram-positive pathogens, including methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36327 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000188 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Trimethoprim is a synthetic 5-(3,4,5- trimethoxybenzyl) pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, inhibiting synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid. Tetrahydrofolic acid is an essential precursor in the de novo synthesis of the DNA nucleotide thymidine. Trimethoprim is a bacteriostatic antibiotic mainly used in the prophylaxis and treatment of urinary tract infections in combination with sulfamethoxazole, a sulfonamide antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with brodimoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36408 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000269 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Brodimoprim is a structural derivative of trimethoprim and an inhibitor of bacterial dihydrofolate reductase. The 4-methoxy group of trimethoprim is replaced with a bromine atom. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetroxoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36423 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000284 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetroxoprim is a trimethoprim derivative that inhibits bacterial dihydrofolate reductase. UPDATED category_aro_name with diaminopyrimidine antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36310 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000171 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Diaminopyrimidines are a class of organic compounds containing a pyrimidine ring substituted by two amine groups. They are inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme critical for DNA synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target replacement UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Replacement or substitution of antibiotic action target, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim resistant dihydrofolate reductase dfr UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37617 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3001218 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Alternative dihydropteroate synthase dfr present on plasmids produces alternate proteins that are less sensitive to trimethoprim from inhibiting its role in folate synthesis, thus conferring trimethoprim resistance. " 1712 UPDATE IMP-41 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; carbapenem; cephalosporin; IMP beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with IMP beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36029 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Plasmid mediated IMP-type carbapenemases, of which at least 26 varieties are currently known, became established in Japan in the 1990s in enteric gram-negative organisms, Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter species. Integron-associated, sometimes within plasmids. Hydrolyses all beta-lactams except monobactams, and evades all beta-lactam inhibitors. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 1861 UPDATE LEN-15 penam; LEN beta-lactamase; antibiotic inactivation; penem; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with LEN beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36236 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000097 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with LEN beta-lactamases are chromosomal class A beta-lactamases that confer resistance to ampicillin, amoxicillin, carbenicillin, and ticarcillin but not to extended-spectrum beta-lactams. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. " 1860 UPDATE OXA-165 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1863 UPDATE VIM-3 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; carbapenem; cephalosporin; cephamycin; VIM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with VIM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36030 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000021 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with The Verone integron-encoded metallo-beta-lactamase (VIM) family was reported from Italy in 1999. There are, to date, 23 reported variants. VIM enzymes mostly occur in P. aeruginosa, also P. putida and, very rarely, Enterobacteriaceae. Integron-associated, sometimes within plasmids. Hydrolyses all beta-lactams except monobactams, and evades all beta-lactam inhibitors. There is a strong incidence of these in East Asia. " 1862 UPDATE OXA-109 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1865 UPDATE ACC-5 penam; monobactam; cephalosporin; ACC beta-lactamase; antibiotic inactivation; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with ACC beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36212 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000073 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with ACC beta-lactamases or Ambler class C beta-lactamases are AmpC beta-lactamases. They possess an interesting resistance phenotype due to their low activity against cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. " 1864 UPDATE CMY-67 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 1867 UPDATE CTX-M-116 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 1866 UPDATE KPC-7 antibiotic inactivation; penam; carbapenem; cephalosporin; monobactam; KPC beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with KPC beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36198 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000059 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenem resistant (KPC) beta-lactamases are notorious for their ability to efficiently hydrolyze carbapenems, unlike other Ambler Class A beta-lactamases. There are currently 9 variants reported worldwide. These enzymes were first isolated from Klebsiella pneumoniae strains in 2001 in the United States. Hospital outbreaks have since been reported in Greece and Israel and KPC carrying strains are now endemic to New York facilities. KPC-1 and KPC-2 have been shown to be identical and are now referred to as KPC-2. " 1869 UPDATE OXY-2-6 penam; OXY beta-lactamase; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; monobactam; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 38788 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3002388 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXY beta-lactamases are chromosomal class A beta-lactamases that are found in Klebsiella oxytoca. At constitutive low levels, OXY beta-lactamases confer resistance to aminopenicillins and carboxypenicillins. At high induced levels, OXY beta-lactamases confer resistance to penicillins, cephalosporins and aztreonam. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 1868 UPDATE TEM-82 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 964 UPDATE OXA-129 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 965 UPDATE OXA-333 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 966 UPDATE vanSC glycopeptide antibiotic; vanS; antibiotic target alteration; vancomycin; glycopeptide resistance gene cluster; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with vanS UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36210 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with VanS is similar to histidine protein kinases like EnvZ and acts as a response regulator by activating VanR. VanS is required for high level transcription of other van glycopeptide resistance genes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with vancomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35947 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000028 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Vancomycin is a glycopeptide antibiotic used in the prophylaxis and treatment of infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria. Vancomycin inhibits the synthesis of peptidoglycan, the major component of the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria. Its mechanism of action is unusual in that it acts by binding precursors of peptidoglycan, rather than by interacting with an enzyme. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide resistance gene cluster UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36373 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000234 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Genes that when expressed confer resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin type antibiotics. " 967 UPDATE AAC(6')-Isa antibiotic inactivation; kanamycin A; aminoglycoside antibiotic; AAC(6'); isepamicin; sisomicin; arbekacin; gentamicin B; netilmicin; amikacin; dibekacin; neomycin; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with AAC(6') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36484 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000345 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Acetylation of the aminoglycoside antibiotic on the amino group at position 6'. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with netilmicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35956 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000038 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with dibekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35926 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 960 UPDATE TEM-137 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 961 UPDATE SHV-93 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 962 UPDATE OXA-356 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 963 UPDATE CMY-69 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 401 UPDATE ACT-22 antibiotic inactivation; carbapenem; penam; ACT beta-lactamase; cephalosporin; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with ACT beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36211 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000072 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with ACT beta-lactamases, also known as AmpC beta-lactamases, are cephalosporinases that cannot be inhibited by clavulanate. These enzymes are encoded by genes located on the chromosome and can be induced by the presence of beta-lactam antibiotics. However recently, these genes have been found on plasmids and expressed at high constitutive levels in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 968 UPDATE MIR-15 antibiotic inactivation; monobactam; cephalosporin; cephamycin; MIR beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with MIR beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36197 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000058 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with MIR beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated beta-lactamases that confer resistance to oxyimino- and alpha-methoxy beta-lactams " 969 UPDATE VEB-8 antibiotic inactivation; monobactam; cephalosporin; VEB beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with VEB beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36182 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000043 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with VEB beta-lactamases or Vietnamese extended-spectrum beta-lactamases are class A beta-lactamases that confer high-level resistance to oxyimino cephalosporins and to aztreonam " 2109 UPDATE Mycobacterium tuberculosis gyrB mutant conferring resistance to fluoroquinolone aminocoumarin antibiotic; antibiotic target alteration; moxifloxacin; fluoroquinolone resistant gyrB; grepafloxacin; trovafloxacin; ofloxacin; norfloxacin; nalidixic acid; lomefloxacin; gatifloxacin; coumermycin A1; ciprofloxacin; fleroxacin; levofloxacin; sparfloxacin; clorobiocin; novobiocin; Clofazimine; clinafloxacin; enoxacin; pefloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; cinoxacin; ARO_category; model_param "UPDATED category_aro_name with aminocoumarin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36242 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000103 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminocoumarin antibiotics bind DNA gyrase subunit B to inhibit ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone resistant gyrB UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37244 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000864 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Point mutations in DNA gyrase subunit B (gyrB) observed in Mycobacterium tuberculosis can result in resistance to fluoroquinolones. UPDATED category_aro_name with grepafloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37009 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000665 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Grepafloxacin is a broad-spectrum antibacterial quinoline. It is no longer taken due to its high toxicity. UPDATED category_aro_name with trovafloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37008 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000664 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Trovafloxacin is a trifluoroquinalone with a broad spectrum of activity that acts by inhibiting the uncoiling of supercoiled DNA. While potent against many Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, it is less active against pseudomonads and Cl. difficile. It is usually taken as the prodrug trovafloxacin mesylate or alatrofloxacin mesylate for oral or intravenous administration, respectively. UPDATED category_aro_name with ofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37007 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000663 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ofloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a methyl-substituted oxazine ring. It has a broad spectrum of activity including many enterobacteria and mycoplasma but most anaerobes are resistant. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with lomefloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37004 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000660 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Lomefloxacin is a difluoropiperazinyl quinolone, sharing similar activities with other fluoroquinolones. It is used to treat urinary tract infections. Relative to other fluoroquinolones, it has a longer half life and has higher serum concentrations. UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with coumermycin A1 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36289 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000150 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Coumermycin A1 is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces rishiriensis, and binds DNA gyrase subunit B to inhibit ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fleroxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40940 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Fleroxacin is a broad spectrum fluoroquinolone antibiotic that inhibits the DNA supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, resulting in double-stranded DNA breaks and subsequent cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with clorobiocin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36271 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000132 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Clorobiocin is an aminocoumarin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces roseochromogenes, and binds DNA gyrase subunit B to inhibit ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with novobiocin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36250 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000111 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Novobiocin is an aminocoumarin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spheroides and Streptomyces niveus, and binds DNA gyrase subunit B inhibiting ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with Clofazimine UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004012 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Clofazimine is a fluoroquinolone-class phenazine dye used for the treatment of leprosy. Clofazimine binds to DNA and disrupts bacterial DNA gyrase, thereby causing double-stranded DNA breaks, and subsequent cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with clinafloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40938 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004011 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Clinafloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic and gyrase (DNA topoisomerase II) inhibitor. It binds to DNA gyrase and disrupts replication by causing double-stranded DNA breaks, resulting in cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with enoxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35942 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000023 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Enoxacin belongs to a group called fluoroquinolones. Its mode of action depends upon blocking bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to DNA gyrase and causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with pefloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37142 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000762 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pefloxacin is structurally and functionally similar to norfloxacin. It is poorly active against mycobacteria, while anaerobes are resistant. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with cinoxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40937 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004010 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cinoxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic primarily used for the treatment of urinary tract infections in adults. Cinoxacin binds to DNA gyrase, resulting in double-stranded DNA breaks and cell death. UPDATED 3508 with N538K UPDATED 3513 with E540V UPDATED 3504 with T539N UPDATED 3505 with T539P UPDATED 3507 with E540D UPDATED 3508 with N538K UPDATED 3513 with E540V UPDATED 3504 with T539N UPDATED 3505 with T539P UPDATED 3507 with E540D " 2108 UPDATE Enterococcus faecium EF-Tu mutants conferring resistance to GE2270A pulvomycin; elfamycin resistant EF-Tu; GE2270A; LFF571; elfamycin antibiotic; enacyloxin IIa; antibiotic target alteration; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with pulvomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36725 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000586 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pulvomycin is a polyketide antibiotic that binds elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu) to inhibit protein biosynthesis by preventing the formation of the ternary complex (EF-Tu*GTP*aa-tRNA). Phenotypically, it was shown that pulvomycin sensitivity is dominant over resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with elfamycin resistant EF-Tu UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37711 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3001312 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Sequence variants of elongation factor Tu that confer resistance to elfamycin antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with GE2270A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37636 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3001237 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with GE2270A is the model molecule of cyclic thiazolyl peptide elfamycins. GE2270A is produced by Planobispora rosea. Biosynthesis of the molecule has been shown to originate as a ribosomally synthesized peptide that undergoes significant post-translational modification. Clinical use of cyclic thiazolyl peptides is hindered by their low water solubility and bioavailability. UPDATED category_aro_name with LFF571 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 39998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003414 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with LFF571 is a novel semi-synthetic thiopeptide antibiotic derived from GE2270. It has been shown to possess potent in vitro and in vivo activity against Gram-positive bacteria. It is hypothesized that it a translation inhibitor leading to cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with elfamycin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37618 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3001219 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Elfamycins are molecules that inhibit bacterial elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu), a key protein which brings aminoacyl-tRNA (aa-tRNA) to the ribosome during protein synthesis. Elfamycins defined by their target (EF-Tu), rather than a conserved chemical backbone. Elfamycins follow two mechanisms to disrupt protein synthesis: 1. kirromycins and enacyloxin fix EF-Tu in the GTP bound conformation and lock EF-Tu onto the ribosome, and 2. pulvomycin and GE2270 cover the binding site of aa-tRNA disallowing EF-Tu from being charged with aa-tRNA. All elfamycins cause increased the affinity of EF-Tu for GTP. UPDATED category_aro_name with enacyloxin IIa UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37641 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3001242 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Enacyloxin IIa is structurally distinct but acts in a similar mechanism to kirromycin-like elfamycins. It prohibits the transfer of the amino acid at the A site to the elongating peptide chain. It is most likely that the mechanism of action is that EF-Tu*GDP is locked in the EF-Tu*GTP form, and EF-Tu*GDP*aa-tRNA is immobilized on the ribosome. It is an open question whether enacyloxin IIa actually belongs to the kirromycin-like group of elfamycins due to their high similarity. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. " 2103 UPDATE SHV-3 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 2102 UPDATE Mycobacterium smegmatis 16S rRNA (rrsB) mutation conferring resistance to hygromycin B glycopeptide antibiotic; arbekacin; gentamicin B; tetracycline antibiotic; antibiotic target alteration; isepamicin; G418; chlortetracycline; paromomycin; sisomicin; spectinomycin; netilmicin; apramycin; streptothricin; gentamicin C; streptomycin; aminoglycoside antibiotic; nucleoside antibiotic; 16s rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics; peptide antibiotic; minocycline; hygromycin B; doxycycline; amikacin; bleomycin B2; bleomycinic acid; bleomycin A2; dibekacin; oxytetracycline; neomycin; kanamycin A; tigecycline; glycylcycline; demeclocycline; astromicin; butirosin; ribostamycin; tetracycline; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with G418 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000653 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A gentamicin class aminoglycoside antibiotic often used in mammalian cell culture work as a selectable marker for the neo cassette (APH3'). UPDATED category_aro_name with chlortetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36667 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000528 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chlortetracycline was an early, first-generation tetracycline antibiotic developed in the 1940's. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes, preventing the aminoacyl-tRNA from binding to the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with paromomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000657 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with An aminoglycoside antibiotic used for the treatment of parasitic infections. It is similar to neomycin sharing a similar spectrum of activity, but its hydroxyl group at the 6'-position instead of an amino group makes it resistant to AAC(6') modifying enzymes. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with dibekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35926 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with spectinomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35957 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000039 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Spectinomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Spectinomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit inhibiting translation. UPDATED category_aro_name with netilmicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35956 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000038 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. UPDATED category_aro_name with apramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35955 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000037 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Apramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections in animals. Apramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptothricin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35931 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000012 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptothricins are a group of N-glycoside antibiotics that include a carbamoylated D-glucosamine to which are attached a series of L-beta-lysine residues at position 2 and a streptolidine at position 1. Streptothricins vary by the number of beta-lysine residues (from 1 (nourseothricin) to 7) and target protein synthesis in bacteria and eukaryotes. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin C UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35933 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin C is a mixture of gentamicin C1, gentamicin C1a, and gentamicin C2 (these differ in substituents at position C6'). Gentamicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35958 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000040 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Streptomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with nucleoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36174 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000034 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucleoside antibiotics are made of modified nucleosides and nucleotides with wide-ranging activities and means of antibacterial effects. This drug class includes aminonucleoside antibiotics, which contain an amino group. UPDATED category_aro_name with 16s rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40277 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Point mutations in the 16S rRNA of bacteria can confer resistance to aminoglycosides. UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with minocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36291 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000152 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Minocycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with hygromycin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36353 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000214 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Hygromycin B is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Hygromycin B works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Hygromycin B has also been shown to interact with eukaryotic cells. UPDATED category_aro_name with doxycycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35986 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Doxycycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin B2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37036 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000692 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin B2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycinic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37034 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000690 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycinic acid is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin A2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37035 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000691 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin A2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with demeclocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37011 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000667 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Demeclocycline is a tetracycline analog with 7-chloro and 6-methyl groups. Due to its fast absorption and slow excretion, it maintains higher effective blood levels compared to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with oxytetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37012 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000668 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Oxytetracycline is a derivative of tetracycline with a 5-hydroxyl group. Its activity is similar to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tigecycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35949 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000030 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tigecycline is an glycylcycline antibiotic. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycylcycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35960 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000042 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycylcyclines are a new class of antibiotics derived from tetracycline. These tetracycline analogues are specifically designed to overcome two common mechanisms of tetracycline resistance. Presently, there is only one glycylcycline antibiotic for clinical use: tigecycline. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome, preventing the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA. UPDATED category_aro_name with astromicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35922 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Astromicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Astromicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with butirosin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35943 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000024 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Butirosin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Butirosin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with ribostamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35940 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000021 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ribostamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Ribostamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 2100 UPDATE Mycobacterium chelonae 16S rRNA mutation conferring resistance to amikacin glycopeptide antibiotic; arbekacin; gentamicin B; tetracycline antibiotic; antibiotic target alteration; isepamicin; G418; chlortetracycline; paromomycin; sisomicin; spectinomycin; netilmicin; apramycin; streptothricin; gentamicin C; streptomycin; aminoglycoside antibiotic; nucleoside antibiotic; 16s rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics; peptide antibiotic; minocycline; hygromycin B; doxycycline; amikacin; bleomycin B2; bleomycinic acid; bleomycin A2; dibekacin; oxytetracycline; neomycin; kanamycin A; tigecycline; glycylcycline; demeclocycline; astromicin; butirosin; ribostamycin; tetracycline; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with G418 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000653 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A gentamicin class aminoglycoside antibiotic often used in mammalian cell culture work as a selectable marker for the neo cassette (APH3'). UPDATED category_aro_name with chlortetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36667 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000528 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chlortetracycline was an early, first-generation tetracycline antibiotic developed in the 1940's. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes, preventing the aminoacyl-tRNA from binding to the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with paromomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000657 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with An aminoglycoside antibiotic used for the treatment of parasitic infections. It is similar to neomycin sharing a similar spectrum of activity, but its hydroxyl group at the 6'-position instead of an amino group makes it resistant to AAC(6') modifying enzymes. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with dibekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35926 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with spectinomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35957 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000039 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Spectinomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Spectinomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit inhibiting translation. UPDATED category_aro_name with netilmicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35956 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000038 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. UPDATED category_aro_name with apramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35955 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000037 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Apramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections in animals. Apramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptothricin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35931 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000012 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptothricins are a group of N-glycoside antibiotics that include a carbamoylated D-glucosamine to which are attached a series of L-beta-lysine residues at position 2 and a streptolidine at position 1. Streptothricins vary by the number of beta-lysine residues (from 1 (nourseothricin) to 7) and target protein synthesis in bacteria and eukaryotes. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin C UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35933 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin C is a mixture of gentamicin C1, gentamicin C1a, and gentamicin C2 (these differ in substituents at position C6'). Gentamicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35958 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000040 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Streptomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with nucleoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36174 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000034 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucleoside antibiotics are made of modified nucleosides and nucleotides with wide-ranging activities and means of antibacterial effects. This drug class includes aminonucleoside antibiotics, which contain an amino group. UPDATED category_aro_name with 16s rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40277 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Point mutations in the 16S rRNA of bacteria can confer resistance to aminoglycosides. UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with minocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36291 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000152 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Minocycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with hygromycin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36353 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000214 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Hygromycin B is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Hygromycin B works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Hygromycin B has also been shown to interact with eukaryotic cells. UPDATED category_aro_name with doxycycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35986 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Doxycycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin B2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37036 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000692 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin B2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycinic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37034 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000690 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycinic acid is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin A2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37035 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000691 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin A2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with demeclocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37011 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000667 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Demeclocycline is a tetracycline analog with 7-chloro and 6-methyl groups. Due to its fast absorption and slow excretion, it maintains higher effective blood levels compared to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with oxytetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37012 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000668 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Oxytetracycline is a derivative of tetracycline with a 5-hydroxyl group. Its activity is similar to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tigecycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35949 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000030 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tigecycline is an glycylcycline antibiotic. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycylcycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35960 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000042 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycylcyclines are a new class of antibiotics derived from tetracycline. These tetracycline analogues are specifically designed to overcome two common mechanisms of tetracycline resistance. Presently, there is only one glycylcycline antibiotic for clinical use: tigecycline. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome, preventing the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA. UPDATED category_aro_name with astromicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35922 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Astromicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Astromicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with butirosin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35943 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000024 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Butirosin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Butirosin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with ribostamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35940 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000021 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ribostamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Ribostamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 2106 UPDATE Mycobacterium smegmatis 16S rRNA (rrsA) mutation conferring resistance to kanamycin A glycopeptide antibiotic; arbekacin; gentamicin B; tetracycline antibiotic; antibiotic target alteration; isepamicin; G418; chlortetracycline; paromomycin; sisomicin; spectinomycin; netilmicin; apramycin; streptothricin; gentamicin C; streptomycin; aminoglycoside antibiotic; nucleoside antibiotic; 16s rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics; peptide antibiotic; minocycline; hygromycin B; doxycycline; amikacin; bleomycin B2; bleomycinic acid; bleomycin A2; dibekacin; oxytetracycline; neomycin; kanamycin A; tigecycline; glycylcycline; demeclocycline; astromicin; butirosin; ribostamycin; tetracycline; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with G418 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000653 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A gentamicin class aminoglycoside antibiotic often used in mammalian cell culture work as a selectable marker for the neo cassette (APH3'). UPDATED category_aro_name with chlortetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36667 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000528 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chlortetracycline was an early, first-generation tetracycline antibiotic developed in the 1940's. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes, preventing the aminoacyl-tRNA from binding to the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with paromomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000657 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with An aminoglycoside antibiotic used for the treatment of parasitic infections. It is similar to neomycin sharing a similar spectrum of activity, but its hydroxyl group at the 6'-position instead of an amino group makes it resistant to AAC(6') modifying enzymes. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with dibekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35926 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with spectinomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35957 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000039 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Spectinomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Spectinomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit inhibiting translation. UPDATED category_aro_name with netilmicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35956 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000038 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. UPDATED category_aro_name with apramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35955 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000037 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Apramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections in animals. Apramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptothricin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35931 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000012 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptothricins are a group of N-glycoside antibiotics that include a carbamoylated D-glucosamine to which are attached a series of L-beta-lysine residues at position 2 and a streptolidine at position 1. Streptothricins vary by the number of beta-lysine residues (from 1 (nourseothricin) to 7) and target protein synthesis in bacteria and eukaryotes. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin C UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35933 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin C is a mixture of gentamicin C1, gentamicin C1a, and gentamicin C2 (these differ in substituents at position C6'). Gentamicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35958 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000040 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Streptomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with nucleoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36174 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000034 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucleoside antibiotics are made of modified nucleosides and nucleotides with wide-ranging activities and means of antibacterial effects. This drug class includes aminonucleoside antibiotics, which contain an amino group. UPDATED category_aro_name with 16s rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40277 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Point mutations in the 16S rRNA of bacteria can confer resistance to aminoglycosides. UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with minocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36291 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000152 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Minocycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with hygromycin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36353 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000214 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Hygromycin B is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Hygromycin B works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Hygromycin B has also been shown to interact with eukaryotic cells. UPDATED category_aro_name with doxycycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35986 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Doxycycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin B2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37036 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000692 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin B2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycinic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37034 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000690 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycinic acid is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin A2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37035 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000691 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin A2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with demeclocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37011 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000667 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Demeclocycline is a tetracycline analog with 7-chloro and 6-methyl groups. Due to its fast absorption and slow excretion, it maintains higher effective blood levels compared to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with oxytetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37012 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000668 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Oxytetracycline is a derivative of tetracycline with a 5-hydroxyl group. Its activity is similar to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tigecycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35949 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000030 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tigecycline is an glycylcycline antibiotic. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycylcycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35960 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000042 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycylcyclines are a new class of antibiotics derived from tetracycline. These tetracycline analogues are specifically designed to overcome two common mechanisms of tetracycline resistance. Presently, there is only one glycylcycline antibiotic for clinical use: tigecycline. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome, preventing the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA. UPDATED category_aro_name with astromicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35922 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Astromicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Astromicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with butirosin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35943 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000024 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Butirosin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Butirosin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with ribostamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35940 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000021 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ribostamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Ribostamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 2105 UPDATE Mycobacterium abscessus 16S rRNA mutation conferring resistance to neomycin glycopeptide antibiotic; arbekacin; gentamicin B; tetracycline antibiotic; antibiotic target alteration; isepamicin; G418; chlortetracycline; paromomycin; sisomicin; spectinomycin; netilmicin; apramycin; streptothricin; gentamicin C; streptomycin; aminoglycoside antibiotic; nucleoside antibiotic; 16s rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics; peptide antibiotic; minocycline; hygromycin B; doxycycline; amikacin; bleomycin B2; bleomycinic acid; bleomycin A2; dibekacin; oxytetracycline; neomycin; kanamycin A; tigecycline; glycylcycline; demeclocycline; astromicin; butirosin; ribostamycin; tetracycline; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with G418 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000653 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A gentamicin class aminoglycoside antibiotic often used in mammalian cell culture work as a selectable marker for the neo cassette (APH3'). UPDATED category_aro_name with chlortetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36667 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000528 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chlortetracycline was an early, first-generation tetracycline antibiotic developed in the 1940's. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes, preventing the aminoacyl-tRNA from binding to the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with paromomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000657 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with An aminoglycoside antibiotic used for the treatment of parasitic infections. It is similar to neomycin sharing a similar spectrum of activity, but its hydroxyl group at the 6'-position instead of an amino group makes it resistant to AAC(6') modifying enzymes. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with dibekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35926 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with spectinomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35957 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000039 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Spectinomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Spectinomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit inhibiting translation. UPDATED category_aro_name with netilmicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35956 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000038 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. UPDATED category_aro_name with apramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35955 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000037 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Apramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections in animals. Apramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptothricin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35931 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000012 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptothricins are a group of N-glycoside antibiotics that include a carbamoylated D-glucosamine to which are attached a series of L-beta-lysine residues at position 2 and a streptolidine at position 1. Streptothricins vary by the number of beta-lysine residues (from 1 (nourseothricin) to 7) and target protein synthesis in bacteria and eukaryotes. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin C UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35933 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin C is a mixture of gentamicin C1, gentamicin C1a, and gentamicin C2 (these differ in substituents at position C6'). Gentamicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35958 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000040 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Streptomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with nucleoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36174 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000034 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucleoside antibiotics are made of modified nucleosides and nucleotides with wide-ranging activities and means of antibacterial effects. This drug class includes aminonucleoside antibiotics, which contain an amino group. UPDATED category_aro_name with 16s rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40277 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Point mutations in the 16S rRNA of bacteria can confer resistance to aminoglycosides. UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with minocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36291 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000152 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Minocycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with hygromycin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36353 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000214 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Hygromycin B is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Hygromycin B works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Hygromycin B has also been shown to interact with eukaryotic cells. UPDATED category_aro_name with doxycycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35986 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Doxycycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin B2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37036 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000692 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin B2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycinic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37034 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000690 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycinic acid is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin A2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37035 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000691 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin A2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with demeclocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37011 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000667 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Demeclocycline is a tetracycline analog with 7-chloro and 6-methyl groups. Due to its fast absorption and slow excretion, it maintains higher effective blood levels compared to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with oxytetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37012 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000668 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Oxytetracycline is a derivative of tetracycline with a 5-hydroxyl group. Its activity is similar to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tigecycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35949 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000030 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tigecycline is an glycylcycline antibiotic. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycylcycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35960 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000042 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycylcyclines are a new class of antibiotics derived from tetracycline. These tetracycline analogues are specifically designed to overcome two common mechanisms of tetracycline resistance. Presently, there is only one glycylcycline antibiotic for clinical use: tigecycline. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome, preventing the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA. UPDATED category_aro_name with astromicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35922 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Astromicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Astromicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with butirosin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35943 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000024 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Butirosin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Butirosin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with ribostamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35940 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000021 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ribostamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Ribostamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 2104 UPDATE Ureaplasma urealyticum parC conferring resistance to fluoroquinolone fluoroquinolone self resistant parC; grepafloxacin; trovafloxacin; ofloxacin; norfloxacin; nalidixic acid; lomefloxacin; gatifloxacin; sparfloxacin; levofloxacin; fluoroquinolone resistant parC; antibiotic target alteration; enoxacin; ciprofloxacin; pefloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; moxifloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone self resistant parC UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40471 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003786 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Inherent parC resistance to fluoroquinolone from an antibiotic producer. The presence of these genes confers self-resistance to the antibiotic it produces. UPDATED category_aro_name with grepafloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37009 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000665 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Grepafloxacin is a broad-spectrum antibacterial quinoline. It is no longer taken due to its high toxicity. UPDATED category_aro_name with trovafloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37008 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000664 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Trovafloxacin is a trifluoroquinalone with a broad spectrum of activity that acts by inhibiting the uncoiling of supercoiled DNA. While potent against many Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, it is less active against pseudomonads and Cl. difficile. It is usually taken as the prodrug trovafloxacin mesylate or alatrofloxacin mesylate for oral or intravenous administration, respectively. UPDATED category_aro_name with ofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37007 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000663 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ofloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a methyl-substituted oxazine ring. It has a broad spectrum of activity including many enterobacteria and mycoplasma but most anaerobes are resistant. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with lomefloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37004 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000660 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Lomefloxacin is a difluoropiperazinyl quinolone, sharing similar activities with other fluoroquinolones. It is used to treat urinary tract infections. Relative to other fluoroquinolones, it has a longer half life and has higher serum concentrations. UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with enoxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35942 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000023 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Enoxacin belongs to a group called fluoroquinolones. Its mode of action depends upon blocking bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to DNA gyrase and causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with pefloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37142 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000762 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pefloxacin is structurally and functionally similar to norfloxacin. It is poorly active against mycobacteria, while anaerobes are resistant. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone resistant parC UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36913 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000619 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with ParC is a subunit of topoisomerase IV, which decatenates and relaxes DNA to allow access to genes for transcription or translation. Point mutations in ParC prevent fluoroquinolone antibiotics from inhibiting DNA synthesis, and confer low-level resistance. Higher-level resistance results from both gyrA and parC mutations. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. " 641 UPDATE CARB-6 penam; antibiotic inactivation; CARB beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CARB beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36230 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000091 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CARB beta-lactamases are class A lactamases that can hydrolyze carbenicillin. Many of the PSE beta-lactamases have been renamed as CARB-lactamases with the notable exception of PSE-2 which is now OXA-10. " 878 UPDATE CTX-M-142 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 640 UPDATE tet(31) tetracycline antibiotic; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump; tetracycline; antibiotic efflux; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and ABC transporters comprise the two largest and most functionally diverse of the transporter superfamilies. However, MFS transporters are distinct from ABC transporters in both their primary sequence and structure and in the mechanism of energy coupling. As secondary transporters they are, like RND and SMR transporters, energized by the electrochemical proton gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. " 876 UPDATE smeE antibiotic efflux; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; macrolide antibiotic; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; tetracycline antibiotic; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; phenicol antibiotic; tetracycline; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. " 877 UPDATE SHV-124 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 875 UPDATE dfrA19 iclaprim; trimethoprim; brodimoprim; tetroxoprim; diaminopyrimidine antibiotic; antibiotic target replacement; trimethoprim resistant dihydrofolate reductase dfr; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with iclaprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36476 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000337 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Iclaprim is a bactericidal compound that inhibits dihydrofolate reductase. It is used against clinically important Gram-positive pathogens, including methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36327 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000188 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Trimethoprim is a synthetic 5-(3,4,5- trimethoxybenzyl) pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, inhibiting synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid. Tetrahydrofolic acid is an essential precursor in the de novo synthesis of the DNA nucleotide thymidine. Trimethoprim is a bacteriostatic antibiotic mainly used in the prophylaxis and treatment of urinary tract infections in combination with sulfamethoxazole, a sulfonamide antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with brodimoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36408 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000269 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Brodimoprim is a structural derivative of trimethoprim and an inhibitor of bacterial dihydrofolate reductase. The 4-methoxy group of trimethoprim is replaced with a bromine atom. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetroxoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36423 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000284 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetroxoprim is a trimethoprim derivative that inhibits bacterial dihydrofolate reductase. UPDATED category_aro_name with diaminopyrimidine antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36310 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000171 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Diaminopyrimidines are a class of organic compounds containing a pyrimidine ring substituted by two amine groups. They are inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme critical for DNA synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target replacement UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Replacement or substitution of antibiotic action target, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim resistant dihydrofolate reductase dfr UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37617 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3001218 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Alternative dihydropteroate synthase dfr present on plasmids produces alternate proteins that are less sensitive to trimethoprim from inhibiting its role in folate synthesis, thus conferring trimethoprim resistance. " 872 UPDATE vatC dalfopristin; antibiotic inactivation; streptogramin vat acetyltransferase; pristinamycin IIA; madumycin II; griseoviridin; streptogramin antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with dalfopristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37018 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000674 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dalfopristin is a water-soluble semi-synthetic derivative of pristinamycin IIA. It is produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis and is used in combination with quinupristin in a 7:3 ratio. Both work together to inhibit protein synthesis, and is active against Gram-positive bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptogramin vat acetyltransferase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36592 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000453 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with vat (Virginiamycin acetyltransferases) enzymes catalyze the transfer of an acetyl group from acetyl-CoA to the secondary alcohol of streptogramin A compounds, thus inactivating virginiamycin-like antibiotics and conferring resistance to these compounds. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IIA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37013 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000669 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IIA is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with madumycin II UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37016 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000672 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Madumycin II is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with griseoviridin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000673 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Griseoviridin is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptogramin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35945 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000026 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptogramin antibiotics are natural products produced by various members of the Streptomyces genus. These antibiotics bind to the P site of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The family consists of two subgroups, type A and type B, which are simultaneously produced by the same bacterial species in a ratio of roughly 70:30. " 873 UPDATE KPC-19 antibiotic inactivation; penam; carbapenem; cephalosporin; monobactam; KPC beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with KPC beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36198 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000059 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenem resistant (KPC) beta-lactamases are notorious for their ability to efficiently hydrolyze carbapenems, unlike other Ambler Class A beta-lactamases. There are currently 9 variants reported worldwide. These enzymes were first isolated from Klebsiella pneumoniae strains in 2001 in the United States. Hospital outbreaks have since been reported in Greece and Israel and KPC carrying strains are now endemic to New York facilities. KPC-1 and KPC-2 have been shown to be identical and are now referred to as KPC-2. " 870 UPDATE otr(B) tetracycline antibiotic; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump; tetracycline; antibiotic efflux; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and ABC transporters comprise the two largest and most functionally diverse of the transporter superfamilies. However, MFS transporters are distinct from ABC transporters in both their primary sequence and structure and in the mechanism of energy coupling. As secondary transporters they are, like RND and SMR transporters, energized by the electrochemical proton gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. " 871 UPDATE CGB-1 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; CGB beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CGB beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41367 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004203 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CGB beta-lactamases are Class B beta-lactamases found in Chryseobacterium gleu that can hydrolyze penicillins; narrow- and expanded-spectrum cephalosporins; and carbapenems. " 2037 UPDATE tetT chlortetracycline; demeclocycline; oxytetracycline; tetracycline antibiotic; tetracycline; antibiotic target protection; minocycline; tetracycline-resistant ribosomal protection protein; doxycycline; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with chlortetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36667 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000528 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chlortetracycline was an early, first-generation tetracycline antibiotic developed in the 1940's. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes, preventing the aminoacyl-tRNA from binding to the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with demeclocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37011 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000667 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Demeclocycline is a tetracycline analog with 7-chloro and 6-methyl groups. Due to its fast absorption and slow excretion, it maintains higher effective blood levels compared to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with oxytetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37012 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000668 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Oxytetracycline is a derivative of tetracycline with a 5-hydroxyl group. Its activity is similar to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target protection UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with minocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36291 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000152 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Minocycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline-resistant ribosomal protection protein UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35921 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with A family of proteins known to bind to the 30S ribosomal subunit. This interaction prevents tetracycline and tetracycline derivatives from inhibiting ribosomal function. Thus, these proteins confer elevated resistance to tetracycline derivatives as a ribosomal protection protein. UPDATED category_aro_name with doxycycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35986 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Doxycycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. " 2036 UPDATE SHV-163 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 2743 UPDATE Escherichia coli AcrAB-TolC with AcrR mutation conferring resistance to ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, and ceftazidime penam; antibiotic efflux; triclosan; rifampin; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; cephalosporin; tetracycline antibiotic; ceftazidime; cefalotin; tigecycline; glycylcycline; ciprofloxacin; ampicillin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; rifamycin antibiotic; phenicol antibiotic; tetracycline; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with triclosan UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37250 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000870 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Triclosan is a common antibacterial agent added to many consumer products as a biocide. It is an inhibitor of fatty acid biosynthesis by blocking enoyl-carrier protein reductase (FabI). UPDATED category_aro_name with rifampin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36308 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000169 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifampin is a semi-synthetic rifamycin, and inhibits RNA synthesis by binding to RNA polymerase. Rifampin is the mainstay agent for the treatment of tuberculosis, leprosy and complicated Gram-positive infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftazidime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35977 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000060 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftazidime is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Unlike most third-generation agents, it is active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, however it has weaker activity against Gram-positive microorganisms and is not used for such infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with ampicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36981 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000637 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ampicillin is a penicillin derivative that is highly acid stable, with its activity similar to benzylpenicillin. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefalotin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37084 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000704 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. It is resistant to staphylococci beta-lactamases but hydrolyzed by enterobacterial beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with tigecycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35949 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000030 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tigecycline is an glycylcycline antibiotic. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycylcycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35960 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000042 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycylcyclines are a new class of antibiotics derived from tetracycline. These tetracycline analogues are specifically designed to overcome two common mechanisms of tetracycline resistance. Presently, there is only one glycylcycline antibiotic for clinical use: tigecycline. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome, preventing the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifamycin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36296 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000157 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifamycin antibiotics are a group of broad-spectrum ansamycin antibiotics that inhibit bacterial RNA polymerase by binding to a highly conserved region, blocking the oligonucleotide exit tunnel, and preventing the extension of nascent mRNAs. " 1242 UPDATE aadA6/aadA10 antibiotic inactivation; aminoglycoside antibiotic; ANT(3''); streptomycin; spectinomycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with ANT(3'') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41439 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004275 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucleotidylylation of streptomycin at the hydroxyl group at position 3'' UPDATED category_aro_name with streptomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35958 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000040 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Streptomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with spectinomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35957 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000039 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Spectinomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Spectinomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit inhibiting translation. " 2745 UPDATE AcrAB-TolC penam; antibiotic efflux; triclosan; rifampin; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; tetracycline antibiotic; cephalosporin; cefalotin; tigecycline; glycylcycline; ampicillin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; rifamycin antibiotic; phenicol antibiotic; tetracycline; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with triclosan UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37250 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000870 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Triclosan is a common antibacterial agent added to many consumer products as a biocide. It is an inhibitor of fatty acid biosynthesis by blocking enoyl-carrier protein reductase (FabI). UPDATED category_aro_name with rifampin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36308 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000169 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifampin is a semi-synthetic rifamycin, and inhibits RNA synthesis by binding to RNA polymerase. Rifampin is the mainstay agent for the treatment of tuberculosis, leprosy and complicated Gram-positive infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with ampicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36981 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000637 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ampicillin is a penicillin derivative that is highly acid stable, with its activity similar to benzylpenicillin. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefalotin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37084 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000704 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. It is resistant to staphylococci beta-lactamases but hydrolyzed by enterobacterial beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with tigecycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35949 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000030 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tigecycline is an glycylcycline antibiotic. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycylcycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35960 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000042 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycylcyclines are a new class of antibiotics derived from tetracycline. These tetracycline analogues are specifically designed to overcome two common mechanisms of tetracycline resistance. Presently, there is only one glycylcycline antibiotic for clinical use: tigecycline. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome, preventing the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifamycin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36296 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000157 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifamycin antibiotics are a group of broad-spectrum ansamycin antibiotics that inhibit bacterial RNA polymerase by binding to a highly conserved region, blocking the oligonucleotide exit tunnel, and preventing the extension of nascent mRNAs. " 2744 UPDATE Escherichia coli AcrAB-TolC with MarR mutations conferring resistance to ciprofloxacin and tetracycline penam; antibiotic efflux; triclosan; rifampin; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; tetracycline antibiotic; cephalosporin; cefalotin; tigecycline; glycylcycline; ciprofloxacin; ampicillin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; rifamycin antibiotic; phenicol antibiotic; tetracycline; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with triclosan UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37250 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000870 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Triclosan is a common antibacterial agent added to many consumer products as a biocide. It is an inhibitor of fatty acid biosynthesis by blocking enoyl-carrier protein reductase (FabI). UPDATED category_aro_name with rifampin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36308 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000169 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifampin is a semi-synthetic rifamycin, and inhibits RNA synthesis by binding to RNA polymerase. Rifampin is the mainstay agent for the treatment of tuberculosis, leprosy and complicated Gram-positive infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with ampicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36981 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000637 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ampicillin is a penicillin derivative that is highly acid stable, with its activity similar to benzylpenicillin. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefalotin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37084 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000704 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. It is resistant to staphylococci beta-lactamases but hydrolyzed by enterobacterial beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with tigecycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35949 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000030 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tigecycline is an glycylcycline antibiotic. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycylcycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35960 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000042 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycylcyclines are a new class of antibiotics derived from tetracycline. These tetracycline analogues are specifically designed to overcome two common mechanisms of tetracycline resistance. Presently, there is only one glycylcycline antibiotic for clinical use: tigecycline. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome, preventing the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifamycin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36296 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000157 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifamycin antibiotics are a group of broad-spectrum ansamycin antibiotics that inhibit bacterial RNA polymerase by binding to a highly conserved region, blocking the oligonucleotide exit tunnel, and preventing the extension of nascent mRNAs. " 2747 UPDATE AcrEF-TolC confers resistance to ciprofloxacin penam; antibiotic efflux; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; cephalosporin; cephamycin; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. " 2746 UPDATE AcrAD-TolC confers resistance to amikacin, gentamicin, and tobramycin antibiotic efflux; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; gentamicin C; amikacin; aminoglycoside antibiotic; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin C UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35933 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin C is a mixture of gentamicin C1, gentamicin C1a, and gentamicin C2 (these differ in substituents at position C6'). Gentamicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 2749 UPDATE lnuG antibiotic inactivation; lincosamide nucleotidyltransferase (LNU); lincomycin; lincosamide antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincosamide nucleotidyltransferase (LNU) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000221 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Resistance to the lincosamide antibiotic by ATP-dependent modification of the 3' and/or 4'-hydroxyl groups of the methylthiolincosamide sugar. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35964 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000046 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincomycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that comes from the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis. It binds to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes and inhibit early elongation of peptide chain by inhibiting transpeptidase reaction. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincosamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35936 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincosamides (e.g. lincomycin, clindamycin) are a class of drugs which bind to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. This interaction inhibits early elongation of peptide chains by inhibiting the transpeptidase reaction, acting similarly to macrolides. " 2748 UPDATE oqxAB antibiotic efflux; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; trimethoprim; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; diaminopyrimidine antibiotic; tigecycline; glycylcycline; ciprofloxacin; tetracycline antibiotic; nitrofuran antibiotic; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; nitrofurantoin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36327 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000188 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Trimethoprim is a synthetic 5-(3,4,5- trimethoxybenzyl) pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, inhibiting synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid. Tetrahydrofolic acid is an essential precursor in the de novo synthesis of the DNA nucleotide thymidine. Trimethoprim is a bacteriostatic antibiotic mainly used in the prophylaxis and treatment of urinary tract infections in combination with sulfamethoxazole, a sulfonamide antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with diaminopyrimidine antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36310 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000171 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Diaminopyrimidines are a class of organic compounds containing a pyrimidine ring substituted by two amine groups. They are inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme critical for DNA synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with tigecycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35949 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000030 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tigecycline is an glycylcycline antibiotic. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycylcycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35960 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000042 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycylcyclines are a new class of antibiotics derived from tetracycline. These tetracycline analogues are specifically designed to overcome two common mechanisms of tetracycline resistance. Presently, there is only one glycylcycline antibiotic for clinical use: tigecycline. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome, preventing the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with nitrofuran antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41240 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004116 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Nitrofurans are chemotherapeutic agents with antibacterial and antiprotozoal activity. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nitrofurantoin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35992 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000075 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nitrofurantoin is an antibiotic used to treat urinary tract infections. It inhibits enzyme synthesis by inhibiting essential enzymes involved in the citric acid cycle, as well as those involved in DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis. It is marketed under the following brand names: Furadantin, Macrobid, Macrodantin, Nitro Macro and Urantoin. " 2039 UPDATE CARB-18 penam; antibiotic inactivation; CARB beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CARB beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36230 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000091 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CARB beta-lactamases are class A lactamases that can hydrolyze carbenicillin. Many of the PSE beta-lactamases have been renamed as CARB-lactamases with the notable exception of PSE-2 which is now OXA-10. " 2038 UPDATE KPC-17 antibiotic inactivation; penam; carbapenem; cephalosporin; monobactam; KPC beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with KPC beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36198 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000059 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenem resistant (KPC) beta-lactamases are notorious for their ability to efficiently hydrolyze carbapenems, unlike other Ambler Class A beta-lactamases. There are currently 9 variants reported worldwide. These enzymes were first isolated from Klebsiella pneumoniae strains in 2001 in the United States. Hospital outbreaks have since been reported in Greece and Israel and KPC carrying strains are now endemic to New York facilities. KPC-1 and KPC-2 have been shown to be identical and are now referred to as KPC-2. " 890 UPDATE SHV-53 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 891 UPDATE QnrB37 sparfloxacin; norfloxacin; quinolone resistance protein (qnr); gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; antibiotic target protection; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; nalidixic acid; moxifloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with quinolone resistance protein (qnr) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36558 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000419 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Qnr proteins are pentapeptide repeat proteins that mimic DNA and protect the cell from the activity of fluoroquinolone antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target protection UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. " 892 UPDATE APH(6)-Ic antibiotic inactivation; APH(6); streptomycin; aminoglycoside antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with APH(6) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36290 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000151 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Phosphorylation of streptomycin on the hydroxyl group at position 6 UPDATED category_aro_name with streptomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35958 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000040 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Streptomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 894 UPDATE CMY-90 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 895 UPDATE SHV-122 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 896 UPDATE CTX-M-131 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 897 UPDATE OXA-383 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 898 UPDATE VEB-9 antibiotic inactivation; monobactam; cephalosporin; VEB beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with VEB beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36182 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000043 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with VEB beta-lactamases or Vietnamese extended-spectrum beta-lactamases are class A beta-lactamases that confer high-level resistance to oxyimino cephalosporins and to aztreonam " 899 UPDATE OXA-94 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 646 UPDATE OXA-349 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 649 UPDATE OXA-115 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1248 UPDATE H-NS penam; antibiotic efflux; major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; protein(s) and two-component regulatory system modulating antibiotic efflux; norfloxacin; macrolide antibiotic; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; cephalosporin; cephamycin; oxacillin; ciprofloxacin; tetracycline antibiotic; cloxacillin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; tetracycline; erythromycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Regulator UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and ABC transporters comprise the two largest and most functionally diverse of the transporter superfamilies. However, MFS transporters are distinct from ABC transporters in both their primary sequence and structure and in the mechanism of energy coupling. As secondary transporters they are, like RND and SMR transporters, energized by the electrochemical proton gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with oxacillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35973 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000056 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Oxacillin is a penicillinase-resistant beta-lactam. It is similar to methicillin, and has replaced methicillin in clinical use. Oxacillin, especially in combination with other antibiotics, is effective against many penicillinase-producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with cloxacillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35930 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000011 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cloxacillin is a semisynthetic, isoxazolyl penicillin derivative in the beta-lactam class of antibiotics. It interferes with peptidogylcan synthesis and is commonly used for treating penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. " 1537 UPDATE GES-2 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; GES beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with GES beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36205 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000066 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with GES beta-lactamases or Guiana extended-spectrum beta-lactamases are related to the other plasmid-located class A beta-lactamases " 1964 UPDATE IMP-45 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; carbapenem; cephalosporin; IMP beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with IMP beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36029 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Plasmid mediated IMP-type carbapenemases, of which at least 26 varieties are currently known, became established in Japan in the 1990s in enteric gram-negative organisms, Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter species. Integron-associated, sometimes within plasmids. Hydrolyses all beta-lactams except monobactams, and evades all beta-lactam inhibitors. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 1965 UPDATE LEN-11 penam; LEN beta-lactamase; antibiotic inactivation; penem; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with LEN beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36236 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000097 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with LEN beta-lactamases are chromosomal class A beta-lactamases that confer resistance to ampicillin, amoxicillin, carbenicillin, and ticarcillin but not to extended-spectrum beta-lactams. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. " 1966 UPDATE lmrA antibiotic efflux; ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump; protein(s) and two-component regulatory system modulating antibiotic efflux; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; antibiotic target alteration; lincosamide antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Regulator DELETED 35950 UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36002 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are present in all cells of all organisms and use the energy of ATP binding/hydrolysis to transport substrates across cell membranes. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincosamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35936 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincosamides (e.g. lincomycin, clindamycin) are a class of drugs which bind to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. This interaction inhibits early elongation of peptide chains by inhibiting the transpeptidase reaction, acting similarly to macrolides. " 1788 UPDATE ACT-6 antibiotic inactivation; carbapenem; penam; ACT beta-lactamase; cephalosporin; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with ACT beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36211 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000072 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with ACT beta-lactamases, also known as AmpC beta-lactamases, are cephalosporinases that cannot be inhibited by clavulanate. These enzymes are encoded by genes located on the chromosome and can be induced by the presence of beta-lactam antibiotics. However recently, these genes have been found on plasmids and expressed at high constitutive levels in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 1789 UPDATE QnrB44 sparfloxacin; norfloxacin; quinolone resistance protein (qnr); gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; antibiotic target protection; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; nalidixic acid; moxifloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with quinolone resistance protein (qnr) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36558 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000419 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Qnr proteins are pentapeptide repeat proteins that mimic DNA and protect the cell from the activity of fluoroquinolone antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target protection UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. " 768 UPDATE SHV-43 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 1967 UPDATE OXA-116 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1780 UPDATE OXA-146 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1612 UPDATE ErmR antibiotic target alteration; vernamycin B-gamma; oleandomycin; macrolide antibiotic; telithromycin; tylosin; lincosamide antibiotic; dirithromycin; clarithromycin; clindamycin; dalfopristin; pristinamycin IB; quinupristin; pristinamycin IA; Erm 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase; pristinamycin IIA; madumycin II; griseoviridin; lincomycin; streptogramin antibiotic; roxithromycin; spiramycin; azithromycin; erythromycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with vernamycin B-gamma UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37022 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000678 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Vernamycin B-gamma is a class B streptogramin derived from virginiamycin S1. UPDATED category_aro_name with oleandomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37247 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000867 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Oleandomycin is a 14-membered macrolide produced by Streptomyces antibioticus. It is ssimilar to erythromycin, and contains a desosamine amino sugar and an oleandrose sugar. It targets the 50S ribosomal subunit to prevent protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with telithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35974 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000057 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Telithromycin is a semi-synthetic derivative of erythromycin. It is a 14-membered macrolide and is the first ketolide antibiotic to be used in clinics. Telithromycin binds the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with tylosin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36284 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000145 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tylosin is a 16-membered macrolide, naturally produced by Streptomyces fradiae. It interacts with the bacterial ribosome 50S subunit to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincosamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35936 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincosamides (e.g. lincomycin, clindamycin) are a class of drugs which bind to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. This interaction inhibits early elongation of peptide chains by inhibiting the transpeptidase reaction, acting similarly to macrolides. UPDATED category_aro_name with dirithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36315 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000176 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dirithromycin is an oxazine derivative of erythromycin, sharing the 14-carbon macrolide ring. The antibiotic binds to the 50S subunit of the ribosome to inhibit bacterial protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with clarithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35982 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000065 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Clarithromycin is a methyl derivative of erythromycin, sharing the 14-carbon macrolide ring. The antibiotic binds to the 50S subunit of the ribosome and is used to treat pharyngitis, tonsillitis, acute maxillary sinusitis, acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, pneumonia (especially atypical pneumonias associated with Chlamydia pneumoniae or TWAR), and skin structure infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with clindamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35983 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000066 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Clindamycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that blocks A-site aminoacyl-tRNA binding. It is usually used to treat infections with anaerobic bacteria but can also be used to treat some protozoal diseases, such as malaria. UPDATED category_aro_name with dalfopristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37018 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000674 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dalfopristin is a water-soluble semi-synthetic derivative of pristinamycin IIA. It is produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis and is used in combination with quinupristin in a 7:3 ratio. Both work together to inhibit protein synthesis, and is active against Gram-positive bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IB UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37019 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000675 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IB is a class B streptogramin similar to pristinamycin IA, the former containing a N-methyl-4-(methylamino)phenylalanine instead of a N-methyl-4-(dimethylamino)phenylalanine in its class A streptogramin counterpart (one less methyl group). UPDATED category_aro_name with quinupristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36723 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000584 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Quinupristin is a type B streptogramin and a semisynthetic derivative of pristinamycin 1A. It is a component of the drug Synercid and interacts with the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36722 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000583 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin 1A is a type B streptogramin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis. It binds to the P site of the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, preventing the extension of protein chains. UPDATED category_aro_name with Erm 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36699 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000560 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Erm proteins are part of the RNA methyltransferase family and methylate A2058 (E. coli nomenclature) of the 23S ribosomal RNA conferring degrees of resistance to Macrolides, Lincosamides and Streptogramin b. This is called the MLSb phenotype. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IIA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37013 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000669 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IIA is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with madumycin II UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37016 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000672 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Madumycin II is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with griseoviridin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000673 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Griseoviridin is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35964 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000046 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincomycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that comes from the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis. It binds to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes and inhibit early elongation of peptide chain by inhibiting transpeptidase reaction. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptogramin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35945 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000026 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptogramin antibiotics are natural products produced by various members of the Streptomyces genus. These antibiotics bind to the P site of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The family consists of two subgroups, type A and type B, which are simultaneously produced by the same bacterial species in a ratio of roughly 70:30. UPDATED category_aro_name with roxithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35946 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000027 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Roxithromycin is a semi-synthetic, 14-carbon ring macrolide antibiotic derived from erythromycin. It is used to treat respiratory tract, urinary and soft tissue infections. Roxithromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. UPDATED category_aro_name with spiramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36295 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000156 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Spiramycin is a 16-membered macrolide and is natural product produced by Streptomyces ambofaciens. It binds to the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes and inhibits peptidyl transfer activity to disrupt protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with azithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36297 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000158 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Azithromycin is a 15-membered macrolide and falls under the subclass of azalide. Like other macrolides, azithromycin binds bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The nitrogen substitution at the C-9a position prevents its degradation. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. " 1782 UPDATE TEM-12 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 1783 UPDATE VIM-36 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; carbapenem; cephalosporin; cephamycin; VIM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with VIM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36030 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000021 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with The Verone integron-encoded metallo-beta-lactamase (VIM) family was reported from Italy in 1999. There are, to date, 23 reported variants. VIM enzymes mostly occur in P. aeruginosa, also P. putida and, very rarely, Enterobacteriaceae. Integron-associated, sometimes within plasmids. Hydrolyses all beta-lactams except monobactams, and evades all beta-lactam inhibitors. There is a strong incidence of these in East Asia. " 1784 UPDATE OXA-334 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1785 UPDATE TEM-48 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 1786 UPDATE mexY erythromycin; arbekacin; tetracycline antibiotic; meropenem; antibiotic efflux; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; ofloxacin; norfloxacin; macrolide antibiotic; carbapenem; cephalosporin; ciprofloxacin; gentamicin C; amikacin; aminoglycoside antibiotic; acridine dye; penam; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; cephamycin; acriflavin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; chloramphenicol; phenicol antibiotic; tetracycline; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with meropenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35990 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000073 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Meropenem is an ultra-broad spectrum injectable antibiotic used to treat a wide variety of infections, including meningitis and pneumonia. It is a beta-lactam and belongs to the subgroup of carbapenem, similar to imipenem and ertapenem. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with ofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37007 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000663 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ofloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a methyl-substituted oxazine ring. It has a broad spectrum of activity including many enterobacteria and mycoplasma but most anaerobes are resistant. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin C UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35933 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin C is a mixture of gentamicin C1, gentamicin C1a, and gentamicin C2 (these differ in substituents at position C6'). Gentamicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with acridine dye UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36193 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000054 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Acridine dyes are cell permeable, basic molecules with an acridine chromophore. These compounds intercalate DNA. The image shown represents the core structure of the acridine family, with specific dyes containing varying substituents. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with acriflavin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35963 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000045 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Acriflavin is a topical antiseptic. It has the form of an orange or brown powder. It may be harmful in the eyes or if inhaled. Acriflavine is also used as treatment for external fungal infections of aquarium fish. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. " 1787 UPDATE VIM-42 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; carbapenem; cephalosporin; cephamycin; VIM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with VIM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36030 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000021 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with The Verone integron-encoded metallo-beta-lactamase (VIM) family was reported from Italy in 1999. There are, to date, 23 reported variants. VIM enzymes mostly occur in P. aeruginosa, also P. putida and, very rarely, Enterobacteriaceae. Integron-associated, sometimes within plasmids. Hydrolyses all beta-lactams except monobactams, and evades all beta-lactam inhibitors. There is a strong incidence of these in East Asia. " 1962 UPDATE OXA-47 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1963 UPDATE TEM-190 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 1078 UPDATE VIM-4 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; carbapenem; cephalosporin; cephamycin; VIM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with VIM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36030 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000021 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with The Verone integron-encoded metallo-beta-lactamase (VIM) family was reported from Italy in 1999. There are, to date, 23 reported variants. VIM enzymes mostly occur in P. aeruginosa, also P. putida and, very rarely, Enterobacteriaceae. Integron-associated, sometimes within plasmids. Hydrolyses all beta-lactams except monobactams, and evades all beta-lactam inhibitors. There is a strong incidence of these in East Asia. " 1079 UPDATE OXA-161 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1076 UPDATE IMP-37 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; carbapenem; cephalosporin; IMP beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with IMP beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36029 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Plasmid mediated IMP-type carbapenemases, of which at least 26 varieties are currently known, became established in Japan in the 1990s in enteric gram-negative organisms, Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter species. Integron-associated, sometimes within plasmids. Hydrolyses all beta-lactams except monobactams, and evades all beta-lactam inhibitors. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 643 UPDATE OXY-2-5 penam; OXY beta-lactamase; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; monobactam; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 38788 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3002388 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXY beta-lactamases are chromosomal class A beta-lactamases that are found in Klebsiella oxytoca. At constitutive low levels, OXY beta-lactamases confer resistance to aminopenicillins and carboxypenicillins. At high induced levels, OXY beta-lactamases confer resistance to penicillins, cephalosporins and aztreonam. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 1074 UPDATE LEN-3 penam; LEN beta-lactamase; antibiotic inactivation; penem; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with LEN beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36236 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000097 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with LEN beta-lactamases are chromosomal class A beta-lactamases that confer resistance to ampicillin, amoxicillin, carbenicillin, and ticarcillin but not to extended-spectrum beta-lactams. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. " 1075 UPDATE TEM-20 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 1072 UPDATE OXA-37 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1073 UPDATE OKP-B-19 penam; antibiotic inactivation; OKP beta-lactamase; cephalosporin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with OKP beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 38817 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3002417 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OKP beta-lactamases are chromosomal class A beta-lactamase that confer resistance to penicillins and early cephalosporins in Klebsiella pneumoniae. OKP beta-lactamases can be subdivided into two groups: OKP-A and OKP-B which diverge by about 4.2% UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 1070 UPDATE sul1 sulfadiazine; sulfadoxine; sulfacetamide; sulfadimidine; mafenide; sulfamethoxazole; sulfisoxazole; sulfonamide resistant sul; sulfone antibiotic; sulfamethizole; sulfasalazine; sulfonamide antibiotic; antibiotic target replacement; dapsone; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with sulfadiazine UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36463 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000324 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sulfadiazine is a potent inhibitor of dihydropteroate synthase, interfering with the tetrahydrofolic biosynthesis pathway. Tetrahydrofolic acid is essential for folate synthesis, a precursor to many nucleotides and amino acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with sulfadoxine UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36466 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000327 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sulfadoxine is an inhibitor of dihydropteroate synthase, interfering with the tetrahydrofolic biosynthesis pathway. Tetrahydrofolic acid is essential for folate synthesis, a precursor to many nucleotides and amino acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with sulfacetamide UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37027 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000683 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sulfacetamide is a very soluable sulfonamide antibiotic previously used to treat urinary tract infections. Its relatively low activity and toxicity to those with Stevens-Johnson syndrome have reduced its use and availability. UPDATED category_aro_name with sulfadimidine UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36464 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000325 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sulfadimidine is an alkaline sulfonamide antibiotic that inhibits dihydropteroate synthase, and enzyme in the tetrahydrofolic acid biosynthesis pathway. This interferes with the production of folate, which is a precursor to many amino acids and nucleotides. UPDATED category_aro_name with mafenide UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37028 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000684 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Mafenide is a sulfonamide used topically for treating burns. UPDATED category_aro_name with sulfamethoxazole UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36468 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000329 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sulfamethoxazole is a sulfonamide antibiotic usually taken with trimethoprim, a diaminopyrimidine antibiotic. Sulfamethoxazole inhibits dihydropteroate synthase, essential to tetrahydrofolic acid biosynthesis. This pathway generates compounds used in the synthesis of many amino acids and nucleotides. UPDATED category_aro_name with sulfisoxazole UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36469 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000330 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sulfisoxazole is an inhibitor of dihydropteroate synthase, interfering with the tetrahydrofolic biosynthesis pathway. Tetrahydrofolic acid is essential for folate synthesis, a precursor to many nucleotides and amino acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with sulfonamide resistant sul UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41402 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004238 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with The sul genes encode forms of dihydropteroate synthase that confer resistance to sulfonamide. UPDATED category_aro_name with sulfone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 39985 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003401 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with A sulfone active against a wide range of bacteria but mainly employed for its actions against mycobacterium laprae. Its mechanism of action involves inhibition of folic acid synthesis in susceptible organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with sulfamethizole UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37043 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000699 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sulfamethizole is a short-acting sulfonamide that inhibits dihydropteroate synthetase. UPDATED category_aro_name with sulfasalazine UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37042 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000698 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sulfasalazine is a derivative of the early sulfonamide sulfapyridine (salicylazosulfapyridine). It was developed to increase water solubility and is taken orally for ulcerative colitis. UPDATED category_aro_name with sulfonamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36421 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000282 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Sulfonamides are broad spectrum, synthetic antibiotics that contain the sulfonamide group. Sulfonamides inhibit dihydropteroate synthase, which catalyzes the conversion of p-aminobenzoic acid to dihydropteroic acid as part of the tetrahydrofolic acid biosynthetic pathway. Tetrahydrofolic acid is essential for folate synthesis, a precursor of many nucleotides and amino acids. Many sulfamides are taken with trimethoprim, an inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, also disturbing the trihydrofolic acid synthesis pathway. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target replacement UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Replacement or substitution of antibiotic action target, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with dapsone UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 39996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003412 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dapsone is a sulfone in which it inhibits folic acid synthesis, such as the dihydropteroate synthase. " 1071 UPDATE DHA-22 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; cephamycin; DHA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with DHA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36207 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000068 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with DHA beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated AmpC β-lactamases that confer resistance to cephamycins and oxyimino-cephalosporins. " 1678 UPDATE AAC(6')-Ib-cr antibiotic inactivation; kanamycin A; aminoglycoside antibiotic; AAC(6'); isepamicin; sisomicin; arbekacin; gentamicin B; netilmicin; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; amikacin; dibekacin; neomycin; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with AAC(6') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36484 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000345 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Acetylation of the aminoglycoside antibiotic on the amino group at position 6'. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with netilmicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35956 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000038 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with dibekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35926 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 1679 UPDATE OXA-49 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1674 UPDATE AAC(6')-It antibiotic inactivation; kanamycin A; aminoglycoside antibiotic; AAC(6'); isepamicin; sisomicin; arbekacin; gentamicin B; netilmicin; amikacin; dibekacin; neomycin; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with AAC(6') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36484 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000345 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Acetylation of the aminoglycoside antibiotic on the amino group at position 6'. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with netilmicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35956 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000038 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with dibekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35926 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 1675 UPDATE CTX-M-5 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 1676 UPDATE GES-18 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; GES beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with GES beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36205 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000066 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with GES beta-lactamases or Guiana extended-spectrum beta-lactamases are related to the other plasmid-located class A beta-lactamases " 1677 UPDATE cepA cepA beta-lactamase; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with cepA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41356 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004192 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with cepA beta-lactamases are Class A beta-lactamases found in Bateroides fragilis and have the ability to hydrolyze cephalosporin. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 1670 UPDATE nalC sulfonamide antibiotic; penem; panipenem; tetracycline antibiotic; clavulanate; meropenem; antibiotic efflux; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; aztreonam; trimethoprim; aminocoumarin antibiotic; cephalosporin; macrolide antibiotic; carbapenem; ceftazidime; ciprofloxacin; cephamycin; ceftriaxone; protein(s) and two-component regulatory system modulating antibiotic efflux; peptide antibiotic; diaminopyrimidine antibiotic; ampicillin; amoxicillin; penam; sulfamethoxazole; novobiocin; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole; tetracycline; monobactam; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; erythromycin; phenicol antibiotic; azithromycin; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Regulator UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with panipenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40362 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003708 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Panipenem is a carbapenem antibacterial agent with a broad spectrum of in vitro activity covering a wide range of Gram-negative and Gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic bacterial. It is used in combination with betamipron to inhibit panipenem uptake into the renal tubule and prevent nephrotoxicity. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with clavulanate UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000079 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Adjuvant UPDATED category_aro_description with Clavulanic acid is a beta-lactamase inhibitor (marketed by GlaxoSmithKline, formerly Beecham) combined with penicillin group antibiotics to overcome certain types of antibiotic resistance. It is used to overcome resistance in bacteria that secrete beta-lactamase, which otherwise inactivates most penicillins. UPDATED category_aro_name with meropenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35990 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000073 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Meropenem is an ultra-broad spectrum injectable antibiotic used to treat a wide variety of infections, including meningitis and pneumonia. It is a beta-lactam and belongs to the subgroup of carbapenem, similar to imipenem and ertapenem. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with aztreonam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36689 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000550 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Aztreonam was the first monobactam discovered, and is greatly effective against Gram-negative bacteria while inactive against Gram-positive bacteria. Artreonam is a poor substrate for beta-lactamases, and may even act as an inhibitor. In Gram-negative bacteria, Aztreonam interferes with filamentation, inhibiting cell division and leading to cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36327 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000188 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Trimethoprim is a synthetic 5-(3,4,5- trimethoxybenzyl) pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, inhibiting synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid. Tetrahydrofolic acid is an essential precursor in the de novo synthesis of the DNA nucleotide thymidine. Trimethoprim is a bacteriostatic antibiotic mainly used in the prophylaxis and treatment of urinary tract infections in combination with sulfamethoxazole, a sulfonamide antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminocoumarin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36242 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000103 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminocoumarin antibiotics bind DNA gyrase subunit B to inhibit ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftazidime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35977 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000060 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftazidime is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Unlike most third-generation agents, it is active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, however it has weaker activity against Gram-positive microorganisms and is not used for such infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40957 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004024 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with An antibiotic cocktail containing the diaminopyrimidine antibiotic Trimethoprim and the sulfonamide antibiotic sulfamethoxazole (1 TMP:5 SMX). UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftriaxone UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35979 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000062 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftriaxone is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. The presence of an aminothiazolyl sidechain increases ceftriazone's resistance to beta-lactamases. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with diaminopyrimidine antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36310 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000171 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Diaminopyrimidines are a class of organic compounds containing a pyrimidine ring substituted by two amine groups. They are inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme critical for DNA synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with ampicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36981 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000637 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ampicillin is a penicillin derivative that is highly acid stable, with its activity similar to benzylpenicillin. UPDATED category_aro_name with amoxicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35981 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000064 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amoxicillin is a moderate-spectrum, bacteriolytic, beta-lactam antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections caused by susceptible microorganisms. A derivative of penicillin, it has a wider range of treatment but remains relatively ineffective against Gram-negative bacteria. It is commonly taken with clavulanic acid, a beta-lactamase inhibitor. Like other beta-lactams, amoxicillin interferes with the synthesis of peptidoglycan. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with sulfamethoxazole UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36468 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000329 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sulfamethoxazole is a sulfonamide antibiotic usually taken with trimethoprim, a diaminopyrimidine antibiotic. Sulfamethoxazole inhibits dihydropteroate synthase, essential to tetrahydrofolic acid biosynthesis. This pathway generates compounds used in the synthesis of many amino acids and nucleotides. UPDATED category_aro_name with novobiocin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36250 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000111 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Novobiocin is an aminocoumarin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spheroides and Streptomyces niveus, and binds DNA gyrase subunit B inhibiting ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with azithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36297 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000158 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Azithromycin is a 15-membered macrolide and falls under the subclass of azalide. Like other macrolides, azithromycin binds bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The nitrogen substitution at the C-9a position prevents its degradation. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with sulfonamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36421 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000282 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Sulfonamides are broad spectrum, synthetic antibiotics that contain the sulfonamide group. Sulfonamides inhibit dihydropteroate synthase, which catalyzes the conversion of p-aminobenzoic acid to dihydropteroic acid as part of the tetrahydrofolic acid biosynthetic pathway. Tetrahydrofolic acid is essential for folate synthesis, a precursor of many nucleotides and amino acids. Many sulfamides are taken with trimethoprim, an inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, also disturbing the trihydrofolic acid synthesis pathway. " 1671 UPDATE Salmonella serovars soxS with mutation conferring antibiotic resistance penem; antibiotic target alteration; tetracycline antibiotic; antibiotic efflux; ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump; major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; norfloxacin; reduced permeability to antibiotic; carbapenem; cephalosporin; cefalotin; ciprofloxacin; protein(s) and two-component regulatory system modulating antibiotic efflux; rifampin; ampicillin; penam; triclosan; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; cephamycin; tigecycline; glycylcycline; General Bacterial Porin with reduced permeability to beta-lactams; monobactam; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; chloramphenicol; phenicol antibiotic; tetracycline; rifamycin antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Regulator DELETED 35950 UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36002 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are present in all cells of all organisms and use the energy of ATP binding/hydrolysis to transport substrates across cell membranes. UPDATED category_aro_name with major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and ABC transporters comprise the two largest and most functionally diverse of the transporter superfamilies. However, MFS transporters are distinct from ABC transporters in both their primary sequence and structure and in the mechanism of energy coupling. As secondary transporters they are, like RND and SMR transporters, energized by the electrochemical proton gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with reduced permeability to antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36383 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000244 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Reduction in permeability to antibiotic, generally through reduced production of porins, can provide resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefalotin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37084 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000704 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. It is resistant to staphylococci beta-lactamases but hydrolyzed by enterobacterial beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifampin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36308 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000169 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifampin is a semi-synthetic rifamycin, and inhibits RNA synthesis by binding to RNA polymerase. Rifampin is the mainstay agent for the treatment of tuberculosis, leprosy and complicated Gram-positive infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with ampicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36981 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000637 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ampicillin is a penicillin derivative that is highly acid stable, with its activity similar to benzylpenicillin. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with triclosan UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37250 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000870 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Triclosan is a common antibacterial agent added to many consumer products as a biocide. It is an inhibitor of fatty acid biosynthesis by blocking enoyl-carrier protein reductase (FabI). UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with tigecycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35949 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000030 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tigecycline is an glycylcycline antibiotic. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycylcycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35960 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000042 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycylcyclines are a new class of antibiotics derived from tetracycline. These tetracycline analogues are specifically designed to overcome two common mechanisms of tetracycline resistance. Presently, there is only one glycylcycline antibiotic for clinical use: tigecycline. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome, preventing the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA. UPDATED category_aro_name with General Bacterial Porin with reduced permeability to beta-lactams UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41445 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004281 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These are GBPs that are associated with decreased susceptibility to beta-lactams either through mutations in the porin protein, absence of the porin protein, or expression of the porin protein. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifamycin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36296 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000157 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifamycin antibiotics are a group of broad-spectrum ansamycin antibiotics that inhibit bacterial RNA polymerase by binding to a highly conserved region, blocking the oligonucleotide exit tunnel, and preventing the extension of nascent mRNAs. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. " 1672 UPDATE TEM-211 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 1673 UPDATE QnrA6 sparfloxacin; norfloxacin; quinolone resistance protein (qnr); gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; antibiotic target protection; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; nalidixic acid; moxifloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with quinolone resistance protein (qnr) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36558 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000419 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Qnr proteins are pentapeptide repeat proteins that mimic DNA and protect the cell from the activity of fluoroquinolone antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target protection UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. " 1094 UPDATE CARB-17 penam; antibiotic inactivation; CARB beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CARB beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36230 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000091 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CARB beta-lactamases are class A lactamases that can hydrolyze carbenicillin. Many of the PSE beta-lactamases have been renamed as CARB-lactamases with the notable exception of PSE-2 which is now OXA-10. " 1095 UPDATE SHV-59 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 1096 UPDATE TEM-79 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 1097 UPDATE Erm(38) antibiotic target alteration; vernamycin B-gamma; oleandomycin; macrolide antibiotic; telithromycin; tylosin; lincosamide antibiotic; dirithromycin; clarithromycin; clindamycin; dalfopristin; pristinamycin IB; quinupristin; pristinamycin IA; Erm 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase; pristinamycin IIA; madumycin II; griseoviridin; lincomycin; streptogramin antibiotic; roxithromycin; spiramycin; azithromycin; erythromycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with vernamycin B-gamma UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37022 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000678 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Vernamycin B-gamma is a class B streptogramin derived from virginiamycin S1. UPDATED category_aro_name with oleandomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37247 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000867 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Oleandomycin is a 14-membered macrolide produced by Streptomyces antibioticus. It is ssimilar to erythromycin, and contains a desosamine amino sugar and an oleandrose sugar. It targets the 50S ribosomal subunit to prevent protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with telithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35974 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000057 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Telithromycin is a semi-synthetic derivative of erythromycin. It is a 14-membered macrolide and is the first ketolide antibiotic to be used in clinics. Telithromycin binds the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with tylosin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36284 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000145 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tylosin is a 16-membered macrolide, naturally produced by Streptomyces fradiae. It interacts with the bacterial ribosome 50S subunit to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincosamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35936 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincosamides (e.g. lincomycin, clindamycin) are a class of drugs which bind to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. This interaction inhibits early elongation of peptide chains by inhibiting the transpeptidase reaction, acting similarly to macrolides. UPDATED category_aro_name with dirithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36315 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000176 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dirithromycin is an oxazine derivative of erythromycin, sharing the 14-carbon macrolide ring. The antibiotic binds to the 50S subunit of the ribosome to inhibit bacterial protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with clarithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35982 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000065 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Clarithromycin is a methyl derivative of erythromycin, sharing the 14-carbon macrolide ring. The antibiotic binds to the 50S subunit of the ribosome and is used to treat pharyngitis, tonsillitis, acute maxillary sinusitis, acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, pneumonia (especially atypical pneumonias associated with Chlamydia pneumoniae or TWAR), and skin structure infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with clindamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35983 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000066 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Clindamycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that blocks A-site aminoacyl-tRNA binding. It is usually used to treat infections with anaerobic bacteria but can also be used to treat some protozoal diseases, such as malaria. UPDATED category_aro_name with dalfopristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37018 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000674 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dalfopristin is a water-soluble semi-synthetic derivative of pristinamycin IIA. It is produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis and is used in combination with quinupristin in a 7:3 ratio. Both work together to inhibit protein synthesis, and is active against Gram-positive bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IB UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37019 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000675 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IB is a class B streptogramin similar to pristinamycin IA, the former containing a N-methyl-4-(methylamino)phenylalanine instead of a N-methyl-4-(dimethylamino)phenylalanine in its class A streptogramin counterpart (one less methyl group). UPDATED category_aro_name with quinupristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36723 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000584 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Quinupristin is a type B streptogramin and a semisynthetic derivative of pristinamycin 1A. It is a component of the drug Synercid and interacts with the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36722 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000583 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin 1A is a type B streptogramin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis. It binds to the P site of the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, preventing the extension of protein chains. UPDATED category_aro_name with Erm 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36699 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000560 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Erm proteins are part of the RNA methyltransferase family and methylate A2058 (E. coli nomenclature) of the 23S ribosomal RNA conferring degrees of resistance to Macrolides, Lincosamides and Streptogramin b. This is called the MLSb phenotype. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IIA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37013 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000669 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IIA is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with madumycin II UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37016 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000672 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Madumycin II is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with griseoviridin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000673 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Griseoviridin is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35964 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000046 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincomycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that comes from the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis. It binds to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes and inhibit early elongation of peptide chain by inhibiting transpeptidase reaction. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptogramin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35945 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000026 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptogramin antibiotics are natural products produced by various members of the Streptomyces genus. These antibiotics bind to the P site of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The family consists of two subgroups, type A and type B, which are simultaneously produced by the same bacterial species in a ratio of roughly 70:30. UPDATED category_aro_name with roxithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35946 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000027 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Roxithromycin is a semi-synthetic, 14-carbon ring macrolide antibiotic derived from erythromycin. It is used to treat respiratory tract, urinary and soft tissue infections. Roxithromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. UPDATED category_aro_name with spiramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36295 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000156 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Spiramycin is a 16-membered macrolide and is natural product produced by Streptomyces ambofaciens. It binds to the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes and inhibits peptidyl transfer activity to disrupt protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with azithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36297 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000158 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Azithromycin is a 15-membered macrolide and falls under the subclass of azalide. Like other macrolides, azithromycin binds bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The nitrogen substitution at the C-9a position prevents its degradation. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. " 678 UPDATE PDC-10 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; carbapenem; ceftazidime; PDC beta-lactamase; monobactam; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftazidime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35977 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000060 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftazidime is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Unlike most third-generation agents, it is active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, however it has weaker activity against Gram-positive microorganisms and is not used for such infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with PDC beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36237 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000098 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with PDC beta-lactamases are class C beta-lactamases that are found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 679 UPDATE SHV-108 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 1092 UPDATE tet(39) tetracycline antibiotic; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump; tetracycline; antibiotic efflux; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and ABC transporters comprise the two largest and most functionally diverse of the transporter superfamilies. However, MFS transporters are distinct from ABC transporters in both their primary sequence and structure and in the mechanism of energy coupling. As secondary transporters they are, like RND and SMR transporters, energized by the electrochemical proton gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. " 1093 UPDATE AAC(6')-31 antibiotic inactivation; kanamycin A; aminoglycoside antibiotic; AAC(6'); isepamicin; sisomicin; arbekacin; gentamicin B; netilmicin; amikacin; dibekacin; neomycin; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with AAC(6') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36484 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000345 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Acetylation of the aminoglycoside antibiotic on the amino group at position 6'. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with netilmicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35956 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000038 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with dibekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35926 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 674 UPDATE OXA-15 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 675 UPDATE OXA-25 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 676 UPDATE AAC(6')-Ih antibiotic inactivation; kanamycin A; aminoglycoside antibiotic; AAC(6'); isepamicin; sisomicin; arbekacin; gentamicin B; netilmicin; amikacin; dibekacin; neomycin; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with AAC(6') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36484 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000345 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Acetylation of the aminoglycoside antibiotic on the amino group at position 6'. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with netilmicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35956 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000038 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with dibekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35926 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 677 UPDATE OXA-171 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 670 UPDATE IND-3 carbapenem; antibiotic inactivation; IND beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with IND beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36199 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000060 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with IND beta-lactamases are class B carbapenem-hydrolyzing beta-lactamases " 671 UPDATE CTX-M-137 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 672 UPDATE CMY-27 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 673 UPDATE IMP-48 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; carbapenem; cephalosporin; IMP beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with IMP beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36029 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Plasmid mediated IMP-type carbapenemases, of which at least 26 varieties are currently known, became established in Japan in the 1990s in enteric gram-negative organisms, Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter species. Integron-associated, sometimes within plasmids. Hydrolyses all beta-lactams except monobactams, and evades all beta-lactam inhibitors. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 1533 UPDATE SHV-143 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 1418 UPDATE DHA-6 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; cephamycin; DHA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with DHA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36207 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000068 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with DHA beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated AmpC β-lactamases that confer resistance to cephamycins and oxyimino-cephalosporins. " 1419 UPDATE OXA-454 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1410 UPDATE OXA-19 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1411 UPDATE OXA-62 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1412 UPDATE SHV-167 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 1413 UPDATE OXA-172 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1414 UPDATE QnrB15 sparfloxacin; norfloxacin; quinolone resistance protein (qnr); gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; antibiotic target protection; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; nalidixic acid; moxifloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with quinolone resistance protein (qnr) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36558 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000419 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Qnr proteins are pentapeptide repeat proteins that mimic DNA and protect the cell from the activity of fluoroquinolone antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target protection UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. " 1415 UPDATE AAC(2')-Id antibiotic inactivation; AAC(2'); arbekacin; gentamicin B; gentamicin C; amikacin; aminoglycoside antibiotic; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with AAC(2') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36480 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000341 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Acetylation of the aminoglycoside antibiotic on the amino group at position 2'. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin C UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35933 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin C is a mixture of gentamicin C1, gentamicin C1a, and gentamicin C2 (these differ in substituents at position C6'). Gentamicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 1416 UPDATE OXA-89 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1417 UPDATE OXA-131 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1322 UPDATE SHV-65 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 1323 UPDATE Salmonella serovars parE conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones fluoroquinolone resistant parE; grepafloxacin; trovafloxacin; ofloxacin; norfloxacin; nalidixic acid; lomefloxacin; gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; sparfloxacin; antibiotic target alteration; enoxacin; ciprofloxacin; pefloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; moxifloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone resistant parE UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 39897 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003313 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with ParE is a subunit of topoisomerase IV, necessary for cell survival. Point mutations in ParE prevent fluoroquinolones from inhibiting DNA synthesis, thus conferring resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with grepafloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37009 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000665 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Grepafloxacin is a broad-spectrum antibacterial quinoline. It is no longer taken due to its high toxicity. UPDATED category_aro_name with trovafloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37008 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000664 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Trovafloxacin is a trifluoroquinalone with a broad spectrum of activity that acts by inhibiting the uncoiling of supercoiled DNA. While potent against many Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, it is less active against pseudomonads and Cl. difficile. It is usually taken as the prodrug trovafloxacin mesylate or alatrofloxacin mesylate for oral or intravenous administration, respectively. UPDATED category_aro_name with ofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37007 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000663 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ofloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a methyl-substituted oxazine ring. It has a broad spectrum of activity including many enterobacteria and mycoplasma but most anaerobes are resistant. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with lomefloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37004 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000660 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Lomefloxacin is a difluoropiperazinyl quinolone, sharing similar activities with other fluoroquinolones. It is used to treat urinary tract infections. Relative to other fluoroquinolones, it has a longer half life and has higher serum concentrations. UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with enoxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35942 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000023 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Enoxacin belongs to a group called fluoroquinolones. Its mode of action depends upon blocking bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to DNA gyrase and causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with pefloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37142 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000762 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pefloxacin is structurally and functionally similar to norfloxacin. It is poorly active against mycobacteria, while anaerobes are resistant. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. " 1320 UPDATE Klebsiella mutant PhoP conferring antibiotic resistance to colistin antibiotic efflux; ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump; protein(s) and two-component regulatory system modulating antibiotic efflux; pmr phosphoethanolamine transferase; macrolide antibiotic; peptide antibiotic; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; antibiotic target alteration; erythromycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Regulator DELETED 39418 UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36002 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are present in all cells of all organisms and use the energy of ATP binding/hydrolysis to transport substrates across cell membranes. UPDATED category_aro_name with pmr phosphoethanolamine transferase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41433 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004269 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with This family of phosphoethanolamine transferase catalyze the addition of 4-amino-4-deoxy-L-arabinose (L-Ara4N) and phosphoethanolamine to lipid A, which impedes the binding of colistin to the cell membrane. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. " 644 UPDATE OXY-2-1 penam; OXY beta-lactamase; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; monobactam; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 38788 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3002388 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXY beta-lactamases are chromosomal class A beta-lactamases that are found in Klebsiella oxytoca. At constitutive low levels, OXY beta-lactamases confer resistance to aminopenicillins and carboxypenicillins. At high induced levels, OXY beta-lactamases confer resistance to penicillins, cephalosporins and aztreonam. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 1326 UPDATE OXA-170 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1327 UPDATE AAC(6')-Iq antibiotic inactivation; kanamycin A; aminoglycoside antibiotic; AAC(6'); isepamicin; sisomicin; arbekacin; gentamicin B; netilmicin; amikacin; dibekacin; neomycin; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with AAC(6') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36484 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000345 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Acetylation of the aminoglycoside antibiotic on the amino group at position 6'. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with netilmicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35956 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000038 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with dibekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35926 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 1324 UPDATE LRA-2 penam; antibiotic inactivation; subclass B3 LRA beta-lactamase; cephalosporin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with subclass B3 LRA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41390 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004226 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Beta-lactamases that are part of the LRA gene family and are classified as B3 (metallo-) beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 1325 UPDATE OXA-65 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1328 UPDATE vanSM glycopeptide antibiotic; vanS; antibiotic target alteration; vancomycin; glycopeptide resistance gene cluster; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with vanS UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36210 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with VanS is similar to histidine protein kinases like EnvZ and acts as a response regulator by activating VanR. VanS is required for high level transcription of other van glycopeptide resistance genes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with vancomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35947 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000028 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Vancomycin is a glycopeptide antibiotic used in the prophylaxis and treatment of infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria. Vancomycin inhibits the synthesis of peptidoglycan, the major component of the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria. Its mechanism of action is unusual in that it acts by binding precursors of peptidoglycan, rather than by interacting with an enzyme. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide resistance gene cluster UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36373 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000234 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Genes that when expressed confer resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin type antibiotics. " 1329 UPDATE ANT(4')-IIb antibiotic inactivation; aminoglycoside antibiotic; ribostamycin; paromomycin; kanamycin A; gentamicin B; ANT(4'); isepamicin; G418; neomycin; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with ribostamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35940 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000021 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ribostamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Ribostamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with paromomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000657 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with An aminoglycoside antibiotic used for the treatment of parasitic infections. It is similar to neomycin sharing a similar spectrum of activity, but its hydroxyl group at the 6'-position instead of an amino group makes it resistant to AAC(6') modifying enzymes. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with ANT(4') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36368 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000229 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucleotidylylation of 2-deoxystreptamine aminoglycosides at the hydroxyl group at position 4' UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with G418 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000653 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A gentamicin class aminoglycoside antibiotic often used in mammalian cell culture work as a selectable marker for the neo cassette (APH3'). UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 656 UPDATE OXA-219 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1531 UPDATE TEM-81 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 1524 UPDATE cat-TC antibiotic inactivation; thiamphenicol; chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT); azidamfenicol; phenicol antibiotic; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with thiamphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36595 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000456 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Derivative of Chloramphenicol. The nitro group (-NO2) is substituted by a sulfomethyl group (-SO2CH3). UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36261 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000122 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Inactivates chloramphenicol by addition of an acyl group. cat is used to describe many variants of the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene in a range of organisms including Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Bacillus clausii, Bacillus subtilis, Campylobacter coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, Lactococcus lactis, Listeria monocytogenes, Listonella anguillarum Morganella morganii, Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella typhi, Serratia marcescens, Shigella flexneri, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Staphylococcus intermedius, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus suis and Streptomyces acrimycini UPDATED category_aro_name with azidamfenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36521 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000382 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Azidamfenicol is a water soluble derivative of chloramphenicol, sharing the same mode of action of inhibiting peptide synthesis by interacting with the 23S RNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. " 1525 UPDATE TEM-160 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 1254 UPDATE CTX-M-46 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 1527 UPDATE SHV-51 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 1520 UPDATE SHV-85 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 1521 UPDATE VIM-32 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; carbapenem; cephalosporin; cephamycin; VIM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with VIM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36030 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000021 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with The Verone integron-encoded metallo-beta-lactamase (VIM) family was reported from Italy in 1999. There are, to date, 23 reported variants. VIM enzymes mostly occur in P. aeruginosa, also P. putida and, very rarely, Enterobacteriaceae. Integron-associated, sometimes within plasmids. Hydrolyses all beta-lactams except monobactams, and evades all beta-lactam inhibitors. There is a strong incidence of these in East Asia. " 1522 UPDATE IMP-38 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; carbapenem; cephalosporin; IMP beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with IMP beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36029 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Plasmid mediated IMP-type carbapenemases, of which at least 26 varieties are currently known, became established in Japan in the 1990s in enteric gram-negative organisms, Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter species. Integron-associated, sometimes within plasmids. Hydrolyses all beta-lactams except monobactams, and evades all beta-lactam inhibitors. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 1523 UPDATE MexD penam; antibiotic efflux; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; ofloxacin; trimethoprim; aminocoumarin antibiotic; novobiocin; macrolide antibiotic; phenicol antibiotic; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; cephalosporin; diaminopyrimidine antibiotic; tetracycline antibiotic; gentamicin C; chloramphenicol; aminoglycoside antibiotic; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; tetracycline; erythromycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin C UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35933 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin C is a mixture of gentamicin C1, gentamicin C1a, and gentamicin C2 (these differ in substituents at position C6'). Gentamicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with ofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37007 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000663 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ofloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a methyl-substituted oxazine ring. It has a broad spectrum of activity including many enterobacteria and mycoplasma but most anaerobes are resistant. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36327 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000188 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Trimethoprim is a synthetic 5-(3,4,5- trimethoxybenzyl) pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, inhibiting synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid. Tetrahydrofolic acid is an essential precursor in the de novo synthesis of the DNA nucleotide thymidine. Trimethoprim is a bacteriostatic antibiotic mainly used in the prophylaxis and treatment of urinary tract infections in combination with sulfamethoxazole, a sulfonamide antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminocoumarin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36242 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000103 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminocoumarin antibiotics bind DNA gyrase subunit B to inhibit ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with novobiocin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36250 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000111 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Novobiocin is an aminocoumarin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spheroides and Streptomyces niveus, and binds DNA gyrase subunit B inhibiting ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with diaminopyrimidine antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36310 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000171 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Diaminopyrimidines are a class of organic compounds containing a pyrimidine ring substituted by two amine groups. They are inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme critical for DNA synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. " 1528 UPDATE TEM-168 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 1529 UPDATE TEM-130 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 1258 UPDATE OXA-55 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1259 UPDATE SHV-31 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 308 UPDATE CMY-118 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 309 UPDATE CMY-35 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 300 UPDATE AAC(6')-29a antibiotic inactivation; kanamycin A; aminoglycoside antibiotic; AAC(6'); isepamicin; sisomicin; arbekacin; gentamicin B; netilmicin; amikacin; dibekacin; neomycin; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with AAC(6') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36484 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000345 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Acetylation of the aminoglycoside antibiotic on the amino group at position 6'. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with netilmicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35956 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000038 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with dibekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35926 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 301 UPDATE CMY-95 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 302 UPDATE TEM-207 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 303 UPDATE ErmQ antibiotic target alteration; vernamycin B-gamma; oleandomycin; macrolide antibiotic; telithromycin; tylosin; lincosamide antibiotic; dirithromycin; clarithromycin; clindamycin; dalfopristin; pristinamycin IB; quinupristin; pristinamycin IA; Erm 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase; pristinamycin IIA; madumycin II; griseoviridin; lincomycin; streptogramin antibiotic; roxithromycin; spiramycin; azithromycin; erythromycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with vernamycin B-gamma UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37022 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000678 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Vernamycin B-gamma is a class B streptogramin derived from virginiamycin S1. UPDATED category_aro_name with oleandomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37247 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000867 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Oleandomycin is a 14-membered macrolide produced by Streptomyces antibioticus. It is ssimilar to erythromycin, and contains a desosamine amino sugar and an oleandrose sugar. It targets the 50S ribosomal subunit to prevent protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with telithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35974 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000057 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Telithromycin is a semi-synthetic derivative of erythromycin. It is a 14-membered macrolide and is the first ketolide antibiotic to be used in clinics. Telithromycin binds the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with tylosin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36284 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000145 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tylosin is a 16-membered macrolide, naturally produced by Streptomyces fradiae. It interacts with the bacterial ribosome 50S subunit to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincosamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35936 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincosamides (e.g. lincomycin, clindamycin) are a class of drugs which bind to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. This interaction inhibits early elongation of peptide chains by inhibiting the transpeptidase reaction, acting similarly to macrolides. UPDATED category_aro_name with dirithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36315 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000176 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dirithromycin is an oxazine derivative of erythromycin, sharing the 14-carbon macrolide ring. The antibiotic binds to the 50S subunit of the ribosome to inhibit bacterial protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with clarithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35982 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000065 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Clarithromycin is a methyl derivative of erythromycin, sharing the 14-carbon macrolide ring. The antibiotic binds to the 50S subunit of the ribosome and is used to treat pharyngitis, tonsillitis, acute maxillary sinusitis, acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, pneumonia (especially atypical pneumonias associated with Chlamydia pneumoniae or TWAR), and skin structure infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with clindamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35983 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000066 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Clindamycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that blocks A-site aminoacyl-tRNA binding. It is usually used to treat infections with anaerobic bacteria but can also be used to treat some protozoal diseases, such as malaria. UPDATED category_aro_name with dalfopristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37018 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000674 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dalfopristin is a water-soluble semi-synthetic derivative of pristinamycin IIA. It is produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis and is used in combination with quinupristin in a 7:3 ratio. Both work together to inhibit protein synthesis, and is active against Gram-positive bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IB UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37019 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000675 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IB is a class B streptogramin similar to pristinamycin IA, the former containing a N-methyl-4-(methylamino)phenylalanine instead of a N-methyl-4-(dimethylamino)phenylalanine in its class A streptogramin counterpart (one less methyl group). UPDATED category_aro_name with quinupristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36723 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000584 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Quinupristin is a type B streptogramin and a semisynthetic derivative of pristinamycin 1A. It is a component of the drug Synercid and interacts with the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36722 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000583 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin 1A is a type B streptogramin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis. It binds to the P site of the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, preventing the extension of protein chains. UPDATED category_aro_name with Erm 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36699 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000560 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Erm proteins are part of the RNA methyltransferase family and methylate A2058 (E. coli nomenclature) of the 23S ribosomal RNA conferring degrees of resistance to Macrolides, Lincosamides and Streptogramin b. This is called the MLSb phenotype. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IIA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37013 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000669 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IIA is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with madumycin II UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37016 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000672 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Madumycin II is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with griseoviridin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000673 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Griseoviridin is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35964 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000046 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincomycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that comes from the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis. It binds to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes and inhibit early elongation of peptide chain by inhibiting transpeptidase reaction. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptogramin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35945 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000026 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptogramin antibiotics are natural products produced by various members of the Streptomyces genus. These antibiotics bind to the P site of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The family consists of two subgroups, type A and type B, which are simultaneously produced by the same bacterial species in a ratio of roughly 70:30. UPDATED category_aro_name with roxithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35946 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000027 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Roxithromycin is a semi-synthetic, 14-carbon ring macrolide antibiotic derived from erythromycin. It is used to treat respiratory tract, urinary and soft tissue infections. Roxithromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. UPDATED category_aro_name with spiramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36295 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000156 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Spiramycin is a 16-membered macrolide and is natural product produced by Streptomyces ambofaciens. It binds to the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes and inhibits peptidyl transfer activity to disrupt protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with azithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36297 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000158 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Azithromycin is a 15-membered macrolide and falls under the subclass of azalide. Like other macrolides, azithromycin binds bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The nitrogen substitution at the C-9a position prevents its degradation. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. " 304 UPDATE IND-11 carbapenem; antibiotic inactivation; IND beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with IND beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36199 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000060 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with IND beta-lactamases are class B carbapenem-hydrolyzing beta-lactamases " 305 UPDATE chrB antibiotic target alteration; non-erm 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase (G748); macrolide antibiotic; lincosamide antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with non-erm 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase (G748) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37697 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3001298 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Non-erm 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferases modify guanosine 748 (E. coli numbering) to confer resistance to some macrolides and lincosamides UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincosamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35936 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincosamides (e.g. lincomycin, clindamycin) are a class of drugs which bind to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. This interaction inhibits early elongation of peptide chains by inhibiting the transpeptidase reaction, acting similarly to macrolides. " 306 UPDATE SHV-32 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 307 UPDATE CTX-M-101 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 732 UPDATE OXA-237 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1446 UPDATE PDC-6 PDC beta-lactamase; monobactam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; carbapenem; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with PDC beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36237 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000098 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with PDC beta-lactamases are class C beta-lactamases that are found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 985 UPDATE ErmA antibiotic target alteration; vernamycin B-gamma; oleandomycin; macrolide antibiotic; telithromycin; tylosin; lincosamide antibiotic; dirithromycin; clarithromycin; clindamycin; dalfopristin; pristinamycin IB; quinupristin; pristinamycin IA; Erm 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase; pristinamycin IIA; madumycin II; griseoviridin; lincomycin; streptogramin antibiotic; roxithromycin; spiramycin; azithromycin; erythromycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with vernamycin B-gamma UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37022 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000678 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Vernamycin B-gamma is a class B streptogramin derived from virginiamycin S1. UPDATED category_aro_name with oleandomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37247 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000867 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Oleandomycin is a 14-membered macrolide produced by Streptomyces antibioticus. It is ssimilar to erythromycin, and contains a desosamine amino sugar and an oleandrose sugar. It targets the 50S ribosomal subunit to prevent protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with telithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35974 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000057 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Telithromycin is a semi-synthetic derivative of erythromycin. It is a 14-membered macrolide and is the first ketolide antibiotic to be used in clinics. Telithromycin binds the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with tylosin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36284 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000145 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tylosin is a 16-membered macrolide, naturally produced by Streptomyces fradiae. It interacts with the bacterial ribosome 50S subunit to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincosamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35936 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincosamides (e.g. lincomycin, clindamycin) are a class of drugs which bind to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. This interaction inhibits early elongation of peptide chains by inhibiting the transpeptidase reaction, acting similarly to macrolides. UPDATED category_aro_name with dirithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36315 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000176 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dirithromycin is an oxazine derivative of erythromycin, sharing the 14-carbon macrolide ring. The antibiotic binds to the 50S subunit of the ribosome to inhibit bacterial protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with clarithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35982 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000065 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Clarithromycin is a methyl derivative of erythromycin, sharing the 14-carbon macrolide ring. The antibiotic binds to the 50S subunit of the ribosome and is used to treat pharyngitis, tonsillitis, acute maxillary sinusitis, acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, pneumonia (especially atypical pneumonias associated with Chlamydia pneumoniae or TWAR), and skin structure infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with clindamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35983 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000066 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Clindamycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that blocks A-site aminoacyl-tRNA binding. It is usually used to treat infections with anaerobic bacteria but can also be used to treat some protozoal diseases, such as malaria. UPDATED category_aro_name with dalfopristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37018 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000674 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dalfopristin is a water-soluble semi-synthetic derivative of pristinamycin IIA. It is produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis and is used in combination with quinupristin in a 7:3 ratio. Both work together to inhibit protein synthesis, and is active against Gram-positive bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IB UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37019 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000675 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IB is a class B streptogramin similar to pristinamycin IA, the former containing a N-methyl-4-(methylamino)phenylalanine instead of a N-methyl-4-(dimethylamino)phenylalanine in its class A streptogramin counterpart (one less methyl group). UPDATED category_aro_name with quinupristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36723 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000584 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Quinupristin is a type B streptogramin and a semisynthetic derivative of pristinamycin 1A. It is a component of the drug Synercid and interacts with the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36722 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000583 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin 1A is a type B streptogramin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis. It binds to the P site of the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, preventing the extension of protein chains. UPDATED category_aro_name with Erm 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36699 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000560 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Erm proteins are part of the RNA methyltransferase family and methylate A2058 (E. coli nomenclature) of the 23S ribosomal RNA conferring degrees of resistance to Macrolides, Lincosamides and Streptogramin b. This is called the MLSb phenotype. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IIA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37013 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000669 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IIA is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with madumycin II UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37016 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000672 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Madumycin II is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with griseoviridin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000673 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Griseoviridin is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35964 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000046 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincomycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that comes from the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis. It binds to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes and inhibit early elongation of peptide chain by inhibiting transpeptidase reaction. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptogramin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35945 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000026 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptogramin antibiotics are natural products produced by various members of the Streptomyces genus. These antibiotics bind to the P site of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The family consists of two subgroups, type A and type B, which are simultaneously produced by the same bacterial species in a ratio of roughly 70:30. UPDATED category_aro_name with roxithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35946 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000027 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Roxithromycin is a semi-synthetic, 14-carbon ring macrolide antibiotic derived from erythromycin. It is used to treat respiratory tract, urinary and soft tissue infections. Roxithromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. UPDATED category_aro_name with spiramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36295 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000156 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Spiramycin is a 16-membered macrolide and is natural product produced by Streptomyces ambofaciens. It binds to the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes and inhibits peptidyl transfer activity to disrupt protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with azithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36297 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000158 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Azithromycin is a 15-membered macrolide and falls under the subclass of azalide. Like other macrolides, azithromycin binds bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The nitrogen substitution at the C-9a position prevents its degradation. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. " 114 UPDATE dfrA13 iclaprim; trimethoprim; brodimoprim; tetroxoprim; diaminopyrimidine antibiotic; antibiotic target replacement; trimethoprim resistant dihydrofolate reductase dfr; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with iclaprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36476 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000337 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Iclaprim is a bactericidal compound that inhibits dihydrofolate reductase. It is used against clinically important Gram-positive pathogens, including methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36327 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000188 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Trimethoprim is a synthetic 5-(3,4,5- trimethoxybenzyl) pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, inhibiting synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid. Tetrahydrofolic acid is an essential precursor in the de novo synthesis of the DNA nucleotide thymidine. Trimethoprim is a bacteriostatic antibiotic mainly used in the prophylaxis and treatment of urinary tract infections in combination with sulfamethoxazole, a sulfonamide antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with brodimoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36408 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000269 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Brodimoprim is a structural derivative of trimethoprim and an inhibitor of bacterial dihydrofolate reductase. The 4-methoxy group of trimethoprim is replaced with a bromine atom. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetroxoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36423 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000284 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetroxoprim is a trimethoprim derivative that inhibits bacterial dihydrofolate reductase. UPDATED category_aro_name with diaminopyrimidine antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36310 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000171 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Diaminopyrimidines are a class of organic compounds containing a pyrimidine ring substituted by two amine groups. They are inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme critical for DNA synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target replacement UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Replacement or substitution of antibiotic action target, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim resistant dihydrofolate reductase dfr UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37617 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3001218 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Alternative dihydropteroate synthase dfr present on plasmids produces alternate proteins that are less sensitive to trimethoprim from inhibiting its role in folate synthesis, thus conferring trimethoprim resistance. " 1898 UPDATE OXA-379 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1899 UPDATE vanYF glycopeptide antibiotic; glycopeptide resistance gene cluster; antibiotic target alteration; vanY; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide resistance gene cluster UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36373 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000234 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Genes that when expressed confer resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin type antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with vanY UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36216 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000077 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with VanY is a D,D-carboxypeptidase that cleaves removes the terminal D-Ala from peptidoglycan for the addition of D-Lactate. The D-Ala-D-Lac peptidoglycan subunits have reduced binding affinity with vancomycin compared to D-Ala-D-Ala. " 1894 UPDATE Salmonella enterica ramR mutants penam; antibiotic efflux; triclosan; rifampin; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; protein(s) and two-component regulatory system modulating antibiotic efflux; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; antibiotic target alteration; tetracycline antibiotic; cephalosporin; cefalotin; tigecycline; glycylcycline; ampicillin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; rifamycin antibiotic; phenicol antibiotic; tetracycline; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Regulator DELETED 35950 UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with triclosan UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37250 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000870 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Triclosan is a common antibacterial agent added to many consumer products as a biocide. It is an inhibitor of fatty acid biosynthesis by blocking enoyl-carrier protein reductase (FabI). UPDATED category_aro_name with rifampin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36308 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000169 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifampin is a semi-synthetic rifamycin, and inhibits RNA synthesis by binding to RNA polymerase. Rifampin is the mainstay agent for the treatment of tuberculosis, leprosy and complicated Gram-positive infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. UPDATED category_aro_name with ampicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36981 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000637 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ampicillin is a penicillin derivative that is highly acid stable, with its activity similar to benzylpenicillin. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefalotin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37084 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000704 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. It is resistant to staphylococci beta-lactamases but hydrolyzed by enterobacterial beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with tigecycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35949 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000030 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tigecycline is an glycylcycline antibiotic. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycylcycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35960 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000042 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycylcyclines are a new class of antibiotics derived from tetracycline. These tetracycline analogues are specifically designed to overcome two common mechanisms of tetracycline resistance. Presently, there is only one glycylcycline antibiotic for clinical use: tigecycline. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome, preventing the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifamycin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36296 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000157 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifamycin antibiotics are a group of broad-spectrum ansamycin antibiotics that inhibit bacterial RNA polymerase by binding to a highly conserved region, blocking the oligonucleotide exit tunnel, and preventing the extension of nascent mRNAs. " 1895 UPDATE CfxA3 antibiotic inactivation; cephamycin; CfxA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with CfxA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 39434 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with cfxA beta-lactamases are class A beta-lactamases " 1896 UPDATE NDM-12 antibiotic inactivation; penam; carbapenem; cephalosporin; cephamycin; NDM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with NDM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36196 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000057 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with NDM beta-lactamases or New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamases are class B beta-lactamases that confer resistance to a broad range of antibiotics including carbapenems, cephalosporins and penicillins. " 1897 UPDATE tet(L) tetracycline antibiotic; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump; tetracycline; antibiotic efflux; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and ABC transporters comprise the two largest and most functionally diverse of the transporter superfamilies. However, MFS transporters are distinct from ABC transporters in both their primary sequence and structure and in the mechanism of energy coupling. As secondary transporters they are, like RND and SMR transporters, energized by the electrochemical proton gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. " 1890 UPDATE TEM-86 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 1891 UPDATE AAC(6')-Iih antibiotic inactivation; kanamycin A; aminoglycoside antibiotic; AAC(6'); isepamicin; sisomicin; arbekacin; gentamicin B; netilmicin; amikacin; dibekacin; neomycin; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with AAC(6') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36484 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000345 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Acetylation of the aminoglycoside antibiotic on the amino group at position 6'. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with netilmicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35956 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000038 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with dibekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35926 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 1892 UPDATE OXA-114a penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1893 UPDATE SHV-127 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 2136 UPDATE Escherichia coli 16S rRNA (rrsB) mutation conferring resistance to kanamycin A glycopeptide antibiotic; arbekacin; gentamicin B; tetracycline antibiotic; antibiotic target alteration; isepamicin; G418; chlortetracycline; paromomycin; sisomicin; spectinomycin; netilmicin; apramycin; streptothricin; gentamicin C; streptomycin; aminoglycoside antibiotic; nucleoside antibiotic; 16s rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics; peptide antibiotic; minocycline; hygromycin B; doxycycline; amikacin; bleomycin B2; bleomycinic acid; bleomycin A2; dibekacin; oxytetracycline; neomycin; kanamycin A; tigecycline; glycylcycline; demeclocycline; astromicin; butirosin; ribostamycin; tetracycline; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with G418 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000653 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A gentamicin class aminoglycoside antibiotic often used in mammalian cell culture work as a selectable marker for the neo cassette (APH3'). UPDATED category_aro_name with chlortetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36667 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000528 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chlortetracycline was an early, first-generation tetracycline antibiotic developed in the 1940's. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes, preventing the aminoacyl-tRNA from binding to the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with paromomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000657 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with An aminoglycoside antibiotic used for the treatment of parasitic infections. It is similar to neomycin sharing a similar spectrum of activity, but its hydroxyl group at the 6'-position instead of an amino group makes it resistant to AAC(6') modifying enzymes. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with dibekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35926 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with spectinomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35957 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000039 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Spectinomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Spectinomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit inhibiting translation. UPDATED category_aro_name with netilmicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35956 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000038 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. UPDATED category_aro_name with apramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35955 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000037 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Apramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections in animals. Apramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptothricin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35931 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000012 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptothricins are a group of N-glycoside antibiotics that include a carbamoylated D-glucosamine to which are attached a series of L-beta-lysine residues at position 2 and a streptolidine at position 1. Streptothricins vary by the number of beta-lysine residues (from 1 (nourseothricin) to 7) and target protein synthesis in bacteria and eukaryotes. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin C UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35933 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin C is a mixture of gentamicin C1, gentamicin C1a, and gentamicin C2 (these differ in substituents at position C6'). Gentamicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35958 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000040 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Streptomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with nucleoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36174 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000034 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucleoside antibiotics are made of modified nucleosides and nucleotides with wide-ranging activities and means of antibacterial effects. This drug class includes aminonucleoside antibiotics, which contain an amino group. UPDATED category_aro_name with 16s rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40277 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Point mutations in the 16S rRNA of bacteria can confer resistance to aminoglycosides. UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with minocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36291 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000152 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Minocycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with hygromycin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36353 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000214 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Hygromycin B is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Hygromycin B works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Hygromycin B has also been shown to interact with eukaryotic cells. UPDATED category_aro_name with doxycycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35986 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Doxycycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin B2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37036 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000692 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin B2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycinic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37034 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000690 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycinic acid is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin A2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37035 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000691 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin A2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with demeclocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37011 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000667 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Demeclocycline is a tetracycline analog with 7-chloro and 6-methyl groups. Due to its fast absorption and slow excretion, it maintains higher effective blood levels compared to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with oxytetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37012 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000668 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Oxytetracycline is a derivative of tetracycline with a 5-hydroxyl group. Its activity is similar to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tigecycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35949 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000030 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tigecycline is an glycylcycline antibiotic. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycylcycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35960 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000042 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycylcyclines are a new class of antibiotics derived from tetracycline. These tetracycline analogues are specifically designed to overcome two common mechanisms of tetracycline resistance. Presently, there is only one glycylcycline antibiotic for clinical use: tigecycline. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome, preventing the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA. UPDATED category_aro_name with astromicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35922 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Astromicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Astromicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with butirosin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35943 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000024 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Butirosin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Butirosin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with ribostamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35940 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000021 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ribostamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Ribostamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 2137 UPDATE Escherichia coli EF-Tu mutants conferring resistance to kirromycin pulvomycin; elfamycin resistant EF-Tu; GE2270A; LFF571; elfamycin antibiotic; enacyloxin IIa; antibiotic target alteration; ARO_category; model_param "UPDATED category_aro_name with pulvomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36725 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000586 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pulvomycin is a polyketide antibiotic that binds elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu) to inhibit protein biosynthesis by preventing the formation of the ternary complex (EF-Tu*GTP*aa-tRNA). Phenotypically, it was shown that pulvomycin sensitivity is dominant over resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with elfamycin resistant EF-Tu UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37711 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3001312 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Sequence variants of elongation factor Tu that confer resistance to elfamycin antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with GE2270A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37636 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3001237 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with GE2270A is the model molecule of cyclic thiazolyl peptide elfamycins. GE2270A is produced by Planobispora rosea. Biosynthesis of the molecule has been shown to originate as a ribosomally synthesized peptide that undergoes significant post-translational modification. Clinical use of cyclic thiazolyl peptides is hindered by their low water solubility and bioavailability. UPDATED category_aro_name with LFF571 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 39998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003414 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with LFF571 is a novel semi-synthetic thiopeptide antibiotic derived from GE2270. It has been shown to possess potent in vitro and in vivo activity against Gram-positive bacteria. It is hypothesized that it a translation inhibitor leading to cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with elfamycin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37618 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3001219 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Elfamycins are molecules that inhibit bacterial elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu), a key protein which brings aminoacyl-tRNA (aa-tRNA) to the ribosome during protein synthesis. Elfamycins defined by their target (EF-Tu), rather than a conserved chemical backbone. Elfamycins follow two mechanisms to disrupt protein synthesis: 1. kirromycins and enacyloxin fix EF-Tu in the GTP bound conformation and lock EF-Tu onto the ribosome, and 2. pulvomycin and GE2270 cover the binding site of aa-tRNA disallowing EF-Tu from being charged with aa-tRNA. All elfamycins cause increased the affinity of EF-Tu for GTP. UPDATED category_aro_name with enacyloxin IIa UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37641 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3001242 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Enacyloxin IIa is structurally distinct but acts in a similar mechanism to kirromycin-like elfamycins. It prohibits the transfer of the amino acid at the A site to the elongating peptide chain. It is most likely that the mechanism of action is that EF-Tu*GDP is locked in the EF-Tu*GTP form, and EF-Tu*GDP*aa-tRNA is immobilized on the ribosome. It is an open question whether enacyloxin IIa actually belongs to the kirromycin-like group of elfamycins due to their high similarity. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED 3410 with Q330H UPDATED 3411 with A376T UPDATED 3410 with Q330H UPDATED 3411 with A376T " 2134 UPDATE CMY-36 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 2135 UPDATE ACT-33 antibiotic inactivation; carbapenem; penam; ACT beta-lactamase; cephalosporin; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with ACT beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36211 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000072 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with ACT beta-lactamases, also known as AmpC beta-lactamases, are cephalosporinases that cannot be inhibited by clavulanate. These enzymes are encoded by genes located on the chromosome and can be induced by the presence of beta-lactam antibiotics. However recently, these genes have been found on plasmids and expressed at high constitutive levels in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 2132 UPDATE Mycobacterium tuberculosis 16S rRNA mutation conferring resistance to kanamycin glycopeptide antibiotic; arbekacin; gentamicin B; tetracycline antibiotic; antibiotic target alteration; isepamicin; G418; chlortetracycline; paromomycin; sisomicin; spectinomycin; netilmicin; apramycin; streptothricin; gentamicin C; streptomycin; aminoglycoside antibiotic; nucleoside antibiotic; 16s rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics; peptide antibiotic; minocycline; hygromycin B; doxycycline; amikacin; bleomycin B2; bleomycinic acid; bleomycin A2; dibekacin; oxytetracycline; neomycin; kanamycin A; tigecycline; glycylcycline; demeclocycline; astromicin; butirosin; ribostamycin; tetracycline; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with G418 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000653 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A gentamicin class aminoglycoside antibiotic often used in mammalian cell culture work as a selectable marker for the neo cassette (APH3'). UPDATED category_aro_name with chlortetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36667 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000528 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chlortetracycline was an early, first-generation tetracycline antibiotic developed in the 1940's. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes, preventing the aminoacyl-tRNA from binding to the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with paromomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000657 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with An aminoglycoside antibiotic used for the treatment of parasitic infections. It is similar to neomycin sharing a similar spectrum of activity, but its hydroxyl group at the 6'-position instead of an amino group makes it resistant to AAC(6') modifying enzymes. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with dibekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35926 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with spectinomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35957 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000039 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Spectinomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Spectinomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit inhibiting translation. UPDATED category_aro_name with netilmicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35956 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000038 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. UPDATED category_aro_name with apramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35955 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000037 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Apramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections in animals. Apramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptothricin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35931 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000012 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptothricins are a group of N-glycoside antibiotics that include a carbamoylated D-glucosamine to which are attached a series of L-beta-lysine residues at position 2 and a streptolidine at position 1. Streptothricins vary by the number of beta-lysine residues (from 1 (nourseothricin) to 7) and target protein synthesis in bacteria and eukaryotes. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin C UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35933 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin C is a mixture of gentamicin C1, gentamicin C1a, and gentamicin C2 (these differ in substituents at position C6'). Gentamicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35958 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000040 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Streptomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with nucleoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36174 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000034 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucleoside antibiotics are made of modified nucleosides and nucleotides with wide-ranging activities and means of antibacterial effects. This drug class includes aminonucleoside antibiotics, which contain an amino group. UPDATED category_aro_name with 16s rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40277 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Point mutations in the 16S rRNA of bacteria can confer resistance to aminoglycosides. UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with minocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36291 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000152 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Minocycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with hygromycin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36353 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000214 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Hygromycin B is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Hygromycin B works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Hygromycin B has also been shown to interact with eukaryotic cells. UPDATED category_aro_name with doxycycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35986 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Doxycycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin B2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37036 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000692 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin B2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycinic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37034 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000690 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycinic acid is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin A2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37035 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000691 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin A2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with demeclocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37011 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000667 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Demeclocycline is a tetracycline analog with 7-chloro and 6-methyl groups. Due to its fast absorption and slow excretion, it maintains higher effective blood levels compared to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with oxytetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37012 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000668 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Oxytetracycline is a derivative of tetracycline with a 5-hydroxyl group. Its activity is similar to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tigecycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35949 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000030 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tigecycline is an glycylcycline antibiotic. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycylcycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35960 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000042 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycylcyclines are a new class of antibiotics derived from tetracycline. These tetracycline analogues are specifically designed to overcome two common mechanisms of tetracycline resistance. Presently, there is only one glycylcycline antibiotic for clinical use: tigecycline. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome, preventing the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA. UPDATED category_aro_name with astromicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35922 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Astromicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Astromicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with butirosin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35943 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000024 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Butirosin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Butirosin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with ribostamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35940 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000021 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ribostamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Ribostamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 2133 UPDATE Mycobacterium tuberculosis 16S rRNA mutation conferring resistance to viomycin glycopeptide antibiotic; arbekacin; gentamicin B; tetracycline antibiotic; antibiotic target alteration; isepamicin; G418; chlortetracycline; paromomycin; sisomicin; spectinomycin; netilmicin; apramycin; streptothricin; gentamicin C; streptomycin; aminoglycoside antibiotic; viomycin; tuberactinomycin; 16s rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to peptide antibiotics; nucleoside antibiotic; peptide antibiotic; minocycline; hygromycin B; doxycycline; amikacin; bleomycin B2; bleomycinic acid; bleomycin A2; dibekacin; oxytetracycline; neomycin; kanamycin A; tigecycline; glycylcycline; demeclocycline; astromicin; butirosin; ribostamycin; tetracycline; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with G418 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000653 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A gentamicin class aminoglycoside antibiotic often used in mammalian cell culture work as a selectable marker for the neo cassette (APH3'). UPDATED category_aro_name with chlortetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36667 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000528 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chlortetracycline was an early, first-generation tetracycline antibiotic developed in the 1940's. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes, preventing the aminoacyl-tRNA from binding to the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with paromomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000657 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with An aminoglycoside antibiotic used for the treatment of parasitic infections. It is similar to neomycin sharing a similar spectrum of activity, but its hydroxyl group at the 6'-position instead of an amino group makes it resistant to AAC(6') modifying enzymes. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with dibekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35926 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with spectinomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35957 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000039 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Spectinomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Spectinomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit inhibiting translation. UPDATED category_aro_name with tuberactinomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36629 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000490 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tuberactinomycins are a family of cyclic peptide antibiotics that are important in the treatment of tuberculosis. Tuberactinomycins contain nonproteinogenic amino acids and inhibit group I self-splicing RNA to disrupt prokaryotic protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with apramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35955 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000037 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Apramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections in animals. Apramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptothricin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35931 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000012 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptothricins are a group of N-glycoside antibiotics that include a carbamoylated D-glucosamine to which are attached a series of L-beta-lysine residues at position 2 and a streptolidine at position 1. Streptothricins vary by the number of beta-lysine residues (from 1 (nourseothricin) to 7) and target protein synthesis in bacteria and eukaryotes. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin C UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35933 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin C is a mixture of gentamicin C1, gentamicin C1a, and gentamicin C2 (these differ in substituents at position C6'). Gentamicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35958 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000040 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Streptomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with viomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35937 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000018 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Viomycin sulfate (Viocin) is an polypeptide antibiotic used in the treatment of tuberculosis. It is produced by the actinomycete Streptomyces puniceus and binds to the bacterial ribosome, inhibiting prokaryotic protein synthesis and certain forms of RNA splicing. UPDATED category_aro_name with netilmicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35956 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000038 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. UPDATED category_aro_name with 16s rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to peptide antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40278 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003667 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Point mutations in the 16S rRNA of bacteria can confer resistance to peptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with nucleoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36174 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000034 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucleoside antibiotics are made of modified nucleosides and nucleotides with wide-ranging activities and means of antibacterial effects. This drug class includes aminonucleoside antibiotics, which contain an amino group. UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with minocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36291 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000152 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Minocycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with hygromycin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36353 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000214 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Hygromycin B is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Hygromycin B works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Hygromycin B has also been shown to interact with eukaryotic cells. UPDATED category_aro_name with doxycycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35986 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Doxycycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin B2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37036 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000692 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin B2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycinic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37034 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000690 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycinic acid is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin A2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37035 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000691 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin A2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with demeclocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37011 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000667 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Demeclocycline is a tetracycline analog with 7-chloro and 6-methyl groups. Due to its fast absorption and slow excretion, it maintains higher effective blood levels compared to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with oxytetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37012 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000668 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Oxytetracycline is a derivative of tetracycline with a 5-hydroxyl group. Its activity is similar to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tigecycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35949 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000030 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tigecycline is an glycylcycline antibiotic. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycylcycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35960 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000042 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycylcyclines are a new class of antibiotics derived from tetracycline. These tetracycline analogues are specifically designed to overcome two common mechanisms of tetracycline resistance. Presently, there is only one glycylcycline antibiotic for clinical use: tigecycline. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome, preventing the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA. UPDATED category_aro_name with astromicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35922 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Astromicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Astromicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with butirosin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35943 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000024 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Butirosin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Butirosin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with ribostamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35940 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000021 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ribostamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Ribostamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 2130 UPDATE opcM efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; aminoglycoside antibiotic; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; antibiotic efflux; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. " 2131 UPDATE Mycobacterium tuberculosis 16S rRNA mutation conferring resistance to streptomycin glycopeptide antibiotic; arbekacin; gentamicin B; tetracycline antibiotic; antibiotic target alteration; isepamicin; G418; chlortetracycline; paromomycin; sisomicin; spectinomycin; netilmicin; apramycin; streptothricin; gentamicin C; streptomycin; aminoglycoside antibiotic; nucleoside antibiotic; 16s rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics; peptide antibiotic; minocycline; hygromycin B; doxycycline; amikacin; bleomycin B2; bleomycinic acid; bleomycin A2; dibekacin; oxytetracycline; neomycin; kanamycin A; tigecycline; glycylcycline; demeclocycline; astromicin; butirosin; ribostamycin; tetracycline; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with G418 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000653 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A gentamicin class aminoglycoside antibiotic often used in mammalian cell culture work as a selectable marker for the neo cassette (APH3'). UPDATED category_aro_name with chlortetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36667 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000528 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chlortetracycline was an early, first-generation tetracycline antibiotic developed in the 1940's. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes, preventing the aminoacyl-tRNA from binding to the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with paromomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000657 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with An aminoglycoside antibiotic used for the treatment of parasitic infections. It is similar to neomycin sharing a similar spectrum of activity, but its hydroxyl group at the 6'-position instead of an amino group makes it resistant to AAC(6') modifying enzymes. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with dibekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35926 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with spectinomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35957 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000039 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Spectinomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Spectinomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit inhibiting translation. UPDATED category_aro_name with netilmicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35956 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000038 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. UPDATED category_aro_name with apramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35955 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000037 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Apramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections in animals. Apramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptothricin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35931 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000012 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptothricins are a group of N-glycoside antibiotics that include a carbamoylated D-glucosamine to which are attached a series of L-beta-lysine residues at position 2 and a streptolidine at position 1. Streptothricins vary by the number of beta-lysine residues (from 1 (nourseothricin) to 7) and target protein synthesis in bacteria and eukaryotes. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin C UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35933 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin C is a mixture of gentamicin C1, gentamicin C1a, and gentamicin C2 (these differ in substituents at position C6'). Gentamicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35958 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000040 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Streptomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with nucleoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36174 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000034 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucleoside antibiotics are made of modified nucleosides and nucleotides with wide-ranging activities and means of antibacterial effects. This drug class includes aminonucleoside antibiotics, which contain an amino group. UPDATED category_aro_name with 16s rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40277 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Point mutations in the 16S rRNA of bacteria can confer resistance to aminoglycosides. UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with minocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36291 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000152 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Minocycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with hygromycin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36353 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000214 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Hygromycin B is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Hygromycin B works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Hygromycin B has also been shown to interact with eukaryotic cells. UPDATED category_aro_name with doxycycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35986 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Doxycycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin B2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37036 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000692 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin B2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycinic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37034 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000690 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycinic acid is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin A2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37035 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000691 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin A2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with demeclocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37011 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000667 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Demeclocycline is a tetracycline analog with 7-chloro and 6-methyl groups. Due to its fast absorption and slow excretion, it maintains higher effective blood levels compared to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with oxytetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37012 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000668 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Oxytetracycline is a derivative of tetracycline with a 5-hydroxyl group. Its activity is similar to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tigecycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35949 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000030 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tigecycline is an glycylcycline antibiotic. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycylcycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35960 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000042 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycylcyclines are a new class of antibiotics derived from tetracycline. These tetracycline analogues are specifically designed to overcome two common mechanisms of tetracycline resistance. Presently, there is only one glycylcycline antibiotic for clinical use: tigecycline. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome, preventing the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA. UPDATED category_aro_name with astromicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35922 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Astromicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Astromicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with butirosin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35943 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000024 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Butirosin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Butirosin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with ribostamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35940 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000021 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ribostamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Ribostamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 951 UPDATE ACT-15 antibiotic inactivation; carbapenem; penam; ACT beta-lactamase; cephalosporin; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with ACT beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36211 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000072 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with ACT beta-lactamases, also known as AmpC beta-lactamases, are cephalosporinases that cannot be inhibited by clavulanate. These enzymes are encoded by genes located on the chromosome and can be induced by the presence of beta-lactam antibiotics. However recently, these genes have been found on plasmids and expressed at high constitutive levels in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 950 UPDATE ErmX antibiotic target alteration; vernamycin B-gamma; oleandomycin; macrolide antibiotic; telithromycin; tylosin; lincosamide antibiotic; dirithromycin; clarithromycin; clindamycin; dalfopristin; pristinamycin IB; quinupristin; pristinamycin IA; Erm 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase; pristinamycin IIA; madumycin II; griseoviridin; lincomycin; streptogramin antibiotic; roxithromycin; spiramycin; azithromycin; erythromycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with vernamycin B-gamma UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37022 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000678 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Vernamycin B-gamma is a class B streptogramin derived from virginiamycin S1. UPDATED category_aro_name with oleandomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37247 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000867 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Oleandomycin is a 14-membered macrolide produced by Streptomyces antibioticus. It is ssimilar to erythromycin, and contains a desosamine amino sugar and an oleandrose sugar. It targets the 50S ribosomal subunit to prevent protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with telithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35974 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000057 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Telithromycin is a semi-synthetic derivative of erythromycin. It is a 14-membered macrolide and is the first ketolide antibiotic to be used in clinics. Telithromycin binds the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with tylosin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36284 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000145 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tylosin is a 16-membered macrolide, naturally produced by Streptomyces fradiae. It interacts with the bacterial ribosome 50S subunit to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincosamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35936 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincosamides (e.g. lincomycin, clindamycin) are a class of drugs which bind to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. This interaction inhibits early elongation of peptide chains by inhibiting the transpeptidase reaction, acting similarly to macrolides. UPDATED category_aro_name with dirithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36315 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000176 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dirithromycin is an oxazine derivative of erythromycin, sharing the 14-carbon macrolide ring. The antibiotic binds to the 50S subunit of the ribosome to inhibit bacterial protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with clarithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35982 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000065 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Clarithromycin is a methyl derivative of erythromycin, sharing the 14-carbon macrolide ring. The antibiotic binds to the 50S subunit of the ribosome and is used to treat pharyngitis, tonsillitis, acute maxillary sinusitis, acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, pneumonia (especially atypical pneumonias associated with Chlamydia pneumoniae or TWAR), and skin structure infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with clindamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35983 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000066 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Clindamycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that blocks A-site aminoacyl-tRNA binding. It is usually used to treat infections with anaerobic bacteria but can also be used to treat some protozoal diseases, such as malaria. UPDATED category_aro_name with dalfopristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37018 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000674 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dalfopristin is a water-soluble semi-synthetic derivative of pristinamycin IIA. It is produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis and is used in combination with quinupristin in a 7:3 ratio. Both work together to inhibit protein synthesis, and is active against Gram-positive bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IB UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37019 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000675 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IB is a class B streptogramin similar to pristinamycin IA, the former containing a N-methyl-4-(methylamino)phenylalanine instead of a N-methyl-4-(dimethylamino)phenylalanine in its class A streptogramin counterpart (one less methyl group). UPDATED category_aro_name with quinupristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36723 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000584 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Quinupristin is a type B streptogramin and a semisynthetic derivative of pristinamycin 1A. It is a component of the drug Synercid and interacts with the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36722 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000583 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin 1A is a type B streptogramin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis. It binds to the P site of the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, preventing the extension of protein chains. UPDATED category_aro_name with Erm 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36699 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000560 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Erm proteins are part of the RNA methyltransferase family and methylate A2058 (E. coli nomenclature) of the 23S ribosomal RNA conferring degrees of resistance to Macrolides, Lincosamides and Streptogramin b. This is called the MLSb phenotype. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IIA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37013 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000669 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IIA is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with madumycin II UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37016 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000672 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Madumycin II is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with griseoviridin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000673 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Griseoviridin is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35964 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000046 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincomycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that comes from the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis. It binds to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes and inhibit early elongation of peptide chain by inhibiting transpeptidase reaction. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptogramin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35945 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000026 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptogramin antibiotics are natural products produced by various members of the Streptomyces genus. These antibiotics bind to the P site of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The family consists of two subgroups, type A and type B, which are simultaneously produced by the same bacterial species in a ratio of roughly 70:30. UPDATED category_aro_name with roxithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35946 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000027 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Roxithromycin is a semi-synthetic, 14-carbon ring macrolide antibiotic derived from erythromycin. It is used to treat respiratory tract, urinary and soft tissue infections. Roxithromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. UPDATED category_aro_name with spiramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36295 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000156 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Spiramycin is a 16-membered macrolide and is natural product produced by Streptomyces ambofaciens. It binds to the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes and inhibits peptidyl transfer activity to disrupt protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with azithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36297 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000158 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Azithromycin is a 15-membered macrolide and falls under the subclass of azalide. Like other macrolides, azithromycin binds bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The nitrogen substitution at the C-9a position prevents its degradation. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. " 952 UPDATE sul2 sulfadiazine; sulfadoxine; sulfacetamide; sulfadimidine; mafenide; sulfamethoxazole; sulfisoxazole; sulfonamide resistant sul; sulfone antibiotic; sulfamethizole; sulfasalazine; sulfonamide antibiotic; antibiotic target replacement; dapsone; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with sulfadiazine UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36463 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000324 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sulfadiazine is a potent inhibitor of dihydropteroate synthase, interfering with the tetrahydrofolic biosynthesis pathway. Tetrahydrofolic acid is essential for folate synthesis, a precursor to many nucleotides and amino acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with sulfadoxine UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36466 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000327 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sulfadoxine is an inhibitor of dihydropteroate synthase, interfering with the tetrahydrofolic biosynthesis pathway. Tetrahydrofolic acid is essential for folate synthesis, a precursor to many nucleotides and amino acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with sulfacetamide UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37027 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000683 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sulfacetamide is a very soluable sulfonamide antibiotic previously used to treat urinary tract infections. Its relatively low activity and toxicity to those with Stevens-Johnson syndrome have reduced its use and availability. UPDATED category_aro_name with sulfadimidine UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36464 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000325 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sulfadimidine is an alkaline sulfonamide antibiotic that inhibits dihydropteroate synthase, and enzyme in the tetrahydrofolic acid biosynthesis pathway. This interferes with the production of folate, which is a precursor to many amino acids and nucleotides. UPDATED category_aro_name with mafenide UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37028 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000684 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Mafenide is a sulfonamide used topically for treating burns. UPDATED category_aro_name with sulfamethoxazole UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36468 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000329 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sulfamethoxazole is a sulfonamide antibiotic usually taken with trimethoprim, a diaminopyrimidine antibiotic. Sulfamethoxazole inhibits dihydropteroate synthase, essential to tetrahydrofolic acid biosynthesis. This pathway generates compounds used in the synthesis of many amino acids and nucleotides. UPDATED category_aro_name with sulfisoxazole UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36469 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000330 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sulfisoxazole is an inhibitor of dihydropteroate synthase, interfering with the tetrahydrofolic biosynthesis pathway. Tetrahydrofolic acid is essential for folate synthesis, a precursor to many nucleotides and amino acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with sulfonamide resistant sul UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41402 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004238 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with The sul genes encode forms of dihydropteroate synthase that confer resistance to sulfonamide. UPDATED category_aro_name with sulfone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 39985 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003401 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with A sulfone active against a wide range of bacteria but mainly employed for its actions against mycobacterium laprae. Its mechanism of action involves inhibition of folic acid synthesis in susceptible organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with sulfamethizole UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37043 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000699 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sulfamethizole is a short-acting sulfonamide that inhibits dihydropteroate synthetase. UPDATED category_aro_name with sulfasalazine UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37042 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000698 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sulfasalazine is a derivative of the early sulfonamide sulfapyridine (salicylazosulfapyridine). It was developed to increase water solubility and is taken orally for ulcerative colitis. UPDATED category_aro_name with sulfonamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36421 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000282 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Sulfonamides are broad spectrum, synthetic antibiotics that contain the sulfonamide group. Sulfonamides inhibit dihydropteroate synthase, which catalyzes the conversion of p-aminobenzoic acid to dihydropteroic acid as part of the tetrahydrofolic acid biosynthetic pathway. Tetrahydrofolic acid is essential for folate synthesis, a precursor of many nucleotides and amino acids. Many sulfamides are taken with trimethoprim, an inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, also disturbing the trihydrofolic acid synthesis pathway. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target replacement UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Replacement or substitution of antibiotic action target, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with dapsone UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 39996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003412 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dapsone is a sulfone in which it inhibits folic acid synthesis, such as the dihydropteroate synthase. " 955 UPDATE SHV-96 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 954 UPDATE APH(3')-IIb antibiotic inactivation; aminoglycoside antibiotic; paromomycin; kanamycin A; APH(3'); gentamicin B; ribostamycin; G418; neomycin; butirosin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with paromomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000657 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with An aminoglycoside antibiotic used for the treatment of parasitic infections. It is similar to neomycin sharing a similar spectrum of activity, but its hydroxyl group at the 6'-position instead of an amino group makes it resistant to AAC(6') modifying enzymes. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with APH(3') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36265 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000126 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Phosphorylation of 2-deoxystreptamine aminoglycosides on the hydroxyl group at position 3' UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with ribostamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35940 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000021 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ribostamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Ribostamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with G418 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000653 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A gentamicin class aminoglycoside antibiotic often used in mammalian cell culture work as a selectable marker for the neo cassette (APH3'). UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with butirosin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35943 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000024 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Butirosin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Butirosin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 2138 UPDATE NmcA penam; carbapenem; NmcA beta-lactamase; cefazolin; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; cephamycin; amoxicillin; ampicillin; clavulanate; cefoxitin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with NmcA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41359 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004195 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with nmcA beta-lactamases are chromosomal-encoded Class A beta-lactamases first isolated from Enterobacter cloacae, specifically a clinical strain known as NOR-1. nmcA beta-lactamases have been shown to hydrolyze carbapenems. UPDATED category_aro_name with amoxicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35981 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000064 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amoxicillin is a moderate-spectrum, bacteriolytic, beta-lactam antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections caused by susceptible microorganisms. A derivative of penicillin, it has a wider range of treatment but remains relatively ineffective against Gram-negative bacteria. It is commonly taken with clavulanic acid, a beta-lactamase inhibitor. Like other beta-lactams, amoxicillin interferes with the synthesis of peptidoglycan. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefazolin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35975 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000058 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefazolin (INN), also known as cefazoline or cephazolin, is a first generation cephalosporin antibiotic. It is administered parenterally, and is active against a broad spectrum of bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with ampicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36981 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000637 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ampicillin is a penicillin derivative that is highly acid stable, with its activity similar to benzylpenicillin. UPDATED category_aro_name with clavulanate UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000079 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Adjuvant UPDATED category_aro_description with Clavulanic acid is a beta-lactamase inhibitor (marketed by GlaxoSmithKline, formerly Beecham) combined with penicillin group antibiotics to overcome certain types of antibiotic resistance. It is used to overcome resistance in bacteria that secrete beta-lactamase, which otherwise inactivates most penicillins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefoxitin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35927 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefoxitin is a cephamycin antibiotic often grouped with the second generation cephalosporins. Cefoxitin is bactericidal and acts by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. Cefoxitin's 7-alpha-methoxy group and 3' leaving group make it a poor substrate for most beta-lactamases. " 2139 UPDATE vanSD glycopeptide antibiotic; vanS; antibiotic target alteration; vancomycin; glycopeptide resistance gene cluster; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with vanS UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36210 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with VanS is similar to histidine protein kinases like EnvZ and acts as a response regulator by activating VanR. VanS is required for high level transcription of other van glycopeptide resistance genes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with vancomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35947 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000028 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Vancomycin is a glycopeptide antibiotic used in the prophylaxis and treatment of infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria. Vancomycin inhibits the synthesis of peptidoglycan, the major component of the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria. Its mechanism of action is unusual in that it acts by binding precursors of peptidoglycan, rather than by interacting with an enzyme. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide resistance gene cluster UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36373 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000234 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Genes that when expressed confer resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin type antibiotics. " 2643 UPDATE tetA(46) tetracycline antibiotic; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump; tetracycline; antibiotic efflux; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36002 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are present in all cells of all organisms and use the energy of ATP binding/hydrolysis to transport substrates across cell membranes. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. " 2644 UPDATE tetB(46) tetracycline antibiotic; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump; tetracycline; antibiotic efflux; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36002 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are present in all cells of all organisms and use the energy of ATP binding/hydrolysis to transport substrates across cell membranes. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. " 2645 UPDATE tetA(60) tetracycline antibiotic; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump; tetracycline; antibiotic efflux; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36002 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are present in all cells of all organisms and use the energy of ATP binding/hydrolysis to transport substrates across cell membranes. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. " 2646 UPDATE tetB(60) tetracycline antibiotic; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump; tetracycline; antibiotic efflux; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36002 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are present in all cells of all organisms and use the energy of ATP binding/hydrolysis to transport substrates across cell membranes. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. " 2002 UPDATE cat86 antibiotic inactivation; thiamphenicol; chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT); azidamfenicol; phenicol antibiotic; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with thiamphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36595 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000456 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Derivative of Chloramphenicol. The nitro group (-NO2) is substituted by a sulfomethyl group (-SO2CH3). UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36261 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000122 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Inactivates chloramphenicol by addition of an acyl group. cat is used to describe many variants of the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene in a range of organisms including Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Bacillus clausii, Bacillus subtilis, Campylobacter coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, Lactococcus lactis, Listeria monocytogenes, Listonella anguillarum Morganella morganii, Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella typhi, Serratia marcescens, Shigella flexneri, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Staphylococcus intermedius, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus suis and Streptomyces acrimycini UPDATED category_aro_name with azidamfenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36521 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000382 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Azidamfenicol is a water soluble derivative of chloramphenicol, sharing the same mode of action of inhibiting peptide synthesis by interacting with the 23S RNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. " 2003 UPDATE pmrA antibiotic efflux; major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump; norfloxacin; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and ABC transporters comprise the two largest and most functionally diverse of the transporter superfamilies. However, MFS transporters are distinct from ABC transporters in both their primary sequence and structure and in the mechanism of energy coupling. As secondary transporters they are, like RND and SMR transporters, energized by the electrochemical proton gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. " 2000 UPDATE TEM-24 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 2001 UPDATE OXA-250 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 2006 UPDATE IMP-27 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; carbapenem; cephalosporin; IMP beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with IMP beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36029 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Plasmid mediated IMP-type carbapenemases, of which at least 26 varieties are currently known, became established in Japan in the 1990s in enteric gram-negative organisms, Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter species. Integron-associated, sometimes within plasmids. Hydrolyses all beta-lactams except monobactams, and evades all beta-lactam inhibitors. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 2007 UPDATE OXA-335 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 2004 UPDATE TEM-189 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 2005 UPDATE CTX-M-89 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 2008 UPDATE SHV-145 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 2009 UPDATE aadA6 antibiotic inactivation; aminoglycoside antibiotic; ANT(3''); streptomycin; spectinomycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with ANT(3'') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41439 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004275 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucleotidylylation of streptomycin at the hydroxyl group at position 3'' UPDATED category_aro_name with streptomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35958 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000040 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Streptomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with spectinomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35957 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000039 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Spectinomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Spectinomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit inhibiting translation. " 1263 UPDATE QnrB56 sparfloxacin; norfloxacin; quinolone resistance protein (qnr); gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; antibiotic target protection; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; nalidixic acid; moxifloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with quinolone resistance protein (qnr) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36558 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000419 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Qnr proteins are pentapeptide repeat proteins that mimic DNA and protect the cell from the activity of fluoroquinolone antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target protection UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. " 666 UPDATE CTX-M-34 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 2176 UPDATE glycopeptide resistance gene cluster VanN glycopeptide antibiotic; glycopeptide resistance gene cluster; antibiotic target alteration; ARO_category; model_param "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide resistance gene cluster UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36373 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000234 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Genes that when expressed confer resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin type antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED param_description with The gene order model parameter describes the relative order of a set of genes or other genetic elements on a chromosome, a plasmid or within an operon. Antibiotic resistance is only conferred when the detected set of genes appears in the indicated order; otherwise, no resistance phenotype is produced. This parameter is part of the gene cluster meta-model, and may be attached to detection models with the following notation: [[cvterm_id 1],[cvterm_id 2],...,[cvterm_id n]], where the cvterm_id denotes a gene-associated AMR term and an attached model id. This parameter currently (August 2017) lacks an algorithm for detection. " 1261 UPDATE rosA peptide antibiotic; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump; antibiotic efflux; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and ABC transporters comprise the two largest and most functionally diverse of the transporter superfamilies. However, MFS transporters are distinct from ABC transporters in both their primary sequence and structure and in the mechanism of energy coupling. As secondary transporters they are, like RND and SMR transporters, energized by the electrochemical proton gradient. " 2177 UPDATE glycopeptide resistance gene cluster VanA glycopeptide antibiotic; glycopeptide resistance gene cluster; antibiotic target alteration; vancomycin; teicoplanin; ARO_category; model_param "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide resistance gene cluster UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36373 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000234 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Genes that when expressed confer resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin type antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with vancomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35947 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000028 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Vancomycin is a glycopeptide antibiotic used in the prophylaxis and treatment of infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria. Vancomycin inhibits the synthesis of peptidoglycan, the major component of the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria. Its mechanism of action is unusual in that it acts by binding precursors of peptidoglycan, rather than by interacting with an enzyme. UPDATED category_aro_name with teicoplanin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35948 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000029 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Teicoplanin is a glycopeptide antibiotic used in the prophylaxis and treatment of serious infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria. Teicoplanin has a unique acyl-aliphatic chain, and binds to cell wall precursors to inhibit transglycosylation and transpeptidation. UPDATED param_description with The gene order model parameter describes the relative order of a set of genes or other genetic elements on a chromosome, a plasmid or within an operon. Antibiotic resistance is only conferred when the detected set of genes appears in the indicated order; otherwise, no resistance phenotype is produced. This parameter is part of the gene cluster meta-model, and may be attached to detection models with the following notation: [[cvterm_id 1],[cvterm_id 2],...,[cvterm_id n]], where the cvterm_id denotes a gene-associated AMR term and an attached model id. This parameter currently (August 2017) lacks an algorithm for detection. " 1799 UPDATE TEM-147 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 1798 UPDATE SHV-183 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 719 UPDATE CMY-33 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 718 UPDATE LRA-8 penam; antibiotic inactivation; subclass B3 LRA beta-lactamase; cephalosporin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with subclass B3 LRA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41390 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004226 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Beta-lactamases that are part of the LRA gene family and are classified as B3 (metallo-) beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 717 UPDATE CTX-M-100 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 1792 UPDATE DHA-20 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; cephamycin; DHA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with DHA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36207 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000068 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with DHA beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated AmpC β-lactamases that confer resistance to cephamycins and oxyimino-cephalosporins. " 1791 UPDATE TEM-164 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 714 UPDATE dfrB1 iclaprim; trimethoprim; brodimoprim; tetroxoprim; diaminopyrimidine antibiotic; antibiotic target replacement; trimethoprim resistant dihydrofolate reductase dfr; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with iclaprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36476 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000337 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Iclaprim is a bactericidal compound that inhibits dihydrofolate reductase. It is used against clinically important Gram-positive pathogens, including methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36327 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000188 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Trimethoprim is a synthetic 5-(3,4,5- trimethoxybenzyl) pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, inhibiting synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid. Tetrahydrofolic acid is an essential precursor in the de novo synthesis of the DNA nucleotide thymidine. Trimethoprim is a bacteriostatic antibiotic mainly used in the prophylaxis and treatment of urinary tract infections in combination with sulfamethoxazole, a sulfonamide antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with brodimoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36408 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000269 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Brodimoprim is a structural derivative of trimethoprim and an inhibitor of bacterial dihydrofolate reductase. The 4-methoxy group of trimethoprim is replaced with a bromine atom. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetroxoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36423 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000284 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetroxoprim is a trimethoprim derivative that inhibits bacterial dihydrofolate reductase. UPDATED category_aro_name with diaminopyrimidine antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36310 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000171 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Diaminopyrimidines are a class of organic compounds containing a pyrimidine ring substituted by two amine groups. They are inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme critical for DNA synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target replacement UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Replacement or substitution of antibiotic action target, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim resistant dihydrofolate reductase dfr UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37617 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3001218 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Alternative dihydropteroate synthase dfr present on plasmids produces alternate proteins that are less sensitive to trimethoprim from inhibiting its role in folate synthesis, thus conferring trimethoprim resistance. " 713 UPDATE CTX-M-81 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 712 UPDATE catB2 antibiotic inactivation; thiamphenicol; chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT); azidamfenicol; phenicol antibiotic; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with thiamphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36595 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000456 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Derivative of Chloramphenicol. The nitro group (-NO2) is substituted by a sulfomethyl group (-SO2CH3). UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36261 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000122 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Inactivates chloramphenicol by addition of an acyl group. cat is used to describe many variants of the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene in a range of organisms including Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Bacillus clausii, Bacillus subtilis, Campylobacter coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, Lactococcus lactis, Listeria monocytogenes, Listonella anguillarum Morganella morganii, Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella typhi, Serratia marcescens, Shigella flexneri, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Staphylococcus intermedius, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus suis and Streptomyces acrimycini UPDATED category_aro_name with azidamfenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36521 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000382 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Azidamfenicol is a water soluble derivative of chloramphenicol, sharing the same mode of action of inhibiting peptide synthesis by interacting with the 23S RNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. " 1795 UPDATE VEB-2 antibiotic inactivation; monobactam; cephalosporin; VEB beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with VEB beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36182 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000043 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with VEB beta-lactamases or Vietnamese extended-spectrum beta-lactamases are class A beta-lactamases that confer high-level resistance to oxyimino cephalosporins and to aztreonam " 1794 UPDATE tmrB nucleoside antibiotic; reduced permeability to antibiotic; tunicamycin; tunicamycin resistance protein; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with nucleoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36174 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000034 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucleoside antibiotics are made of modified nucleosides and nucleotides with wide-ranging activities and means of antibacterial effects. This drug class includes aminonucleoside antibiotics, which contain an amino group. UPDATED category_aro_name with reduced permeability to antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36383 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000244 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Reduction in permeability to antibiotic, generally through reduced production of porins, can provide resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with tunicamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35928 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000009 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tunicamycin is mixture of homologous nucleoside antibiotics that block the reaction of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine and dolichyl phosphate in the first step of glycoprotein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with tunicamycin resistance protein UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41449 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004285 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with A grouping of tunicamycin resistance proteins that are homologous to tmrB found in Bacillus subtilis. " 661 UPDATE VIM-5 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; carbapenem; cephalosporin; cephamycin; VIM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with VIM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36030 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000021 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with The Verone integron-encoded metallo-beta-lactamase (VIM) family was reported from Italy in 1999. There are, to date, 23 reported variants. VIM enzymes mostly occur in P. aeruginosa, also P. putida and, very rarely, Enterobacteriaceae. Integron-associated, sometimes within plasmids. Hydrolyses all beta-lactams except monobactams, and evades all beta-lactam inhibitors. There is a strong incidence of these in East Asia. " 716 UPDATE QnrB32 sparfloxacin; norfloxacin; quinolone resistance protein (qnr); gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; antibiotic target protection; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; nalidixic acid; moxifloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with quinolone resistance protein (qnr) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36558 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000419 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Qnr proteins are pentapeptide repeat proteins that mimic DNA and protect the cell from the activity of fluoroquinolone antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target protection UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. " 505 UPDATE Mycobacterium tuberculosis iniC mutant conferring resistance to ethambutol antibiotic efflux; polyamine antibiotic; Ethambutol resistant iniC; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; ethambutol; antibiotic target alteration; ARO_category; model_param "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component DELETED 35950 UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with Ethambutol resistant iniC UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40043 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003450 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutations that occurs on the iniC genes resulting in the resistance to ethambutol UPDATED category_aro_name with polyamine antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36666 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000527 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Polyamine antibiotics are organic compounds having two or more primary amino groups. UPDATED category_aro_name with ethambutol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36636 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000497 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ethambutol is an antimycobacterial drug prescribed to treat tuberculosis. It is usually given in combination with other tuberculosis drugs, such as isoniazid, rifampicin, and pyrazinamide. Ethambutol inhibits arabinosyl biosynthesis, disrupting mycobacterial cell wall formation. UPDATED 3352 with W83G UPDATED 3352 with W83G " 660 UPDATE Streptococcus pneumoniae parC conferring resistance to fluoroquinolone fluoroquinolone self resistant parC; grepafloxacin; trovafloxacin; ofloxacin; norfloxacin; nalidixic acid; lomefloxacin; gatifloxacin; sparfloxacin; levofloxacin; fluoroquinolone resistant parC; antibiotic target alteration; enoxacin; ciprofloxacin; pefloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; moxifloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone self resistant parC UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40471 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003786 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Inherent parC resistance to fluoroquinolone from an antibiotic producer. The presence of these genes confers self-resistance to the antibiotic it produces. UPDATED category_aro_name with grepafloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37009 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000665 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Grepafloxacin is a broad-spectrum antibacterial quinoline. It is no longer taken due to its high toxicity. UPDATED category_aro_name with trovafloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37008 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000664 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Trovafloxacin is a trifluoroquinalone with a broad spectrum of activity that acts by inhibiting the uncoiling of supercoiled DNA. While potent against many Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, it is less active against pseudomonads and Cl. difficile. It is usually taken as the prodrug trovafloxacin mesylate or alatrofloxacin mesylate for oral or intravenous administration, respectively. UPDATED category_aro_name with ofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37007 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000663 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ofloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a methyl-substituted oxazine ring. It has a broad spectrum of activity including many enterobacteria and mycoplasma but most anaerobes are resistant. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with lomefloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37004 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000660 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Lomefloxacin is a difluoropiperazinyl quinolone, sharing similar activities with other fluoroquinolones. It is used to treat urinary tract infections. Relative to other fluoroquinolones, it has a longer half life and has higher serum concentrations. UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with enoxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35942 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000023 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Enoxacin belongs to a group called fluoroquinolones. Its mode of action depends upon blocking bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to DNA gyrase and causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with pefloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37142 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000762 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pefloxacin is structurally and functionally similar to norfloxacin. It is poorly active against mycobacteria, while anaerobes are resistant. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone resistant parC UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36913 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000619 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with ParC is a subunit of topoisomerase IV, which decatenates and relaxes DNA to allow access to genes for transcription or translation. Point mutations in ParC prevent fluoroquinolone antibiotics from inhibiting DNA synthesis, and confer low-level resistance. Higher-level resistance results from both gyrA and parC mutations. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. " 2178 UPDATE glycopeptide resistance gene cluster VanO glycopeptide antibiotic; glycopeptide resistance gene cluster; antibiotic target alteration; ARO_category; model_param "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide resistance gene cluster UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36373 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000234 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Genes that when expressed confer resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin type antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED param_description with The gene order model parameter describes the relative order of a set of genes or other genetic elements on a chromosome, a plasmid or within an operon. Antibiotic resistance is only conferred when the detected set of genes appears in the indicated order; otherwise, no resistance phenotype is produced. This parameter is part of the gene cluster meta-model, and may be attached to detection models with the following notation: [[cvterm_id 1],[cvterm_id 2],...,[cvterm_id n]], where the cvterm_id denotes a gene-associated AMR term and an attached model id. This parameter currently (August 2017) lacks an algorithm for detection. " 1069 UPDATE IMP-35 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; carbapenem; cephalosporin; IMP beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with IMP beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36029 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Plasmid mediated IMP-type carbapenemases, of which at least 26 varieties are currently known, became established in Japan in the 1990s in enteric gram-negative organisms, Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter species. Integron-associated, sometimes within plasmids. Hydrolyses all beta-lactams except monobactams, and evades all beta-lactam inhibitors. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 1068 UPDATE AAC(6')-Ib3 antibiotic inactivation; kanamycin A; aminoglycoside antibiotic; AAC(6'); isepamicin; sisomicin; arbekacin; gentamicin B; netilmicin; amikacin; dibekacin; neomycin; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with AAC(6') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36484 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000345 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Acetylation of the aminoglycoside antibiotic on the amino group at position 6'. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with netilmicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35956 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000038 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with dibekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35926 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 2179 UPDATE glycopeptide resistance gene cluster VanE glycopeptide antibiotic; glycopeptide resistance gene cluster; antibiotic target alteration; ARO_category; model_param "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide resistance gene cluster UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36373 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000234 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Genes that when expressed confer resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin type antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED param_description with The gene order model parameter describes the relative order of a set of genes or other genetic elements on a chromosome, a plasmid or within an operon. Antibiotic resistance is only conferred when the detected set of genes appears in the indicated order; otherwise, no resistance phenotype is produced. This parameter is part of the gene cluster meta-model, and may be attached to detection models with the following notation: [[cvterm_id 1],[cvterm_id 2],...,[cvterm_id n]], where the cvterm_id denotes a gene-associated AMR term and an attached model id. This parameter currently (August 2017) lacks an algorithm for detection. " 1061 UPDATE OXY-2-10 penam; OXY beta-lactamase; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; monobactam; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 38788 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3002388 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXY beta-lactamases are chromosomal class A beta-lactamases that are found in Klebsiella oxytoca. At constitutive low levels, OXY beta-lactamases confer resistance to aminopenicillins and carboxypenicillins. At high induced levels, OXY beta-lactamases confer resistance to penicillins, cephalosporins and aztreonam. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 1060 UPDATE SHV-103 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 1063 UPDATE QnrB73 sparfloxacin; norfloxacin; quinolone resistance protein (qnr); gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; antibiotic target protection; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; nalidixic acid; moxifloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with quinolone resistance protein (qnr) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36558 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000419 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Qnr proteins are pentapeptide repeat proteins that mimic DNA and protect the cell from the activity of fluoroquinolone antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target protection UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. " 1062 UPDATE SHV-71 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 1065 UPDATE OXA-384 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1064 UPDATE CTX-M-141 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 1067 UPDATE MexE antibiotic efflux; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; norfloxacin; trimethoprim; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; diaminopyrimidine antibiotic; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; phenicol antibiotic; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36327 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000188 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Trimethoprim is a synthetic 5-(3,4,5- trimethoxybenzyl) pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, inhibiting synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid. Tetrahydrofolic acid is an essential precursor in the de novo synthesis of the DNA nucleotide thymidine. Trimethoprim is a bacteriostatic antibiotic mainly used in the prophylaxis and treatment of urinary tract infections in combination with sulfamethoxazole, a sulfonamide antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with diaminopyrimidine antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36310 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000171 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Diaminopyrimidines are a class of organic compounds containing a pyrimidine ring substituted by two amine groups. They are inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme critical for DNA synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. " 1066 UPDATE TEM-118 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 1669 UPDATE vanZF vanZ; glycopeptide resistance gene cluster; antibiotic target alteration; glycopeptide antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with vanZ UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36255 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000116 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with VanZ is a teicoplanin resistance gene that is an accessory protein. VanZ prevents the incorporation of the terminal D-Ala into peptidoglycan subunits. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide resistance gene cluster UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36373 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000234 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Genes that when expressed confer resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin type antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. " 1668 UPDATE CMY-68 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 1667 UPDATE TEM-80 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 1666 UPDATE vanXB glycopeptide antibiotic; glycopeptide resistance gene cluster; vanX; antibiotic target alteration; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide resistance gene cluster UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36373 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000234 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Genes that when expressed confer resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin type antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with vanX UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36020 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000011 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with VanX is a D,D-dipeptidase that cleaves D-Ala-D-Ala but not D-Ala-D-Lac, ensuring that the latter dipeptide that has reduced binding affinity with vancomycin is used to synthesize peptidoglycan substrate. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. " 1665 UPDATE ramA penem; tetracycline antibiotic; antibiotic efflux; rifampin; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; reduced permeability to antibiotic; carbapenem; cephalosporin; cefalotin; protein(s) and two-component regulatory system modulating antibiotic efflux; ampicillin; penam; triclosan; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; cephamycin; tigecycline; glycylcycline; General Bacterial Porin with reduced permeability to beta-lactams; monobactam; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; chloramphenicol; phenicol antibiotic; tetracycline; rifamycin antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Regulator DELETED 36409 UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifampin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36308 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000169 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifampin is a semi-synthetic rifamycin, and inhibits RNA synthesis by binding to RNA polymerase. Rifampin is the mainstay agent for the treatment of tuberculosis, leprosy and complicated Gram-positive infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with reduced permeability to antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36383 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000244 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Reduction in permeability to antibiotic, generally through reduced production of porins, can provide resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefalotin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37084 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000704 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. It is resistant to staphylococci beta-lactamases but hydrolyzed by enterobacterial beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with ampicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36981 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000637 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ampicillin is a penicillin derivative that is highly acid stable, with its activity similar to benzylpenicillin. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with triclosan UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37250 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000870 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Triclosan is a common antibacterial agent added to many consumer products as a biocide. It is an inhibitor of fatty acid biosynthesis by blocking enoyl-carrier protein reductase (FabI). UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with tigecycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35949 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000030 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tigecycline is an glycylcycline antibiotic. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycylcycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35960 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000042 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycylcyclines are a new class of antibiotics derived from tetracycline. These tetracycline analogues are specifically designed to overcome two common mechanisms of tetracycline resistance. Presently, there is only one glycylcycline antibiotic for clinical use: tigecycline. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome, preventing the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA. UPDATED category_aro_name with General Bacterial Porin with reduced permeability to beta-lactams UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41445 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004281 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These are GBPs that are associated with decreased susceptibility to beta-lactams either through mutations in the porin protein, absence of the porin protein, or expression of the porin protein. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifamycin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36296 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000157 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifamycin antibiotics are a group of broad-spectrum ansamycin antibiotics that inhibit bacterial RNA polymerase by binding to a highly conserved region, blocking the oligonucleotide exit tunnel, and preventing the extension of nascent mRNAs. " 1664 UPDATE adeK antibiotic efflux; imipenem; rifampin; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; trimethoprim; rifamycin antibiotic; penem; macrolide antibiotic; carbapenem; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; cephalosporin; diaminopyrimidine antibiotic; ticarcillin; tetracycline antibiotic; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; lincosamide antibiotic; phenicol antibiotic; tetracycline; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with imipenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36309 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000170 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Imipenem is a broad-spectrum antibiotic and is usually taken with cilastatin, which prevents hydrolysis of imipenem by renal dehydropeptidase-I. It is resistant to hydrolysis by most other beta-lactamases. Notable exceptions are the KPC beta-lactamases and Ambler Class B enzymes. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifampin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36308 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000169 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifampin is a semi-synthetic rifamycin, and inhibits RNA synthesis by binding to RNA polymerase. Rifampin is the mainstay agent for the treatment of tuberculosis, leprosy and complicated Gram-positive infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36327 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000188 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Trimethoprim is a synthetic 5-(3,4,5- trimethoxybenzyl) pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, inhibiting synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid. Tetrahydrofolic acid is an essential precursor in the de novo synthesis of the DNA nucleotide thymidine. Trimethoprim is a bacteriostatic antibiotic mainly used in the prophylaxis and treatment of urinary tract infections in combination with sulfamethoxazole, a sulfonamide antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with diaminopyrimidine antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36310 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000171 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Diaminopyrimidines are a class of organic compounds containing a pyrimidine ring substituted by two amine groups. They are inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme critical for DNA synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with ticarcillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40523 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003832 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ticarcillin is a carboxypenicillin used for the treatment of Gram-negative bacteria, particularly P. aeruginosa. Ticarcillin's antibiotic properties arise from its ability to prevent cross-linking of peptidoglycan during cell wall synthesis, when the bacteria try to divide, causing cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincosamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35936 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincosamides (e.g. lincomycin, clindamycin) are a class of drugs which bind to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. This interaction inhibits early elongation of peptide chains by inhibiting the transpeptidase reaction, acting similarly to macrolides. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifamycin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36296 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000157 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifamycin antibiotics are a group of broad-spectrum ansamycin antibiotics that inhibit bacterial RNA polymerase by binding to a highly conserved region, blocking the oligonucleotide exit tunnel, and preventing the extension of nascent mRNAs. " 1663 UPDATE ACC-1 penam; monobactam; cephalosporin; ACC beta-lactamase; antibiotic inactivation; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with ACC beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36212 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000073 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with ACC beta-lactamases or Ambler class C beta-lactamases are AmpC beta-lactamases. They possess an interesting resistance phenotype due to their low activity against cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. " 1662 UPDATE OKP-B-17 penam; antibiotic inactivation; OKP beta-lactamase; cephalosporin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with OKP beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 38817 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3002417 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OKP beta-lactamases are chromosomal class A beta-lactamase that confer resistance to penicillins and early cephalosporins in Klebsiella pneumoniae. OKP beta-lactamases can be subdivided into two groups: OKP-A and OKP-B which diverge by about 4.2% UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 1661 UPDATE CARB-8 penam; antibiotic inactivation; CARB beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CARB beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36230 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000091 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CARB beta-lactamases are class A lactamases that can hydrolyze carbenicillin. Many of the PSE beta-lactamases have been renamed as CARB-lactamases with the notable exception of PSE-2 which is now OXA-10. " 1660 UPDATE OXA-375 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1087 UPDATE OXA-253 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1086 UPDATE CMY-41 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 1085 UPDATE OKP-B-5 penam; antibiotic inactivation; OKP beta-lactamase; cephalosporin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with OKP beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 38817 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3002417 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OKP beta-lactamases are chromosomal class A beta-lactamase that confer resistance to penicillins and early cephalosporins in Klebsiella pneumoniae. OKP beta-lactamases can be subdivided into two groups: OKP-A and OKP-B which diverge by about 4.2% UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 592 UPDATE lmrB efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump; antibiotic efflux; lincosamide antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36002 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are present in all cells of all organisms and use the energy of ATP binding/hydrolysis to transport substrates across cell membranes. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincosamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35936 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincosamides (e.g. lincomycin, clindamycin) are a class of drugs which bind to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. This interaction inhibits early elongation of peptide chains by inhibiting the transpeptidase reaction, acting similarly to macrolides. " 1083 UPDATE OXA-323 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 594 UPDATE QnrB41 sparfloxacin; norfloxacin; quinolone resistance protein (qnr); gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; antibiotic target protection; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; nalidixic acid; moxifloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with quinolone resistance protein (qnr) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36558 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000419 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Qnr proteins are pentapeptide repeat proteins that mimic DNA and protect the cell from the activity of fluoroquinolone antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target protection UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. " 597 UPDATE Klebsiella pneumoniae ramR mutants penam; antibiotic efflux; triclosan; rifampin; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; protein(s) and two-component regulatory system modulating antibiotic efflux; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; antibiotic target alteration; tetracycline antibiotic; cephalosporin; cefalotin; tigecycline; glycylcycline; ampicillin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; rifamycin antibiotic; phenicol antibiotic; tetracycline; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Regulator DELETED 35950 UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with triclosan UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37250 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000870 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Triclosan is a common antibacterial agent added to many consumer products as a biocide. It is an inhibitor of fatty acid biosynthesis by blocking enoyl-carrier protein reductase (FabI). UPDATED category_aro_name with rifampin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36308 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000169 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifampin is a semi-synthetic rifamycin, and inhibits RNA synthesis by binding to RNA polymerase. Rifampin is the mainstay agent for the treatment of tuberculosis, leprosy and complicated Gram-positive infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. UPDATED category_aro_name with ampicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36981 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000637 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ampicillin is a penicillin derivative that is highly acid stable, with its activity similar to benzylpenicillin. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefalotin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37084 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000704 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. It is resistant to staphylococci beta-lactamases but hydrolyzed by enterobacterial beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with tigecycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35949 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000030 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tigecycline is an glycylcycline antibiotic. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycylcycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35960 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000042 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycylcyclines are a new class of antibiotics derived from tetracycline. These tetracycline analogues are specifically designed to overcome two common mechanisms of tetracycline resistance. Presently, there is only one glycylcycline antibiotic for clinical use: tigecycline. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome, preventing the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifamycin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36296 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000157 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifamycin antibiotics are a group of broad-spectrum ansamycin antibiotics that inhibit bacterial RNA polymerase by binding to a highly conserved region, blocking the oligonucleotide exit tunnel, and preventing the extension of nascent mRNAs. " 1080 UPDATE SHV-158 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 599 UPDATE OKP-A-3 penam; antibiotic inactivation; OKP beta-lactamase; cephalosporin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with OKP beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 38817 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3002417 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OKP beta-lactamases are chromosomal class A beta-lactamase that confer resistance to penicillins and early cephalosporins in Klebsiella pneumoniae. OKP beta-lactamases can be subdivided into two groups: OKP-A and OKP-B which diverge by about 4.2% UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 598 UPDATE dfrA16 iclaprim; trimethoprim; brodimoprim; tetroxoprim; diaminopyrimidine antibiotic; antibiotic target replacement; trimethoprim resistant dihydrofolate reductase dfr; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with iclaprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36476 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000337 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Iclaprim is a bactericidal compound that inhibits dihydrofolate reductase. It is used against clinically important Gram-positive pathogens, including methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36327 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000188 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Trimethoprim is a synthetic 5-(3,4,5- trimethoxybenzyl) pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, inhibiting synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid. Tetrahydrofolic acid is an essential precursor in the de novo synthesis of the DNA nucleotide thymidine. Trimethoprim is a bacteriostatic antibiotic mainly used in the prophylaxis and treatment of urinary tract infections in combination with sulfamethoxazole, a sulfonamide antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with brodimoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36408 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000269 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Brodimoprim is a structural derivative of trimethoprim and an inhibitor of bacterial dihydrofolate reductase. The 4-methoxy group of trimethoprim is replaced with a bromine atom. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetroxoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36423 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000284 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetroxoprim is a trimethoprim derivative that inhibits bacterial dihydrofolate reductase. UPDATED category_aro_name with diaminopyrimidine antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36310 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000171 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Diaminopyrimidines are a class of organic compounds containing a pyrimidine ring substituted by two amine groups. They are inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme critical for DNA synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target replacement UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Replacement or substitution of antibiotic action target, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim resistant dihydrofolate reductase dfr UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37617 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3001218 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Alternative dihydropteroate synthase dfr present on plasmids produces alternate proteins that are less sensitive to trimethoprim from inhibiting its role in folate synthesis, thus conferring trimethoprim resistance. " 1089 UPDATE CMY-14 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 1088 UPDATE Staphylococcus aureus rpoB mutants conferring resistance to daptomycin peptide antibiotic; daptomycin resistant beta-subunit of RNA polymerase (rpoB); antibiotic target alteration; daptomycin; rifamycin antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with daptomycin resistant beta-subunit of RNA polymerase (rpoB) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 39637 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003090 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Daptomycin resistant RNA polymerases include amino acids substitutions which alter expression of the dlt operon, which increases the cell surface positive charge. Known from S. aureus. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with daptomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35985 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000068 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Daptomycin is a novel lipopeptide antibiotic used in the treatment of certain infections caused by Gram-positive organisms. Daptomycin interferes with the bacterial cell membrane, reducing membrane potential and inhibiting cell wall synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifamycin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36296 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000157 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifamycin antibiotics are a group of broad-spectrum ansamycin antibiotics that inhibit bacterial RNA polymerase by binding to a highly conserved region, blocking the oligonucleotide exit tunnel, and preventing the extension of nascent mRNAs. " 2828 UPDATE mecD antibiotic target replacement; ceftaroline; ampicillin; flucloxacillin; ceftibuten; cefditoren; piperacillin; cefpodoxime; cefixime; cefdinir; meropenem; carbapenem; imipenem; aztreonam; cefradine; isopenicillin N; cefazolin; penicillin N; ceftazidime; cefepime; penicillin; oxacillin; cefmetazole; moxalactam; cloxacillin; cefadroxil; ceftriaxone; methicillin; loracarbef; ceftizoxime; cephalosporin; cefotaxime; cefaclor; phenoxymethylpenicillin; cefonicid; monobactam; cefuroxime; amoxicillin; mezlocillin; azlocillin; cefalexin; doripenem; cefotiam; ertapenem; penam; cefprozil; cephapirin; ceftobiprole; benzylpenicillin; methicillin resistant PBP2; cephamycin; carbenicillin; cefalotin; ceftiofur; mecillinam; propicillin; cefoxitin; dicloxacillin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with ampicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36981 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000637 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ampicillin is a penicillin derivative that is highly acid stable, with its activity similar to benzylpenicillin. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target replacement UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Replacement or substitution of antibiotic action target, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftibuten UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36992 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000648 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftibuten is a semisynthetic cephalosporin active against Gram-negative bacilli. It is resistant against many plasmid-mediated beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefditoren UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36993 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000649 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefditoren is a semisynthetic cephalosporin active against staphylococci, streptococci, and and most enterobacteria. It is resistant to staphylococcal and most enterobacterial beta-lactamases, and is usually taken as the prodrug cefditoren pivoxil. UPDATED category_aro_name with piperacillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35995 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000078 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Piperacillin is an acetylureidopenicillin and has an extended spectrum of targets relative to other beta-lactam antibiotics. It inhibits cell wall synthesis in bacteria, and is usually taken with the beta-lactamase inhibitor tazobactam to overcome penicillin-resistant bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefpodoxime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000647 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefpodoxime is a semisynthetic cephalosporin that acts similarly to cefotaxime with broad-spectrum activity. It is stable to many plasmid-mediated beta-lactamses. Cefpodoxime is consumed as the prodrug cefpodoxime proxetil. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefixime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36990 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000646 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefixime is a cephalosporin resistant to most beta-lactamases. It is active against many enterobacteria, but activity against staphylococci is poor. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefdinir UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36994 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000650 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefdinir is similar to cefixime with a modified side-chain at its 7-amino position. It also shares similar activity with cefixime but is more active against staphylococci. It has also be shown to enhance phagocytosis. UPDATED category_aro_name with meropenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35990 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000073 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Meropenem is an ultra-broad spectrum injectable antibiotic used to treat a wide variety of infections, including meningitis and pneumonia. It is a beta-lactam and belongs to the subgroup of carbapenem, similar to imipenem and ertapenem. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with imipenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36309 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000170 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Imipenem is a broad-spectrum antibiotic and is usually taken with cilastatin, which prevents hydrolysis of imipenem by renal dehydropeptidase-I. It is resistant to hydrolysis by most other beta-lactamases. Notable exceptions are the KPC beta-lactamases and Ambler Class B enzymes. UPDATED category_aro_name with azlocillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36982 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000638 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Azlocillin is a semisynthetic derivative of penicillin that is notably active against Ps. aeruginosa and other Gram-negative bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with aztreonam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36689 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000550 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Aztreonam was the first monobactam discovered, and is greatly effective against Gram-negative bacteria while inactive against Gram-positive bacteria. Artreonam is a poor substrate for beta-lactamases, and may even act as an inhibitor. In Gram-negative bacteria, Aztreonam interferes with filamentation, inhibiting cell division and leading to cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftazidime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35977 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000060 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftazidime is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Unlike most third-generation agents, it is active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, however it has weaker activity against Gram-positive microorganisms and is not used for such infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefazolin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35975 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000058 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefazolin (INN), also known as cefazoline or cephazolin, is a first generation cephalosporin antibiotic. It is administered parenterally, and is active against a broad spectrum of bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with penicillin N UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37086 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Penicillin N is a penicillin derivative produced by Cephalosporium acremonium. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefmetazole UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40928 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefmetazole is a semi-synthetic cephamycin antibiotic with broad spectrum antibiotic activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, that disrupt cell wall synthesis through binding to PBPs causing cell lysis. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefepime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35976 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000059 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefepime (INN) is a fourth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic developed in 1994. It contains an aminothiazolyl group that decreases its affinity with beta-lactamases. Cefepime shows high binding affinity with penicillin-binding proteins and has an extended spectrum of activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, with greater activity against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms than third-generation agents. UPDATED category_aro_name with penicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35971 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000054 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Penicillin (sometimes abbreviated PCN) is a beta-lactam antibiotic used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. It works by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with oxacillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35973 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000056 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Oxacillin is a penicillinase-resistant beta-lactam. It is similar to methicillin, and has replaced methicillin in clinical use. Oxacillin, especially in combination with other antibiotics, is effective against many penicillinase-producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxalactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40944 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxalactam (Latamoxef) is a broad spectrum cephalosporin (oxacephem) and beta-lactam antibiotic. Moxalactam binding to PBPs inhibits peptidoglycan cross-linkage in the cell wall, resulting in cell death. Moxalactam is proposed to be effective against meningitides as it passes the blood-brain barrier. UPDATED category_aro_name with cloxacillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35930 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000011 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cloxacillin is a semisynthetic, isoxazolyl penicillin derivative in the beta-lactam class of antibiotics. It interferes with peptidogylcan synthesis and is commonly used for treating penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftaroline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36995 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000651 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftaroline is a novel cephalosporin active against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Like other cephalosporins it binds penicillin-binding proteins to inhibit cell wall synthesis. It strongly binds with PBP2a, associated with methicillin resistance. It is taken orally as the prodrug ceftaroline fosamil. UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftriaxone UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35979 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000062 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftriaxone is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. The presence of an aminothiazolyl sidechain increases ceftriazone's resistance to beta-lactamases. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with methicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35934 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Derived from penicillin to combat penicillin-resistance, methicillin is insensitive to beta-lactamases (also known as penicillinases) secreted by many penicillin-resistant bacteria. Methicillin is bactericidal, and acts by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with loracarbef UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40943 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Loracarbef is a second-generation cephalosporin (carbacephem) and broad spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic. Loracarbef inhibits PBPs through binding, disrupting peptidoglycan cell wall cross-linkage and resulting in cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with flucloxacillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36980 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000636 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Flucloxacillin is similar to cloxacillin, with an extra additional fluorine atom. UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftizoxime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40934 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftizoxime is a third-generation cephalosporin and broad spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic. Ceftizoxime causes bacterial cell lysis through peptidoglycan cross-linking inhibition by binding to PBPs. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefotaxime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36989 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000645 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefotaxime is a semisynthetic cephalosporin taken parenterally. It is resistant to most beta-lactamases and active against Gram-negative rods and cocci due to its aminothiazoyl and methoximino functional groups. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefaclor UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000644 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefaclor is a semisynthetic cephalosporin derived from cephalexin. It has broad-spectrum antibiotic activity. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenoxymethylpenicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36977 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000633 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenoxymethylpenicillin, or penicillin V, is a penicillin derivative that is acid stable but less active than benzylpenicillin (penicillin G). UPDATED category_aro_name with cefonicid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40929 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefonicid is a second-generation cephalosporin-class beta-lactam antibiotic with broad spectrum activity. Particularly used against urinary tract infections and lower respiratory infections. Causes cell lysis by inactivation of PBPs through binding, inhibiting peptidoglycan synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefuroxime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35980 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000063 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefuroxime is a second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with increased stability with beta-lactamases than first-generation cephalosporins. Cefuroxime is active against Gram-positive organisms but less active against methicillin-resistant strains. UPDATED category_aro_name with amoxicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35981 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000064 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amoxicillin is a moderate-spectrum, bacteriolytic, beta-lactam antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections caused by susceptible microorganisms. A derivative of penicillin, it has a wider range of treatment but remains relatively ineffective against Gram-negative bacteria. It is commonly taken with clavulanic acid, a beta-lactamase inhibitor. Like other beta-lactams, amoxicillin interferes with the synthesis of peptidoglycan. UPDATED category_aro_name with mezlocillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36983 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000639 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Mezlocillin is a penicillin derivative taken parenterally. UPDATED category_aro_name with isopenicillin N UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37085 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000705 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Isopenicillin N is a natural penicillin derivative produced by Penicillium chrysogenum with activity similar to penicillin N. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefalexin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36985 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000641 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefalexin is a cephalosporin antibiotic that causes filamentation. It is resistant to staphylococcal beta-lactamase, but degraded by enterobacterial beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with doripenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36984 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000640 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Doripenem is a carbapenem with a broad range of activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and along with meropenem, it is the most active beta-lactam antibiotic against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefotiam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36987 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000643 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefotiam is a cephalosporin antibiotic with similar activity to cefuroxime but more active against enterobacteria. It is consumed orally as the prodrug cefotiam hexetil. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefadroxil UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36986 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000642 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefadroxil, or p-hydroxycephalexin, is an cephalosporin antibiotic similar to cefalexin. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefprozil UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefprozil is a cephalosporin and beta-lactam antibiotic with bactericidal activity. It selectively binds to PBPs and inhibits peptidoglycan synthesis, a major cell wall component, resulting in cell lysis. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephapirin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephapirin is a first-generation cephalosporin and broad spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic. Inactivation of penicillin-binding proteins through cephapirin binding disrupts peptidoglycan cross-linking, resulting in cell lysis. UPDATED category_aro_name with dicloxacillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36979 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000635 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dicloxacillin is a penicillin derivative that has an extra chlorine atom in comparison to cloxacillin. While more active than cloxacillin, its high affinity for serum protein reduces its activity in human serum in vitro. UPDATED category_aro_name with benzylpenicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36976 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000632 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Benzylpenicillin, commonly referred to as penicillin G, is effective against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. It is unstable in acid. UPDATED category_aro_name with methicillin resistant PBP2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37589 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3001208 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with In methicillin sensitive S. aureus (MSSA), beta-lactams bind to native penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) and disrupt synthesis of the cell membrane's peptidoglycan layer. In methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA), foreign PBP2a acquired by lateral gene transfer is able to perform peptidoglycan synthesis in the presence of beta-lactams. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftobiprole UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35978 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000061 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftobiprole (Zeftera/Zevtera) is a next generation (5th generation) cephalosporin antibiotic with activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterococci. Ceftobiprole inhibits transpeptidases essential to building cell walls, and is a poor substrate for most beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbenicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35961 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000043 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbenicillin is a semi-synthetic antibiotic belonging to the carboxypenicillin subgroup of the penicillins. It has gram-negative coverage which includes Pseudomonas aeruginosa but limited gram-positive coverage. The carboxypenicillins are susceptible to degradation by beta-lactamase enzymes. Carbenicillin antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefalotin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37084 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000704 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. It is resistant to staphylococci beta-lactamases but hydrolyzed by enterobacterial beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftiofur UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40933 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftiofur is a third-generation broad spectrum cephalosporin and beta-lactam antibiotic. It causes cell lysis by disrupting peptidoglycan cross-linkage and cell wall formation by binding to PBPs. UPDATED category_aro_name with mecillinam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37141 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000761 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Mecillinam is a broad-spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic that was semi-synthetically derived to have a different drug centre, being a 6-alpha-amidinopenicillanate instead of a 6-alpha-acylaminopenicillanate. Contrasting most beta-lactam drugs, mecillinam is most active against Gram-negative bacteria. It binds specifically to penicillin binding protein 2 (PBP2). UPDATED category_aro_name with propicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36978 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000634 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Propicillin is an orally taken penicillin derivative that has high absorption but poor activity. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefoxitin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35927 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefoxitin is a cephamycin antibiotic often grouped with the second generation cephalosporins. Cefoxitin is bactericidal and acts by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. Cefoxitin's 7-alpha-methoxy group and 3' leaving group make it a poor substrate for most beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with ertapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35987 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000070 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ertapenem is a carbapenem antibiotic and is highly resistant to beta-lactamases like other carbapenems. It inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefradine UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40936 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004009 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefradine is a first-generation cephalosporin and broad spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic. Cefradine binding to penicillin-binding proteins disrupts cell wall peptidoglycan cross-linkage, resulting in cell lysis. " 2829 UPDATE dfrA2d iclaprim; trimethoprim; brodimoprim; tetroxoprim; diaminopyrimidine antibiotic; antibiotic target replacement; trimethoprim resistant dihydrofolate reductase dfr; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with iclaprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36476 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000337 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Iclaprim is a bactericidal compound that inhibits dihydrofolate reductase. It is used against clinically important Gram-positive pathogens, including methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36327 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000188 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Trimethoprim is a synthetic 5-(3,4,5- trimethoxybenzyl) pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, inhibiting synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid. Tetrahydrofolic acid is an essential precursor in the de novo synthesis of the DNA nucleotide thymidine. Trimethoprim is a bacteriostatic antibiotic mainly used in the prophylaxis and treatment of urinary tract infections in combination with sulfamethoxazole, a sulfonamide antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with brodimoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36408 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000269 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Brodimoprim is a structural derivative of trimethoprim and an inhibitor of bacterial dihydrofolate reductase. The 4-methoxy group of trimethoprim is replaced with a bromine atom. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetroxoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36423 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000284 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetroxoprim is a trimethoprim derivative that inhibits bacterial dihydrofolate reductase. UPDATED category_aro_name with diaminopyrimidine antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36310 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000171 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Diaminopyrimidines are a class of organic compounds containing a pyrimidine ring substituted by two amine groups. They are inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme critical for DNA synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target replacement UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Replacement or substitution of antibiotic action target, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim resistant dihydrofolate reductase dfr UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37617 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3001218 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Alternative dihydropteroate synthase dfr present on plasmids produces alternate proteins that are less sensitive to trimethoprim from inhibiting its role in folate synthesis, thus conferring trimethoprim resistance. " 1526 UPDATE AAC(6')-Iaa antibiotic inactivation; kanamycin A; aminoglycoside antibiotic; AAC(6'); isepamicin; sisomicin; arbekacin; gentamicin B; netilmicin; amikacin; dibekacin; neomycin; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with AAC(6') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36484 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000345 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Acetylation of the aminoglycoside antibiotic on the amino group at position 6'. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with netilmicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35956 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000038 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with dibekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35926 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 2824 UPDATE Mycoplasma pneumoniae 23S rRNA mutation conferring resistance to erythromycin antibiotic target alteration; glycopeptide antibiotic; vernamycin B-gamma; macrolide antibiotic; florfenicol; lincosamide antibiotic; thiamphenicol; 23S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to macrolide antibiotics; clindamycin; dalfopristin; pristinamycin IB; quinupristin; pristinamycin IA; bleomycin B2; bleomycinic acid; bleomycin A2; pristinamycin IIA; pleuromutilin antibiotic; madumycin II; griseoviridin; lincomycin; streptogramin antibiotic; azidamfenicol; chloramphenicol; phenicol antibiotic; erythromycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with vernamycin B-gamma UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37022 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000678 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Vernamycin B-gamma is a class B streptogramin derived from virginiamycin S1. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with florfenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36600 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000461 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Florfenicol is a fluorine derivative of chloramphenicol, where the nitro group (-NO2) is substituted by a sulfomethyl group (-SO2CH3) and the hydroxyl group (-OH), by a fluorine group (-F). The action mechanism is the same as chloramphenicol's, where the antibiotic binds to the 23S RNA of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincosamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35936 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincosamides (e.g. lincomycin, clindamycin) are a class of drugs which bind to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. This interaction inhibits early elongation of peptide chains by inhibiting the transpeptidase reaction, acting similarly to macrolides. UPDATED category_aro_name with thiamphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36595 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000456 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Derivative of Chloramphenicol. The nitro group (-NO2) is substituted by a sulfomethyl group (-SO2CH3). UPDATED category_aro_name with 23S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to macrolide antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41251 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004125 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucleotide point mutations in the 23S rRNA subunit may confer resistance to macrolide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with clindamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35983 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000066 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Clindamycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that blocks A-site aminoacyl-tRNA binding. It is usually used to treat infections with anaerobic bacteria but can also be used to treat some protozoal diseases, such as malaria. UPDATED category_aro_name with dalfopristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37018 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000674 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dalfopristin is a water-soluble semi-synthetic derivative of pristinamycin IIA. It is produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis and is used in combination with quinupristin in a 7:3 ratio. Both work together to inhibit protein synthesis, and is active against Gram-positive bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IB UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37019 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000675 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IB is a class B streptogramin similar to pristinamycin IA, the former containing a N-methyl-4-(methylamino)phenylalanine instead of a N-methyl-4-(dimethylamino)phenylalanine in its class A streptogramin counterpart (one less methyl group). UPDATED category_aro_name with quinupristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36723 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000584 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Quinupristin is a type B streptogramin and a semisynthetic derivative of pristinamycin 1A. It is a component of the drug Synercid and interacts with the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36722 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000583 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin 1A is a type B streptogramin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis. It binds to the P site of the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, preventing the extension of protein chains. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin B2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37036 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000692 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin B2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycinic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37034 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000690 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycinic acid is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin A2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37035 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000691 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin A2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IIA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37013 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000669 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IIA is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with pleuromutilin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37014 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000670 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Pleuromutilins are natural fungal products that target bacterial protein translation by binding the the 23S rRNA, blocking the ribosome P site at the 50S subunit. They are mostly used for agriculture and veterinary purposes. UPDATED category_aro_name with madumycin II UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37016 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000672 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Madumycin II is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with griseoviridin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000673 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Griseoviridin is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35964 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000046 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincomycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that comes from the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis. It binds to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes and inhibit early elongation of peptide chain by inhibiting transpeptidase reaction. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptogramin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35945 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000026 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptogramin antibiotics are natural products produced by various members of the Streptomyces genus. These antibiotics bind to the P site of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The family consists of two subgroups, type A and type B, which are simultaneously produced by the same bacterial species in a ratio of roughly 70:30. UPDATED category_aro_name with azidamfenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36521 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000382 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Azidamfenicol is a water soluble derivative of chloramphenicol, sharing the same mode of action of inhibiting peptide synthesis by interacting with the 23S RNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. " 2825 UPDATE Halobacterium halobium 23S rRNA mutation conferring resistance to chloramphenicol antibiotic target alteration; glycopeptide antibiotic; vernamycin B-gamma; macrolide antibiotic; florfenicol; lincosamide antibiotic; thiamphenicol; 23S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to phenicol antibiotics; clindamycin; dalfopristin; pristinamycin IB; quinupristin; pristinamycin IA; bleomycin B2; bleomycinic acid; bleomycin A2; pristinamycin IIA; pleuromutilin antibiotic; madumycin II; griseoviridin; lincomycin; streptogramin antibiotic; azidamfenicol; phenicol antibiotic; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with vernamycin B-gamma UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37022 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000678 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Vernamycin B-gamma is a class B streptogramin derived from virginiamycin S1. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with florfenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36600 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000461 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Florfenicol is a fluorine derivative of chloramphenicol, where the nitro group (-NO2) is substituted by a sulfomethyl group (-SO2CH3) and the hydroxyl group (-OH), by a fluorine group (-F). The action mechanism is the same as chloramphenicol's, where the antibiotic binds to the 23S RNA of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincosamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35936 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincosamides (e.g. lincomycin, clindamycin) are a class of drugs which bind to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. This interaction inhibits early elongation of peptide chains by inhibiting the transpeptidase reaction, acting similarly to macrolides. UPDATED category_aro_name with thiamphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36595 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000456 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Derivative of Chloramphenicol. The nitro group (-NO2) is substituted by a sulfomethyl group (-SO2CH3). UPDATED category_aro_name with 23S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to phenicol antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41350 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004188 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Point mutations in the 23S rRNA subunit shown clinically to confer resistance to phenicol class antibiotics, including chloramphenicol and florfenicol, by disrupting antibiotic binding-site affinity UPDATED category_aro_name with clindamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35983 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000066 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Clindamycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that blocks A-site aminoacyl-tRNA binding. It is usually used to treat infections with anaerobic bacteria but can also be used to treat some protozoal diseases, such as malaria. UPDATED category_aro_name with dalfopristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37018 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000674 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dalfopristin is a water-soluble semi-synthetic derivative of pristinamycin IIA. It is produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis and is used in combination with quinupristin in a 7:3 ratio. Both work together to inhibit protein synthesis, and is active against Gram-positive bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IB UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37019 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000675 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IB is a class B streptogramin similar to pristinamycin IA, the former containing a N-methyl-4-(methylamino)phenylalanine instead of a N-methyl-4-(dimethylamino)phenylalanine in its class A streptogramin counterpart (one less methyl group). UPDATED category_aro_name with quinupristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36723 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000584 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Quinupristin is a type B streptogramin and a semisynthetic derivative of pristinamycin 1A. It is a component of the drug Synercid and interacts with the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36722 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000583 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin 1A is a type B streptogramin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis. It binds to the P site of the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, preventing the extension of protein chains. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin B2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37036 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000692 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin B2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycinic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37034 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000690 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycinic acid is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin A2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37035 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000691 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin A2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IIA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37013 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000669 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IIA is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with pleuromutilin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37014 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000670 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Pleuromutilins are natural fungal products that target bacterial protein translation by binding the the 23S rRNA, blocking the ribosome P site at the 50S subunit. They are mostly used for agriculture and veterinary purposes. UPDATED category_aro_name with madumycin II UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37016 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000672 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Madumycin II is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with griseoviridin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000673 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Griseoviridin is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35964 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000046 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincomycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that comes from the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis. It binds to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes and inhibit early elongation of peptide chain by inhibiting transpeptidase reaction. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptogramin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35945 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000026 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptogramin antibiotics are natural products produced by various members of the Streptomyces genus. These antibiotics bind to the P site of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The family consists of two subgroups, type A and type B, which are simultaneously produced by the same bacterial species in a ratio of roughly 70:30. UPDATED category_aro_name with azidamfenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36521 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000382 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Azidamfenicol is a water soluble derivative of chloramphenicol, sharing the same mode of action of inhibiting peptide synthesis by interacting with the 23S RNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. " 2826 UPDATE Streptococcus pneumoniae 23S rRNA mutation conferring resistance to macrolides and streptogramins antibiotics clindamycin; antibiotic target alteration; glycopeptide antibiotic; vernamycin B-gamma; macrolide antibiotic; florfenicol; 23S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to streptogramins antibiotics; tylosin; lincosamide antibiotic; thiamphenicol; 23S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to macrolide antibiotics; josamycin; dalfopristin; pristinamycin IB; quinupristin; pristinamycin IA; bleomycin B2; bleomycinic acid; bleomycin A2; pristinamycin IIA; pleuromutilin antibiotic; madumycin II; griseoviridin; lincomycin; streptogramin antibiotic; azidamfenicol; phenicol antibiotic; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with clindamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35983 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000066 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Clindamycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that blocks A-site aminoacyl-tRNA binding. It is usually used to treat infections with anaerobic bacteria but can also be used to treat some protozoal diseases, such as malaria. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with vernamycin B-gamma UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37022 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000678 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Vernamycin B-gamma is a class B streptogramin derived from virginiamycin S1. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with florfenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36600 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000461 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Florfenicol is a fluorine derivative of chloramphenicol, where the nitro group (-NO2) is substituted by a sulfomethyl group (-SO2CH3) and the hydroxyl group (-OH), by a fluorine group (-F). The action mechanism is the same as chloramphenicol's, where the antibiotic binds to the 23S RNA of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with 23S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to streptogramins antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41335 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004182 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucleotide point mutations in the 23S rRNA subunit may confer resistance to streptogramins antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with tylosin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36284 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000145 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tylosin is a 16-membered macrolide, naturally produced by Streptomyces fradiae. It interacts with the bacterial ribosome 50S subunit to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincosamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35936 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincosamides (e.g. lincomycin, clindamycin) are a class of drugs which bind to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. This interaction inhibits early elongation of peptide chains by inhibiting the transpeptidase reaction, acting similarly to macrolides. UPDATED category_aro_name with thiamphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36595 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000456 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Derivative of Chloramphenicol. The nitro group (-NO2) is substituted by a sulfomethyl group (-SO2CH3). UPDATED category_aro_name with 23S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to macrolide antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41251 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004125 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucleotide point mutations in the 23S rRNA subunit may confer resistance to macrolide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with josamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37620 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3001221 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A macrolide antibiotic from Streptomyces narbonensis subsp. josamyceticus. The drug has antimicrobial activity against a wide spectrum of pathogens. UPDATED category_aro_name with dalfopristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37018 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000674 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dalfopristin is a water-soluble semi-synthetic derivative of pristinamycin IIA. It is produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis and is used in combination with quinupristin in a 7:3 ratio. Both work together to inhibit protein synthesis, and is active against Gram-positive bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IB UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37019 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000675 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IB is a class B streptogramin similar to pristinamycin IA, the former containing a N-methyl-4-(methylamino)phenylalanine instead of a N-methyl-4-(dimethylamino)phenylalanine in its class A streptogramin counterpart (one less methyl group). UPDATED category_aro_name with quinupristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36723 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000584 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Quinupristin is a type B streptogramin and a semisynthetic derivative of pristinamycin 1A. It is a component of the drug Synercid and interacts with the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36722 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000583 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin 1A is a type B streptogramin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis. It binds to the P site of the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, preventing the extension of protein chains. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin B2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37036 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000692 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin B2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycinic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37034 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000690 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycinic acid is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin A2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37035 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000691 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin A2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IIA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37013 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000669 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IIA is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with pleuromutilin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37014 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000670 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Pleuromutilins are natural fungal products that target bacterial protein translation by binding the the 23S rRNA, blocking the ribosome P site at the 50S subunit. They are mostly used for agriculture and veterinary purposes. UPDATED category_aro_name with madumycin II UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37016 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000672 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Madumycin II is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with griseoviridin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000673 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Griseoviridin is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35964 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000046 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincomycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that comes from the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis. It binds to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes and inhibit early elongation of peptide chain by inhibiting transpeptidase reaction. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptogramin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35945 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000026 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptogramin antibiotics are natural products produced by various members of the Streptomyces genus. These antibiotics bind to the P site of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The family consists of two subgroups, type A and type B, which are simultaneously produced by the same bacterial species in a ratio of roughly 70:30. UPDATED category_aro_name with azidamfenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36521 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000382 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Azidamfenicol is a water soluble derivative of chloramphenicol, sharing the same mode of action of inhibiting peptide synthesis by interacting with the 23S RNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. " 2827 UPDATE Mycobacterium tuberculosis ribD with mutation conferring resistance to para-aminosalicylic acid para-aminosalicylic acid; aminosalicylate resistant dihydrofolate reductase; antibiotic target replacement; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with para-aminosalicylic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40948 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004019 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with para-aminosalicylic acid (PAS) is an anti-tubercular antibiotic agent, often used in conjunction with Isoniazid for treatment of M. tuberculosis infections. PAS diminishes bacterial cell growth by limiting folic acid production. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminosalicylate resistant dihydrofolate reductase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41336 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004183 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic target replacement dihydrofolate reductase enzymes or domains with catalytic activity that confer resistance to aminosalicylates, esp. p-aminosalicylic acid. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target replacement UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Replacement or substitution of antibiotic action target, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. " 2820 UPDATE Chlamydia trachomatis 23S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to macrolide antibiotics antibiotic target alteration; glycopeptide antibiotic; vernamycin B-gamma; macrolide antibiotic; florfenicol; lincosamide antibiotic; thiamphenicol; 23S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to macrolide antibiotics; clindamycin; dalfopristin; pristinamycin IB; quinupristin; pristinamycin IA; bleomycin B2; bleomycinic acid; bleomycin A2; pristinamycin IIA; pleuromutilin antibiotic; madumycin II; griseoviridin; lincomycin; streptogramin antibiotic; azidamfenicol; phenicol antibiotic; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with vernamycin B-gamma UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37022 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000678 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Vernamycin B-gamma is a class B streptogramin derived from virginiamycin S1. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with florfenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36600 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000461 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Florfenicol is a fluorine derivative of chloramphenicol, where the nitro group (-NO2) is substituted by a sulfomethyl group (-SO2CH3) and the hydroxyl group (-OH), by a fluorine group (-F). The action mechanism is the same as chloramphenicol's, where the antibiotic binds to the 23S RNA of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincosamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35936 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincosamides (e.g. lincomycin, clindamycin) are a class of drugs which bind to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. This interaction inhibits early elongation of peptide chains by inhibiting the transpeptidase reaction, acting similarly to macrolides. UPDATED category_aro_name with thiamphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36595 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000456 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Derivative of Chloramphenicol. The nitro group (-NO2) is substituted by a sulfomethyl group (-SO2CH3). UPDATED category_aro_name with 23S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to macrolide antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41251 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004125 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucleotide point mutations in the 23S rRNA subunit may confer resistance to macrolide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with clindamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35983 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000066 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Clindamycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that blocks A-site aminoacyl-tRNA binding. It is usually used to treat infections with anaerobic bacteria but can also be used to treat some protozoal diseases, such as malaria. UPDATED category_aro_name with dalfopristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37018 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000674 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dalfopristin is a water-soluble semi-synthetic derivative of pristinamycin IIA. It is produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis and is used in combination with quinupristin in a 7:3 ratio. Both work together to inhibit protein synthesis, and is active against Gram-positive bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IB UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37019 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000675 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IB is a class B streptogramin similar to pristinamycin IA, the former containing a N-methyl-4-(methylamino)phenylalanine instead of a N-methyl-4-(dimethylamino)phenylalanine in its class A streptogramin counterpart (one less methyl group). UPDATED category_aro_name with quinupristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36723 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000584 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Quinupristin is a type B streptogramin and a semisynthetic derivative of pristinamycin 1A. It is a component of the drug Synercid and interacts with the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36722 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000583 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin 1A is a type B streptogramin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis. It binds to the P site of the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, preventing the extension of protein chains. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin B2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37036 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000692 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin B2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycinic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37034 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000690 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycinic acid is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin A2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37035 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000691 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin A2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IIA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37013 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000669 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IIA is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with pleuromutilin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37014 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000670 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Pleuromutilins are natural fungal products that target bacterial protein translation by binding the the 23S rRNA, blocking the ribosome P site at the 50S subunit. They are mostly used for agriculture and veterinary purposes. UPDATED category_aro_name with madumycin II UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37016 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000672 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Madumycin II is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with griseoviridin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000673 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Griseoviridin is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35964 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000046 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincomycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that comes from the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis. It binds to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes and inhibit early elongation of peptide chain by inhibiting transpeptidase reaction. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptogramin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35945 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000026 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptogramin antibiotics are natural products produced by various members of the Streptomyces genus. These antibiotics bind to the P site of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The family consists of two subgroups, type A and type B, which are simultaneously produced by the same bacterial species in a ratio of roughly 70:30. UPDATED category_aro_name with azidamfenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36521 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000382 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Azidamfenicol is a water soluble derivative of chloramphenicol, sharing the same mode of action of inhibiting peptide synthesis by interacting with the 23S RNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. " 2822 UPDATE Mycoplasma hominis 23S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to macrolide antibiotics antibiotic target alteration; glycopeptide antibiotic; vernamycin B-gamma; macrolide antibiotic; florfenicol; lincosamide antibiotic; thiamphenicol; 23S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to macrolide antibiotics; clindamycin; dalfopristin; pristinamycin IB; quinupristin; pristinamycin IA; bleomycin B2; bleomycinic acid; bleomycin A2; pristinamycin IIA; pleuromutilin antibiotic; madumycin II; griseoviridin; lincomycin; streptogramin antibiotic; azidamfenicol; phenicol antibiotic; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with vernamycin B-gamma UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37022 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000678 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Vernamycin B-gamma is a class B streptogramin derived from virginiamycin S1. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with florfenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36600 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000461 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Florfenicol is a fluorine derivative of chloramphenicol, where the nitro group (-NO2) is substituted by a sulfomethyl group (-SO2CH3) and the hydroxyl group (-OH), by a fluorine group (-F). The action mechanism is the same as chloramphenicol's, where the antibiotic binds to the 23S RNA of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincosamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35936 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincosamides (e.g. lincomycin, clindamycin) are a class of drugs which bind to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. This interaction inhibits early elongation of peptide chains by inhibiting the transpeptidase reaction, acting similarly to macrolides. UPDATED category_aro_name with thiamphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36595 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000456 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Derivative of Chloramphenicol. The nitro group (-NO2) is substituted by a sulfomethyl group (-SO2CH3). UPDATED category_aro_name with 23S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to macrolide antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41251 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004125 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucleotide point mutations in the 23S rRNA subunit may confer resistance to macrolide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with clindamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35983 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000066 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Clindamycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that blocks A-site aminoacyl-tRNA binding. It is usually used to treat infections with anaerobic bacteria but can also be used to treat some protozoal diseases, such as malaria. UPDATED category_aro_name with dalfopristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37018 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000674 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dalfopristin is a water-soluble semi-synthetic derivative of pristinamycin IIA. It is produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis and is used in combination with quinupristin in a 7:3 ratio. Both work together to inhibit protein synthesis, and is active against Gram-positive bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IB UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37019 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000675 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IB is a class B streptogramin similar to pristinamycin IA, the former containing a N-methyl-4-(methylamino)phenylalanine instead of a N-methyl-4-(dimethylamino)phenylalanine in its class A streptogramin counterpart (one less methyl group). UPDATED category_aro_name with quinupristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36723 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000584 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Quinupristin is a type B streptogramin and a semisynthetic derivative of pristinamycin 1A. It is a component of the drug Synercid and interacts with the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36722 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000583 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin 1A is a type B streptogramin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis. It binds to the P site of the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, preventing the extension of protein chains. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin B2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37036 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000692 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin B2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycinic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37034 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000690 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycinic acid is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin A2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37035 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000691 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin A2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IIA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37013 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000669 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IIA is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with pleuromutilin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37014 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000670 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Pleuromutilins are natural fungal products that target bacterial protein translation by binding the the 23S rRNA, blocking the ribosome P site at the 50S subunit. They are mostly used for agriculture and veterinary purposes. UPDATED category_aro_name with madumycin II UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37016 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000672 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Madumycin II is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with griseoviridin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000673 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Griseoviridin is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35964 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000046 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincomycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that comes from the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis. It binds to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes and inhibit early elongation of peptide chain by inhibiting transpeptidase reaction. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptogramin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35945 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000026 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptogramin antibiotics are natural products produced by various members of the Streptomyces genus. These antibiotics bind to the P site of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The family consists of two subgroups, type A and type B, which are simultaneously produced by the same bacterial species in a ratio of roughly 70:30. UPDATED category_aro_name with azidamfenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36521 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000382 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Azidamfenicol is a water soluble derivative of chloramphenicol, sharing the same mode of action of inhibiting peptide synthesis by interacting with the 23S RNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. " 2823 UPDATE Mycoplasma fermentans 23S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to macrolide antibiotics antibiotic target alteration; glycopeptide antibiotic; vernamycin B-gamma; macrolide antibiotic; florfenicol; lincosamide antibiotic; thiamphenicol; 23S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to macrolide antibiotics; clindamycin; dalfopristin; pristinamycin IB; quinupristin; pristinamycin IA; bleomycin B2; bleomycinic acid; bleomycin A2; pristinamycin IIA; pleuromutilin antibiotic; madumycin II; griseoviridin; lincomycin; streptogramin antibiotic; azidamfenicol; phenicol antibiotic; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with vernamycin B-gamma UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37022 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000678 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Vernamycin B-gamma is a class B streptogramin derived from virginiamycin S1. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with florfenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36600 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000461 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Florfenicol is a fluorine derivative of chloramphenicol, where the nitro group (-NO2) is substituted by a sulfomethyl group (-SO2CH3) and the hydroxyl group (-OH), by a fluorine group (-F). The action mechanism is the same as chloramphenicol's, where the antibiotic binds to the 23S RNA of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincosamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35936 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincosamides (e.g. lincomycin, clindamycin) are a class of drugs which bind to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. This interaction inhibits early elongation of peptide chains by inhibiting the transpeptidase reaction, acting similarly to macrolides. UPDATED category_aro_name with thiamphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36595 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000456 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Derivative of Chloramphenicol. The nitro group (-NO2) is substituted by a sulfomethyl group (-SO2CH3). UPDATED category_aro_name with 23S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to macrolide antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41251 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004125 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucleotide point mutations in the 23S rRNA subunit may confer resistance to macrolide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with clindamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35983 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000066 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Clindamycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that blocks A-site aminoacyl-tRNA binding. It is usually used to treat infections with anaerobic bacteria but can also be used to treat some protozoal diseases, such as malaria. UPDATED category_aro_name with dalfopristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37018 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000674 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dalfopristin is a water-soluble semi-synthetic derivative of pristinamycin IIA. It is produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis and is used in combination with quinupristin in a 7:3 ratio. Both work together to inhibit protein synthesis, and is active against Gram-positive bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IB UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37019 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000675 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IB is a class B streptogramin similar to pristinamycin IA, the former containing a N-methyl-4-(methylamino)phenylalanine instead of a N-methyl-4-(dimethylamino)phenylalanine in its class A streptogramin counterpart (one less methyl group). UPDATED category_aro_name with quinupristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36723 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000584 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Quinupristin is a type B streptogramin and a semisynthetic derivative of pristinamycin 1A. It is a component of the drug Synercid and interacts with the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36722 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000583 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin 1A is a type B streptogramin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis. It binds to the P site of the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, preventing the extension of protein chains. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin B2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37036 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000692 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin B2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycinic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37034 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000690 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycinic acid is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin A2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37035 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000691 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin A2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IIA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37013 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000669 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IIA is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with pleuromutilin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37014 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000670 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Pleuromutilins are natural fungal products that target bacterial protein translation by binding the the 23S rRNA, blocking the ribosome P site at the 50S subunit. They are mostly used for agriculture and veterinary purposes. UPDATED category_aro_name with madumycin II UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37016 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000672 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Madumycin II is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with griseoviridin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000673 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Griseoviridin is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35964 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000046 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincomycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that comes from the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis. It binds to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes and inhibit early elongation of peptide chain by inhibiting transpeptidase reaction. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptogramin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35945 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000026 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptogramin antibiotics are natural products produced by various members of the Streptomyces genus. These antibiotics bind to the P site of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The family consists of two subgroups, type A and type B, which are simultaneously produced by the same bacterial species in a ratio of roughly 70:30. UPDATED category_aro_name with azidamfenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36521 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000382 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Azidamfenicol is a water soluble derivative of chloramphenicol, sharing the same mode of action of inhibiting peptide synthesis by interacting with the 23S RNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. " 1409 UPDATE CMY-6 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 1408 UPDATE TEM-124 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 1403 UPDATE OXA-388 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1402 UPDATE OXA-390 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1401 UPDATE mefE efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump; macrolide antibiotic; antibiotic efflux; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and ABC transporters comprise the two largest and most functionally diverse of the transporter superfamilies. However, MFS transporters are distinct from ABC transporters in both their primary sequence and structure and in the mechanism of energy coupling. As secondary transporters they are, like RND and SMR transporters, energized by the electrochemical proton gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. " 1400 UPDATE CTX-M-74 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 1407 UPDATE CMY-62 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 1406 UPDATE OXA-121 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1405 UPDATE armA kanamycin A; aminoglycoside antibiotic; isepamicin; 16S rRNA methyltransferase (G1405); sisomicin; arbekacin; gentamicin B; netilmicin; antibiotic target alteration; gentamicin C; amikacin; dibekacin; G418; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with dibekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35926 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with 16S rRNA methyltransferase (G1405) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41435 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004271 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Methyltransferases that methylate the G1405 position of 16S rRNA, which is part of an aminoglycoside binding site. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with netilmicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35956 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000038 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin C UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35933 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin C is a mixture of gentamicin C1, gentamicin C1a, and gentamicin C2 (these differ in substituents at position C6'). Gentamicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with G418 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000653 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A gentamicin class aminoglycoside antibiotic often used in mammalian cell culture work as a selectable marker for the neo cassette (APH3'). UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 1404 UPDATE IMP-3 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; carbapenem; cephalosporin; IMP beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with IMP beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36029 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Plasmid mediated IMP-type carbapenemases, of which at least 26 varieties are currently known, became established in Japan in the 1990s in enteric gram-negative organisms, Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter species. Integron-associated, sometimes within plasmids. Hydrolyses all beta-lactams except monobactams, and evades all beta-lactam inhibitors. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 1546 UPDATE Erm(43) antibiotic target alteration; streptogramin antibiotic; Erm 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase; macrolide antibiotic; lincosamide antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptogramin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35945 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000026 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptogramin antibiotics are natural products produced by various members of the Streptomyces genus. These antibiotics bind to the P site of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The family consists of two subgroups, type A and type B, which are simultaneously produced by the same bacterial species in a ratio of roughly 70:30. UPDATED category_aro_name with Erm 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36699 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000560 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Erm proteins are part of the RNA methyltransferase family and methylate A2058 (E. coli nomenclature) of the 23S ribosomal RNA conferring degrees of resistance to Macrolides, Lincosamides and Streptogramin b. This is called the MLSb phenotype. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincosamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35936 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincosamides (e.g. lincomycin, clindamycin) are a class of drugs which bind to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. This interaction inhibits early elongation of peptide chains by inhibiting the transpeptidase reaction, acting similarly to macrolides. " 449 UPDATE SHV-133 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 448 UPDATE dfrG iclaprim; trimethoprim; brodimoprim; tetroxoprim; diaminopyrimidine antibiotic; antibiotic target replacement; trimethoprim resistant dihydrofolate reductase dfr; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with iclaprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36476 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000337 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Iclaprim is a bactericidal compound that inhibits dihydrofolate reductase. It is used against clinically important Gram-positive pathogens, including methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36327 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000188 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Trimethoprim is a synthetic 5-(3,4,5- trimethoxybenzyl) pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, inhibiting synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid. Tetrahydrofolic acid is an essential precursor in the de novo synthesis of the DNA nucleotide thymidine. Trimethoprim is a bacteriostatic antibiotic mainly used in the prophylaxis and treatment of urinary tract infections in combination with sulfamethoxazole, a sulfonamide antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with brodimoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36408 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000269 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Brodimoprim is a structural derivative of trimethoprim and an inhibitor of bacterial dihydrofolate reductase. The 4-methoxy group of trimethoprim is replaced with a bromine atom. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetroxoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36423 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000284 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetroxoprim is a trimethoprim derivative that inhibits bacterial dihydrofolate reductase. UPDATED category_aro_name with diaminopyrimidine antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36310 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000171 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Diaminopyrimidines are a class of organic compounds containing a pyrimidine ring substituted by two amine groups. They are inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme critical for DNA synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target replacement UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Replacement or substitution of antibiotic action target, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim resistant dihydrofolate reductase dfr UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37617 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3001218 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Alternative dihydropteroate synthase dfr present on plasmids produces alternate proteins that are less sensitive to trimethoprim from inhibiting its role in folate synthesis, thus conferring trimethoprim resistance. " 1339 UPDATE Mycobacterium tuberculosis embR mutant conferring resistance to ethambutol antibiotic target alteration; ethambutol resistant arabinosyltransferase; polyamine antibiotic; ethambutol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ethambutol resistant arabinosyltransferase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 39310 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3002876 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Arabinosyl transferases allow for the polymerization of arabinose to form arabinan. Arabinan is required for formation of mycobacterial cell walls and arabinosyltransferases are targets of the drug ethambutol. Mutations in these genes can confer resistance to ethambutol. UPDATED category_aro_name with polyamine antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36666 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000527 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Polyamine antibiotics are organic compounds having two or more primary amino groups. UPDATED category_aro_name with ethambutol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36636 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000497 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ethambutol is an antimycobacterial drug prescribed to treat tuberculosis. It is usually given in combination with other tuberculosis drugs, such as isoniazid, rifampicin, and pyrazinamide. Ethambutol inhibits arabinosyl biosynthesis, disrupting mycobacterial cell wall formation. " 1338 UPDATE Bla1 penam; class A Bacillus anthracis Bla beta-lactamase; antibiotic inactivation; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with class A Bacillus anthracis Bla beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41393 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004229 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Beta-lactamases belonging to the Bla genes from Bacillus anthracis that are classified as class A beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. " 1547 UPDATE vanRC glycopeptide antibiotic; glycopeptide resistance gene cluster; antibiotic target alteration; vanR; vancomycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide resistance gene cluster UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36373 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000234 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Genes that when expressed confer resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin type antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with vanR UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36713 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000574 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with VanR is a OmpR-family transcriptional activator in the VanSR regulatory system. When activated by VanS, it promotes cotranscription of VanA, VanH, and VanX. UPDATED category_aro_name with vancomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35947 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000028 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Vancomycin is a glycopeptide antibiotic used in the prophylaxis and treatment of infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria. Vancomycin inhibits the synthesis of peptidoglycan, the major component of the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria. Its mechanism of action is unusual in that it acts by binding precursors of peptidoglycan, rather than by interacting with an enzyme. " 1335 UPDATE QnrB8 sparfloxacin; norfloxacin; quinolone resistance protein (qnr); gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; antibiotic target protection; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; nalidixic acid; moxifloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with quinolone resistance protein (qnr) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36558 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000419 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Qnr proteins are pentapeptide repeat proteins that mimic DNA and protect the cell from the activity of fluoroquinolone antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target protection UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. " 1334 UPDATE SHV-126 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 1337 UPDATE baeR antibiotic efflux; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; protein(s) and two-component regulatory system modulating antibiotic efflux; aminocoumarin antibiotic; novobiocin; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; aminoglycoside antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Regulator UPDATED category_aro_name with novobiocin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36250 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000111 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Novobiocin is an aminocoumarin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spheroides and Streptomyces niveus, and binds DNA gyrase subunit B inhibiting ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminocoumarin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36242 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000103 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminocoumarin antibiotics bind DNA gyrase subunit B to inhibit ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 1336 UPDATE BcII penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; Bc beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with Bc beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36716 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000577 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Bacillus cereus beta-lactamases are zinc metallo-beta-lactamases that hydrolyze a large number of penicillins and cephalosporins. " 1331 UPDATE CTX-M-52 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 690 UPDATE OXA-347 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1333 UPDATE vanHD glycopeptide antibiotic; glycopeptide resistance gene cluster; vanH; antibiotic target alteration; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide resistance gene cluster UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36373 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000234 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Genes that when expressed confer resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin type antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with vanH UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36015 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with VanH is a D-specific alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase that synthesizes D-lactate. D-lactate is incorporated into the end of the peptidoglycan subunits, decreasing vancomycin binding affinity. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. " 1332 UPDATE APH(3')-IIIa antibiotic inactivation; aminoglycoside antibiotic; paromomycin; kanamycin A; APH(3'); gentamicin B; lividomycin B; lividomycin A; ribostamycin; G418; neomycin; butirosin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with paromomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000657 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with An aminoglycoside antibiotic used for the treatment of parasitic infections. It is similar to neomycin sharing a similar spectrum of activity, but its hydroxyl group at the 6'-position instead of an amino group makes it resistant to AAC(6') modifying enzymes. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with APH(3') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36265 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000126 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Phosphorylation of 2-deoxystreptamine aminoglycosides on the hydroxyl group at position 3' UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with lividomycin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37045 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000701 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Lividomycin B is a derivative of lividomycin A with a removed mannose group (demannosyllividomycin A). Livodomycins interfere with bacterial protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with lividomycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37044 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000700 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Lividomycin A is a pentasaccharide antibiotic which interferes with bacterial protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with ribostamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35940 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000021 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ribostamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Ribostamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with G418 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000653 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A gentamicin class aminoglycoside antibiotic often used in mammalian cell culture work as a selectable marker for the neo cassette (APH3'). UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with butirosin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35943 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000024 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Butirosin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Butirosin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 1545 UPDATE Escherichia coli gyrA conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones nybomycin; grepafloxacin; trovafloxacin; ofloxacin; norfloxacin; nalidixic acid; lomefloxacin; gatifloxacin; fluoroquinolone resistant gyrA; levofloxacin; sparfloxacin; antibiotic target alteration; enoxacin; ciprofloxacin; pefloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; moxifloxacin; ARO_category; model_param "UPDATED category_aro_name with nybomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40463 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003780 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with A heterocyclic antibiotic that targets mutant gyrA (type II topoisomerase) containing an S84L substitution, counteracting acquired quinolone resistance. It is effective against quinolone-resistant Gram-positive bacteria including S. aureus and E. faecalis. Due to its ability to counteract quinolone resistance by targeting the mutant form of the gyrA protein, it is classified as a reverse antibiotic (RA). UPDATED category_aro_name with grepafloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37009 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000665 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Grepafloxacin is a broad-spectrum antibacterial quinoline. It is no longer taken due to its high toxicity. UPDATED category_aro_name with trovafloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37008 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000664 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Trovafloxacin is a trifluoroquinalone with a broad spectrum of activity that acts by inhibiting the uncoiling of supercoiled DNA. While potent against many Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, it is less active against pseudomonads and Cl. difficile. It is usually taken as the prodrug trovafloxacin mesylate or alatrofloxacin mesylate for oral or intravenous administration, respectively. UPDATED category_aro_name with ofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37007 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000663 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ofloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a methyl-substituted oxazine ring. It has a broad spectrum of activity including many enterobacteria and mycoplasma but most anaerobes are resistant. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with lomefloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37004 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000660 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Lomefloxacin is a difluoropiperazinyl quinolone, sharing similar activities with other fluoroquinolones. It is used to treat urinary tract infections. Relative to other fluoroquinolones, it has a longer half life and has higher serum concentrations. UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone resistant gyrA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 39876 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003292 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with DNA gyrase is responsible for DNA supercoiling and consists of two alpha and two beta subunits. GyrA point mutations confer resistance by preventing fluoroquinolone antibiotics from binding the alpha-subunit. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with enoxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35942 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000023 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Enoxacin belongs to a group called fluoroquinolones. Its mode of action depends upon blocking bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to DNA gyrase and causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with pefloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37142 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000762 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pefloxacin is structurally and functionally similar to norfloxacin. It is poorly active against mycobacteria, while anaerobes are resistant. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. UPDATED 3398 with G81C UPDATED 3405 with A84P UPDATED 3404 with A67S UPDATED 3397 with Q106H UPDATED 3398 with G81C UPDATED 3405 with A84P UPDATED 3404 with A67S UPDATED 3397 with Q106H " 1542 UPDATE amrA efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; aminoglycoside antibiotic; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; antibiotic efflux; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. " 1631 UPDATE CTX-M-71 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 1543 UPDATE CMY-22 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 39 UPDATE AAC(3)-Ia antibiotic inactivation; AAC(3); sisomicin; gentamicin B; gentamicin C; aminoglycoside antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with AAC(3) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36461 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000322 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Acetylation of the aminoglycoside antibiotic on the amino group at position 3. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin C UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35933 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin C is a mixture of gentamicin C1, gentamicin C1a, and gentamicin C2 (these differ in substituents at position C6'). Gentamicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 38 UPDATE APH(3')-Va antibiotic inactivation; aminoglycoside antibiotic; paromomycin; APH(3'); ribostamycin; G418; neomycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with paromomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000657 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with An aminoglycoside antibiotic used for the treatment of parasitic infections. It is similar to neomycin sharing a similar spectrum of activity, but its hydroxyl group at the 6'-position instead of an amino group makes it resistant to AAC(6') modifying enzymes. UPDATED category_aro_name with APH(3') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36265 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000126 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Phosphorylation of 2-deoxystreptamine aminoglycosides on the hydroxyl group at position 3' UPDATED category_aro_name with ribostamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35940 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000021 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ribostamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Ribostamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with G418 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000653 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A gentamicin class aminoglycoside antibiotic often used in mammalian cell culture work as a selectable marker for the neo cassette (APH3'). UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 1540 UPDATE rmtC kanamycin A; aminoglycoside antibiotic; isepamicin; 16S rRNA methyltransferase (G1405); sisomicin; arbekacin; gentamicin B; netilmicin; antibiotic target alteration; gentamicin C; amikacin; dibekacin; G418; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with dibekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35926 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with 16S rRNA methyltransferase (G1405) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41435 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004271 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Methyltransferases that methylate the G1405 position of 16S rRNA, which is part of an aminoglycoside binding site. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with netilmicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35956 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000038 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin C UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35933 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin C is a mixture of gentamicin C1, gentamicin C1a, and gentamicin C2 (these differ in substituents at position C6'). Gentamicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with G418 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000653 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A gentamicin class aminoglycoside antibiotic often used in mammalian cell culture work as a selectable marker for the neo cassette (APH3'). UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 33 UPDATE msrE streptogramin antibiotic; ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump; antibiotic efflux; macrolide antibiotic; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with streptogramin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35945 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000026 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptogramin antibiotics are natural products produced by various members of the Streptomyces genus. These antibiotics bind to the P site of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The family consists of two subgroups, type A and type B, which are simultaneously produced by the same bacterial species in a ratio of roughly 70:30. UPDATED category_aro_name with ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36002 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are present in all cells of all organisms and use the energy of ATP binding/hydrolysis to transport substrates across cell membranes. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. " 32 UPDATE DHA-15 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; cephamycin; DHA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with DHA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36207 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000068 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with DHA beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated AmpC β-lactamases that confer resistance to cephamycins and oxyimino-cephalosporins. " 31 UPDATE CTX-M-155 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 30 UPDATE OXA-226 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 37 UPDATE Escherichia coli mdfA antibiotic efflux; major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; benzalkonium chloride; tetracycline antibiotic; rhodamine; tetracycline; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and ABC transporters comprise the two largest and most functionally diverse of the transporter superfamilies. However, MFS transporters are distinct from ABC transporters in both their primary sequence and structure and in the mechanism of energy coupling. As secondary transporters they are, like RND and SMR transporters, energized by the electrochemical proton gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with benzalkonium chloride UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40514 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003823 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Benzalkonium chloride is a type of cationic surfactant. It is an organic salt called a quaternary ammonium compound. It has three main categories of use: as a biocide, a cationic surfactant, and as a phase transfer agent. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with rhodamine UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40518 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003827 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Rhodamine is a flurone dye that is often used as a tracer due to determine the rate and direction of flow and transport. It permeates the cell membrane of gram negative organisms E. coli and P. aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. " 36 UPDATE Mycobaterium leprae gyrA conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones nybomycin; grepafloxacin; trovafloxacin; ofloxacin; norfloxacin; nalidixic acid; lomefloxacin; gatifloxacin; fluoroquinolone resistant gyrA; levofloxacin; sparfloxacin; antibiotic target alteration; enoxacin; ciprofloxacin; pefloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; moxifloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with nybomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40463 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003780 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with A heterocyclic antibiotic that targets mutant gyrA (type II topoisomerase) containing an S84L substitution, counteracting acquired quinolone resistance. It is effective against quinolone-resistant Gram-positive bacteria including S. aureus and E. faecalis. Due to its ability to counteract quinolone resistance by targeting the mutant form of the gyrA protein, it is classified as a reverse antibiotic (RA). UPDATED category_aro_name with grepafloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37009 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000665 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Grepafloxacin is a broad-spectrum antibacterial quinoline. It is no longer taken due to its high toxicity. UPDATED category_aro_name with trovafloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37008 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000664 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Trovafloxacin is a trifluoroquinalone with a broad spectrum of activity that acts by inhibiting the uncoiling of supercoiled DNA. While potent against many Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, it is less active against pseudomonads and Cl. difficile. It is usually taken as the prodrug trovafloxacin mesylate or alatrofloxacin mesylate for oral or intravenous administration, respectively. UPDATED category_aro_name with ofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37007 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000663 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ofloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a methyl-substituted oxazine ring. It has a broad spectrum of activity including many enterobacteria and mycoplasma but most anaerobes are resistant. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with lomefloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37004 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000660 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Lomefloxacin is a difluoropiperazinyl quinolone, sharing similar activities with other fluoroquinolones. It is used to treat urinary tract infections. Relative to other fluoroquinolones, it has a longer half life and has higher serum concentrations. UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone resistant gyrA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 39876 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003292 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with DNA gyrase is responsible for DNA supercoiling and consists of two alpha and two beta subunits. GyrA point mutations confer resistance by preventing fluoroquinolone antibiotics from binding the alpha-subunit. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with enoxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35942 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000023 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Enoxacin belongs to a group called fluoroquinolones. Its mode of action depends upon blocking bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to DNA gyrase and causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with pefloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37142 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000762 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pefloxacin is structurally and functionally similar to norfloxacin. It is poorly active against mycobacteria, while anaerobes are resistant. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. " 35 UPDATE FosA2 fosfomycin; fosfomycin thiol transferase; antibiotic inactivation; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with fosfomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35944 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000025 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Fosfomycin (also known as phosphomycin and phosphonomycin) is a broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by certain Streptomyces species. It is effective on gram positive and negative bacteria as it targets the cell wall, an essential feature shared by both bacteria. Its specific target is MurA (MurZ in E.coli), which attaches phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, a step of commitment to cell wall synthesis. In the active site of MurA, the active cysteine molecule is alkylated which stops the catalytic reaction. UPDATED category_aro_name with fosfomycin thiol transferase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36272 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000133 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Catalyzes the addition of a thiol group from a nucleophilic molecule to fosfomycin. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. " 34 UPDATE OXY-6-3 penam; OXY beta-lactamase; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; monobactam; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 38788 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3002388 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXY beta-lactamases are chromosomal class A beta-lactamases that are found in Klebsiella oxytoca. At constitutive low levels, OXY beta-lactamases confer resistance to aminopenicillins and carboxypenicillins. At high induced levels, OXY beta-lactamases confer resistance to penicillins, cephalosporins and aztreonam. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 1241 UPDATE TEM-144 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 1240 UPDATE Bacillus Cluster A intrinsic mph antibiotic inactivation; macrolide phosphotransferase (MPH); macrolide antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide phosphotransferase (MPH) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36472 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000333 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolide phosphotransferases (MPH) are enzymes encoded by macrolide phosphotransferase genes (mph genes). These enzymes phosphorylate macrolides in GTP dependent manner at 2'-OH of desosamine sugar thereby inactivating them. Characterized MPH's are differentiated based on their substrate specificity. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. " 1535 UPDATE CMY-16 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 1534 UPDATE PER-5 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; carbapenem; cephalosporin; PER beta-lactamase; monobactam; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with PER beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36195 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000056 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with PER beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated extended spectrum beta-lactamases found in the Enterobacteriaceae family. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 1245 UPDATE TEM-114 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 1532 UPDATE OXA-249 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1247 UPDATE CMY-72 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 1530 UPDATE OXA-67 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1249 UPDATE FOX-5 antibiotic inactivation; cephamycin; cephalosporin; FOX beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with FOX beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36206 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000067 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with FOX beta-lactamases are plasmid-encoded AmpC-type beta-lactamase which conferred resistance to broad-spectrum cephalosporins and cephamycins " 648 UPDATE GES-4 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; GES beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with GES beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36205 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000066 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with GES beta-lactamases or Guiana extended-spectrum beta-lactamases are related to the other plasmid-located class A beta-lactamases " 1539 UPDATE aadA3 antibiotic inactivation; aminoglycoside antibiotic; ANT(3''); streptomycin; spectinomycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with ANT(3'') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41439 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004275 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucleotidylylation of streptomycin at the hydroxyl group at position 3'' UPDATED category_aro_name with streptomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35958 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000040 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Streptomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with spectinomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35957 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000039 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Spectinomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Spectinomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit inhibiting translation. " 1538 UPDATE SHV-104 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 339 UPDATE ANT(3'')-Ii-AAC(6')-IId fusion protein antibiotic inactivation; kanamycin A; ANT(3''); aminoglycoside antibiotic; AAC(6'); isepamicin; sisomicin; arbekacin; gentamicin B; netilmicin; amikacin; dibekacin; neomycin; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with ANT(3'') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41439 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004275 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucleotidylylation of streptomycin at the hydroxyl group at position 3'' UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with AAC(6') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36484 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000345 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Acetylation of the aminoglycoside antibiotic on the amino group at position 6'. UPDATED category_aro_name with dibekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35926 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with netilmicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35956 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000038 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 338 UPDATE OXY-1-2 penam; OXY beta-lactamase; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; monobactam; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 38788 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3002388 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXY beta-lactamases are chromosomal class A beta-lactamases that are found in Klebsiella oxytoca. At constitutive low levels, OXY beta-lactamases confer resistance to aminopenicillins and carboxypenicillins. At high induced levels, OXY beta-lactamases confer resistance to penicillins, cephalosporins and aztreonam. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 335 UPDATE Staphylococcus aureus parE conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones fluoroquinolone resistant parE; grepafloxacin; trovafloxacin; ofloxacin; norfloxacin; nalidixic acid; lomefloxacin; gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; sparfloxacin; antibiotic target alteration; enoxacin; ciprofloxacin; pefloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; moxifloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone resistant parE UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 39897 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003313 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with ParE is a subunit of topoisomerase IV, necessary for cell survival. Point mutations in ParE prevent fluoroquinolones from inhibiting DNA synthesis, thus conferring resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with grepafloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37009 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000665 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Grepafloxacin is a broad-spectrum antibacterial quinoline. It is no longer taken due to its high toxicity. UPDATED category_aro_name with trovafloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37008 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000664 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Trovafloxacin is a trifluoroquinalone with a broad spectrum of activity that acts by inhibiting the uncoiling of supercoiled DNA. While potent against many Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, it is less active against pseudomonads and Cl. difficile. It is usually taken as the prodrug trovafloxacin mesylate or alatrofloxacin mesylate for oral or intravenous administration, respectively. UPDATED category_aro_name with ofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37007 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000663 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ofloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a methyl-substituted oxazine ring. It has a broad spectrum of activity including many enterobacteria and mycoplasma but most anaerobes are resistant. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with lomefloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37004 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000660 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Lomefloxacin is a difluoropiperazinyl quinolone, sharing similar activities with other fluoroquinolones. It is used to treat urinary tract infections. Relative to other fluoroquinolones, it has a longer half life and has higher serum concentrations. UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with enoxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35942 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000023 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Enoxacin belongs to a group called fluoroquinolones. Its mode of action depends upon blocking bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to DNA gyrase and causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with pefloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37142 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000762 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pefloxacin is structurally and functionally similar to norfloxacin. It is poorly active against mycobacteria, while anaerobes are resistant. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. " 334 UPDATE mexX erythromycin; arbekacin; tetracycline antibiotic; meropenem; antibiotic efflux; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; ofloxacin; norfloxacin; macrolide antibiotic; carbapenem; cephalosporin; ciprofloxacin; gentamicin C; amikacin; aminoglycoside antibiotic; acridine dye; penam; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; cephamycin; acriflavin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; chloramphenicol; phenicol antibiotic; tetracycline; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with meropenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35990 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000073 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Meropenem is an ultra-broad spectrum injectable antibiotic used to treat a wide variety of infections, including meningitis and pneumonia. It is a beta-lactam and belongs to the subgroup of carbapenem, similar to imipenem and ertapenem. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with ofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37007 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000663 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ofloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a methyl-substituted oxazine ring. It has a broad spectrum of activity including many enterobacteria and mycoplasma but most anaerobes are resistant. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin C UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35933 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin C is a mixture of gentamicin C1, gentamicin C1a, and gentamicin C2 (these differ in substituents at position C6'). Gentamicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with acridine dye UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36193 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000054 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Acridine dyes are cell permeable, basic molecules with an acridine chromophore. These compounds intercalate DNA. The image shown represents the core structure of the acridine family, with specific dyes containing varying substituents. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with acriflavin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35963 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000045 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Acriflavin is a topical antiseptic. It has the form of an orange or brown powder. It may be harmful in the eyes or if inhaled. Acriflavine is also used as treatment for external fungal infections of aquarium fish. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. " 337 UPDATE adeC antibiotic efflux; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; tigecycline; glycylcycline; tetracycline antibiotic; tetracycline; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with tigecycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35949 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000030 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tigecycline is an glycylcycline antibiotic. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycylcycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35960 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000042 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycylcyclines are a new class of antibiotics derived from tetracycline. These tetracycline analogues are specifically designed to overcome two common mechanisms of tetracycline resistance. Presently, there is only one glycylcycline antibiotic for clinical use: tigecycline. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome, preventing the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. " 336 UPDATE tlrB conferring tylosin resistance antibiotic target alteration; non-erm 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase (G748); macrolide antibiotic; lincosamide antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with non-erm 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase (G748) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37697 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3001298 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Non-erm 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferases modify guanosine 748 (E. coli numbering) to confer resistance to some macrolides and lincosamides UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincosamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35936 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincosamides (e.g. lincomycin, clindamycin) are a class of drugs which bind to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. This interaction inhibits early elongation of peptide chains by inhibiting the transpeptidase reaction, acting similarly to macrolides. " 331 UPDATE TEM-166 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 330 UPDATE IMP-26 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; carbapenem; cephalosporin; IMP beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with IMP beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36029 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Plasmid mediated IMP-type carbapenemases, of which at least 26 varieties are currently known, became established in Japan in the 1990s in enteric gram-negative organisms, Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter species. Integron-associated, sometimes within plasmids. Hydrolyses all beta-lactams except monobactams, and evades all beta-lactam inhibitors. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 333 UPDATE CARB-23 penam; antibiotic inactivation; CARB beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CARB beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36230 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000091 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CARB beta-lactamases are class A lactamases that can hydrolyze carbenicillin. Many of the PSE beta-lactamases have been renamed as CARB-lactamases with the notable exception of PSE-2 which is now OXA-10. " 332 UPDATE R39 penam; R39 beta-lactamase; antibiotic inactivation; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with R39 beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41362 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004198 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with R39 beta-lactamases are Class A beta-lactamases encoded in Actinomadura R39 with the ability to hydrolyze penicillins. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. " 1634 UPDATE CMY-78 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 8 UPDATE NDM-6 antibiotic inactivation; penam; carbapenem; cephalosporin; cephamycin; NDM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with NDM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36196 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000057 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with NDM beta-lactamases or New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamases are class B beta-lactamases that confer resistance to a broad range of antibiotics including carbapenems, cephalosporins and penicillins. " 2119 UPDATE LRA-10 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; class C LRA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with class C LRA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41395 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004231 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Beta-lactamases that are part of the LRA gene family and are classified as Class C beta-lactamases. " 1353 UPDATE GES-5 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; GES beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with GES beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36205 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000066 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with GES beta-lactamases or Guiana extended-spectrum beta-lactamases are related to the other plasmid-located class A beta-lactamases " 1636 UPDATE QnrB57 sparfloxacin; norfloxacin; quinolone resistance protein (qnr); gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; antibiotic target protection; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; nalidixic acid; moxifloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with quinolone resistance protein (qnr) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36558 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000419 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Qnr proteins are pentapeptide repeat proteins that mimic DNA and protect the cell from the activity of fluoroquinolone antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target protection UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. " 1462 UPDATE LRA-19 penam; antibiotic inactivation; subclass B3 LRA beta-lactamase; cephalosporin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with subclass B3 LRA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41390 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004226 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Beta-lactamases that are part of the LRA gene family and are classified as B3 (metallo-) beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 1352 UPDATE OXA-251 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 2066 UPDATE Escherichia coli soxS with mutation conferring antibiotic resistance penem; antibiotic target alteration; tetracycline antibiotic; antibiotic efflux; ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump; major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; norfloxacin; reduced permeability to antibiotic; carbapenem; cephalosporin; cefalotin; ciprofloxacin; protein(s) and two-component regulatory system modulating antibiotic efflux; rifampin; ampicillin; penam; triclosan; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; cephamycin; tigecycline; glycylcycline; General Bacterial Porin with reduced permeability to beta-lactams; monobactam; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; chloramphenicol; phenicol antibiotic; tetracycline; rifamycin antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Regulator DELETED 35950 UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36002 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are present in all cells of all organisms and use the energy of ATP binding/hydrolysis to transport substrates across cell membranes. UPDATED category_aro_name with major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and ABC transporters comprise the two largest and most functionally diverse of the transporter superfamilies. However, MFS transporters are distinct from ABC transporters in both their primary sequence and structure and in the mechanism of energy coupling. As secondary transporters they are, like RND and SMR transporters, energized by the electrochemical proton gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with reduced permeability to antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36383 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000244 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Reduction in permeability to antibiotic, generally through reduced production of porins, can provide resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefalotin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37084 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000704 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. It is resistant to staphylococci beta-lactamases but hydrolyzed by enterobacterial beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifampin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36308 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000169 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifampin is a semi-synthetic rifamycin, and inhibits RNA synthesis by binding to RNA polymerase. Rifampin is the mainstay agent for the treatment of tuberculosis, leprosy and complicated Gram-positive infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with ampicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36981 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000637 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ampicillin is a penicillin derivative that is highly acid stable, with its activity similar to benzylpenicillin. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with triclosan UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37250 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000870 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Triclosan is a common antibacterial agent added to many consumer products as a biocide. It is an inhibitor of fatty acid biosynthesis by blocking enoyl-carrier protein reductase (FabI). UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with tigecycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35949 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000030 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tigecycline is an glycylcycline antibiotic. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycylcycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35960 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000042 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycylcyclines are a new class of antibiotics derived from tetracycline. These tetracycline analogues are specifically designed to overcome two common mechanisms of tetracycline resistance. Presently, there is only one glycylcycline antibiotic for clinical use: tigecycline. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome, preventing the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA. UPDATED category_aro_name with General Bacterial Porin with reduced permeability to beta-lactams UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41445 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004281 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These are GBPs that are associated with decreased susceptibility to beta-lactams either through mutations in the porin protein, absence of the porin protein, or expression of the porin protein. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifamycin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36296 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000157 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifamycin antibiotics are a group of broad-spectrum ansamycin antibiotics that inhibit bacterial RNA polymerase by binding to a highly conserved region, blocking the oligonucleotide exit tunnel, and preventing the extension of nascent mRNAs. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. " 1350 UPDATE TEM-93 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 1889 UPDATE NDM-4 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; carbapenem; cephalosporin; cephamycin; ticarcillin; NDM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with ticarcillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40523 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003832 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ticarcillin is a carboxypenicillin used for the treatment of Gram-negative bacteria, particularly P. aeruginosa. Ticarcillin's antibiotic properties arise from its ability to prevent cross-linking of peptidoglycan during cell wall synthesis, when the bacteria try to divide, causing cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with NDM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36196 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000057 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with NDM beta-lactamases or New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamases are class B beta-lactamases that confer resistance to a broad range of antibiotics including carbapenems, cephalosporins and penicillins. " 1888 UPDATE MIR-10 antibiotic inactivation; monobactam; cephalosporin; cephamycin; MIR beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with MIR beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36197 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000058 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with MIR beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated beta-lactamases that confer resistance to oxyimino- and alpha-methoxy beta-lactams " 1887 UPDATE TEM-70 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 1886 UPDATE LEN-24 penam; LEN beta-lactamase; antibiotic inactivation; penem; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with LEN beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36236 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000097 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with LEN beta-lactamases are chromosomal class A beta-lactamases that confer resistance to ampicillin, amoxicillin, carbenicillin, and ticarcillin but not to extended-spectrum beta-lactams. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. " 1885 UPDATE tet(Z) tetracycline antibiotic; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump; tetracycline; antibiotic efflux; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and ABC transporters comprise the two largest and most functionally diverse of the transporter superfamilies. However, MFS transporters are distinct from ABC transporters in both their primary sequence and structure and in the mechanism of energy coupling. As secondary transporters they are, like RND and SMR transporters, energized by the electrochemical proton gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. " 1884 UPDATE CTX-M-111 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 1883 UPDATE DHA-10 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; cephamycin; DHA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with DHA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36207 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000068 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with DHA beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated AmpC β-lactamases that confer resistance to cephamycins and oxyimino-cephalosporins. " 1882 UPDATE OXA-80 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1881 UPDATE OXA-72 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1880 UPDATE adeN antibiotic efflux; imipenem; rifampin; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; protein(s) and two-component regulatory system modulating antibiotic efflux; trimethoprim; rifamycin antibiotic; penem; macrolide antibiotic; carbapenem; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; cephalosporin; diaminopyrimidine antibiotic; ticarcillin; tetracycline antibiotic; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; lincosamide antibiotic; phenicol antibiotic; tetracycline; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Regulator UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with imipenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36309 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000170 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Imipenem is a broad-spectrum antibiotic and is usually taken with cilastatin, which prevents hydrolysis of imipenem by renal dehydropeptidase-I. It is resistant to hydrolysis by most other beta-lactamases. Notable exceptions are the KPC beta-lactamases and Ambler Class B enzymes. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifampin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36308 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000169 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifampin is a semi-synthetic rifamycin, and inhibits RNA synthesis by binding to RNA polymerase. Rifampin is the mainstay agent for the treatment of tuberculosis, leprosy and complicated Gram-positive infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36327 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000188 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Trimethoprim is a synthetic 5-(3,4,5- trimethoxybenzyl) pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, inhibiting synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid. Tetrahydrofolic acid is an essential precursor in the de novo synthesis of the DNA nucleotide thymidine. Trimethoprim is a bacteriostatic antibiotic mainly used in the prophylaxis and treatment of urinary tract infections in combination with sulfamethoxazole, a sulfonamide antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with diaminopyrimidine antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36310 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000171 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Diaminopyrimidines are a class of organic compounds containing a pyrimidine ring substituted by two amine groups. They are inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme critical for DNA synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with ticarcillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40523 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003832 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ticarcillin is a carboxypenicillin used for the treatment of Gram-negative bacteria, particularly P. aeruginosa. Ticarcillin's antibiotic properties arise from its ability to prevent cross-linking of peptidoglycan during cell wall synthesis, when the bacteria try to divide, causing cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincosamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35936 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincosamides (e.g. lincomycin, clindamycin) are a class of drugs which bind to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. This interaction inhibits early elongation of peptide chains by inhibiting the transpeptidase reaction, acting similarly to macrolides. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifamycin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36296 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000157 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifamycin antibiotics are a group of broad-spectrum ansamycin antibiotics that inhibit bacterial RNA polymerase by binding to a highly conserved region, blocking the oligonucleotide exit tunnel, and preventing the extension of nascent mRNAs. " 2121 UPDATE LRA-7 penam; antibiotic inactivation; subclass B3 LRA beta-lactamase; cephalosporin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with subclass B3 LRA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41390 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004226 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Beta-lactamases that are part of the LRA gene family and are classified as B3 (metallo-) beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 2123 UPDATE vgaC dalfopristin; pleuromutilin; ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump; antibiotic efflux; pristinamycin IIA; pleuromutilin antibiotic; madumycin II; griseoviridin; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; streptogramin antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with dalfopristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37018 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000674 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dalfopristin is a water-soluble semi-synthetic derivative of pristinamycin IIA. It is produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis and is used in combination with quinupristin in a 7:3 ratio. Both work together to inhibit protein synthesis, and is active against Gram-positive bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with pleuromutilin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37716 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3001317 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pleuromutilin is a natural product antibiotic produced by Clitopilus passeckerianus. Related antibiotics of clinical significance, such as tiamulin and retapamulin, are semi-synthetic derivatives of this compound. UPDATED category_aro_name with ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36002 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are present in all cells of all organisms and use the energy of ATP binding/hydrolysis to transport substrates across cell membranes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IIA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37013 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000669 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IIA is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with pleuromutilin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37014 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000670 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Pleuromutilins are natural fungal products that target bacterial protein translation by binding the the 23S rRNA, blocking the ribosome P site at the 50S subunit. They are mostly used for agriculture and veterinary purposes. UPDATED category_aro_name with madumycin II UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37016 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000672 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Madumycin II is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with griseoviridin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000673 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Griseoviridin is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptogramin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35945 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000026 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptogramin antibiotics are natural products produced by various members of the Streptomyces genus. These antibiotics bind to the P site of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The family consists of two subgroups, type A and type B, which are simultaneously produced by the same bacterial species in a ratio of roughly 70:30. " 2122 UPDATE Mycobacterium chelonae 16S rRNA mutation conferring resistance to neomycin glycopeptide antibiotic; arbekacin; gentamicin B; tetracycline antibiotic; antibiotic target alteration; isepamicin; G418; chlortetracycline; paromomycin; sisomicin; spectinomycin; netilmicin; apramycin; streptothricin; gentamicin C; streptomycin; aminoglycoside antibiotic; nucleoside antibiotic; 16s rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics; peptide antibiotic; minocycline; hygromycin B; doxycycline; amikacin; bleomycin B2; bleomycinic acid; bleomycin A2; dibekacin; oxytetracycline; neomycin; kanamycin A; tigecycline; glycylcycline; demeclocycline; astromicin; butirosin; ribostamycin; tetracycline; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with G418 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000653 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A gentamicin class aminoglycoside antibiotic often used in mammalian cell culture work as a selectable marker for the neo cassette (APH3'). UPDATED category_aro_name with chlortetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36667 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000528 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chlortetracycline was an early, first-generation tetracycline antibiotic developed in the 1940's. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes, preventing the aminoacyl-tRNA from binding to the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with paromomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000657 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with An aminoglycoside antibiotic used for the treatment of parasitic infections. It is similar to neomycin sharing a similar spectrum of activity, but its hydroxyl group at the 6'-position instead of an amino group makes it resistant to AAC(6') modifying enzymes. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with dibekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35926 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with spectinomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35957 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000039 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Spectinomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Spectinomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit inhibiting translation. UPDATED category_aro_name with netilmicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35956 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000038 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. UPDATED category_aro_name with apramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35955 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000037 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Apramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections in animals. Apramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptothricin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35931 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000012 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptothricins are a group of N-glycoside antibiotics that include a carbamoylated D-glucosamine to which are attached a series of L-beta-lysine residues at position 2 and a streptolidine at position 1. Streptothricins vary by the number of beta-lysine residues (from 1 (nourseothricin) to 7) and target protein synthesis in bacteria and eukaryotes. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin C UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35933 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin C is a mixture of gentamicin C1, gentamicin C1a, and gentamicin C2 (these differ in substituents at position C6'). Gentamicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35958 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000040 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Streptomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with nucleoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36174 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000034 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucleoside antibiotics are made of modified nucleosides and nucleotides with wide-ranging activities and means of antibacterial effects. This drug class includes aminonucleoside antibiotics, which contain an amino group. UPDATED category_aro_name with 16s rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40277 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Point mutations in the 16S rRNA of bacteria can confer resistance to aminoglycosides. UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with minocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36291 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000152 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Minocycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with hygromycin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36353 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000214 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Hygromycin B is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Hygromycin B works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Hygromycin B has also been shown to interact with eukaryotic cells. UPDATED category_aro_name with doxycycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35986 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Doxycycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin B2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37036 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000692 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin B2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycinic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37034 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000690 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycinic acid is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin A2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37035 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000691 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin A2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with demeclocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37011 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000667 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Demeclocycline is a tetracycline analog with 7-chloro and 6-methyl groups. Due to its fast absorption and slow excretion, it maintains higher effective blood levels compared to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with oxytetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37012 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000668 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Oxytetracycline is a derivative of tetracycline with a 5-hydroxyl group. Its activity is similar to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tigecycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35949 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000030 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tigecycline is an glycylcycline antibiotic. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycylcycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35960 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000042 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycylcyclines are a new class of antibiotics derived from tetracycline. These tetracycline analogues are specifically designed to overcome two common mechanisms of tetracycline resistance. Presently, there is only one glycylcycline antibiotic for clinical use: tigecycline. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome, preventing the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA. UPDATED category_aro_name with astromicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35922 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Astromicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Astromicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with butirosin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35943 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000024 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Butirosin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Butirosin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with ribostamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35940 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000021 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ribostamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Ribostamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 2124 UPDATE Clostridium difficile EF-Tu mutants conferring resistance to elfamycin pulvomycin; elfamycin resistant EF-Tu; GE2270A; LFF571; elfamycin antibiotic; enacyloxin IIa; antibiotic target alteration; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with pulvomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36725 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000586 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pulvomycin is a polyketide antibiotic that binds elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu) to inhibit protein biosynthesis by preventing the formation of the ternary complex (EF-Tu*GTP*aa-tRNA). Phenotypically, it was shown that pulvomycin sensitivity is dominant over resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with elfamycin resistant EF-Tu UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37711 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3001312 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Sequence variants of elongation factor Tu that confer resistance to elfamycin antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with GE2270A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37636 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3001237 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with GE2270A is the model molecule of cyclic thiazolyl peptide elfamycins. GE2270A is produced by Planobispora rosea. Biosynthesis of the molecule has been shown to originate as a ribosomally synthesized peptide that undergoes significant post-translational modification. Clinical use of cyclic thiazolyl peptides is hindered by their low water solubility and bioavailability. UPDATED category_aro_name with LFF571 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 39998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003414 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with LFF571 is a novel semi-synthetic thiopeptide antibiotic derived from GE2270. It has been shown to possess potent in vitro and in vivo activity against Gram-positive bacteria. It is hypothesized that it a translation inhibitor leading to cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with elfamycin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37618 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3001219 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Elfamycins are molecules that inhibit bacterial elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu), a key protein which brings aminoacyl-tRNA (aa-tRNA) to the ribosome during protein synthesis. Elfamycins defined by their target (EF-Tu), rather than a conserved chemical backbone. Elfamycins follow two mechanisms to disrupt protein synthesis: 1. kirromycins and enacyloxin fix EF-Tu in the GTP bound conformation and lock EF-Tu onto the ribosome, and 2. pulvomycin and GE2270 cover the binding site of aa-tRNA disallowing EF-Tu from being charged with aa-tRNA. All elfamycins cause increased the affinity of EF-Tu for GTP. UPDATED category_aro_name with enacyloxin IIa UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37641 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3001242 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Enacyloxin IIa is structurally distinct but acts in a similar mechanism to kirromycin-like elfamycins. It prohibits the transfer of the amino acid at the A site to the elongating peptide chain. It is most likely that the mechanism of action is that EF-Tu*GDP is locked in the EF-Tu*GTP form, and EF-Tu*GDP*aa-tRNA is immobilized on the ribosome. It is an open question whether enacyloxin IIa actually belongs to the kirromycin-like group of elfamycins due to their high similarity. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. " 948 UPDATE mecI antibiotic target replacement; ceftaroline; ampicillin; flucloxacillin; ceftibuten; cefditoren; piperacillin; cefpodoxime; cefixime; cefdinir; meropenem; carbapenem; imipenem; aztreonam; cefradine; isopenicillin N; cefazolin; penicillin N; ceftazidime; cefepime; penicillin; oxacillin; cefmetazole; moxalactam; cloxacillin; cefadroxil; ceftriaxone; methicillin; loracarbef; ceftizoxime; cephalosporin; cefotaxime; cefaclor; phenoxymethylpenicillin; cefonicid; monobactam; cefuroxime; amoxicillin; mezlocillin; azlocillin; cefalexin; doripenem; cefotiam; ertapenem; penam; cefprozil; cephapirin; ceftobiprole; benzylpenicillin; methicillin resistant PBP2; cephamycin; carbenicillin; cefalotin; ceftiofur; mecillinam; propicillin; cefoxitin; dicloxacillin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with ampicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36981 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000637 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ampicillin is a penicillin derivative that is highly acid stable, with its activity similar to benzylpenicillin. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target replacement UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Replacement or substitution of antibiotic action target, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftibuten UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36992 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000648 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftibuten is a semisynthetic cephalosporin active against Gram-negative bacilli. It is resistant against many plasmid-mediated beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefditoren UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36993 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000649 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefditoren is a semisynthetic cephalosporin active against staphylococci, streptococci, and and most enterobacteria. It is resistant to staphylococcal and most enterobacterial beta-lactamases, and is usually taken as the prodrug cefditoren pivoxil. UPDATED category_aro_name with piperacillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35995 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000078 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Piperacillin is an acetylureidopenicillin and has an extended spectrum of targets relative to other beta-lactam antibiotics. It inhibits cell wall synthesis in bacteria, and is usually taken with the beta-lactamase inhibitor tazobactam to overcome penicillin-resistant bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefpodoxime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000647 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefpodoxime is a semisynthetic cephalosporin that acts similarly to cefotaxime with broad-spectrum activity. It is stable to many plasmid-mediated beta-lactamses. Cefpodoxime is consumed as the prodrug cefpodoxime proxetil. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefixime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36990 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000646 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefixime is a cephalosporin resistant to most beta-lactamases. It is active against many enterobacteria, but activity against staphylococci is poor. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefdinir UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36994 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000650 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefdinir is similar to cefixime with a modified side-chain at its 7-amino position. It also shares similar activity with cefixime but is more active against staphylococci. It has also be shown to enhance phagocytosis. UPDATED category_aro_name with meropenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35990 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000073 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Meropenem is an ultra-broad spectrum injectable antibiotic used to treat a wide variety of infections, including meningitis and pneumonia. It is a beta-lactam and belongs to the subgroup of carbapenem, similar to imipenem and ertapenem. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with imipenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36309 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000170 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Imipenem is a broad-spectrum antibiotic and is usually taken with cilastatin, which prevents hydrolysis of imipenem by renal dehydropeptidase-I. It is resistant to hydrolysis by most other beta-lactamases. Notable exceptions are the KPC beta-lactamases and Ambler Class B enzymes. UPDATED category_aro_name with azlocillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36982 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000638 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Azlocillin is a semisynthetic derivative of penicillin that is notably active against Ps. aeruginosa and other Gram-negative bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with aztreonam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36689 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000550 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Aztreonam was the first monobactam discovered, and is greatly effective against Gram-negative bacteria while inactive against Gram-positive bacteria. Artreonam is a poor substrate for beta-lactamases, and may even act as an inhibitor. In Gram-negative bacteria, Aztreonam interferes with filamentation, inhibiting cell division and leading to cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftazidime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35977 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000060 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftazidime is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Unlike most third-generation agents, it is active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, however it has weaker activity against Gram-positive microorganisms and is not used for such infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefazolin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35975 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000058 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefazolin (INN), also known as cefazoline or cephazolin, is a first generation cephalosporin antibiotic. It is administered parenterally, and is active against a broad spectrum of bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with penicillin N UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37086 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Penicillin N is a penicillin derivative produced by Cephalosporium acremonium. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefmetazole UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40928 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefmetazole is a semi-synthetic cephamycin antibiotic with broad spectrum antibiotic activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, that disrupt cell wall synthesis through binding to PBPs causing cell lysis. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefepime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35976 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000059 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefepime (INN) is a fourth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic developed in 1994. It contains an aminothiazolyl group that decreases its affinity with beta-lactamases. Cefepime shows high binding affinity with penicillin-binding proteins and has an extended spectrum of activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, with greater activity against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms than third-generation agents. UPDATED category_aro_name with penicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35971 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000054 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Penicillin (sometimes abbreviated PCN) is a beta-lactam antibiotic used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. It works by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with oxacillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35973 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000056 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Oxacillin is a penicillinase-resistant beta-lactam. It is similar to methicillin, and has replaced methicillin in clinical use. Oxacillin, especially in combination with other antibiotics, is effective against many penicillinase-producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxalactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40944 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxalactam (Latamoxef) is a broad spectrum cephalosporin (oxacephem) and beta-lactam antibiotic. Moxalactam binding to PBPs inhibits peptidoglycan cross-linkage in the cell wall, resulting in cell death. Moxalactam is proposed to be effective against meningitides as it passes the blood-brain barrier. UPDATED category_aro_name with cloxacillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35930 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000011 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cloxacillin is a semisynthetic, isoxazolyl penicillin derivative in the beta-lactam class of antibiotics. It interferes with peptidogylcan synthesis and is commonly used for treating penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftaroline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36995 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000651 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftaroline is a novel cephalosporin active against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Like other cephalosporins it binds penicillin-binding proteins to inhibit cell wall synthesis. It strongly binds with PBP2a, associated with methicillin resistance. It is taken orally as the prodrug ceftaroline fosamil. UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftriaxone UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35979 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000062 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftriaxone is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. The presence of an aminothiazolyl sidechain increases ceftriazone's resistance to beta-lactamases. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with methicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35934 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Derived from penicillin to combat penicillin-resistance, methicillin is insensitive to beta-lactamases (also known as penicillinases) secreted by many penicillin-resistant bacteria. Methicillin is bactericidal, and acts by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with loracarbef UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40943 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Loracarbef is a second-generation cephalosporin (carbacephem) and broad spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic. Loracarbef inhibits PBPs through binding, disrupting peptidoglycan cell wall cross-linkage and resulting in cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with flucloxacillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36980 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000636 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Flucloxacillin is similar to cloxacillin, with an extra additional fluorine atom. UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftizoxime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40934 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftizoxime is a third-generation cephalosporin and broad spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic. Ceftizoxime causes bacterial cell lysis through peptidoglycan cross-linking inhibition by binding to PBPs. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefotaxime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36989 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000645 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefotaxime is a semisynthetic cephalosporin taken parenterally. It is resistant to most beta-lactamases and active against Gram-negative rods and cocci due to its aminothiazoyl and methoximino functional groups. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefaclor UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000644 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefaclor is a semisynthetic cephalosporin derived from cephalexin. It has broad-spectrum antibiotic activity. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenoxymethylpenicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36977 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000633 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenoxymethylpenicillin, or penicillin V, is a penicillin derivative that is acid stable but less active than benzylpenicillin (penicillin G). UPDATED category_aro_name with cefonicid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40929 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefonicid is a second-generation cephalosporin-class beta-lactam antibiotic with broad spectrum activity. Particularly used against urinary tract infections and lower respiratory infections. Causes cell lysis by inactivation of PBPs through binding, inhibiting peptidoglycan synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefuroxime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35980 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000063 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefuroxime is a second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with increased stability with beta-lactamases than first-generation cephalosporins. Cefuroxime is active against Gram-positive organisms but less active against methicillin-resistant strains. UPDATED category_aro_name with amoxicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35981 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000064 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amoxicillin is a moderate-spectrum, bacteriolytic, beta-lactam antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections caused by susceptible microorganisms. A derivative of penicillin, it has a wider range of treatment but remains relatively ineffective against Gram-negative bacteria. It is commonly taken with clavulanic acid, a beta-lactamase inhibitor. Like other beta-lactams, amoxicillin interferes with the synthesis of peptidoglycan. UPDATED category_aro_name with mezlocillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36983 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000639 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Mezlocillin is a penicillin derivative taken parenterally. UPDATED category_aro_name with isopenicillin N UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37085 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000705 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Isopenicillin N is a natural penicillin derivative produced by Penicillium chrysogenum with activity similar to penicillin N. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefalexin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36985 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000641 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefalexin is a cephalosporin antibiotic that causes filamentation. It is resistant to staphylococcal beta-lactamase, but degraded by enterobacterial beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with doripenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36984 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000640 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Doripenem is a carbapenem with a broad range of activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and along with meropenem, it is the most active beta-lactam antibiotic against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefotiam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36987 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000643 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefotiam is a cephalosporin antibiotic with similar activity to cefuroxime but more active against enterobacteria. It is consumed orally as the prodrug cefotiam hexetil. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefadroxil UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36986 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000642 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefadroxil, or p-hydroxycephalexin, is an cephalosporin antibiotic similar to cefalexin. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefprozil UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefprozil is a cephalosporin and beta-lactam antibiotic with bactericidal activity. It selectively binds to PBPs and inhibits peptidoglycan synthesis, a major cell wall component, resulting in cell lysis. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephapirin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephapirin is a first-generation cephalosporin and broad spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic. Inactivation of penicillin-binding proteins through cephapirin binding disrupts peptidoglycan cross-linking, resulting in cell lysis. UPDATED category_aro_name with dicloxacillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36979 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000635 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dicloxacillin is a penicillin derivative that has an extra chlorine atom in comparison to cloxacillin. While more active than cloxacillin, its high affinity for serum protein reduces its activity in human serum in vitro. UPDATED category_aro_name with benzylpenicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36976 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000632 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Benzylpenicillin, commonly referred to as penicillin G, is effective against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. It is unstable in acid. UPDATED category_aro_name with methicillin resistant PBP2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37589 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3001208 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with In methicillin sensitive S. aureus (MSSA), beta-lactams bind to native penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) and disrupt synthesis of the cell membrane's peptidoglycan layer. In methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA), foreign PBP2a acquired by lateral gene transfer is able to perform peptidoglycan synthesis in the presence of beta-lactams. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftobiprole UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35978 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000061 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftobiprole (Zeftera/Zevtera) is a next generation (5th generation) cephalosporin antibiotic with activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterococci. Ceftobiprole inhibits transpeptidases essential to building cell walls, and is a poor substrate for most beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbenicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35961 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000043 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbenicillin is a semi-synthetic antibiotic belonging to the carboxypenicillin subgroup of the penicillins. It has gram-negative coverage which includes Pseudomonas aeruginosa but limited gram-positive coverage. The carboxypenicillins are susceptible to degradation by beta-lactamase enzymes. Carbenicillin antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefalotin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37084 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000704 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. It is resistant to staphylococci beta-lactamases but hydrolyzed by enterobacterial beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftiofur UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40933 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftiofur is a third-generation broad spectrum cephalosporin and beta-lactam antibiotic. It causes cell lysis by disrupting peptidoglycan cross-linkage and cell wall formation by binding to PBPs. UPDATED category_aro_name with mecillinam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37141 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000761 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Mecillinam is a broad-spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic that was semi-synthetically derived to have a different drug centre, being a 6-alpha-amidinopenicillanate instead of a 6-alpha-acylaminopenicillanate. Contrasting most beta-lactam drugs, mecillinam is most active against Gram-negative bacteria. It binds specifically to penicillin binding protein 2 (PBP2). UPDATED category_aro_name with propicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36978 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000634 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Propicillin is an orally taken penicillin derivative that has high absorption but poor activity. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefoxitin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35927 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefoxitin is a cephamycin antibiotic often grouped with the second generation cephalosporins. Cefoxitin is bactericidal and acts by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. Cefoxitin's 7-alpha-methoxy group and 3' leaving group make it a poor substrate for most beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with ertapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35987 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000070 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ertapenem is a carbapenem antibiotic and is highly resistant to beta-lactamases like other carbapenems. It inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefradine UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40936 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004009 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefradine is a first-generation cephalosporin and broad spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic. Cefradine binding to penicillin-binding proteins disrupts cell wall peptidoglycan cross-linkage, resulting in cell lysis. " 949 UPDATE CTX-M-77 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 946 UPDATE QnrB48 sparfloxacin; norfloxacin; quinolone resistance protein (qnr); gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; antibiotic target protection; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; nalidixic acid; moxifloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with quinolone resistance protein (qnr) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36558 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000419 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Qnr proteins are pentapeptide repeat proteins that mimic DNA and protect the cell from the activity of fluoroquinolone antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target protection UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. " 947 UPDATE OXA-100 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 944 UPDATE bcrB peptide antibiotic; ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; antibiotic efflux; bacitracin B; bacitracin F; bacitracin A; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36002 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are present in all cells of all organisms and use the energy of ATP binding/hydrolysis to transport substrates across cell membranes. UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with bacitracin F UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36975 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000631 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bacitracin F is a component of bacitracin, an antibiotic mixture that interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis. It is formed when the thiazoline ring of bacitracin A is oxidatively deaminated. UPDATED category_aro_name with bacitracin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36973 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000629 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bacitracin A is the primary component of bacitracin. It contains many uncommon amino acids and interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with bacitracin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36974 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000630 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bacitracin B is a component of bacitracin, an antibiotic mixture that interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis. It differs from Bacitracin A with a valine instead of an isoleucine in its peptide. " 1084 UPDATE LEN-5 penam; LEN beta-lactamase; antibiotic inactivation; penem; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with LEN beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36236 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000097 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with LEN beta-lactamases are chromosomal class A beta-lactamases that confer resistance to ampicillin, amoxicillin, carbenicillin, and ticarcillin but not to extended-spectrum beta-lactams. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. " 942 UPDATE OXA-104 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 943 UPDATE vanUG glycopeptide antibiotic; glycopeptide resistance gene cluster; antibiotic target alteration; vanU; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide resistance gene cluster UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36373 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000234 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Genes that when expressed confer resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin type antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with vanU UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36714 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000575 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with VanU is a transcriptional activator of vancomycin resistance genes. " 940 UPDATE TEM-125 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 941 UPDATE GES-1 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; GES beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with GES beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36205 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000066 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with GES beta-lactamases or Guiana extended-spectrum beta-lactamases are related to the other plasmid-located class A beta-lactamases " 2410 UPDATE Salmonella enterica parC conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones ofloxacin; norfloxacin; nalidixic acid; levofloxacin; fluoroquinolone resistant parC; antibiotic target alteration; ciprofloxacin; pefloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with ofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37007 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000663 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ofloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a methyl-substituted oxazine ring. It has a broad spectrum of activity including many enterobacteria and mycoplasma but most anaerobes are resistant. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone resistant parC UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36913 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000619 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with ParC is a subunit of topoisomerase IV, which decatenates and relaxes DNA to allow access to genes for transcription or translation. Point mutations in ParC prevent fluoroquinolone antibiotics from inhibiting DNA synthesis, and confer low-level resistance. Higher-level resistance results from both gyrA and parC mutations. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with pefloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37142 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000762 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pefloxacin is structurally and functionally similar to norfloxacin. It is poorly active against mycobacteria, while anaerobes are resistant. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. " 2659 UPDATE Klebsiella pneumoniae acrA penam; antibiotic efflux; triclosan; rifampin; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; tetracycline antibiotic; cephalosporin; cefalotin; tigecycline; glycylcycline; ampicillin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; rifamycin antibiotic; phenicol antibiotic; tetracycline; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with triclosan UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37250 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000870 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Triclosan is a common antibacterial agent added to many consumer products as a biocide. It is an inhibitor of fatty acid biosynthesis by blocking enoyl-carrier protein reductase (FabI). UPDATED category_aro_name with rifampin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36308 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000169 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifampin is a semi-synthetic rifamycin, and inhibits RNA synthesis by binding to RNA polymerase. Rifampin is the mainstay agent for the treatment of tuberculosis, leprosy and complicated Gram-positive infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with ampicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36981 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000637 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ampicillin is a penicillin derivative that is highly acid stable, with its activity similar to benzylpenicillin. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefalotin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37084 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000704 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. It is resistant to staphylococci beta-lactamases but hydrolyzed by enterobacterial beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with tigecycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35949 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000030 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tigecycline is an glycylcycline antibiotic. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycylcycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35960 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000042 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycylcyclines are a new class of antibiotics derived from tetracycline. These tetracycline analogues are specifically designed to overcome two common mechanisms of tetracycline resistance. Presently, there is only one glycylcycline antibiotic for clinical use: tigecycline. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome, preventing the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifamycin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36296 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000157 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifamycin antibiotics are a group of broad-spectrum ansamycin antibiotics that inhibit bacterial RNA polymerase by binding to a highly conserved region, blocking the oligonucleotide exit tunnel, and preventing the extension of nascent mRNAs. " 2653 UPDATE msrB streptogramin antibiotic; ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump; antibiotic efflux; macrolide antibiotic; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with streptogramin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35945 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000026 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptogramin antibiotics are natural products produced by various members of the Streptomyces genus. These antibiotics bind to the P site of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The family consists of two subgroups, type A and type B, which are simultaneously produced by the same bacterial species in a ratio of roughly 70:30. UPDATED category_aro_name with ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36002 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are present in all cells of all organisms and use the energy of ATP binding/hydrolysis to transport substrates across cell membranes. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. " 2656 UPDATE Escherichia coli emrE efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; antibiotic efflux; small multidrug resistance (SMR) antibiotic efflux pump; macrolide antibiotic; erythromycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with small multidrug resistance (SMR) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36004 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Small multidrug resistance (SMR) proteins are a relatively small family of transporters, restricted to prokaryotic cells. They are also the smallest multidrug transporters, with only four transmembrane alpha-helices and no significant extramembrane domain. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. " 2655 UPDATE Pseudomonas aeruginosa emrE aminoglycoside antibiotic; gentamicin C; antibiotic efflux; small multidrug resistance (SMR) antibiotic efflux pump; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin C UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35933 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin C is a mixture of gentamicin C1, gentamicin C1a, and gentamicin C2 (these differ in substituents at position C6'). Gentamicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with small multidrug resistance (SMR) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36004 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Small multidrug resistance (SMR) proteins are a relatively small family of transporters, restricted to prokaryotic cells. They are also the smallest multidrug transporters, with only four transmembrane alpha-helices and no significant extramembrane domain. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 2654 UPDATE adeL antibiotic efflux; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; protein(s) and two-component regulatory system modulating antibiotic efflux; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; tetracycline antibiotic; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; tetracycline; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Regulator UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. " 133 UPDATE arr-8 antibiotic inactivation; rifampin; rifapentine; rifabutin; rifampin ADP-ribosyltransferase (Arr); rifaximin; rifamycin antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifampin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36308 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000169 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifampin is a semi-synthetic rifamycin, and inhibits RNA synthesis by binding to RNA polymerase. Rifampin is the mainstay agent for the treatment of tuberculosis, leprosy and complicated Gram-positive infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifapentine UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36673 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000534 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifapentine is a semisynthetic rifamycin that inhibits DNA-dependent RNA synthesis. It is often used in the treatment of tuberculosis and leprosy. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifabutin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36669 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000530 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifabutin is a semisynthetic rifamycin used in tuberculosis therapy. It inhibits DNA-dependent RNA synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifampin ADP-ribosyltransferase (Arr) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36529 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000390 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzyme responsible for the ADP-ribosylative inactivation of rifampin at the 23-OH position using NAD+. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifaximin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36656 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000517 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifaximin is a semi-synthetic rifamycin used to treat traveller's diarrhea. Rifaximin inhibits RNA synthesis by binding to the beta subunit of bacterial RNA polymerase. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifamycin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36296 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000157 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifamycin antibiotics are a group of broad-spectrum ansamycin antibiotics that inhibit bacterial RNA polymerase by binding to a highly conserved region, blocking the oligonucleotide exit tunnel, and preventing the extension of nascent mRNAs. " 132 UPDATE TEM-198 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 131 UPDATE CTX-M-50 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 130 UPDATE CTX-M-112 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 137 UPDATE APH(2'')-Ie antibiotic inactivation; kanamycin A; gentamicin B; aminoglycoside antibiotic; sisomicin; arbekacin; APH(2''); netilmicin; gentamicin C; amikacin; isepamicin; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with APH(2'') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36267 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000128 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Phosphorylation of 2-deoxystreptamine aminoglycosides on the hydroxyl group at position 2'' UPDATED category_aro_name with netilmicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35956 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000038 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin C UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35933 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin C is a mixture of gentamicin C1, gentamicin C1a, and gentamicin C2 (these differ in substituents at position C6'). Gentamicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 136 UPDATE CMY-9 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 135 UPDATE SME-5 carbapenem; antibiotic inactivation; SME beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SME beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36194 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000055 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SME beta-lactamases are chromosome-mediated class A beta-lactamases that hydrolyze carbapenems in Serratia marcescens. " 134 UPDATE rgt1438 antibiotic inactivation; rifampin; rifapentine; rifampin glycosyltransferase; rifabutin; rifaximin; rifamycin antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifampin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36308 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000169 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifampin is a semi-synthetic rifamycin, and inhibits RNA synthesis by binding to RNA polymerase. Rifampin is the mainstay agent for the treatment of tuberculosis, leprosy and complicated Gram-positive infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifapentine UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36673 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000534 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifapentine is a semisynthetic rifamycin that inhibits DNA-dependent RNA synthesis. It is often used in the treatment of tuberculosis and leprosy. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifampin glycosyltransferase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36582 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000443 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with The enzymatic inactivation of rifampin by glycosylation at the 23-OH position. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifabutin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36669 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000530 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifabutin is a semisynthetic rifamycin used in tuberculosis therapy. It inhibits DNA-dependent RNA synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifaximin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36656 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000517 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifaximin is a semi-synthetic rifamycin used to treat traveller's diarrhea. Rifaximin inhibits RNA synthesis by binding to the beta subunit of bacterial RNA polymerase. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifamycin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36296 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000157 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifamycin antibiotics are a group of broad-spectrum ansamycin antibiotics that inhibit bacterial RNA polymerase by binding to a highly conserved region, blocking the oligonucleotide exit tunnel, and preventing the extension of nascent mRNAs. " 139 UPDATE QnrB10 sparfloxacin; norfloxacin; quinolone resistance protein (qnr); gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; antibiotic target protection; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; nalidixic acid; moxifloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with quinolone resistance protein (qnr) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36558 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000419 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Qnr proteins are pentapeptide repeat proteins that mimic DNA and protect the cell from the activity of fluoroquinolone antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target protection UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. " 138 UPDATE Streptomyces lividans cmlR antibiotic efflux; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump; phenicol antibiotic; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component DELETED 36191 UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and ABC transporters comprise the two largest and most functionally diverse of the transporter superfamilies. However, MFS transporters are distinct from ABC transporters in both their primary sequence and structure and in the mechanism of energy coupling. As secondary transporters they are, like RND and SMR transporters, energized by the electrochemical proton gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. " 1354 UPDATE Mycobacterium tuberculosis embA mutant conferring resistance to ethambutol antibiotic target alteration; ethambutol resistant arabinosyltransferase; polyamine antibiotic; ethambutol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ethambutol resistant arabinosyltransferase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 39310 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3002876 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Arabinosyl transferases allow for the polymerization of arabinose to form arabinan. Arabinan is required for formation of mycobacterial cell walls and arabinosyltransferases are targets of the drug ethambutol. Mutations in these genes can confer resistance to ethambutol. UPDATED category_aro_name with polyamine antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36666 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000527 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Polyamine antibiotics are organic compounds having two or more primary amino groups. UPDATED category_aro_name with ethambutol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36636 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000497 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ethambutol is an antimycobacterial drug prescribed to treat tuberculosis. It is usually given in combination with other tuberculosis drugs, such as isoniazid, rifampicin, and pyrazinamide. Ethambutol inhibits arabinosyl biosynthesis, disrupting mycobacterial cell wall formation. " 2019 UPDATE OXA-213 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 2018 UPDATE CMY-76 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 2015 UPDATE DHA-3 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; cephamycin; DHA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with DHA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36207 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000068 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with DHA beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated AmpC β-lactamases that confer resistance to cephamycins and oxyimino-cephalosporins. " 2014 UPDATE PmrF pmr phosphoethanolamine transferase; peptide antibiotic; antibiotic target alteration; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with pmr phosphoethanolamine transferase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41433 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004269 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with This family of phosphoethanolamine transferase catalyze the addition of 4-amino-4-deoxy-L-arabinose (L-Ara4N) and phosphoethanolamine to lipid A, which impedes the binding of colistin to the cell membrane. UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. " 2017 UPDATE CTX-M-37 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 2016 UPDATE OXA-370 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 2011 UPDATE QnrB60 sparfloxacin; norfloxacin; quinolone resistance protein (qnr); gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; antibiotic target protection; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; nalidixic acid; moxifloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with quinolone resistance protein (qnr) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36558 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000419 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Qnr proteins are pentapeptide repeat proteins that mimic DNA and protect the cell from the activity of fluoroquinolone antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target protection UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. " 2010 UPDATE CTX-M-129 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 2013 UPDATE Erm(41) antibiotic target alteration; vernamycin B-gamma; oleandomycin; macrolide antibiotic; telithromycin; tylosin; lincosamide antibiotic; dirithromycin; clarithromycin; clindamycin; dalfopristin; pristinamycin IB; quinupristin; pristinamycin IA; Erm 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase; pristinamycin IIA; madumycin II; griseoviridin; lincomycin; streptogramin antibiotic; roxithromycin; spiramycin; azithromycin; erythromycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with vernamycin B-gamma UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37022 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000678 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Vernamycin B-gamma is a class B streptogramin derived from virginiamycin S1. UPDATED category_aro_name with oleandomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37247 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000867 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Oleandomycin is a 14-membered macrolide produced by Streptomyces antibioticus. It is ssimilar to erythromycin, and contains a desosamine amino sugar and an oleandrose sugar. It targets the 50S ribosomal subunit to prevent protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with telithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35974 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000057 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Telithromycin is a semi-synthetic derivative of erythromycin. It is a 14-membered macrolide and is the first ketolide antibiotic to be used in clinics. Telithromycin binds the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with tylosin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36284 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000145 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tylosin is a 16-membered macrolide, naturally produced by Streptomyces fradiae. It interacts with the bacterial ribosome 50S subunit to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincosamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35936 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincosamides (e.g. lincomycin, clindamycin) are a class of drugs which bind to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. This interaction inhibits early elongation of peptide chains by inhibiting the transpeptidase reaction, acting similarly to macrolides. UPDATED category_aro_name with dirithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36315 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000176 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dirithromycin is an oxazine derivative of erythromycin, sharing the 14-carbon macrolide ring. The antibiotic binds to the 50S subunit of the ribosome to inhibit bacterial protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with clarithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35982 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000065 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Clarithromycin is a methyl derivative of erythromycin, sharing the 14-carbon macrolide ring. The antibiotic binds to the 50S subunit of the ribosome and is used to treat pharyngitis, tonsillitis, acute maxillary sinusitis, acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, pneumonia (especially atypical pneumonias associated with Chlamydia pneumoniae or TWAR), and skin structure infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with clindamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35983 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000066 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Clindamycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that blocks A-site aminoacyl-tRNA binding. It is usually used to treat infections with anaerobic bacteria but can also be used to treat some protozoal diseases, such as malaria. UPDATED category_aro_name with dalfopristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37018 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000674 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dalfopristin is a water-soluble semi-synthetic derivative of pristinamycin IIA. It is produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis and is used in combination with quinupristin in a 7:3 ratio. Both work together to inhibit protein synthesis, and is active against Gram-positive bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IB UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37019 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000675 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IB is a class B streptogramin similar to pristinamycin IA, the former containing a N-methyl-4-(methylamino)phenylalanine instead of a N-methyl-4-(dimethylamino)phenylalanine in its class A streptogramin counterpart (one less methyl group). UPDATED category_aro_name with quinupristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36723 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000584 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Quinupristin is a type B streptogramin and a semisynthetic derivative of pristinamycin 1A. It is a component of the drug Synercid and interacts with the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36722 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000583 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin 1A is a type B streptogramin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis. It binds to the P site of the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, preventing the extension of protein chains. UPDATED category_aro_name with Erm 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36699 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000560 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Erm proteins are part of the RNA methyltransferase family and methylate A2058 (E. coli nomenclature) of the 23S ribosomal RNA conferring degrees of resistance to Macrolides, Lincosamides and Streptogramin b. This is called the MLSb phenotype. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IIA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37013 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000669 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IIA is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with madumycin II UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37016 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000672 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Madumycin II is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with griseoviridin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000673 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Griseoviridin is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35964 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000046 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincomycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that comes from the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis. It binds to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes and inhibit early elongation of peptide chain by inhibiting transpeptidase reaction. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptogramin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35945 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000026 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptogramin antibiotics are natural products produced by various members of the Streptomyces genus. These antibiotics bind to the P site of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The family consists of two subgroups, type A and type B, which are simultaneously produced by the same bacterial species in a ratio of roughly 70:30. UPDATED category_aro_name with roxithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35946 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000027 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Roxithromycin is a semi-synthetic, 14-carbon ring macrolide antibiotic derived from erythromycin. It is used to treat respiratory tract, urinary and soft tissue infections. Roxithromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. UPDATED category_aro_name with spiramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36295 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000156 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Spiramycin is a 16-membered macrolide and is natural product produced by Streptomyces ambofaciens. It binds to the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes and inhibits peptidyl transfer activity to disrupt protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with azithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36297 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000158 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Azithromycin is a 15-membered macrolide and falls under the subclass of azalide. Like other macrolides, azithromycin binds bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The nitrogen substitution at the C-9a position prevents its degradation. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. " 2012 UPDATE SHV-178 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 2112 UPDATE patB antibiotic efflux; ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump; norfloxacin; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36002 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are present in all cells of all organisms and use the energy of ATP binding/hydrolysis to transport substrates across cell membranes. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. " 708 UPDATE CTX-M-49 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 709 UPDATE TEM-213 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 704 UPDATE OprJ penam; antibiotic efflux; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; ofloxacin; trimethoprim; aminocoumarin antibiotic; novobiocin; macrolide antibiotic; phenicol antibiotic; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; cephalosporin; diaminopyrimidine antibiotic; tetracycline antibiotic; gentamicin C; chloramphenicol; aminoglycoside antibiotic; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; tetracycline; erythromycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin C UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35933 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin C is a mixture of gentamicin C1, gentamicin C1a, and gentamicin C2 (these differ in substituents at position C6'). Gentamicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with ofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37007 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000663 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ofloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a methyl-substituted oxazine ring. It has a broad spectrum of activity including many enterobacteria and mycoplasma but most anaerobes are resistant. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36327 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000188 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Trimethoprim is a synthetic 5-(3,4,5- trimethoxybenzyl) pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, inhibiting synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid. Tetrahydrofolic acid is an essential precursor in the de novo synthesis of the DNA nucleotide thymidine. Trimethoprim is a bacteriostatic antibiotic mainly used in the prophylaxis and treatment of urinary tract infections in combination with sulfamethoxazole, a sulfonamide antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminocoumarin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36242 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000103 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminocoumarin antibiotics bind DNA gyrase subunit B to inhibit ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with novobiocin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36250 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000111 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Novobiocin is an aminocoumarin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spheroides and Streptomyces niveus, and binds DNA gyrase subunit B inhibiting ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with diaminopyrimidine antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36310 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000171 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Diaminopyrimidines are a class of organic compounds containing a pyrimidine ring substituted by two amine groups. They are inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme critical for DNA synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. " 705 UPDATE CMY-116 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 706 UPDATE APH(7'')-Ia antibiotic inactivation; APH(7''); hygromycin B; aminoglycoside antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with APH(7'') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36293 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000154 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Phosphorylation of hygromycin on the hydroxyl group at position 7'' UPDATED category_aro_name with hygromycin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36353 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000214 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Hygromycin B is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Hygromycin B works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Hygromycin B has also been shown to interact with eukaryotic cells. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 707 UPDATE AIM-1 penam; AIM beta-lactamase; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with AIM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41380 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004216 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with A subclass B3 family of beta-lactamases that confer resistance to a range of beta-lactam antibiotics including penams, cephamycins, and cephalosporins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 700 UPDATE ACT-31 antibiotic inactivation; carbapenem; penam; ACT beta-lactamase; cephalosporin; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with ACT beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36211 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000072 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with ACT beta-lactamases, also known as AmpC beta-lactamases, are cephalosporinases that cannot be inhibited by clavulanate. These enzymes are encoded by genes located on the chromosome and can be induced by the presence of beta-lactam antibiotics. However recently, these genes have been found on plasmids and expressed at high constitutive levels in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 701 UPDATE SHV-129 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 702 UPDATE CTX-M-98 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 703 UPDATE cmlv antibiotic inactivation; chloramphenicol phosphotransferase; phenicol antibiotic; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol phosphotransferase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36388 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000249 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with ATP-dependent kinase modifies the C-3 hydroxyl group of chloramphenicol. Source is the chloramphenicol producer Streptomyces venezuelae. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. " 88 UPDATE CMY-55 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 89 UPDATE vanYA glycopeptide resistance gene cluster; teicoplanin; vanY; glycopeptide antibiotic; antibiotic target alteration; vancomycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide resistance gene cluster UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36373 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000234 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Genes that when expressed confer resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin type antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with teicoplanin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35948 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000029 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Teicoplanin is a glycopeptide antibiotic used in the prophylaxis and treatment of serious infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria. Teicoplanin has a unique acyl-aliphatic chain, and binds to cell wall precursors to inhibit transglycosylation and transpeptidation. UPDATED category_aro_name with vanY UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36216 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000077 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with VanY is a D,D-carboxypeptidase that cleaves removes the terminal D-Ala from peptidoglycan for the addition of D-Lactate. The D-Ala-D-Lac peptidoglycan subunits have reduced binding affinity with vancomycin compared to D-Ala-D-Ala. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with vancomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35947 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000028 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Vancomycin is a glycopeptide antibiotic used in the prophylaxis and treatment of infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria. Vancomycin inhibits the synthesis of peptidoglycan, the major component of the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria. Its mechanism of action is unusual in that it acts by binding precursors of peptidoglycan, rather than by interacting with an enzyme. " 82 UPDATE PER-4 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; carbapenem; cephalosporin; PER beta-lactamase; monobactam; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with PER beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36195 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000056 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with PER beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated extended spectrum beta-lactamases found in the Enterobacteriaceae family. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 83 UPDATE IMP-47 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; carbapenem; cephalosporin; IMP beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with IMP beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36029 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Plasmid mediated IMP-type carbapenemases, of which at least 26 varieties are currently known, became established in Japan in the 1990s in enteric gram-negative organisms, Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter species. Integron-associated, sometimes within plasmids. Hydrolyses all beta-lactams except monobactams, and evades all beta-lactam inhibitors. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 80 UPDATE ACT-29 antibiotic inactivation; carbapenem; penam; ACT beta-lactamase; cephalosporin; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with ACT beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36211 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000072 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with ACT beta-lactamases, also known as AmpC beta-lactamases, are cephalosporinases that cannot be inhibited by clavulanate. These enzymes are encoded by genes located on the chromosome and can be induced by the presence of beta-lactam antibiotics. However recently, these genes have been found on plasmids and expressed at high constitutive levels in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 81 UPDATE FOX-3 antibiotic inactivation; cephamycin; cephalosporin; FOX beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with FOX beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36206 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000067 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with FOX beta-lactamases are plasmid-encoded AmpC-type beta-lactamase which conferred resistance to broad-spectrum cephalosporins and cephamycins " 86 UPDATE TEM-102 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 87 UPDATE TEM-116 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 84 UPDATE GIM-1 penam; GIM beta-lactamase; penem; carbapenem; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; cephamycin; monobactam; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with GIM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 39772 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003195 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with The GIM beta-lactamases are isolated from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. They are located in a distinct integron structure. They confers high broad spectrum resistant, including all ß-lactams, aminoglycosides and quinolones. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 85 UPDATE IMP-42 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; carbapenem; cephalosporin; IMP beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with IMP beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36029 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Plasmid mediated IMP-type carbapenemases, of which at least 26 varieties are currently known, became established in Japan in the 1990s in enteric gram-negative organisms, Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter species. Integron-associated, sometimes within plasmids. Hydrolyses all beta-lactams except monobactams, and evades all beta-lactam inhibitors. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 762 UPDATE CTX-M-55 antibiotic inactivation; ceftazidime; ceftriaxone; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftazidime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35977 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000060 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftazidime is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Unlike most third-generation agents, it is active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, however it has weaker activity against Gram-positive microorganisms and is not used for such infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftriaxone UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35979 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000062 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftriaxone is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. The presence of an aminothiazolyl sidechain increases ceftriazone's resistance to beta-lactamases. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 1658 UPDATE OKP-B-4 penam; antibiotic inactivation; OKP beta-lactamase; cephalosporin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with OKP beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 38817 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3002417 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OKP beta-lactamases are chromosomal class A beta-lactamase that confer resistance to penicillins and early cephalosporins in Klebsiella pneumoniae. OKP beta-lactamases can be subdivided into two groups: OKP-A and OKP-B which diverge by about 4.2% UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 1659 UPDATE OXA-258 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1652 UPDATE IMP-20 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; carbapenem; cephalosporin; IMP beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with IMP beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36029 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Plasmid mediated IMP-type carbapenemases, of which at least 26 varieties are currently known, became established in Japan in the 1990s in enteric gram-negative organisms, Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter species. Integron-associated, sometimes within plasmids. Hydrolyses all beta-lactams except monobactams, and evades all beta-lactam inhibitors. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 1653 UPDATE AAC(6')-Ip antibiotic inactivation; kanamycin A; aminoglycoside antibiotic; AAC(6'); isepamicin; sisomicin; arbekacin; gentamicin B; netilmicin; amikacin; dibekacin; neomycin; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with AAC(6') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36484 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000345 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Acetylation of the aminoglycoside antibiotic on the amino group at position 6'. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with netilmicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35956 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000038 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with dibekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35926 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 1650 UPDATE CMY-15 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 1651 UPDATE AAC(6')-If antibiotic inactivation; kanamycin A; aminoglycoside antibiotic; AAC(6'); isepamicin; sisomicin; arbekacin; gentamicin B; netilmicin; amikacin; dibekacin; neomycin; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with AAC(6') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36484 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000345 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Acetylation of the aminoglycoside antibiotic on the amino group at position 6'. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with netilmicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35956 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000038 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with dibekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35926 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 1656 UPDATE CTX-M-79 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 1657 UPDATE AAC(6')-IIa antibiotic inactivation; kanamycin A; aminoglycoside antibiotic; AAC(6'); isepamicin; sisomicin; arbekacin; gentamicin B; netilmicin; amikacin; dibekacin; neomycin; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with AAC(6') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36484 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000345 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Acetylation of the aminoglycoside antibiotic on the amino group at position 6'. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with netilmicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35956 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000038 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with dibekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35926 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 1654 UPDATE SHV-95 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 1655 UPDATE TEM-117 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 586 UPDATE VIM-20 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; carbapenem; cephalosporin; cephamycin; VIM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with VIM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36030 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000021 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with The Verone integron-encoded metallo-beta-lactamase (VIM) family was reported from Italy in 1999. There are, to date, 23 reported variants. VIM enzymes mostly occur in P. aeruginosa, also P. putida and, very rarely, Enterobacteriaceae. Integron-associated, sometimes within plasmids. Hydrolyses all beta-lactams except monobactams, and evades all beta-lactam inhibitors. There is a strong incidence of these in East Asia. " 587 UPDATE TEM-73 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 584 UPDATE aadA21 antibiotic inactivation; aminoglycoside antibiotic; ANT(3''); streptomycin; spectinomycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with ANT(3'') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41439 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004275 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucleotidylylation of streptomycin at the hydroxyl group at position 3'' UPDATED category_aro_name with streptomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35958 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000040 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Streptomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with spectinomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35957 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000039 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Spectinomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Spectinomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit inhibiting translation. " 585 UPDATE NDM-7 antibiotic inactivation; penam; carbapenem; cephalosporin; cephamycin; NDM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with NDM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36196 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000057 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with NDM beta-lactamases or New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamases are class B beta-lactamases that confer resistance to a broad range of antibiotics including carbapenems, cephalosporins and penicillins. " 763 UPDATE catI antibiotic inactivation; thiamphenicol; chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT); azidamfenicol; phenicol antibiotic; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with thiamphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36595 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000456 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Derivative of Chloramphenicol. The nitro group (-NO2) is substituted by a sulfomethyl group (-SO2CH3). UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36261 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000122 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Inactivates chloramphenicol by addition of an acyl group. cat is used to describe many variants of the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene in a range of organisms including Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Bacillus clausii, Bacillus subtilis, Campylobacter coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, Lactococcus lactis, Listeria monocytogenes, Listonella anguillarum Morganella morganii, Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella typhi, Serratia marcescens, Shigella flexneri, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Staphylococcus intermedius, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus suis and Streptomyces acrimycini UPDATED category_aro_name with azidamfenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36521 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000382 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Azidamfenicol is a water soluble derivative of chloramphenicol, sharing the same mode of action of inhibiting peptide synthesis by interacting with the 23S RNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. " 583 UPDATE SHV-100 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 580 UPDATE TEM-110 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 581 UPDATE QnrB19 sparfloxacin; norfloxacin; quinolone resistance protein (qnr); gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; antibiotic target protection; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; nalidixic acid; moxifloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with quinolone resistance protein (qnr) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36558 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000419 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Qnr proteins are pentapeptide repeat proteins that mimic DNA and protect the cell from the activity of fluoroquinolone antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target protection UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. " 1632 UPDATE CTX-M-53 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 588 UPDATE OKP-A-7 penam; antibiotic inactivation; OKP beta-lactamase; cephalosporin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with OKP beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 38817 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3002417 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OKP beta-lactamases are chromosomal class A beta-lactamase that confer resistance to penicillins and early cephalosporins in Klebsiella pneumoniae. OKP beta-lactamases can be subdivided into two groups: OKP-A and OKP-B which diverge by about 4.2% UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 589 UPDATE TEM-145 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 1633 UPDATE catQ antibiotic inactivation; thiamphenicol; chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT); azidamfenicol; phenicol antibiotic; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with thiamphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36595 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000456 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Derivative of Chloramphenicol. The nitro group (-NO2) is substituted by a sulfomethyl group (-SO2CH3). UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36261 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000122 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Inactivates chloramphenicol by addition of an acyl group. cat is used to describe many variants of the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene in a range of organisms including Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Bacillus clausii, Bacillus subtilis, Campylobacter coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, Lactococcus lactis, Listeria monocytogenes, Listonella anguillarum Morganella morganii, Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella typhi, Serratia marcescens, Shigella flexneri, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Staphylococcus intermedius, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus suis and Streptomyces acrimycini UPDATED category_aro_name with azidamfenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36521 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000382 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Azidamfenicol is a water soluble derivative of chloramphenicol, sharing the same mode of action of inhibiting peptide synthesis by interacting with the 23S RNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. " 2839 UPDATE GOB-18 carbapenem; penam; GOB beta-lactamase; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with GOB beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41376 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004212 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with The GOB family of beta-lactamases have been discovered in the Elizabethkingia meningoseptica and are classified as subclass B3 beta-lactamase. They confer resistance to cephalosporins, penicillins, and carbapenems. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 2838 UPDATE MCR-1.2 peptide antibiotic; MCR phosphoethanolamine transferase; antibiotic target alteration; colistin B; colistin A; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with MCR phosphoethanolamine transferase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41432 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004268 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with A group of mobile colistin resistance genes encode the MCR family of phosphoethanolamine transferases, which catalyze the addition of phosphoethanolamine onto lipid A, thus interfering with the binding of colistin to the cell membrane. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with colistin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000624 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Colistin B, or polymyxin E2, has a 6-heptanoic acid lipid tail. Polymyxins disrupt the cell membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with colistin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000622 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Colistin A, or polymyxin E1, has a 6-octanoic acid lipid tail. Polymyxins disrupt the cell membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. " 2837 UPDATE APH(2'')-If antibiotic inactivation; kanamycin A; aminoglycoside antibiotic; gentamicin B; isepamicin; sisomicin; arbekacin; APH(2''); netilmicin; gentamicin C; amikacin; dibekacin; gentamicin A; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with dibekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35926 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with APH(2'') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36267 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000128 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Phosphorylation of 2-deoxystreptamine aminoglycosides on the hydroxyl group at position 2'' UPDATED category_aro_name with netilmicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35956 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000038 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin C UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35933 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin C is a mixture of gentamicin C1, gentamicin C1a, and gentamicin C2 (these differ in substituents at position C6'). Gentamicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40942 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin A is part of a complex of broad spectrum aminoglycoside antibiotics. Gentamicin inhibits protein synthesis, resulting in bacterial cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 2836 UPDATE Bla2 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; subclass B1 Bacillus anthracis Bla beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with subclass B1 Bacillus anthracis Bla beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41394 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004230 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Beta-lactamases belonging to the Bla genes from Bacillus anthracis that are classified as subclass B1 beta-lactamases. " 2835 UPDATE PatA-PatB antibiotic efflux; ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump; norfloxacin; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36002 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are present in all cells of all organisms and use the energy of ATP binding/hydrolysis to transport substrates across cell membranes. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. " 2834 UPDATE Mycobacterium tuberculosis iniB with mutation conferring resistance to ethambutol antibiotic efflux; polyamine antibiotic; Ethambutol resistant iniB; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; ethambutol; antibiotic target alteration; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component DELETED 35950 UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with Ethambutol resistant iniB UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41263 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004136 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Point mutations occurring in the iniB region of the iniBAC operon shown to confer resistance to ethambutol UPDATED category_aro_name with polyamine antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36666 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000527 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Polyamine antibiotics are organic compounds having two or more primary amino groups. UPDATED category_aro_name with ethambutol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36636 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000497 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ethambutol is an antimycobacterial drug prescribed to treat tuberculosis. It is usually given in combination with other tuberculosis drugs, such as isoniazid, rifampicin, and pyrazinamide. Ethambutol inhibits arabinosyl biosynthesis, disrupting mycobacterial cell wall formation. " 2833 UPDATE Brachyspira hyodysenteriae 23S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to tylosin antibiotic target alteration; glycopeptide antibiotic; vernamycin B-gamma; macrolide antibiotic; florfenicol; tylosin; lincosamide antibiotic; thiamphenicol; 23S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to macrolide antibiotics; clindamycin; dalfopristin; pristinamycin IB; quinupristin; pristinamycin IA; bleomycin B2; bleomycinic acid; bleomycin A2; pristinamycin IIA; pleuromutilin antibiotic; madumycin II; griseoviridin; lincomycin; streptogramin antibiotic; azidamfenicol; phenicol antibiotic; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with vernamycin B-gamma UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37022 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000678 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Vernamycin B-gamma is a class B streptogramin derived from virginiamycin S1. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with florfenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36600 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000461 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Florfenicol is a fluorine derivative of chloramphenicol, where the nitro group (-NO2) is substituted by a sulfomethyl group (-SO2CH3) and the hydroxyl group (-OH), by a fluorine group (-F). The action mechanism is the same as chloramphenicol's, where the antibiotic binds to the 23S RNA of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with tylosin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36284 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000145 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tylosin is a 16-membered macrolide, naturally produced by Streptomyces fradiae. It interacts with the bacterial ribosome 50S subunit to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincosamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35936 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincosamides (e.g. lincomycin, clindamycin) are a class of drugs which bind to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. This interaction inhibits early elongation of peptide chains by inhibiting the transpeptidase reaction, acting similarly to macrolides. UPDATED category_aro_name with thiamphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36595 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000456 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Derivative of Chloramphenicol. The nitro group (-NO2) is substituted by a sulfomethyl group (-SO2CH3). UPDATED category_aro_name with 23S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to macrolide antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41251 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004125 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucleotide point mutations in the 23S rRNA subunit may confer resistance to macrolide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with clindamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35983 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000066 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Clindamycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that blocks A-site aminoacyl-tRNA binding. It is usually used to treat infections with anaerobic bacteria but can also be used to treat some protozoal diseases, such as malaria. UPDATED category_aro_name with dalfopristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37018 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000674 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dalfopristin is a water-soluble semi-synthetic derivative of pristinamycin IIA. It is produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis and is used in combination with quinupristin in a 7:3 ratio. Both work together to inhibit protein synthesis, and is active against Gram-positive bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IB UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37019 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000675 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IB is a class B streptogramin similar to pristinamycin IA, the former containing a N-methyl-4-(methylamino)phenylalanine instead of a N-methyl-4-(dimethylamino)phenylalanine in its class A streptogramin counterpart (one less methyl group). UPDATED category_aro_name with quinupristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36723 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000584 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Quinupristin is a type B streptogramin and a semisynthetic derivative of pristinamycin 1A. It is a component of the drug Synercid and interacts with the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36722 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000583 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin 1A is a type B streptogramin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis. It binds to the P site of the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, preventing the extension of protein chains. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin B2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37036 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000692 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin B2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycinic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37034 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000690 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycinic acid is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin A2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37035 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000691 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin A2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IIA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37013 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000669 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IIA is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with pleuromutilin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37014 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000670 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Pleuromutilins are natural fungal products that target bacterial protein translation by binding the the 23S rRNA, blocking the ribosome P site at the 50S subunit. They are mostly used for agriculture and veterinary purposes. UPDATED category_aro_name with madumycin II UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37016 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000672 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Madumycin II is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with griseoviridin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000673 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Griseoviridin is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35964 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000046 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincomycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that comes from the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis. It binds to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes and inhibit early elongation of peptide chain by inhibiting transpeptidase reaction. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptogramin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35945 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000026 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptogramin antibiotics are natural products produced by various members of the Streptomyces genus. These antibiotics bind to the P site of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The family consists of two subgroups, type A and type B, which are simultaneously produced by the same bacterial species in a ratio of roughly 70:30. UPDATED category_aro_name with azidamfenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36521 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000382 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Azidamfenicol is a water soluble derivative of chloramphenicol, sharing the same mode of action of inhibiting peptide synthesis by interacting with the 23S RNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. " 2832 UPDATE AAC(2')-Ie antibiotic inactivation; AAC(2'); arbekacin; gentamicin B; gentamicin C; amikacin; aminoglycoside antibiotic; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with AAC(2') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36480 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000341 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Acetylation of the aminoglycoside antibiotic on the amino group at position 2'. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin C UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35933 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin C is a mixture of gentamicin C1, gentamicin C1a, and gentamicin C2 (these differ in substituents at position C6'). Gentamicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 2831 UPDATE rpoB2 rifampin; rifapentine; rifabutin; peptide antibiotic; rifamycin-resistant beta-subunit of RNA polymerase (rpoB); antibiotic target replacement; antibiotic target alteration; rifamycin antibiotic; rifaximin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with rifampin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36308 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000169 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifampin is a semi-synthetic rifamycin, and inhibits RNA synthesis by binding to RNA polymerase. Rifampin is the mainstay agent for the treatment of tuberculosis, leprosy and complicated Gram-positive infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifapentine UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36673 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000534 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifapentine is a semisynthetic rifamycin that inhibits DNA-dependent RNA synthesis. It is often used in the treatment of tuberculosis and leprosy. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifabutin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36669 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000530 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifabutin is a semisynthetic rifamycin used in tuberculosis therapy. It inhibits DNA-dependent RNA synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifamycin-resistant beta-subunit of RNA polymerase (rpoB) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36349 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000210 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifampin resistant RNA polymerases include amino acids substitutions which disrupt the affinity of rifampin for its binding site. These mutations are frequently concentrated in the rif I region of the beta-subunit and most often involve amino acids which make direct interactions with rifampin. However, mutations which also confer resistance can occur outside this region and may involve amino acids which do not directly make contact with rifampin. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target replacement UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Replacement or substitution of antibiotic action target, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifamycin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36296 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000157 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifamycin antibiotics are a group of broad-spectrum ansamycin antibiotics that inhibit bacterial RNA polymerase by binding to a highly conserved region, blocking the oligonucleotide exit tunnel, and preventing the extension of nascent mRNAs. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifaximin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36656 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000517 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifaximin is a semi-synthetic rifamycin used to treat traveller's diarrhea. Rifaximin inhibits RNA synthesis by binding to the beta subunit of bacterial RNA polymerase. " 1635 UPDATE vanRG glycopeptide antibiotic; glycopeptide resistance gene cluster; antibiotic target alteration; vanR; vancomycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide resistance gene cluster UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36373 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000234 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Genes that when expressed confer resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin type antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with vanR UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36713 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000574 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with VanR is a OmpR-family transcriptional activator in the VanSR regulatory system. When activated by VanS, it promotes cotranscription of VanA, VanH, and VanX. UPDATED category_aro_name with vancomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35947 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000028 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Vancomycin is a glycopeptide antibiotic used in the prophylaxis and treatment of infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria. Vancomycin inhibits the synthesis of peptidoglycan, the major component of the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria. Its mechanism of action is unusual in that it acts by binding precursors of peptidoglycan, rather than by interacting with an enzyme. " 1436 UPDATE TEM-40 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 1437 UPDATE AcrF penam; antibiotic efflux; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; cephalosporin; cephamycin; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. " 1434 UPDATE Erm(35) antibiotic target alteration; vernamycin B-gamma; oleandomycin; macrolide antibiotic; telithromycin; tylosin; lincosamide antibiotic; dirithromycin; clarithromycin; clindamycin; dalfopristin; pristinamycin IB; quinupristin; pristinamycin IA; Erm 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase; pristinamycin IIA; madumycin II; griseoviridin; lincomycin; streptogramin antibiotic; roxithromycin; spiramycin; azithromycin; erythromycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with vernamycin B-gamma UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37022 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000678 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Vernamycin B-gamma is a class B streptogramin derived from virginiamycin S1. UPDATED category_aro_name with oleandomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37247 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000867 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Oleandomycin is a 14-membered macrolide produced by Streptomyces antibioticus. It is ssimilar to erythromycin, and contains a desosamine amino sugar and an oleandrose sugar. It targets the 50S ribosomal subunit to prevent protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with telithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35974 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000057 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Telithromycin is a semi-synthetic derivative of erythromycin. It is a 14-membered macrolide and is the first ketolide antibiotic to be used in clinics. Telithromycin binds the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with tylosin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36284 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000145 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tylosin is a 16-membered macrolide, naturally produced by Streptomyces fradiae. It interacts with the bacterial ribosome 50S subunit to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincosamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35936 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincosamides (e.g. lincomycin, clindamycin) are a class of drugs which bind to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. This interaction inhibits early elongation of peptide chains by inhibiting the transpeptidase reaction, acting similarly to macrolides. UPDATED category_aro_name with dirithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36315 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000176 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dirithromycin is an oxazine derivative of erythromycin, sharing the 14-carbon macrolide ring. The antibiotic binds to the 50S subunit of the ribosome to inhibit bacterial protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with clarithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35982 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000065 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Clarithromycin is a methyl derivative of erythromycin, sharing the 14-carbon macrolide ring. The antibiotic binds to the 50S subunit of the ribosome and is used to treat pharyngitis, tonsillitis, acute maxillary sinusitis, acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, pneumonia (especially atypical pneumonias associated with Chlamydia pneumoniae or TWAR), and skin structure infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with clindamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35983 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000066 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Clindamycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that blocks A-site aminoacyl-tRNA binding. It is usually used to treat infections with anaerobic bacteria but can also be used to treat some protozoal diseases, such as malaria. UPDATED category_aro_name with dalfopristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37018 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000674 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dalfopristin is a water-soluble semi-synthetic derivative of pristinamycin IIA. It is produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis and is used in combination with quinupristin in a 7:3 ratio. Both work together to inhibit protein synthesis, and is active against Gram-positive bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IB UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37019 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000675 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IB is a class B streptogramin similar to pristinamycin IA, the former containing a N-methyl-4-(methylamino)phenylalanine instead of a N-methyl-4-(dimethylamino)phenylalanine in its class A streptogramin counterpart (one less methyl group). UPDATED category_aro_name with quinupristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36723 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000584 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Quinupristin is a type B streptogramin and a semisynthetic derivative of pristinamycin 1A. It is a component of the drug Synercid and interacts with the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36722 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000583 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin 1A is a type B streptogramin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis. It binds to the P site of the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, preventing the extension of protein chains. UPDATED category_aro_name with Erm 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36699 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000560 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Erm proteins are part of the RNA methyltransferase family and methylate A2058 (E. coli nomenclature) of the 23S ribosomal RNA conferring degrees of resistance to Macrolides, Lincosamides and Streptogramin b. This is called the MLSb phenotype. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IIA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37013 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000669 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IIA is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with madumycin II UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37016 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000672 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Madumycin II is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with griseoviridin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000673 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Griseoviridin is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35964 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000046 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincomycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that comes from the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis. It binds to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes and inhibit early elongation of peptide chain by inhibiting transpeptidase reaction. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptogramin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35945 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000026 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptogramin antibiotics are natural products produced by various members of the Streptomyces genus. These antibiotics bind to the P site of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The family consists of two subgroups, type A and type B, which are simultaneously produced by the same bacterial species in a ratio of roughly 70:30. UPDATED category_aro_name with roxithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35946 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000027 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Roxithromycin is a semi-synthetic, 14-carbon ring macrolide antibiotic derived from erythromycin. It is used to treat respiratory tract, urinary and soft tissue infections. Roxithromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. UPDATED category_aro_name with spiramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36295 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000156 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Spiramycin is a 16-membered macrolide and is natural product produced by Streptomyces ambofaciens. It binds to the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes and inhibits peptidyl transfer activity to disrupt protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with azithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36297 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000158 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Azithromycin is a 15-membered macrolide and falls under the subclass of azalide. Like other macrolides, azithromycin binds bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The nitrogen substitution at the C-9a position prevents its degradation. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. " 1435 UPDATE cmlA6 antibiotic efflux; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump; phenicol antibiotic; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and ABC transporters comprise the two largest and most functionally diverse of the transporter superfamilies. However, MFS transporters are distinct from ABC transporters in both their primary sequence and structure and in the mechanism of energy coupling. As secondary transporters they are, like RND and SMR transporters, energized by the electrochemical proton gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. " 1432 UPDATE Mycobacterium tuberculosis mutant embC conferring resistance to ethambutol antibiotic target alteration; ethambutol resistant arabinosyltransferase; polyamine antibiotic; ethambutol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ethambutol resistant arabinosyltransferase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 39310 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3002876 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Arabinosyl transferases allow for the polymerization of arabinose to form arabinan. Arabinan is required for formation of mycobacterial cell walls and arabinosyltransferases are targets of the drug ethambutol. Mutations in these genes can confer resistance to ethambutol. UPDATED category_aro_name with polyamine antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36666 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000527 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Polyamine antibiotics are organic compounds having two or more primary amino groups. UPDATED category_aro_name with ethambutol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36636 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000497 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ethambutol is an antimycobacterial drug prescribed to treat tuberculosis. It is usually given in combination with other tuberculosis drugs, such as isoniazid, rifampicin, and pyrazinamide. Ethambutol inhibits arabinosyl biosynthesis, disrupting mycobacterial cell wall formation. " 1433 UPDATE CMY-18 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 1430 UPDATE SHV-125 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 1431 UPDATE GES-15 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; GES beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with GES beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36205 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000066 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with GES beta-lactamases or Guiana extended-spectrum beta-lactamases are related to the other plasmid-located class A beta-lactamases " 418 UPDATE OXA-325 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1637 UPDATE MOX-7 penam; antibiotic inactivation; MOX beta-lactamase; cephamycin; cephalosporin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with MOX beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36222 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000083 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with MOX beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated AmpC-type beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 1438 UPDATE SHV-19 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 1439 UPDATE SHV-80 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 1260 UPDATE APH(3')-IVa antibiotic inactivation; aminoglycoside antibiotic; paromomycin; kanamycin A; APH(3'); gentamicin B; ribostamycin; G418; neomycin; butirosin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with paromomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000657 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with An aminoglycoside antibiotic used for the treatment of parasitic infections. It is similar to neomycin sharing a similar spectrum of activity, but its hydroxyl group at the 6'-position instead of an amino group makes it resistant to AAC(6') modifying enzymes. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with APH(3') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36265 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000126 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Phosphorylation of 2-deoxystreptamine aminoglycosides on the hydroxyl group at position 3' UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with ribostamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35940 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000021 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ribostamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Ribostamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with G418 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000653 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A gentamicin class aminoglycoside antibiotic often used in mammalian cell culture work as a selectable marker for the neo cassette (APH3'). UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with butirosin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35943 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000024 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Butirosin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Butirosin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 1541 UPDATE ACT-14 antibiotic inactivation; carbapenem; penam; ACT beta-lactamase; cephalosporin; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with ACT beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36211 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000072 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with ACT beta-lactamases, also known as AmpC beta-lactamases, are cephalosporinases that cannot be inhibited by clavulanate. These enzymes are encoded by genes located on the chromosome and can be induced by the presence of beta-lactam antibiotics. However recently, these genes have been found on plasmids and expressed at high constitutive levels in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 458 UPDATE tet(B) tetracycline antibiotic; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump; tetracycline; antibiotic efflux; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and ABC transporters comprise the two largest and most functionally diverse of the transporter superfamilies. However, MFS transporters are distinct from ABC transporters in both their primary sequence and structure and in the mechanism of energy coupling. As secondary transporters they are, like RND and SMR transporters, energized by the electrochemical proton gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. " 1349 UPDATE IND-2a carbapenem; antibiotic inactivation; IND beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with IND beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36199 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000060 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with IND beta-lactamases are class B carbapenem-hydrolyzing beta-lactamases " 450 UPDATE OXA-51 penam; antibiotic inactivation; BAL30072; cephalosporin; monobactam; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with BAL30072 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40512 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003821 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with BAL30072 is a monocyclic beta-lactam antibiotic belonging to the sulfactams. BAL30072 was found to trigger the spheroplasting and lysis of Escherichia coli rather than the formation of extensive filaments. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 451 UPDATE LRA-5 class A LRA beta-lactamase; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with class A LRA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41392 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004228 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Beta-lactamases that are part of the LRA gene family and are classified as Class A beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. " 1342 UPDATE plasmid-encoded cat (pp-cat) antibiotic inactivation; thiamphenicol; chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT); azidamfenicol; phenicol antibiotic; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with thiamphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36595 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000456 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Derivative of Chloramphenicol. The nitro group (-NO2) is substituted by a sulfomethyl group (-SO2CH3). UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36261 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000122 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Inactivates chloramphenicol by addition of an acyl group. cat is used to describe many variants of the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene in a range of organisms including Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Bacillus clausii, Bacillus subtilis, Campylobacter coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, Lactococcus lactis, Listeria monocytogenes, Listonella anguillarum Morganella morganii, Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella typhi, Serratia marcescens, Shigella flexneri, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Staphylococcus intermedius, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus suis and Streptomyces acrimycini UPDATED category_aro_name with azidamfenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36521 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000382 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Azidamfenicol is a water soluble derivative of chloramphenicol, sharing the same mode of action of inhibiting peptide synthesis by interacting with the 23S RNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. " 453 UPDATE mtrE penam; antibiotic efflux; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; macrolide antibiotic; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; penicillin; azithromycin; erythromycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component DELETED 36590 UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with penicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35971 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000054 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Penicillin (sometimes abbreviated PCN) is a beta-lactam antibiotic used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. It works by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with azithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36297 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000158 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Azithromycin is a 15-membered macrolide and falls under the subclass of azalide. Like other macrolides, azithromycin binds bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The nitrogen substitution at the C-9a position prevents its degradation. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. " 454 UPDATE KPC-4 antibiotic inactivation; penam; carbapenem; cephalosporin; monobactam; KPC beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with KPC beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36198 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000059 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenem resistant (KPC) beta-lactamases are notorious for their ability to efficiently hydrolyze carbapenems, unlike other Ambler Class A beta-lactamases. There are currently 9 variants reported worldwide. These enzymes were first isolated from Klebsiella pneumoniae strains in 2001 in the United States. Hospital outbreaks have since been reported in Greece and Israel and KPC carrying strains are now endemic to New York facilities. KPC-1 and KPC-2 have been shown to be identical and are now referred to as KPC-2. " 1345 UPDATE tet(K) tetracycline antibiotic; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump; tetracycline; antibiotic efflux; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and ABC transporters comprise the two largest and most functionally diverse of the transporter superfamilies. However, MFS transporters are distinct from ABC transporters in both their primary sequence and structure and in the mechanism of energy coupling. As secondary transporters they are, like RND and SMR transporters, energized by the electrochemical proton gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. " 1346 UPDATE SHV-94 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 1347 UPDATE OXA-425 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1082 UPDATE CTX-M-7 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 517 UPDATE QnrD2 sparfloxacin; norfloxacin; quinolone resistance protein (qnr); gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; antibiotic target protection; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; nalidixic acid; moxifloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with quinolone resistance protein (qnr) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36558 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000419 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Qnr proteins are pentapeptide repeat proteins that mimic DNA and protect the cell from the activity of fluoroquinolone antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target protection UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. " 1266 UPDATE ANT(4')-IIa antibiotic inactivation; aminoglycoside antibiotic; ribostamycin; paromomycin; kanamycin A; gentamicin B; ANT(4'); isepamicin; G418; neomycin; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with ribostamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35940 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000021 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ribostamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Ribostamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with paromomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000657 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with An aminoglycoside antibiotic used for the treatment of parasitic infections. It is similar to neomycin sharing a similar spectrum of activity, but its hydroxyl group at the 6'-position instead of an amino group makes it resistant to AAC(6') modifying enzymes. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with ANT(4') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36368 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000229 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucleotidylylation of 2-deoxystreptamine aminoglycosides at the hydroxyl group at position 4' UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with G418 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000653 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A gentamicin class aminoglycoside antibiotic often used in mammalian cell culture work as a selectable marker for the neo cassette (APH3'). UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 1502 UPDATE OXA-209 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1503 UPDATE LEN-4 penam; LEN beta-lactamase; antibiotic inactivation; penem; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with LEN beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36236 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000097 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with LEN beta-lactamases are chromosomal class A beta-lactamases that confer resistance to ampicillin, amoxicillin, carbenicillin, and ticarcillin but not to extended-spectrum beta-lactams. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. " 1500 UPDATE APH(6)-Ia antibiotic inactivation; APH(6); streptomycin; aminoglycoside antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with APH(6) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36290 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000151 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Phosphorylation of streptomycin on the hydroxyl group at position 6 UPDATED category_aro_name with streptomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35958 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000040 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Streptomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 1501 UPDATE CMY-49 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 1506 UPDATE ACT-12 antibiotic inactivation; carbapenem; penam; ACT beta-lactamase; cephalosporin; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with ACT beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36211 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000072 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with ACT beta-lactamases, also known as AmpC beta-lactamases, are cephalosporinases that cannot be inhibited by clavulanate. These enzymes are encoded by genes located on the chromosome and can be induced by the presence of beta-lactam antibiotics. However recently, these genes have been found on plasmids and expressed at high constitutive levels in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 1507 UPDATE smeA penam; antibiotic efflux; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; cephalosporin; cephamycin; aminoglycoside antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 1504 UPDATE CMY-108 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 1505 UPDATE SAT-4 streptothricin acetyltransferase (SAT); streptothricin; antibiotic inactivation; nucleoside antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with streptothricin acetyltransferase (SAT) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37249 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000869 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with AcetylCoA dependent acetyltransferase that acetylate streptothricins such as nourseothricin at position 16 (beta position of beta-lysine). UPDATED category_aro_name with streptothricin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35931 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000012 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptothricins are a group of N-glycoside antibiotics that include a carbamoylated D-glucosamine to which are attached a series of L-beta-lysine residues at position 2 and a streptolidine at position 1. Streptothricins vary by the number of beta-lysine residues (from 1 (nourseothricin) to 7) and target protein synthesis in bacteria and eukaryotes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with nucleoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36174 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000034 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucleoside antibiotics are made of modified nucleosides and nucleotides with wide-ranging activities and means of antibacterial effects. This drug class includes aminonucleoside antibiotics, which contain an amino group. " 1508 UPDATE QnrA2 sparfloxacin; norfloxacin; quinolone resistance protein (qnr); gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; antibiotic target protection; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; nalidixic acid; moxifloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with quinolone resistance protein (qnr) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36558 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000419 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Qnr proteins are pentapeptide repeat proteins that mimic DNA and protect the cell from the activity of fluoroquinolone antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target protection UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. " 1509 UPDATE vanXF glycopeptide antibiotic; glycopeptide resistance gene cluster; vanX; antibiotic target alteration; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide resistance gene cluster UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36373 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000234 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Genes that when expressed confer resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin type antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with vanX UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36020 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000011 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with VanX is a D,D-dipeptidase that cleaves D-Ala-D-Ala but not D-Ala-D-Lac, ensuring that the latter dipeptide that has reduced binding affinity with vancomycin is used to synthesize peptidoglycan substrate. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. " 658 UPDATE CMY-104 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 659 UPDATE AAC(6')-29b antibiotic inactivation; kanamycin A; aminoglycoside antibiotic; AAC(6'); isepamicin; sisomicin; arbekacin; gentamicin B; netilmicin; amikacin; dibekacin; neomycin; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with AAC(6') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36484 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000345 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Acetylation of the aminoglycoside antibiotic on the amino group at position 6'. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with netilmicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35956 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000038 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with dibekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35926 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 1992 UPDATE dfrA1 iclaprim; trimethoprim; brodimoprim; tetroxoprim; diaminopyrimidine antibiotic; antibiotic target replacement; trimethoprim resistant dihydrofolate reductase dfr; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with iclaprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36476 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000337 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Iclaprim is a bactericidal compound that inhibits dihydrofolate reductase. It is used against clinically important Gram-positive pathogens, including methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36327 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000188 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Trimethoprim is a synthetic 5-(3,4,5- trimethoxybenzyl) pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, inhibiting synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid. Tetrahydrofolic acid is an essential precursor in the de novo synthesis of the DNA nucleotide thymidine. Trimethoprim is a bacteriostatic antibiotic mainly used in the prophylaxis and treatment of urinary tract infections in combination with sulfamethoxazole, a sulfonamide antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with brodimoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36408 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000269 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Brodimoprim is a structural derivative of trimethoprim and an inhibitor of bacterial dihydrofolate reductase. The 4-methoxy group of trimethoprim is replaced with a bromine atom. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetroxoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36423 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000284 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetroxoprim is a trimethoprim derivative that inhibits bacterial dihydrofolate reductase. UPDATED category_aro_name with diaminopyrimidine antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36310 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000171 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Diaminopyrimidines are a class of organic compounds containing a pyrimidine ring substituted by two amine groups. They are inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme critical for DNA synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target replacement UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Replacement or substitution of antibiotic action target, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim resistant dihydrofolate reductase dfr UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37617 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3001218 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Alternative dihydropteroate synthase dfr present on plasmids produces alternate proteins that are less sensitive to trimethoprim from inhibiting its role in folate synthesis, thus conferring trimethoprim resistance. " 2127 UPDATE Borrelia burgdorferi 16S rRNA mutation conferring resistance to kanamycin glycopeptide antibiotic; arbekacin; gentamicin B; tetracycline antibiotic; antibiotic target alteration; isepamicin; G418; chlortetracycline; paromomycin; sisomicin; spectinomycin; netilmicin; apramycin; streptothricin; gentamicin C; streptomycin; aminoglycoside antibiotic; nucleoside antibiotic; 16s rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics; peptide antibiotic; minocycline; hygromycin B; doxycycline; amikacin; bleomycin B2; bleomycinic acid; bleomycin A2; dibekacin; oxytetracycline; neomycin; kanamycin A; tigecycline; glycylcycline; demeclocycline; astromicin; butirosin; ribostamycin; tetracycline; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with G418 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000653 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A gentamicin class aminoglycoside antibiotic often used in mammalian cell culture work as a selectable marker for the neo cassette (APH3'). UPDATED category_aro_name with chlortetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36667 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000528 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chlortetracycline was an early, first-generation tetracycline antibiotic developed in the 1940's. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes, preventing the aminoacyl-tRNA from binding to the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with paromomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000657 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with An aminoglycoside antibiotic used for the treatment of parasitic infections. It is similar to neomycin sharing a similar spectrum of activity, but its hydroxyl group at the 6'-position instead of an amino group makes it resistant to AAC(6') modifying enzymes. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with dibekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35926 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with spectinomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35957 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000039 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Spectinomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Spectinomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit inhibiting translation. UPDATED category_aro_name with netilmicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35956 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000038 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. UPDATED category_aro_name with apramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35955 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000037 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Apramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections in animals. Apramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptothricin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35931 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000012 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptothricins are a group of N-glycoside antibiotics that include a carbamoylated D-glucosamine to which are attached a series of L-beta-lysine residues at position 2 and a streptolidine at position 1. Streptothricins vary by the number of beta-lysine residues (from 1 (nourseothricin) to 7) and target protein synthesis in bacteria and eukaryotes. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin C UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35933 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin C is a mixture of gentamicin C1, gentamicin C1a, and gentamicin C2 (these differ in substituents at position C6'). Gentamicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35958 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000040 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Streptomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with nucleoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36174 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000034 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucleoside antibiotics are made of modified nucleosides and nucleotides with wide-ranging activities and means of antibacterial effects. This drug class includes aminonucleoside antibiotics, which contain an amino group. UPDATED category_aro_name with 16s rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40277 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Point mutations in the 16S rRNA of bacteria can confer resistance to aminoglycosides. UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with minocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36291 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000152 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Minocycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with hygromycin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36353 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000214 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Hygromycin B is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Hygromycin B works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Hygromycin B has also been shown to interact with eukaryotic cells. UPDATED category_aro_name with doxycycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35986 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Doxycycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin B2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37036 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000692 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin B2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycinic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37034 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000690 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycinic acid is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin A2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37035 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000691 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin A2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with demeclocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37011 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000667 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Demeclocycline is a tetracycline analog with 7-chloro and 6-methyl groups. Due to its fast absorption and slow excretion, it maintains higher effective blood levels compared to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with oxytetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37012 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000668 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Oxytetracycline is a derivative of tetracycline with a 5-hydroxyl group. Its activity is similar to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tigecycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35949 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000030 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tigecycline is an glycylcycline antibiotic. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycylcycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35960 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000042 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycylcyclines are a new class of antibiotics derived from tetracycline. These tetracycline analogues are specifically designed to overcome two common mechanisms of tetracycline resistance. Presently, there is only one glycylcycline antibiotic for clinical use: tigecycline. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome, preventing the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA. UPDATED category_aro_name with astromicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35922 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Astromicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Astromicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with butirosin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35943 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000024 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Butirosin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Butirosin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with ribostamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35940 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000021 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ribostamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Ribostamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 2126 UPDATE Mycobacterium abscessus 16S rRNA mutation conferring resistance to tobramycin glycopeptide antibiotic; arbekacin; gentamicin B; tetracycline antibiotic; antibiotic target alteration; isepamicin; G418; chlortetracycline; paromomycin; sisomicin; spectinomycin; netilmicin; apramycin; streptothricin; gentamicin C; streptomycin; aminoglycoside antibiotic; nucleoside antibiotic; 16s rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics; peptide antibiotic; minocycline; hygromycin B; doxycycline; amikacin; bleomycin B2; bleomycinic acid; bleomycin A2; dibekacin; oxytetracycline; neomycin; kanamycin A; tigecycline; glycylcycline; demeclocycline; astromicin; butirosin; ribostamycin; tetracycline; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with G418 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000653 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A gentamicin class aminoglycoside antibiotic often used in mammalian cell culture work as a selectable marker for the neo cassette (APH3'). UPDATED category_aro_name with chlortetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36667 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000528 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chlortetracycline was an early, first-generation tetracycline antibiotic developed in the 1940's. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes, preventing the aminoacyl-tRNA from binding to the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with paromomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000657 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with An aminoglycoside antibiotic used for the treatment of parasitic infections. It is similar to neomycin sharing a similar spectrum of activity, but its hydroxyl group at the 6'-position instead of an amino group makes it resistant to AAC(6') modifying enzymes. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with dibekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35926 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with spectinomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35957 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000039 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Spectinomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Spectinomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit inhibiting translation. UPDATED category_aro_name with netilmicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35956 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000038 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. UPDATED category_aro_name with apramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35955 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000037 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Apramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections in animals. Apramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptothricin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35931 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000012 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptothricins are a group of N-glycoside antibiotics that include a carbamoylated D-glucosamine to which are attached a series of L-beta-lysine residues at position 2 and a streptolidine at position 1. Streptothricins vary by the number of beta-lysine residues (from 1 (nourseothricin) to 7) and target protein synthesis in bacteria and eukaryotes. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin C UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35933 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin C is a mixture of gentamicin C1, gentamicin C1a, and gentamicin C2 (these differ in substituents at position C6'). Gentamicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35958 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000040 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Streptomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with nucleoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36174 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000034 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucleoside antibiotics are made of modified nucleosides and nucleotides with wide-ranging activities and means of antibacterial effects. This drug class includes aminonucleoside antibiotics, which contain an amino group. UPDATED category_aro_name with 16s rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40277 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Point mutations in the 16S rRNA of bacteria can confer resistance to aminoglycosides. UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with minocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36291 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000152 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Minocycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with hygromycin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36353 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000214 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Hygromycin B is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Hygromycin B works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Hygromycin B has also been shown to interact with eukaryotic cells. UPDATED category_aro_name with doxycycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35986 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Doxycycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin B2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37036 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000692 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin B2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycinic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37034 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000690 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycinic acid is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin A2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37035 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000691 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin A2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with demeclocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37011 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000667 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Demeclocycline is a tetracycline analog with 7-chloro and 6-methyl groups. Due to its fast absorption and slow excretion, it maintains higher effective blood levels compared to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with oxytetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37012 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000668 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Oxytetracycline is a derivative of tetracycline with a 5-hydroxyl group. Its activity is similar to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tigecycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35949 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000030 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tigecycline is an glycylcycline antibiotic. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycylcycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35960 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000042 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycylcyclines are a new class of antibiotics derived from tetracycline. These tetracycline analogues are specifically designed to overcome two common mechanisms of tetracycline resistance. Presently, there is only one glycylcycline antibiotic for clinical use: tigecycline. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome, preventing the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA. UPDATED category_aro_name with astromicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35922 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Astromicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Astromicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with butirosin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35943 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000024 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Butirosin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Butirosin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with ribostamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35940 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000021 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ribostamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Ribostamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 2129 UPDATE Escherichia coli 16S rRNA (rrsB) mutation conferring resistance to spectinomycin glycopeptide antibiotic; arbekacin; gentamicin B; tetracycline antibiotic; antibiotic target alteration; isepamicin; G418; chlortetracycline; paromomycin; sisomicin; spectinomycin; netilmicin; apramycin; streptothricin; gentamicin C; streptomycin; aminoglycoside antibiotic; nucleoside antibiotic; 16s rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics; peptide antibiotic; minocycline; hygromycin B; doxycycline; amikacin; bleomycin B2; bleomycinic acid; bleomycin A2; dibekacin; oxytetracycline; neomycin; kanamycin A; tigecycline; glycylcycline; demeclocycline; astromicin; butirosin; ribostamycin; tetracycline; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with G418 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000653 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A gentamicin class aminoglycoside antibiotic often used in mammalian cell culture work as a selectable marker for the neo cassette (APH3'). UPDATED category_aro_name with chlortetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36667 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000528 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chlortetracycline was an early, first-generation tetracycline antibiotic developed in the 1940's. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes, preventing the aminoacyl-tRNA from binding to the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with paromomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000657 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with An aminoglycoside antibiotic used for the treatment of parasitic infections. It is similar to neomycin sharing a similar spectrum of activity, but its hydroxyl group at the 6'-position instead of an amino group makes it resistant to AAC(6') modifying enzymes. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with dibekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35926 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with spectinomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35957 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000039 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Spectinomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Spectinomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit inhibiting translation. UPDATED category_aro_name with netilmicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35956 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000038 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. UPDATED category_aro_name with apramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35955 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000037 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Apramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections in animals. Apramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptothricin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35931 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000012 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptothricins are a group of N-glycoside antibiotics that include a carbamoylated D-glucosamine to which are attached a series of L-beta-lysine residues at position 2 and a streptolidine at position 1. Streptothricins vary by the number of beta-lysine residues (from 1 (nourseothricin) to 7) and target protein synthesis in bacteria and eukaryotes. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin C UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35933 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin C is a mixture of gentamicin C1, gentamicin C1a, and gentamicin C2 (these differ in substituents at position C6'). Gentamicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35958 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000040 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Streptomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with nucleoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36174 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000034 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucleoside antibiotics are made of modified nucleosides and nucleotides with wide-ranging activities and means of antibacterial effects. This drug class includes aminonucleoside antibiotics, which contain an amino group. UPDATED category_aro_name with 16s rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40277 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Point mutations in the 16S rRNA of bacteria can confer resistance to aminoglycosides. UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with minocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36291 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000152 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Minocycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with hygromycin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36353 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000214 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Hygromycin B is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Hygromycin B works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Hygromycin B has also been shown to interact with eukaryotic cells. UPDATED category_aro_name with doxycycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35986 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Doxycycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin B2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37036 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000692 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin B2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycinic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37034 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000690 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycinic acid is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin A2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37035 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000691 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin A2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with demeclocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37011 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000667 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Demeclocycline is a tetracycline analog with 7-chloro and 6-methyl groups. Due to its fast absorption and slow excretion, it maintains higher effective blood levels compared to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with oxytetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37012 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000668 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Oxytetracycline is a derivative of tetracycline with a 5-hydroxyl group. Its activity is similar to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tigecycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35949 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000030 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tigecycline is an glycylcycline antibiotic. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycylcycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35960 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000042 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycylcyclines are a new class of antibiotics derived from tetracycline. These tetracycline analogues are specifically designed to overcome two common mechanisms of tetracycline resistance. Presently, there is only one glycylcycline antibiotic for clinical use: tigecycline. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome, preventing the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA. UPDATED category_aro_name with astromicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35922 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Astromicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Astromicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with butirosin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35943 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000024 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Butirosin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Butirosin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with ribostamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35940 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000021 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ribostamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Ribostamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 2128 UPDATE Mycobacterium abscessus 16S rRNA mutation conferring resistance to gentamicin glycopeptide antibiotic; arbekacin; gentamicin B; tetracycline antibiotic; antibiotic target alteration; isepamicin; G418; chlortetracycline; paromomycin; sisomicin; spectinomycin; netilmicin; apramycin; streptothricin; gentamicin C; streptomycin; aminoglycoside antibiotic; nucleoside antibiotic; 16s rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics; peptide antibiotic; minocycline; hygromycin B; doxycycline; amikacin; bleomycin B2; bleomycinic acid; bleomycin A2; dibekacin; oxytetracycline; neomycin; kanamycin A; tigecycline; glycylcycline; demeclocycline; astromicin; butirosin; ribostamycin; tetracycline; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with G418 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000653 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A gentamicin class aminoglycoside antibiotic often used in mammalian cell culture work as a selectable marker for the neo cassette (APH3'). UPDATED category_aro_name with chlortetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36667 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000528 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chlortetracycline was an early, first-generation tetracycline antibiotic developed in the 1940's. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes, preventing the aminoacyl-tRNA from binding to the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with paromomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000657 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with An aminoglycoside antibiotic used for the treatment of parasitic infections. It is similar to neomycin sharing a similar spectrum of activity, but its hydroxyl group at the 6'-position instead of an amino group makes it resistant to AAC(6') modifying enzymes. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with dibekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35926 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with spectinomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35957 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000039 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Spectinomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Spectinomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit inhibiting translation. UPDATED category_aro_name with netilmicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35956 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000038 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. UPDATED category_aro_name with apramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35955 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000037 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Apramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections in animals. Apramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptothricin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35931 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000012 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptothricins are a group of N-glycoside antibiotics that include a carbamoylated D-glucosamine to which are attached a series of L-beta-lysine residues at position 2 and a streptolidine at position 1. Streptothricins vary by the number of beta-lysine residues (from 1 (nourseothricin) to 7) and target protein synthesis in bacteria and eukaryotes. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin C UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35933 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin C is a mixture of gentamicin C1, gentamicin C1a, and gentamicin C2 (these differ in substituents at position C6'). Gentamicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35958 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000040 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Streptomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with nucleoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36174 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000034 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucleoside antibiotics are made of modified nucleosides and nucleotides with wide-ranging activities and means of antibacterial effects. This drug class includes aminonucleoside antibiotics, which contain an amino group. UPDATED category_aro_name with 16s rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40277 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Point mutations in the 16S rRNA of bacteria can confer resistance to aminoglycosides. UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with minocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36291 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000152 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Minocycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with hygromycin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36353 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000214 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Hygromycin B is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Hygromycin B works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Hygromycin B has also been shown to interact with eukaryotic cells. UPDATED category_aro_name with doxycycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35986 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Doxycycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin B2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37036 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000692 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin B2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycinic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37034 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000690 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycinic acid is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin A2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37035 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000691 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin A2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with demeclocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37011 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000667 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Demeclocycline is a tetracycline analog with 7-chloro and 6-methyl groups. Due to its fast absorption and slow excretion, it maintains higher effective blood levels compared to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with oxytetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37012 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000668 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Oxytetracycline is a derivative of tetracycline with a 5-hydroxyl group. Its activity is similar to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tigecycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35949 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000030 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tigecycline is an glycylcycline antibiotic. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycylcycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35960 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000042 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycylcyclines are a new class of antibiotics derived from tetracycline. These tetracycline analogues are specifically designed to overcome two common mechanisms of tetracycline resistance. Presently, there is only one glycylcycline antibiotic for clinical use: tigecycline. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome, preventing the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA. UPDATED category_aro_name with astromicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35922 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Astromicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Astromicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with butirosin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35943 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000024 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Butirosin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Butirosin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with ribostamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35940 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000021 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ribostamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Ribostamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 568 UPDATE CTX-M-20 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 945 UPDATE tet(40) tetracycline antibiotic; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump; tetracycline; antibiotic efflux; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and ABC transporters comprise the two largest and most functionally diverse of the transporter superfamilies. However, MFS transporters are distinct from ABC transporters in both their primary sequence and structure and in the mechanism of energy coupling. As secondary transporters they are, like RND and SMR transporters, energized by the electrochemical proton gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. " 569 UPDATE OXA-228 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1292 UPDATE CTX-M-109 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 1376 UPDATE MOX-6 penam; antibiotic inactivation; MOX beta-lactamase; cephamycin; cephalosporin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with MOX beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36222 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000083 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with MOX beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated AmpC-type beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 1081 UPDATE IMP-30 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; carbapenem; cephalosporin; IMP beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with IMP beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36029 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Plasmid mediated IMP-type carbapenemases, of which at least 26 varieties are currently known, became established in Japan in the 1990s in enteric gram-negative organisms, Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter species. Integron-associated, sometimes within plasmids. Hydrolyses all beta-lactams except monobactams, and evades all beta-lactam inhibitors. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 322 UPDATE FEZ-1 carbapenem; FEZ beta-lactamase; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; penam; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with FEZ beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41375 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004211 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with The FEZ family of beta-lactamases are subclass B3 beta-lactamases that hydrolyze penicillins, cephalosporins, and carbapenems. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. " 323 UPDATE aadA9 antibiotic inactivation; aminoglycoside antibiotic; ANT(3''); streptomycin; spectinomycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with ANT(3'') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41439 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004275 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucleotidylylation of streptomycin at the hydroxyl group at position 3'' UPDATED category_aro_name with streptomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35958 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000040 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Streptomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with spectinomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35957 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000039 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Spectinomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Spectinomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit inhibiting translation. " 320 UPDATE Streptococcus pneumoniae PBP2x conferring resistance to amoxicillin ceftaroline; ampicillin; flucloxacillin; ceftibuten; cefditoren; piperacillin; cefpodoxime; cefixime; cefdinir; meropenem; carbapenem; imipenem; aztreonam; cefradine; isopenicillin N; cefazolin; penicillin N; ceftazidime; cefepime; penicillin; antibiotic target alteration; oxacillin; cefmetazole; moxalactam; cloxacillin; cefadroxil; ceftriaxone; methicillin; loracarbef; ceftizoxime; cephalosporin; cefotaxime; cefaclor; Penicillin-binding protein mutations conferring resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics; cefonicid; monobactam; cefuroxime; amoxicillin; mezlocillin; azlocillin; cefalexin; doripenem; cefotiam; ertapenem; penam; cefprozil; cephapirin; ceftobiprole; benzylpenicillin; phenoxymethylpenicillin; cephamycin; carbenicillin; cefalotin; ceftiofur; mecillinam; propicillin; cefoxitin; dicloxacillin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftibuten UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36992 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000648 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftibuten is a semisynthetic cephalosporin active against Gram-negative bacilli. It is resistant against many plasmid-mediated beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with flucloxacillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36980 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000636 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Flucloxacillin is similar to cloxacillin, with an extra additional fluorine atom. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefditoren UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36993 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000649 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefditoren is a semisynthetic cephalosporin active against staphylococci, streptococci, and and most enterobacteria. It is resistant to staphylococcal and most enterobacterial beta-lactamases, and is usually taken as the prodrug cefditoren pivoxil. UPDATED category_aro_name with piperacillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35995 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000078 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Piperacillin is an acetylureidopenicillin and has an extended spectrum of targets relative to other beta-lactam antibiotics. It inhibits cell wall synthesis in bacteria, and is usually taken with the beta-lactamase inhibitor tazobactam to overcome penicillin-resistant bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefpodoxime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000647 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefpodoxime is a semisynthetic cephalosporin that acts similarly to cefotaxime with broad-spectrum activity. It is stable to many plasmid-mediated beta-lactamses. Cefpodoxime is consumed as the prodrug cefpodoxime proxetil. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefixime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36990 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000646 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefixime is a cephalosporin resistant to most beta-lactamases. It is active against many enterobacteria, but activity against staphylococci is poor. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefdinir UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36994 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000650 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefdinir is similar to cefixime with a modified side-chain at its 7-amino position. It also shares similar activity with cefixime but is more active against staphylococci. It has also be shown to enhance phagocytosis. UPDATED category_aro_name with meropenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35990 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000073 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Meropenem is an ultra-broad spectrum injectable antibiotic used to treat a wide variety of infections, including meningitis and pneumonia. It is a beta-lactam and belongs to the subgroup of carbapenem, similar to imipenem and ertapenem. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with imipenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36309 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000170 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Imipenem is a broad-spectrum antibiotic and is usually taken with cilastatin, which prevents hydrolysis of imipenem by renal dehydropeptidase-I. It is resistant to hydrolysis by most other beta-lactamases. Notable exceptions are the KPC beta-lactamases and Ambler Class B enzymes. UPDATED category_aro_name with aztreonam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36689 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000550 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Aztreonam was the first monobactam discovered, and is greatly effective against Gram-negative bacteria while inactive against Gram-positive bacteria. Artreonam is a poor substrate for beta-lactamases, and may even act as an inhibitor. In Gram-negative bacteria, Aztreonam interferes with filamentation, inhibiting cell division and leading to cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with ampicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36981 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000637 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ampicillin is a penicillin derivative that is highly acid stable, with its activity similar to benzylpenicillin. UPDATED category_aro_name with isopenicillin N UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37085 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000705 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Isopenicillin N is a natural penicillin derivative produced by Penicillium chrysogenum with activity similar to penicillin N. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefazolin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35975 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000058 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefazolin (INN), also known as cefazoline or cephazolin, is a first generation cephalosporin antibiotic. It is administered parenterally, and is active against a broad spectrum of bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with penicillin N UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37086 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Penicillin N is a penicillin derivative produced by Cephalosporium acremonium. UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftazidime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35977 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000060 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftazidime is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Unlike most third-generation agents, it is active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, however it has weaker activity against Gram-positive microorganisms and is not used for such infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefepime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35976 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000059 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefepime (INN) is a fourth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic developed in 1994. It contains an aminothiazolyl group that decreases its affinity with beta-lactamases. Cefepime shows high binding affinity with penicillin-binding proteins and has an extended spectrum of activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, with greater activity against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms than third-generation agents. UPDATED category_aro_name with penicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35971 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000054 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Penicillin (sometimes abbreviated PCN) is a beta-lactam antibiotic used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. It works by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with oxacillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35973 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000056 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Oxacillin is a penicillinase-resistant beta-lactam. It is similar to methicillin, and has replaced methicillin in clinical use. Oxacillin, especially in combination with other antibiotics, is effective against many penicillinase-producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefmetazole UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40928 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefmetazole is a semi-synthetic cephamycin antibiotic with broad spectrum antibiotic activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, that disrupt cell wall synthesis through binding to PBPs causing cell lysis. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxalactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40944 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxalactam (Latamoxef) is a broad spectrum cephalosporin (oxacephem) and beta-lactam antibiotic. Moxalactam binding to PBPs inhibits peptidoglycan cross-linkage in the cell wall, resulting in cell death. Moxalactam is proposed to be effective against meningitides as it passes the blood-brain barrier. UPDATED category_aro_name with cloxacillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35930 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000011 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cloxacillin is a semisynthetic, isoxazolyl penicillin derivative in the beta-lactam class of antibiotics. It interferes with peptidogylcan synthesis and is commonly used for treating penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftaroline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36995 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000651 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftaroline is a novel cephalosporin active against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Like other cephalosporins it binds penicillin-binding proteins to inhibit cell wall synthesis. It strongly binds with PBP2a, associated with methicillin resistance. It is taken orally as the prodrug ceftaroline fosamil. UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftriaxone UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35979 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000062 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftriaxone is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. The presence of an aminothiazolyl sidechain increases ceftriazone's resistance to beta-lactamases. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with methicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35934 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Derived from penicillin to combat penicillin-resistance, methicillin is insensitive to beta-lactamases (also known as penicillinases) secreted by many penicillin-resistant bacteria. Methicillin is bactericidal, and acts by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with loracarbef UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40943 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Loracarbef is a second-generation cephalosporin (carbacephem) and broad spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic. Loracarbef inhibits PBPs through binding, disrupting peptidoglycan cell wall cross-linkage and resulting in cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftizoxime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40934 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftizoxime is a third-generation cephalosporin and broad spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic. Ceftizoxime causes bacterial cell lysis through peptidoglycan cross-linking inhibition by binding to PBPs. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefotaxime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36989 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000645 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefotaxime is a semisynthetic cephalosporin taken parenterally. It is resistant to most beta-lactamases and active against Gram-negative rods and cocci due to its aminothiazoyl and methoximino functional groups. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefaclor UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000644 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefaclor is a semisynthetic cephalosporin derived from cephalexin. It has broad-spectrum antibiotic activity. UPDATED category_aro_name with Penicillin-binding protein mutations conferring resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40661 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003938 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutations in PBP transpeptidases that change the affinity for penicillin thereby conferring resistance to penicillin antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_name with cefonicid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40929 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefonicid is a second-generation cephalosporin-class beta-lactam antibiotic with broad spectrum activity. Particularly used against urinary tract infections and lower respiratory infections. Causes cell lysis by inactivation of PBPs through binding, inhibiting peptidoglycan synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefuroxime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35980 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000063 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefuroxime is a second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with increased stability with beta-lactamases than first-generation cephalosporins. Cefuroxime is active against Gram-positive organisms but less active against methicillin-resistant strains. UPDATED category_aro_name with amoxicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35981 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000064 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amoxicillin is a moderate-spectrum, bacteriolytic, beta-lactam antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections caused by susceptible microorganisms. A derivative of penicillin, it has a wider range of treatment but remains relatively ineffective against Gram-negative bacteria. It is commonly taken with clavulanic acid, a beta-lactamase inhibitor. Like other beta-lactams, amoxicillin interferes with the synthesis of peptidoglycan. UPDATED category_aro_name with mezlocillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36983 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000639 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Mezlocillin is a penicillin derivative taken parenterally. UPDATED category_aro_name with azlocillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36982 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000638 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Azlocillin is a semisynthetic derivative of penicillin that is notably active against Ps. aeruginosa and other Gram-negative bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefalexin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36985 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000641 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefalexin is a cephalosporin antibiotic that causes filamentation. It is resistant to staphylococcal beta-lactamase, but degraded by enterobacterial beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with doripenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36984 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000640 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Doripenem is a carbapenem with a broad range of activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and along with meropenem, it is the most active beta-lactam antibiotic against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefotiam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36987 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000643 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefotiam is a cephalosporin antibiotic with similar activity to cefuroxime but more active against enterobacteria. It is consumed orally as the prodrug cefotiam hexetil. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefadroxil UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36986 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000642 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefadroxil, or p-hydroxycephalexin, is an cephalosporin antibiotic similar to cefalexin. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefprozil UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefprozil is a cephalosporin and beta-lactam antibiotic with bactericidal activity. It selectively binds to PBPs and inhibits peptidoglycan synthesis, a major cell wall component, resulting in cell lysis. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephapirin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephapirin is a first-generation cephalosporin and broad spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic. Inactivation of penicillin-binding proteins through cephapirin binding disrupts peptidoglycan cross-linking, resulting in cell lysis. UPDATED category_aro_name with dicloxacillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36979 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000635 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dicloxacillin is a penicillin derivative that has an extra chlorine atom in comparison to cloxacillin. While more active than cloxacillin, its high affinity for serum protein reduces its activity in human serum in vitro. UPDATED category_aro_name with benzylpenicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36976 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000632 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Benzylpenicillin, commonly referred to as penicillin G, is effective against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. It is unstable in acid. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenoxymethylpenicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36977 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000633 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenoxymethylpenicillin, or penicillin V, is a penicillin derivative that is acid stable but less active than benzylpenicillin (penicillin G). UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftobiprole UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35978 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000061 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftobiprole (Zeftera/Zevtera) is a next generation (5th generation) cephalosporin antibiotic with activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterococci. Ceftobiprole inhibits transpeptidases essential to building cell walls, and is a poor substrate for most beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbenicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35961 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000043 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbenicillin is a semi-synthetic antibiotic belonging to the carboxypenicillin subgroup of the penicillins. It has gram-negative coverage which includes Pseudomonas aeruginosa but limited gram-positive coverage. The carboxypenicillins are susceptible to degradation by beta-lactamase enzymes. Carbenicillin antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefalotin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37084 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000704 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. It is resistant to staphylococci beta-lactamases but hydrolyzed by enterobacterial beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftiofur UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40933 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftiofur is a third-generation broad spectrum cephalosporin and beta-lactam antibiotic. It causes cell lysis by disrupting peptidoglycan cross-linkage and cell wall formation by binding to PBPs. UPDATED category_aro_name with mecillinam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37141 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000761 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Mecillinam is a broad-spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic that was semi-synthetically derived to have a different drug centre, being a 6-alpha-amidinopenicillanate instead of a 6-alpha-acylaminopenicillanate. Contrasting most beta-lactam drugs, mecillinam is most active against Gram-negative bacteria. It binds specifically to penicillin binding protein 2 (PBP2). UPDATED category_aro_name with propicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36978 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000634 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Propicillin is an orally taken penicillin derivative that has high absorption but poor activity. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefoxitin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35927 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefoxitin is a cephamycin antibiotic often grouped with the second generation cephalosporins. Cefoxitin is bactericidal and acts by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. Cefoxitin's 7-alpha-methoxy group and 3' leaving group make it a poor substrate for most beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with ertapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35987 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000070 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ertapenem is a carbapenem antibiotic and is highly resistant to beta-lactamases like other carbapenems. It inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefradine UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40936 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004009 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefradine is a first-generation cephalosporin and broad spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic. Cefradine binding to penicillin-binding proteins disrupts cell wall peptidoglycan cross-linkage, resulting in cell lysis. " 321 UPDATE CTX-M-35 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 326 UPDATE OXA-225 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 327 UPDATE GES-17 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; GES beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with GES beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36205 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000066 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with GES beta-lactamases or Guiana extended-spectrum beta-lactamases are related to the other plasmid-located class A beta-lactamases " 324 UPDATE QnrB54 sparfloxacin; norfloxacin; quinolone resistance protein (qnr); gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; antibiotic target protection; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; nalidixic acid; moxifloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with quinolone resistance protein (qnr) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36558 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000419 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Qnr proteins are pentapeptide repeat proteins that mimic DNA and protect the cell from the activity of fluoroquinolone antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target protection UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. " 325 UPDATE LEN-23 penam; LEN beta-lactamase; antibiotic inactivation; penem; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with LEN beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36236 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000097 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with LEN beta-lactamases are chromosomal class A beta-lactamases that confer resistance to ampicillin, amoxicillin, carbenicillin, and ticarcillin but not to extended-spectrum beta-lactams. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. " 328 UPDATE Salmonella enterica cmlA antibiotic efflux; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump; phenicol antibiotic; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and ABC transporters comprise the two largest and most functionally diverse of the transporter superfamilies. However, MFS transporters are distinct from ABC transporters in both their primary sequence and structure and in the mechanism of energy coupling. As secondary transporters they are, like RND and SMR transporters, energized by the electrochemical proton gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. " 329 UPDATE CTX-M-159 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 564 UPDATE IMP-22 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; carbapenem; cephalosporin; IMP beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with IMP beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36029 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Plasmid mediated IMP-type carbapenemases, of which at least 26 varieties are currently known, became established in Japan in the 1990s in enteric gram-negative organisms, Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter species. Integron-associated, sometimes within plasmids. Hydrolyses all beta-lactams except monobactams, and evades all beta-lactam inhibitors. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 1340 UPDATE mtrC penam; antibiotic efflux; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; macrolide antibiotic; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; penicillin; azithromycin; erythromycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component DELETED 36590 UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with penicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35971 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000054 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Penicillin (sometimes abbreviated PCN) is a beta-lactam antibiotic used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. It works by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with azithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36297 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000158 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Azithromycin is a 15-membered macrolide and falls under the subclass of azalide. Like other macrolides, azithromycin binds bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The nitrogen substitution at the C-9a position prevents its degradation. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. " 565 UPDATE SHV-82 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 2331 UPDATE kdpE kanamycin A; kdpDE; aminoglycoside antibiotic; protein(s) and two-component regulatory system modulating antibiotic efflux; antibiotic efflux; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Regulator DELETED 36243 UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with kdpDE UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41098 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004046 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with kdpDE is a two-component regulatory system in Escherichia coli, well studied for its role in potassium transport and homeostasis. kdpE is also implicated in virulence loci regulation and overexpression of kdpE is shown to confer resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. " 2333 UPDATE LEN-26 penam; LEN beta-lactamase; antibiotic inactivation; penem; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with LEN beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36236 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000097 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with LEN beta-lactamases are chromosomal class A beta-lactamases that confer resistance to ampicillin, amoxicillin, carbenicillin, and ticarcillin but not to extended-spectrum beta-lactams. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. " 2335 UPDATE ADC-2 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; ADC beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with ADC beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40543 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003846 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with ADC beta-lactamases, also known as AmpC beta-lactamases, are cephalosporinases with extended-spectrum resistance to cephalosporins but not to carbapenems. ADC beta-lactamases are found in Acinetobacter sp. and Oligella urethralis. " 1594 UPDATE vgbA antibiotic inactivation; pristinamycin IB; quinupristin; vernamycin B-gamma; pristinamycin IA; streptogramin antibiotic; streptogramin vgb lyase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IB UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37019 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000675 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IB is a class B streptogramin similar to pristinamycin IA, the former containing a N-methyl-4-(methylamino)phenylalanine instead of a N-methyl-4-(dimethylamino)phenylalanine in its class A streptogramin counterpart (one less methyl group). UPDATED category_aro_name with quinupristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36723 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000584 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Quinupristin is a type B streptogramin and a semisynthetic derivative of pristinamycin 1A. It is a component of the drug Synercid and interacts with the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with vernamycin B-gamma UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37022 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000678 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Vernamycin B-gamma is a class B streptogramin derived from virginiamycin S1. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36722 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000583 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin 1A is a type B streptogramin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis. It binds to the P site of the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, preventing the extension of protein chains. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptogramin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35945 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000026 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptogramin antibiotics are natural products produced by various members of the Streptomyces genus. These antibiotics bind to the P site of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The family consists of two subgroups, type A and type B, which are simultaneously produced by the same bacterial species in a ratio of roughly 70:30. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptogramin vgb lyase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36515 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000376 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with vgb (Virginiamycin B) lyase inactivates type B streptogramin antibiotics by linearizing the streptogramin lactone ring at the ester linkage through an elimination mechanism, thus conferring resistance to these compounds. " 1341 UPDATE OXA-53 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1995 UPDATE AAC(6')-Iz antibiotic inactivation; kanamycin A; aminoglycoside antibiotic; AAC(6'); isepamicin; sisomicin; arbekacin; gentamicin B; netilmicin; amikacin; dibekacin; neomycin; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with AAC(6') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36484 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000345 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Acetylation of the aminoglycoside antibiotic on the amino group at position 6'. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with netilmicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35956 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000038 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with dibekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35926 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 1293 UPDATE OXA-197 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 2482 UPDATE Chlamydomonas reinhardtii 16S rRNA (rrnS) mutation conferring resistance to streptomycin glycopeptide antibiotic; arbekacin; gentamicin B; tetracycline antibiotic; antibiotic target alteration; isepamicin; G418; chlortetracycline; paromomycin; sisomicin; spectinomycin; netilmicin; apramycin; streptothricin; gentamicin C; streptomycin; aminoglycoside antibiotic; nucleoside antibiotic; 16s rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics; peptide antibiotic; minocycline; hygromycin B; doxycycline; amikacin; bleomycin B2; bleomycinic acid; bleomycin A2; dibekacin; oxytetracycline; neomycin; kanamycin A; tigecycline; glycylcycline; demeclocycline; astromicin; butirosin; ribostamycin; tetracycline; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with G418 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000653 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A gentamicin class aminoglycoside antibiotic often used in mammalian cell culture work as a selectable marker for the neo cassette (APH3'). UPDATED category_aro_name with chlortetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36667 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000528 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chlortetracycline was an early, first-generation tetracycline antibiotic developed in the 1940's. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes, preventing the aminoacyl-tRNA from binding to the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with paromomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000657 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with An aminoglycoside antibiotic used for the treatment of parasitic infections. It is similar to neomycin sharing a similar spectrum of activity, but its hydroxyl group at the 6'-position instead of an amino group makes it resistant to AAC(6') modifying enzymes. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with dibekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35926 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with spectinomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35957 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000039 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Spectinomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Spectinomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit inhibiting translation. UPDATED category_aro_name with netilmicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35956 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000038 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. UPDATED category_aro_name with apramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35955 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000037 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Apramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections in animals. Apramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptothricin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35931 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000012 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptothricins are a group of N-glycoside antibiotics that include a carbamoylated D-glucosamine to which are attached a series of L-beta-lysine residues at position 2 and a streptolidine at position 1. Streptothricins vary by the number of beta-lysine residues (from 1 (nourseothricin) to 7) and target protein synthesis in bacteria and eukaryotes. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin C UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35933 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin C is a mixture of gentamicin C1, gentamicin C1a, and gentamicin C2 (these differ in substituents at position C6'). Gentamicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35958 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000040 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Streptomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with nucleoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36174 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000034 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucleoside antibiotics are made of modified nucleosides and nucleotides with wide-ranging activities and means of antibacterial effects. This drug class includes aminonucleoside antibiotics, which contain an amino group. UPDATED category_aro_name with 16s rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40277 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Point mutations in the 16S rRNA of bacteria can confer resistance to aminoglycosides. UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with minocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36291 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000152 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Minocycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with hygromycin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36353 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000214 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Hygromycin B is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Hygromycin B works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Hygromycin B has also been shown to interact with eukaryotic cells. UPDATED category_aro_name with doxycycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35986 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Doxycycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin B2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37036 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000692 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin B2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycinic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37034 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000690 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycinic acid is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin A2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37035 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000691 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin A2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with demeclocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37011 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000667 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Demeclocycline is a tetracycline analog with 7-chloro and 6-methyl groups. Due to its fast absorption and slow excretion, it maintains higher effective blood levels compared to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with oxytetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37012 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000668 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Oxytetracycline is a derivative of tetracycline with a 5-hydroxyl group. Its activity is similar to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tigecycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35949 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000030 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tigecycline is an glycylcycline antibiotic. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycylcycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35960 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000042 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycylcyclines are a new class of antibiotics derived from tetracycline. These tetracycline analogues are specifically designed to overcome two common mechanisms of tetracycline resistance. Presently, there is only one glycylcycline antibiotic for clinical use: tigecycline. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome, preventing the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA. UPDATED category_aro_name with astromicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35922 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Astromicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Astromicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with butirosin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35943 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000024 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Butirosin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Butirosin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with ribostamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35940 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000021 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ribostamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Ribostamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 1598 UPDATE OXA-101 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 2248 UPDATE fusD antibiotic inactivation; fusidic acid; fusidic acid inactivation enzyme; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with fusidic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37139 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000759 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Fusidic acid is the only commercially available fusidane, a group of steroid-like antibiotics. It is most active against Gram-positive bacteria, and acts by inhibiting elongation factor G to block protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with fusidic acid inactivation enzyme UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 39459 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003025 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymes that confer resistance to fusidic acid by inactivation " 2249 UPDATE LpxA peptide antibiotic; antibiotic target alteration; Acinetobacter mutant Lpx gene conferring resistance to colistin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with Acinetobacter mutant Lpx gene conferring resistance to colistin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40191 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003581 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These genes are involved in the biosynthesis of lipid A in Gram-negative bacteria and mutations to this gene may cause resistance to antimicrobial peptides that target the outer membrane. Mutation by absence or insertion of ISAba11 sequence is a known cause of resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii▿. " 2244 UPDATE vanSI glycopeptide antibiotic; vanS; antibiotic target alteration; vancomycin; glycopeptide resistance gene cluster; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with vanS UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36210 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with VanS is similar to histidine protein kinases like EnvZ and acts as a response regulator by activating VanR. VanS is required for high level transcription of other van glycopeptide resistance genes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with vancomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35947 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000028 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Vancomycin is a glycopeptide antibiotic used in the prophylaxis and treatment of infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria. Vancomycin inhibits the synthesis of peptidoglycan, the major component of the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria. Its mechanism of action is unusual in that it acts by binding precursors of peptidoglycan, rather than by interacting with an enzyme. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide resistance gene cluster UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36373 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000234 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Genes that when expressed confer resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin type antibiotics. " 2245 UPDATE vanKI glycopeptide antibiotic; glycopeptide resistance gene cluster; antibiotic target alteration; vanK; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide resistance gene cluster UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36373 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000234 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Genes that when expressed confer resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin type antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with vanK UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 39349 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3002915 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with VanK is a member of the Fem family of enzymes that add the cross-bridge amino acids to the stem pentapeptide of cell wall precursors in Streptomyces coelicolor that confers inducible, high-level vancomycin resistance " 2246 UPDATE vanRI glycopeptide antibiotic; glycopeptide resistance gene cluster; antibiotic target alteration; vanR; vancomycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide resistance gene cluster UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36373 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000234 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Genes that when expressed confer resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin type antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with vanR UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36713 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000574 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with VanR is a OmpR-family transcriptional activator in the VanSR regulatory system. When activated by VanS, it promotes cotranscription of VanA, VanH, and VanX. UPDATED category_aro_name with vancomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35947 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000028 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Vancomycin is a glycopeptide antibiotic used in the prophylaxis and treatment of infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria. Vancomycin inhibits the synthesis of peptidoglycan, the major component of the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria. Its mechanism of action is unusual in that it acts by binding precursors of peptidoglycan, rather than by interacting with an enzyme. " 2240 UPDATE vanJ glycopeptide antibiotic; teicoplanin; antibiotic target alteration; vanJ membrane protein; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with vanJ membrane protein UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41419 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004255 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with vanJ and vanJ homologue proteins confer resistance to the teicoplanin. UPDATED category_aro_name with teicoplanin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35948 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000029 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Teicoplanin is a glycopeptide antibiotic used in the prophylaxis and treatment of serious infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria. Teicoplanin has a unique acyl-aliphatic chain, and binds to cell wall precursors to inhibit transglycosylation and transpeptidation. " 2241 UPDATE vanI glycopeptide antibiotic; glycopeptide resistance gene cluster; van ligase; antibiotic target alteration; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide resistance gene cluster UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36373 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000234 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Genes that when expressed confer resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin type antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with van ligase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 39340 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3002906 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with van ligases synthesize alternative substrates for peptidoglycan synthesis that reduce vancomycin binding affinity. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. " 2242 UPDATE vanWI glycopeptide antibiotic; glycopeptide resistance gene cluster; antibiotic target alteration; vanW; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide resistance gene cluster UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36373 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000234 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Genes that when expressed confer resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin type antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with vanW UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36011 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with vanW is an accessory gene, with unknown function, found on vancomycin resistance operons. " 2243 UPDATE vanXI glycopeptide antibiotic; glycopeptide resistance gene cluster; vanX; antibiotic target alteration; model_sequences; ARO_category "UPDATED fmax with 709 UPDATED strand with + UPDATED accession with NG_055644.1 UPDATED fmin with 100 UPDATED sequence with ATGAAAAGTGATTTTGTCTTTGTGGACGAGTTGGTATCAGGAATACGTTGGGATGCTAAATACGCCACCTGGGATAATTTTACCGGCAAACCGGTGGACGGCTATGCAGCCAATCGAATTGTCGGTACGAGAGCGTTGTGCGCGGCCTTGGAAAAAGCACGGGAAAACGCCGCATCCTTGGGCTTTGGCTTGCTTCTTTGGGATGGTTACCGCCCTCAATGCGCCGTAGATTGCTTTCTGCGCTGGTCTAAACAGCCGGAAGATGGCCGGACGAAACAGAAACACTATCCGAATATTGACCGATCCGAGATCATCGAAAAAGGATATGTGGCTGCCAAGTCGGGCCACAGCCGGGGCAGCGCCATTGATTTAACCCTTTATCATTTAGCTTCCGGAACACTTGTGCCCATGGGCGGTGATTTTGATTTGATGGATTCAGTCTCACATCATGGCGCACATGGAATCAGCCAAGCCGAAGCGAGAAACCGTCAATATCTTTGTTCGATCATGGAGGCCAGCGGTTTTGTTTCCTACGCTTGCGAGTGGTGGCATTACAGCCTGAAACACGAACCTTATCCCAACACTTACTTTGATTTTCTCATCGCCTAG UPDATED NCBI_taxonomy_name with Desulfitobacterium hafniense UPDATED NCBI_taxonomy_id with 49338 UPDATED NCBI_taxonomy_cvterm_id with 40382 UPDATED accession with WP_015943580.1 UPDATED sequence with MKSDFVFVDELVSGIRWDAKYATWDNFTGKPVDGYAANRIVGTRALCAALEKARENAASLGFGLLLWDGYRPQCAVDCFLRWSKQPEDGRTKQKHYPNIDRSEIIEKGYVAAKSGHSRGSAIDLTLYHLASGTLVPMGGDFDLMDSVSHHGAHGISQAEARNRQYLCSIMEASGFVSYACEWWHYSLKHEPYPNTYFDFLIA UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide resistance gene cluster UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36373 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000234 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Genes that when expressed confer resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin type antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with vanX UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36020 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000011 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with VanX is a D,D-dipeptidase that cleaves D-Ala-D-Ala but not D-Ala-D-Lac, ensuring that the latter dipeptide that has reduced binding affinity with vancomycin is used to synthesize peptidoglycan substrate. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. " 995 UPDATE MexG antibiotic efflux; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; norfloxacin; acridine dye; acriflavin; tetracycline antibiotic; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; tetracycline; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with acridine dye UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36193 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000054 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Acridine dyes are cell permeable, basic molecules with an acridine chromophore. These compounds intercalate DNA. The image shown represents the core structure of the acridine family, with specific dyes containing varying substituents. UPDATED category_aro_name with acriflavin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35963 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000045 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Acriflavin is a topical antiseptic. It has the form of an orange or brown powder. It may be harmful in the eyes or if inhaled. Acriflavine is also used as treatment for external fungal infections of aquarium fish. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. " 994 UPDATE SHV-77 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 997 UPDATE VIM-31 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; carbapenem; cephalosporin; cephamycin; VIM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with VIM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36030 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000021 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with The Verone integron-encoded metallo-beta-lactamase (VIM) family was reported from Italy in 1999. There are, to date, 23 reported variants. VIM enzymes mostly occur in P. aeruginosa, also P. putida and, very rarely, Enterobacteriaceae. Integron-associated, sometimes within plasmids. Hydrolyses all beta-lactams except monobactams, and evades all beta-lactam inhibitors. There is a strong incidence of these in East Asia. " 996 UPDATE CMY-77 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 991 UPDATE EreA antibiotic inactivation; macrolide esterase; macrolide antibiotic; roxithromycin; clarithromycin; erythromycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide esterase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36459 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000320 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Hydrolytic enzymes that cleave the macrocycle lactone ring of macrolide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with roxithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35946 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000027 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Roxithromycin is a semi-synthetic, 14-carbon ring macrolide antibiotic derived from erythromycin. It is used to treat respiratory tract, urinary and soft tissue infections. Roxithromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. UPDATED category_aro_name with clarithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35982 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000065 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Clarithromycin is a methyl derivative of erythromycin, sharing the 14-carbon macrolide ring. The antibiotic binds to the 50S subunit of the ribosome and is used to treat pharyngitis, tonsillitis, acute maxillary sinusitis, acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, pneumonia (especially atypical pneumonias associated with Chlamydia pneumoniae or TWAR), and skin structure infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. " 990 UPDATE FOX-9 antibiotic inactivation; cephamycin; cephalosporin; FOX beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with FOX beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36206 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000067 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with FOX beta-lactamases are plasmid-encoded AmpC-type beta-lactamase which conferred resistance to broad-spectrum cephalosporins and cephamycins " 2462 UPDATE Propionibacterium acnes gyrA conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones antibiotic target alteration; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; nybomycin; fluoroquinolone resistant gyrA; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nybomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40463 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003780 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with A heterocyclic antibiotic that targets mutant gyrA (type II topoisomerase) containing an S84L substitution, counteracting acquired quinolone resistance. It is effective against quinolone-resistant Gram-positive bacteria including S. aureus and E. faecalis. Due to its ability to counteract quinolone resistance by targeting the mutant form of the gyrA protein, it is classified as a reverse antibiotic (RA). UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone resistant gyrA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 39876 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003292 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with DNA gyrase is responsible for DNA supercoiling and consists of two alpha and two beta subunits. GyrA point mutations confer resistance by preventing fluoroquinolone antibiotics from binding the alpha-subunit. " 992 UPDATE SHV-66 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 999 UPDATE LEN-2 penam; LEN beta-lactamase; antibiotic inactivation; penem; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with LEN beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36236 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000097 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with LEN beta-lactamases are chromosomal class A beta-lactamases that confer resistance to ampicillin, amoxicillin, carbenicillin, and ticarcillin but not to extended-spectrum beta-lactams. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. " 998 UPDATE SHV-134 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 120 UPDATE aadA4 antibiotic inactivation; aminoglycoside antibiotic; ANT(3''); streptomycin; spectinomycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with ANT(3'') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41439 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004275 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucleotidylylation of streptomycin at the hydroxyl group at position 3'' UPDATED category_aro_name with streptomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35958 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000040 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Streptomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with spectinomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35957 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000039 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Spectinomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Spectinomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit inhibiting translation. " 121 UPDATE mdtF penam; antibiotic efflux; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; norfloxacin; macrolide antibiotic; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; oxacillin; cloxacillin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; erythromycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with oxacillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35973 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000056 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Oxacillin is a penicillinase-resistant beta-lactam. It is similar to methicillin, and has replaced methicillin in clinical use. Oxacillin, especially in combination with other antibiotics, is effective against many penicillinase-producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. UPDATED category_aro_name with cloxacillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35930 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000011 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cloxacillin is a semisynthetic, isoxazolyl penicillin derivative in the beta-lactam class of antibiotics. It interferes with peptidogylcan synthesis and is commonly used for treating penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. " 122 UPDATE VIM-34 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; carbapenem; cephalosporin; cephamycin; VIM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with VIM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36030 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000021 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with The Verone integron-encoded metallo-beta-lactamase (VIM) family was reported from Italy in 1999. There are, to date, 23 reported variants. VIM enzymes mostly occur in P. aeruginosa, also P. putida and, very rarely, Enterobacteriaceae. Integron-associated, sometimes within plasmids. Hydrolyses all beta-lactams except monobactams, and evades all beta-lactam inhibitors. There is a strong incidence of these in East Asia. " 123 UPDATE SHV-64 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 124 UPDATE IND-7 carbapenem; antibiotic inactivation; IND beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with IND beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36199 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000060 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with IND beta-lactamases are class B carbapenem-hydrolyzing beta-lactamases " 125 UPDATE SHV-182 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 126 UPDATE TEM-183 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 127 UPDATE clbB dalfopristin; thiamphenicol; oxazolidinone antibiotic; pristinamycin IIA; pleuromutilin antibiotic; tiamulin; madumycin II; griseoviridin; linezolid; lincomycin; macrolide antibiotic; streptogramin antibiotic; antibiotic target alteration; lincosamide antibiotic; azidamfenicol; clindamycin; phenicol antibiotic; Cfr 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with dalfopristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37018 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000674 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dalfopristin is a water-soluble semi-synthetic derivative of pristinamycin IIA. It is produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis and is used in combination with quinupristin in a 7:3 ratio. Both work together to inhibit protein synthesis, and is active against Gram-positive bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincosamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35936 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincosamides (e.g. lincomycin, clindamycin) are a class of drugs which bind to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. This interaction inhibits early elongation of peptide chains by inhibiting the transpeptidase reaction, acting similarly to macrolides. UPDATED category_aro_name with thiamphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36595 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000456 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Derivative of Chloramphenicol. The nitro group (-NO2) is substituted by a sulfomethyl group (-SO2CH3). UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IIA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37013 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000669 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IIA is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with pleuromutilin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37014 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000670 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Pleuromutilins are natural fungal products that target bacterial protein translation by binding the the 23S rRNA, blocking the ribosome P site at the 50S subunit. They are mostly used for agriculture and veterinary purposes. UPDATED category_aro_name with tiamulin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37015 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000671 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tiamulin is a pleuromutilin derivative currently used in veterinary medicine. It binds to the 23 rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit to inhibit protein translation. UPDATED category_aro_name with madumycin II UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37016 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000672 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Madumycin II is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with griseoviridin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000673 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Griseoviridin is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with linezolid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35989 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000072 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Linezolid is a synthetic antibiotic used for the treatment of serious infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria that are resistant to several other antibiotics. It inhibits protein synthesis by binding to domain V of the 23S rRNA of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35964 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000046 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincomycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that comes from the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis. It binds to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes and inhibit early elongation of peptide chain by inhibiting transpeptidase reaction. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with oxazolidinone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36218 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000079 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Oxazolidinones are a class of synthetic antibiotics discovered the the 1980's. They inhibit protein synthesis by binding to domain V of the 23S rRNA of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. Linezolid is the only member of this class currently in clinical use. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptogramin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35945 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000026 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptogramin antibiotics are natural products produced by various members of the Streptomyces genus. These antibiotics bind to the P site of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The family consists of two subgroups, type A and type B, which are simultaneously produced by the same bacterial species in a ratio of roughly 70:30. UPDATED category_aro_name with azidamfenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36521 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000382 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Azidamfenicol is a water soluble derivative of chloramphenicol, sharing the same mode of action of inhibiting peptide synthesis by interacting with the 23S RNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit. UPDATED category_aro_name with clindamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35983 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000066 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Clindamycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that blocks A-site aminoacyl-tRNA binding. It is usually used to treat infections with anaerobic bacteria but can also be used to treat some protozoal diseases, such as malaria. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with Cfr 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36341 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000202 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Cfr genes produce enzymes which catalyze the methylation of the 23S rRNA subunit at position 8 of adenine-2503. Methylation of 23S rRNA at this site confers resistance to some classes of antibiotics, including streptogramins, chloramphenicols, florfenicols, linezolids and clindamycin. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. " 128 UPDATE srmB efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump; macrolide antibiotic; antibiotic efflux; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36002 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are present in all cells of all organisms and use the energy of ATP binding/hydrolysis to transport substrates across cell membranes. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. " 129 UPDATE FosX fosfomycin; fosfomycin thiol transferase; antibiotic inactivation; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with fosfomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35944 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000025 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Fosfomycin (also known as phosphomycin and phosphonomycin) is a broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by certain Streptomyces species. It is effective on gram positive and negative bacteria as it targets the cell wall, an essential feature shared by both bacteria. Its specific target is MurA (MurZ in E.coli), which attaches phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, a step of commitment to cell wall synthesis. In the active site of MurA, the active cysteine molecule is alkylated which stops the catalytic reaction. UPDATED category_aro_name with fosfomycin thiol transferase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36272 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000133 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Catalyzes the addition of a thiol group from a nucleophilic molecule to fosfomycin. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. " 2068 UPDATE Escherichia coli 16S rRNA mutation conferring resistance to edeine glycopeptide antibiotic; arbekacin; gentamicin B; tetracycline antibiotic; antibiotic target alteration; isepamicin; edeine A; chlortetracycline; paromomycin; G418; sisomicin; spectinomycin; netilmicin; apramycin; streptothricin; gentamicin C; streptomycin; aminoglycoside antibiotic; 16s rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to peptide antibiotics; nucleoside antibiotic; peptide antibiotic; minocycline; hygromycin B; doxycycline; amikacin; bleomycin B2; bleomycinic acid; bleomycin A2; edeine B; dibekacin; oxytetracycline; neomycin; edeine F; edeine D; kanamycin A; tigecycline; glycylcycline; demeclocycline; astromicin; butirosin; ribostamycin; tetracycline; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with edeine A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36269 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000130 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Edeine A is a subtype of the peptide antibiotic edeine, composed of beta-tyr, beta-ser, diaminopropionic acid, diaminohydroxyazelaic acid, glycine, and spermidine. Edeine A is a mixture of edeine A1 and its inactive isomer, edeine A2. Edeines bind to the 30S subunit to block fMet-tRNA interaction at the P site, inhibiting protein synthesis and subsequent structure/function processes critical for life or replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with chlortetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36667 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000528 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chlortetracycline was an early, first-generation tetracycline antibiotic developed in the 1940's. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes, preventing the aminoacyl-tRNA from binding to the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with paromomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000657 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with An aminoglycoside antibiotic used for the treatment of parasitic infections. It is similar to neomycin sharing a similar spectrum of activity, but its hydroxyl group at the 6'-position instead of an amino group makes it resistant to AAC(6') modifying enzymes. UPDATED category_aro_name with G418 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000653 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A gentamicin class aminoglycoside antibiotic often used in mammalian cell culture work as a selectable marker for the neo cassette (APH3'). UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with dibekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35926 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with spectinomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35957 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000039 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Spectinomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Spectinomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit inhibiting translation. UPDATED category_aro_name with netilmicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35956 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000038 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. UPDATED category_aro_name with apramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35955 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000037 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Apramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections in animals. Apramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptothricin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35931 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000012 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptothricins are a group of N-glycoside antibiotics that include a carbamoylated D-glucosamine to which are attached a series of L-beta-lysine residues at position 2 and a streptolidine at position 1. Streptothricins vary by the number of beta-lysine residues (from 1 (nourseothricin) to 7) and target protein synthesis in bacteria and eukaryotes. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin C UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35933 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin C is a mixture of gentamicin C1, gentamicin C1a, and gentamicin C2 (these differ in substituents at position C6'). Gentamicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35958 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000040 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Streptomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with 16s rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to peptide antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40278 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003667 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Point mutations in the 16S rRNA of bacteria can confer resistance to peptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with nucleoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36174 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000034 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucleoside antibiotics are made of modified nucleosides and nucleotides with wide-ranging activities and means of antibacterial effects. This drug class includes aminonucleoside antibiotics, which contain an amino group. UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with minocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36291 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000152 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Minocycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with hygromycin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36353 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000214 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Hygromycin B is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Hygromycin B works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Hygromycin B has also been shown to interact with eukaryotic cells. UPDATED category_aro_name with doxycycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35986 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Doxycycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin B2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37036 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000692 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin B2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycinic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37034 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000690 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycinic acid is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin A2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37035 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000691 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin A2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with edeine B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36273 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000134 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Edeine B is a subtype of the peptide antibiotic edeine, composed of beta-tyr, beta-ser, diaminopropionic acid, diaminohydroxyazelaic acid, glycine, and guanylspermidine. Edeine B is a mixture of edeine B1 and its inactive isomer, edeine B2. Edeines bind to the 30S subunit to block fMet-tRNA interaction at the P site, inhibiting protein synthesis and subsequent structure/function processes critical for life or replication. Edeine B has also been shown to inhibit septation and cause filamentous morphology, also leading to cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with demeclocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37011 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000667 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Demeclocycline is a tetracycline analog with 7-chloro and 6-methyl groups. Due to its fast absorption and slow excretion, it maintains higher effective blood levels compared to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with oxytetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37012 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000668 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Oxytetracycline is a derivative of tetracycline with a 5-hydroxyl group. Its activity is similar to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with edeine F UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36275 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000136 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Edeine F is a subtype of edeine similar to edeine B with beta-tyr replaced by beta-phe-beta-ala. Edeines bind to the 30S subunit to block fMet-tRNA interaction at the P site, inhibiting protein synthesis and subsequent structure/function processes critical for life or replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with edeine D UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36274 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000135 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Edeine D is a subtype of edeine similar to edeine A with the beta-tyr replaced by beta-phe-beta-ala. Edeines bind to the 30S subunit to block fMet-tRNA interaction at the P site, inhibiting protein synthesis and subsequent structure/function processes critical for life or replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tigecycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35949 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000030 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tigecycline is an glycylcycline antibiotic. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycylcycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35960 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000042 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycylcyclines are a new class of antibiotics derived from tetracycline. These tetracycline analogues are specifically designed to overcome two common mechanisms of tetracycline resistance. Presently, there is only one glycylcycline antibiotic for clinical use: tigecycline. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome, preventing the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA. UPDATED category_aro_name with astromicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35922 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Astromicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Astromicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with butirosin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35943 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000024 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Butirosin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Butirosin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with ribostamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35940 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000021 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ribostamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Ribostamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 2069 UPDATE Escherichia coli 16S rRNA (rrsB) mutation conferring resistance to neomycin glycopeptide antibiotic; arbekacin; gentamicin B; tetracycline antibiotic; antibiotic target alteration; isepamicin; G418; chlortetracycline; paromomycin; sisomicin; spectinomycin; netilmicin; apramycin; streptothricin; gentamicin C; streptomycin; aminoglycoside antibiotic; nucleoside antibiotic; 16s rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics; peptide antibiotic; minocycline; hygromycin B; doxycycline; amikacin; bleomycin B2; bleomycinic acid; bleomycin A2; dibekacin; oxytetracycline; neomycin; kanamycin A; tigecycline; glycylcycline; demeclocycline; astromicin; butirosin; ribostamycin; tetracycline; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with G418 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000653 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A gentamicin class aminoglycoside antibiotic often used in mammalian cell culture work as a selectable marker for the neo cassette (APH3'). UPDATED category_aro_name with chlortetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36667 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000528 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chlortetracycline was an early, first-generation tetracycline antibiotic developed in the 1940's. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes, preventing the aminoacyl-tRNA from binding to the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with paromomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000657 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with An aminoglycoside antibiotic used for the treatment of parasitic infections. It is similar to neomycin sharing a similar spectrum of activity, but its hydroxyl group at the 6'-position instead of an amino group makes it resistant to AAC(6') modifying enzymes. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with dibekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35926 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with spectinomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35957 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000039 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Spectinomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Spectinomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit inhibiting translation. UPDATED category_aro_name with netilmicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35956 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000038 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. UPDATED category_aro_name with apramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35955 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000037 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Apramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections in animals. Apramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptothricin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35931 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000012 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptothricins are a group of N-glycoside antibiotics that include a carbamoylated D-glucosamine to which are attached a series of L-beta-lysine residues at position 2 and a streptolidine at position 1. Streptothricins vary by the number of beta-lysine residues (from 1 (nourseothricin) to 7) and target protein synthesis in bacteria and eukaryotes. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin C UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35933 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin C is a mixture of gentamicin C1, gentamicin C1a, and gentamicin C2 (these differ in substituents at position C6'). Gentamicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35958 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000040 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Streptomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with nucleoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36174 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000034 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucleoside antibiotics are made of modified nucleosides and nucleotides with wide-ranging activities and means of antibacterial effects. This drug class includes aminonucleoside antibiotics, which contain an amino group. UPDATED category_aro_name with 16s rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40277 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Point mutations in the 16S rRNA of bacteria can confer resistance to aminoglycosides. UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with minocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36291 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000152 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Minocycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with hygromycin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36353 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000214 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Hygromycin B is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Hygromycin B works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Hygromycin B has also been shown to interact with eukaryotic cells. UPDATED category_aro_name with doxycycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35986 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Doxycycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin B2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37036 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000692 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin B2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycinic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37034 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000690 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycinic acid is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin A2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37035 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000691 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin A2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with demeclocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37011 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000667 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Demeclocycline is a tetracycline analog with 7-chloro and 6-methyl groups. Due to its fast absorption and slow excretion, it maintains higher effective blood levels compared to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with oxytetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37012 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000668 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Oxytetracycline is a derivative of tetracycline with a 5-hydroxyl group. Its activity is similar to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tigecycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35949 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000030 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tigecycline is an glycylcycline antibiotic. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycylcycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35960 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000042 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycylcyclines are a new class of antibiotics derived from tetracycline. These tetracycline analogues are specifically designed to overcome two common mechanisms of tetracycline resistance. Presently, there is only one glycylcycline antibiotic for clinical use: tigecycline. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome, preventing the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA. UPDATED category_aro_name with astromicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35922 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Astromicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Astromicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with butirosin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35943 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000024 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Butirosin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Butirosin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with ribostamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35940 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000021 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ribostamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Ribostamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 2798 UPDATE AxyZ antibiotic efflux; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; protein(s) and two-component regulatory system modulating antibiotic efflux; antibiotic target alteration; macrolide antibiotic; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; cephalosporin; cefepime; tetracycline antibiotic; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; aminoglycoside antibiotic; erythromycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Regulator DELETED 35950 UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefepime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35976 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000059 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefepime (INN) is a fourth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic developed in 1994. It contains an aminothiazolyl group that decreases its affinity with beta-lactamases. Cefepime shows high binding affinity with penicillin-binding proteins and has an extended spectrum of activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, with greater activity against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms than third-generation agents. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. " 2799 UPDATE AxyY antibiotic efflux; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; macrolide antibiotic; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; cephalosporin; cefepime; tetracycline antibiotic; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; aminoglycoside antibiotic; erythromycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefepime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35976 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000059 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefepime (INN) is a fourth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic developed in 1994. It contains an aminothiazolyl group that decreases its affinity with beta-lactamases. Cefepime shows high binding affinity with penicillin-binding proteins and has an extended spectrum of activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, with greater activity against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms than third-generation agents. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. " 2792 UPDATE Moraxella catarrhalis 23S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to macrolide antibiotics antibiotic target alteration; glycopeptide antibiotic; vernamycin B-gamma; macrolide antibiotic; florfenicol; lincosamide antibiotic; thiamphenicol; 23S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to macrolide antibiotics; clindamycin; dalfopristin; pristinamycin IB; quinupristin; pristinamycin IA; bleomycin B2; bleomycinic acid; bleomycin A2; pristinamycin IIA; pleuromutilin antibiotic; madumycin II; griseoviridin; lincomycin; streptogramin antibiotic; azidamfenicol; phenicol antibiotic; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with vernamycin B-gamma UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37022 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000678 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Vernamycin B-gamma is a class B streptogramin derived from virginiamycin S1. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with florfenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36600 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000461 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Florfenicol is a fluorine derivative of chloramphenicol, where the nitro group (-NO2) is substituted by a sulfomethyl group (-SO2CH3) and the hydroxyl group (-OH), by a fluorine group (-F). The action mechanism is the same as chloramphenicol's, where the antibiotic binds to the 23S RNA of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincosamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35936 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincosamides (e.g. lincomycin, clindamycin) are a class of drugs which bind to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. This interaction inhibits early elongation of peptide chains by inhibiting the transpeptidase reaction, acting similarly to macrolides. UPDATED category_aro_name with thiamphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36595 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000456 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Derivative of Chloramphenicol. The nitro group (-NO2) is substituted by a sulfomethyl group (-SO2CH3). UPDATED category_aro_name with 23S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to macrolide antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41251 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004125 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucleotide point mutations in the 23S rRNA subunit may confer resistance to macrolide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with clindamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35983 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000066 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Clindamycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that blocks A-site aminoacyl-tRNA binding. It is usually used to treat infections with anaerobic bacteria but can also be used to treat some protozoal diseases, such as malaria. UPDATED category_aro_name with dalfopristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37018 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000674 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dalfopristin is a water-soluble semi-synthetic derivative of pristinamycin IIA. It is produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis and is used in combination with quinupristin in a 7:3 ratio. Both work together to inhibit protein synthesis, and is active against Gram-positive bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IB UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37019 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000675 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IB is a class B streptogramin similar to pristinamycin IA, the former containing a N-methyl-4-(methylamino)phenylalanine instead of a N-methyl-4-(dimethylamino)phenylalanine in its class A streptogramin counterpart (one less methyl group). UPDATED category_aro_name with quinupristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36723 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000584 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Quinupristin is a type B streptogramin and a semisynthetic derivative of pristinamycin 1A. It is a component of the drug Synercid and interacts with the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36722 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000583 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin 1A is a type B streptogramin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis. It binds to the P site of the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, preventing the extension of protein chains. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin B2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37036 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000692 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin B2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycinic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37034 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000690 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycinic acid is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin A2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37035 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000691 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin A2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IIA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37013 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000669 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IIA is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with pleuromutilin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37014 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000670 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Pleuromutilins are natural fungal products that target bacterial protein translation by binding the the 23S rRNA, blocking the ribosome P site at the 50S subunit. They are mostly used for agriculture and veterinary purposes. UPDATED category_aro_name with madumycin II UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37016 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000672 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Madumycin II is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with griseoviridin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000673 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Griseoviridin is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35964 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000046 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincomycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that comes from the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis. It binds to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes and inhibit early elongation of peptide chain by inhibiting transpeptidase reaction. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptogramin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35945 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000026 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptogramin antibiotics are natural products produced by various members of the Streptomyces genus. These antibiotics bind to the P site of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The family consists of two subgroups, type A and type B, which are simultaneously produced by the same bacterial species in a ratio of roughly 70:30. UPDATED category_aro_name with azidamfenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36521 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000382 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Azidamfenicol is a water soluble derivative of chloramphenicol, sharing the same mode of action of inhibiting peptide synthesis by interacting with the 23S RNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. " 2793 UPDATE Chlamydomonas reinhardtii 23S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to erythromycin antibiotic target alteration; glycopeptide antibiotic; vernamycin B-gamma; macrolide antibiotic; florfenicol; lincosamide antibiotic; thiamphenicol; 23S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to macrolide antibiotics; clindamycin; dalfopristin; pristinamycin IB; quinupristin; pristinamycin IA; bleomycin B2; bleomycinic acid; bleomycin A2; pristinamycin IIA; pleuromutilin antibiotic; madumycin II; griseoviridin; lincomycin; streptogramin antibiotic; azidamfenicol; chloramphenicol; phenicol antibiotic; erythromycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with vernamycin B-gamma UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37022 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000678 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Vernamycin B-gamma is a class B streptogramin derived from virginiamycin S1. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with florfenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36600 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000461 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Florfenicol is a fluorine derivative of chloramphenicol, where the nitro group (-NO2) is substituted by a sulfomethyl group (-SO2CH3) and the hydroxyl group (-OH), by a fluorine group (-F). The action mechanism is the same as chloramphenicol's, where the antibiotic binds to the 23S RNA of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincosamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35936 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincosamides (e.g. lincomycin, clindamycin) are a class of drugs which bind to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. This interaction inhibits early elongation of peptide chains by inhibiting the transpeptidase reaction, acting similarly to macrolides. UPDATED category_aro_name with thiamphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36595 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000456 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Derivative of Chloramphenicol. The nitro group (-NO2) is substituted by a sulfomethyl group (-SO2CH3). UPDATED category_aro_name with 23S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to macrolide antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41251 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004125 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucleotide point mutations in the 23S rRNA subunit may confer resistance to macrolide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with clindamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35983 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000066 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Clindamycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that blocks A-site aminoacyl-tRNA binding. It is usually used to treat infections with anaerobic bacteria but can also be used to treat some protozoal diseases, such as malaria. UPDATED category_aro_name with dalfopristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37018 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000674 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dalfopristin is a water-soluble semi-synthetic derivative of pristinamycin IIA. It is produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis and is used in combination with quinupristin in a 7:3 ratio. Both work together to inhibit protein synthesis, and is active against Gram-positive bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IB UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37019 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000675 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IB is a class B streptogramin similar to pristinamycin IA, the former containing a N-methyl-4-(methylamino)phenylalanine instead of a N-methyl-4-(dimethylamino)phenylalanine in its class A streptogramin counterpart (one less methyl group). UPDATED category_aro_name with quinupristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36723 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000584 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Quinupristin is a type B streptogramin and a semisynthetic derivative of pristinamycin 1A. It is a component of the drug Synercid and interacts with the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36722 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000583 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin 1A is a type B streptogramin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis. It binds to the P site of the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, preventing the extension of protein chains. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin B2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37036 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000692 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin B2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycinic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37034 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000690 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycinic acid is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin A2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37035 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000691 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin A2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IIA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37013 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000669 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IIA is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with pleuromutilin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37014 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000670 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Pleuromutilins are natural fungal products that target bacterial protein translation by binding the the 23S rRNA, blocking the ribosome P site at the 50S subunit. They are mostly used for agriculture and veterinary purposes. UPDATED category_aro_name with madumycin II UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37016 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000672 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Madumycin II is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with griseoviridin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000673 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Griseoviridin is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35964 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000046 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincomycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that comes from the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis. It binds to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes and inhibit early elongation of peptide chain by inhibiting transpeptidase reaction. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptogramin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35945 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000026 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptogramin antibiotics are natural products produced by various members of the Streptomyces genus. These antibiotics bind to the P site of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The family consists of two subgroups, type A and type B, which are simultaneously produced by the same bacterial species in a ratio of roughly 70:30. UPDATED category_aro_name with azidamfenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36521 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000382 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Azidamfenicol is a water soluble derivative of chloramphenicol, sharing the same mode of action of inhibiting peptide synthesis by interacting with the 23S RNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. " 2790 UPDATE Serratia marcescens Omp1 penam; carbapenem; reduced permeability to antibiotic; General Bacterial Porin with reduced permeability to beta-lactams; penem; resistance by absence; phenicol antibiotic; cefotaxime; tetracycline antibiotic; cephalosporin; cephamycin; ciprofloxacin; moxalactam; monobactam; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; ceftriaxone; cefoxitin; tetracycline; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with General Bacterial Porin with reduced permeability to beta-lactams UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41445 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004281 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These are GBPs that are associated with decreased susceptibility to beta-lactams either through mutations in the porin protein, absence of the porin protein, or expression of the porin protein. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance by absence UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40429 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003764 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mechanism of antibiotic resistance conferred by deletion of gene (usually a porin) UPDATED category_aro_name with cefotaxime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36989 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000645 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefotaxime is a semisynthetic cephalosporin taken parenterally. It is resistant to most beta-lactamases and active against Gram-negative rods and cocci due to its aminothiazoyl and methoximino functional groups. UPDATED category_aro_name with reduced permeability to antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36383 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000244 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Reduction in permeability to antibiotic, generally through reduced production of porins, can provide resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxalactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40944 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxalactam (Latamoxef) is a broad spectrum cephalosporin (oxacephem) and beta-lactam antibiotic. Moxalactam binding to PBPs inhibits peptidoglycan cross-linkage in the cell wall, resulting in cell death. Moxalactam is proposed to be effective against meningitides as it passes the blood-brain barrier. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftriaxone UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35979 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000062 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftriaxone is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. The presence of an aminothiazolyl sidechain increases ceftriazone's resistance to beta-lactamases. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefoxitin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35927 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefoxitin is a cephamycin antibiotic often grouped with the second generation cephalosporins. Cefoxitin is bactericidal and acts by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. Cefoxitin's 7-alpha-methoxy group and 3' leaving group make it a poor substrate for most beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. " 2791 UPDATE Streptococcus mitis CdsA with mutation conferring daptomycin resistance peptide antibiotic; antibiotic target alteration; daptomycin resistant CdsA; daptomycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with daptomycin resistant CdsA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41204 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004096 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutations to the CdsA phosphatidate cytidylyltransferase conferring resistance to daptomycin. UPDATED category_aro_name with daptomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35985 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000068 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Daptomycin is a novel lipopeptide antibiotic used in the treatment of certain infections caused by Gram-positive organisms. Daptomycin interferes with the bacterial cell membrane, reducing membrane potential and inhibiting cell wall synthesis. " 2796 UPDATE OprZ antibiotic efflux; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; macrolide antibiotic; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; cephalosporin; cefepime; tetracycline antibiotic; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; aminoglycoside antibiotic; erythromycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefepime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35976 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000059 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefepime (INN) is a fourth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic developed in 1994. It contains an aminothiazolyl group that decreases its affinity with beta-lactamases. Cefepime shows high binding affinity with penicillin-binding proteins and has an extended spectrum of activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, with greater activity against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms than third-generation agents. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. " 2797 UPDATE AxyX antibiotic efflux; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; macrolide antibiotic; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; cephalosporin; cefepime; tetracycline antibiotic; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; aminoglycoside antibiotic; erythromycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefepime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35976 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000059 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefepime (INN) is a fourth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic developed in 1994. It contains an aminothiazolyl group that decreases its affinity with beta-lactamases. Cefepime shows high binding affinity with penicillin-binding proteins and has an extended spectrum of activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, with greater activity against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms than third-generation agents. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. " 2794 UPDATE Helicobacter pylori 23S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to clarithromycin antibiotic target alteration; glycopeptide antibiotic; vernamycin B-gamma; macrolide antibiotic; florfenicol; lincosamide antibiotic; thiamphenicol; 23S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to macrolide antibiotics; clarithromycin; clindamycin; dalfopristin; pristinamycin IB; quinupristin; pristinamycin IA; bleomycin B2; bleomycinic acid; bleomycin A2; pristinamycin IIA; pleuromutilin antibiotic; madumycin II; griseoviridin; lincomycin; streptogramin antibiotic; azidamfenicol; phenicol antibiotic; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with vernamycin B-gamma UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37022 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000678 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Vernamycin B-gamma is a class B streptogramin derived from virginiamycin S1. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with florfenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36600 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000461 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Florfenicol is a fluorine derivative of chloramphenicol, where the nitro group (-NO2) is substituted by a sulfomethyl group (-SO2CH3) and the hydroxyl group (-OH), by a fluorine group (-F). The action mechanism is the same as chloramphenicol's, where the antibiotic binds to the 23S RNA of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincosamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35936 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincosamides (e.g. lincomycin, clindamycin) are a class of drugs which bind to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. This interaction inhibits early elongation of peptide chains by inhibiting the transpeptidase reaction, acting similarly to macrolides. UPDATED category_aro_name with thiamphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36595 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000456 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Derivative of Chloramphenicol. The nitro group (-NO2) is substituted by a sulfomethyl group (-SO2CH3). UPDATED category_aro_name with 23S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to macrolide antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41251 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004125 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucleotide point mutations in the 23S rRNA subunit may confer resistance to macrolide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with clarithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35982 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000065 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Clarithromycin is a methyl derivative of erythromycin, sharing the 14-carbon macrolide ring. The antibiotic binds to the 50S subunit of the ribosome and is used to treat pharyngitis, tonsillitis, acute maxillary sinusitis, acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, pneumonia (especially atypical pneumonias associated with Chlamydia pneumoniae or TWAR), and skin structure infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with clindamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35983 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000066 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Clindamycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that blocks A-site aminoacyl-tRNA binding. It is usually used to treat infections with anaerobic bacteria but can also be used to treat some protozoal diseases, such as malaria. UPDATED category_aro_name with dalfopristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37018 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000674 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dalfopristin is a water-soluble semi-synthetic derivative of pristinamycin IIA. It is produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis and is used in combination with quinupristin in a 7:3 ratio. Both work together to inhibit protein synthesis, and is active against Gram-positive bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IB UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37019 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000675 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IB is a class B streptogramin similar to pristinamycin IA, the former containing a N-methyl-4-(methylamino)phenylalanine instead of a N-methyl-4-(dimethylamino)phenylalanine in its class A streptogramin counterpart (one less methyl group). UPDATED category_aro_name with quinupristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36723 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000584 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Quinupristin is a type B streptogramin and a semisynthetic derivative of pristinamycin 1A. It is a component of the drug Synercid and interacts with the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36722 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000583 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin 1A is a type B streptogramin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis. It binds to the P site of the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, preventing the extension of protein chains. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin B2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37036 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000692 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin B2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycinic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37034 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000690 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycinic acid is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin A2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37035 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000691 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin A2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IIA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37013 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000669 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IIA is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with pleuromutilin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37014 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000670 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Pleuromutilins are natural fungal products that target bacterial protein translation by binding the the 23S rRNA, blocking the ribosome P site at the 50S subunit. They are mostly used for agriculture and veterinary purposes. UPDATED category_aro_name with madumycin II UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37016 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000672 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Madumycin II is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with griseoviridin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000673 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Griseoviridin is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35964 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000046 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincomycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that comes from the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis. It binds to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes and inhibit early elongation of peptide chain by inhibiting transpeptidase reaction. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptogramin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35945 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000026 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptogramin antibiotics are natural products produced by various members of the Streptomyces genus. These antibiotics bind to the P site of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The family consists of two subgroups, type A and type B, which are simultaneously produced by the same bacterial species in a ratio of roughly 70:30. UPDATED category_aro_name with azidamfenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36521 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000382 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Azidamfenicol is a water soluble derivative of chloramphenicol, sharing the same mode of action of inhibiting peptide synthesis by interacting with the 23S RNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. " 2795 UPDATE MCR-3 peptide antibiotic; MCR phosphoethanolamine transferase; antibiotic target alteration; colistin B; colistin A; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with MCR phosphoethanolamine transferase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41432 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004268 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with A group of mobile colistin resistance genes encode the MCR family of phosphoethanolamine transferases, which catalyze the addition of phosphoethanolamine onto lipid A, thus interfering with the binding of colistin to the cell membrane. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with colistin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000624 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Colistin B, or polymyxin E2, has a 6-heptanoic acid lipid tail. Polymyxins disrupt the cell membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with colistin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000622 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Colistin A, or polymyxin E1, has a 6-octanoic acid lipid tail. Polymyxins disrupt the cell membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. " 2666 UPDATE antibiotic resistant fabI isoniazid; antibiotic target alteration; triclosan; antibiotic resistant fabI; ARO_category; ARO_name "UPDATED category_aro_name with isoniazid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36659 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000520 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Isoniazid is an organic compound that is the first-line anti tuberculosis medication in prevention and treatment. As a prodrug, it is activated by mycobacterial catalase-peroxidases such as M. tuberculosis KatG. Isoniazid inhibits mycolic acid synthesis, which prevents cell wall synthesis in mycobacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with triclosan UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37250 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000870 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Triclosan is a common antibacterial agent added to many consumer products as a biocide. It is an inhibitor of fatty acid biosynthesis by blocking enoyl-carrier protein reductase (FabI). UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic resistant fabI UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41434 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004270 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with fabI is a enoyl-acyl carrier reductase used in lipid metabolism and fatty acid biosynthesis. The bacterial biocide Triclosan blocks the final reduction step in fatty acid elongation, inhibiting biosynthesis. Point mutations in fabI can confer resistance to Triclosan and Isoniazid. UPDATED ARO_name with Escherichia coli fabI mutations conferring resistance to isoniazid and triclosan " 2660 UPDATE Enterobacter cloacae acrA penam; antibiotic efflux; triclosan; rifampin; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; tetracycline antibiotic; cephalosporin; cefalotin; tigecycline; glycylcycline; ampicillin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; rifamycin antibiotic; phenicol antibiotic; tetracycline; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with triclosan UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37250 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000870 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Triclosan is a common antibacterial agent added to many consumer products as a biocide. It is an inhibitor of fatty acid biosynthesis by blocking enoyl-carrier protein reductase (FabI). UPDATED category_aro_name with rifampin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36308 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000169 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifampin is a semi-synthetic rifamycin, and inhibits RNA synthesis by binding to RNA polymerase. Rifampin is the mainstay agent for the treatment of tuberculosis, leprosy and complicated Gram-positive infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with ampicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36981 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000637 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ampicillin is a penicillin derivative that is highly acid stable, with its activity similar to benzylpenicillin. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefalotin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37084 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000704 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. It is resistant to staphylococci beta-lactamases but hydrolyzed by enterobacterial beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with tigecycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35949 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000030 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tigecycline is an glycylcycline antibiotic. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycylcycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35960 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000042 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycylcyclines are a new class of antibiotics derived from tetracycline. These tetracycline analogues are specifically designed to overcome two common mechanisms of tetracycline resistance. Presently, there is only one glycylcycline antibiotic for clinical use: tigecycline. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome, preventing the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifamycin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36296 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000157 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifamycin antibiotics are a group of broad-spectrum ansamycin antibiotics that inhibit bacterial RNA polymerase by binding to a highly conserved region, blocking the oligonucleotide exit tunnel, and preventing the extension of nascent mRNAs. " 2661 UPDATE Escherichia coli acrA penam; antibiotic efflux; triclosan; rifampin; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; tetracycline antibiotic; cephalosporin; cefalotin; tigecycline; glycylcycline; ampicillin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; rifamycin antibiotic; phenicol antibiotic; tetracycline; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with triclosan UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37250 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000870 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Triclosan is a common antibacterial agent added to many consumer products as a biocide. It is an inhibitor of fatty acid biosynthesis by blocking enoyl-carrier protein reductase (FabI). UPDATED category_aro_name with rifampin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36308 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000169 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifampin is a semi-synthetic rifamycin, and inhibits RNA synthesis by binding to RNA polymerase. Rifampin is the mainstay agent for the treatment of tuberculosis, leprosy and complicated Gram-positive infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with ampicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36981 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000637 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ampicillin is a penicillin derivative that is highly acid stable, with its activity similar to benzylpenicillin. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefalotin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37084 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000704 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. It is resistant to staphylococci beta-lactamases but hydrolyzed by enterobacterial beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with tigecycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35949 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000030 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tigecycline is an glycylcycline antibiotic. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycylcycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35960 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000042 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycylcyclines are a new class of antibiotics derived from tetracycline. These tetracycline analogues are specifically designed to overcome two common mechanisms of tetracycline resistance. Presently, there is only one glycylcycline antibiotic for clinical use: tigecycline. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome, preventing the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifamycin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36296 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000157 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifamycin antibiotics are a group of broad-spectrum ansamycin antibiotics that inhibit bacterial RNA polymerase by binding to a highly conserved region, blocking the oligonucleotide exit tunnel, and preventing the extension of nascent mRNAs. " 722 UPDATE vanRA vanR; glycopeptide resistance gene cluster; teicoplanin; glycopeptide antibiotic; antibiotic target alteration; vancomycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with vanR UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36713 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000574 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with VanR is a OmpR-family transcriptional activator in the VanSR regulatory system. When activated by VanS, it promotes cotranscription of VanA, VanH, and VanX. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide resistance gene cluster UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36373 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000234 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Genes that when expressed confer resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin type antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with teicoplanin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35948 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000029 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Teicoplanin is a glycopeptide antibiotic used in the prophylaxis and treatment of serious infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria. Teicoplanin has a unique acyl-aliphatic chain, and binds to cell wall precursors to inhibit transglycosylation and transpeptidation. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with vancomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35947 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000028 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Vancomycin is a glycopeptide antibiotic used in the prophylaxis and treatment of infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria. Vancomycin inhibits the synthesis of peptidoglycan, the major component of the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria. Its mechanism of action is unusual in that it acts by binding precursors of peptidoglycan, rather than by interacting with an enzyme. " 723 UPDATE SHV-72 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 1645 UPDATE ACT-23 antibiotic inactivation; carbapenem; penam; ACT beta-lactamase; cephalosporin; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with ACT beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36211 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000072 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with ACT beta-lactamases, also known as AmpC beta-lactamases, are cephalosporinases that cannot be inhibited by clavulanate. These enzymes are encoded by genes located on the chromosome and can be induced by the presence of beta-lactam antibiotics. However recently, these genes have been found on plasmids and expressed at high constitutive levels in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 1644 UPDATE SHV-70 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 1647 UPDATE MexI antibiotic efflux; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; norfloxacin; acridine dye; acriflavin; tetracycline antibiotic; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; tetracycline; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with acridine dye UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36193 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000054 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Acridine dyes are cell permeable, basic molecules with an acridine chromophore. These compounds intercalate DNA. The image shown represents the core structure of the acridine family, with specific dyes containing varying substituents. UPDATED category_aro_name with acriflavin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35963 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000045 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Acriflavin is a topical antiseptic. It has the form of an orange or brown powder. It may be harmful in the eyes or if inhaled. Acriflavine is also used as treatment for external fungal infections of aquarium fish. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. " 1646 UPDATE TEM-139 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 1641 UPDATE OXA-203 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1640 UPDATE MIR-14 antibiotic inactivation; monobactam; cephalosporin; cephamycin; MIR beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with MIR beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36197 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000058 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with MIR beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated beta-lactamases that confer resistance to oxyimino- and alpha-methoxy beta-lactams " 1643 UPDATE arnA pmr phosphoethanolamine transferase; peptide antibiotic; antibiotic target alteration; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with pmr phosphoethanolamine transferase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41433 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004269 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with This family of phosphoethanolamine transferase catalyze the addition of 4-amino-4-deoxy-L-arabinose (L-Ara4N) and phosphoethanolamine to lipid A, which impedes the binding of colistin to the cell membrane. UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. " 1642 UPDATE clbC dalfopristin; thiamphenicol; oxazolidinone antibiotic; pristinamycin IIA; pleuromutilin antibiotic; tiamulin; madumycin II; griseoviridin; linezolid; lincomycin; macrolide antibiotic; streptogramin antibiotic; antibiotic target alteration; lincosamide antibiotic; azidamfenicol; clindamycin; phenicol antibiotic; Cfr 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with dalfopristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37018 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000674 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dalfopristin is a water-soluble semi-synthetic derivative of pristinamycin IIA. It is produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis and is used in combination with quinupristin in a 7:3 ratio. Both work together to inhibit protein synthesis, and is active against Gram-positive bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincosamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35936 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincosamides (e.g. lincomycin, clindamycin) are a class of drugs which bind to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. This interaction inhibits early elongation of peptide chains by inhibiting the transpeptidase reaction, acting similarly to macrolides. UPDATED category_aro_name with thiamphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36595 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000456 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Derivative of Chloramphenicol. The nitro group (-NO2) is substituted by a sulfomethyl group (-SO2CH3). UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IIA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37013 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000669 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IIA is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with pleuromutilin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37014 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000670 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Pleuromutilins are natural fungal products that target bacterial protein translation by binding the the 23S rRNA, blocking the ribosome P site at the 50S subunit. They are mostly used for agriculture and veterinary purposes. UPDATED category_aro_name with tiamulin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37015 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000671 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tiamulin is a pleuromutilin derivative currently used in veterinary medicine. It binds to the 23 rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit to inhibit protein translation. UPDATED category_aro_name with madumycin II UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37016 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000672 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Madumycin II is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with griseoviridin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000673 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Griseoviridin is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with linezolid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35989 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000072 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Linezolid is a synthetic antibiotic used for the treatment of serious infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria that are resistant to several other antibiotics. It inhibits protein synthesis by binding to domain V of the 23S rRNA of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35964 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000046 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincomycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that comes from the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis. It binds to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes and inhibit early elongation of peptide chain by inhibiting transpeptidase reaction. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with oxazolidinone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36218 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000079 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Oxazolidinones are a class of synthetic antibiotics discovered the the 1980's. They inhibit protein synthesis by binding to domain V of the 23S rRNA of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. Linezolid is the only member of this class currently in clinical use. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptogramin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35945 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000026 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptogramin antibiotics are natural products produced by various members of the Streptomyces genus. These antibiotics bind to the P site of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The family consists of two subgroups, type A and type B, which are simultaneously produced by the same bacterial species in a ratio of roughly 70:30. UPDATED category_aro_name with azidamfenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36521 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000382 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Azidamfenicol is a water soluble derivative of chloramphenicol, sharing the same mode of action of inhibiting peptide synthesis by interacting with the 23S RNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit. UPDATED category_aro_name with clindamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35983 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000066 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Clindamycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that blocks A-site aminoacyl-tRNA binding. It is usually used to treat infections with anaerobic bacteria but can also be used to treat some protozoal diseases, such as malaria. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with Cfr 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36341 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000202 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Cfr genes produce enzymes which catalyze the methylation of the 23S rRNA subunit at position 8 of adenine-2503. Methylation of 23S rRNA at this site confers resistance to some classes of antibiotics, including streptogramins, chloramphenicols, florfenicols, linezolids and clindamycin. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. " 1396 UPDATE OXA-11 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1649 UPDATE DHA-21 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; cephamycin; DHA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with DHA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36207 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000068 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with DHA beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated AmpC β-lactamases that confer resistance to cephamycins and oxyimino-cephalosporins. " 1648 UPDATE CTX-M-2 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 728 UPDATE TEM-192 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 729 UPDATE CTX-M-8 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 1252 UPDATE ceoB efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; aminoglycoside antibiotic; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; antibiotic efflux; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. " 579 UPDATE vgaA dalfopristin; pleuromutilin; ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump; antibiotic efflux; pristinamycin IIA; pleuromutilin antibiotic; madumycin II; griseoviridin; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; streptogramin antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with dalfopristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37018 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000674 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dalfopristin is a water-soluble semi-synthetic derivative of pristinamycin IIA. It is produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis and is used in combination with quinupristin in a 7:3 ratio. Both work together to inhibit protein synthesis, and is active against Gram-positive bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with pleuromutilin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37716 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3001317 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pleuromutilin is a natural product antibiotic produced by Clitopilus passeckerianus. Related antibiotics of clinical significance, such as tiamulin and retapamulin, are semi-synthetic derivatives of this compound. UPDATED category_aro_name with ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36002 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are present in all cells of all organisms and use the energy of ATP binding/hydrolysis to transport substrates across cell membranes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IIA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37013 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000669 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IIA is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with pleuromutilin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37014 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000670 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Pleuromutilins are natural fungal products that target bacterial protein translation by binding the the 23S rRNA, blocking the ribosome P site at the 50S subunit. They are mostly used for agriculture and veterinary purposes. UPDATED category_aro_name with madumycin II UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37016 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000672 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Madumycin II is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with griseoviridin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000673 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Griseoviridin is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptogramin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35945 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000026 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptogramin antibiotics are natural products produced by various members of the Streptomyces genus. These antibiotics bind to the P site of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The family consists of two subgroups, type A and type B, which are simultaneously produced by the same bacterial species in a ratio of roughly 70:30. " 578 UPDATE SHV-11 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 573 UPDATE OXA-136 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 572 UPDATE OXA-137 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 571 UPDATE clbA dalfopristin; thiamphenicol; oxazolidinone antibiotic; pristinamycin IIA; pleuromutilin antibiotic; tiamulin; madumycin II; griseoviridin; linezolid; lincomycin; macrolide antibiotic; streptogramin antibiotic; antibiotic target alteration; lincosamide antibiotic; azidamfenicol; clindamycin; phenicol antibiotic; Cfr 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with dalfopristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37018 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000674 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dalfopristin is a water-soluble semi-synthetic derivative of pristinamycin IIA. It is produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis and is used in combination with quinupristin in a 7:3 ratio. Both work together to inhibit protein synthesis, and is active against Gram-positive bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincosamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35936 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincosamides (e.g. lincomycin, clindamycin) are a class of drugs which bind to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. This interaction inhibits early elongation of peptide chains by inhibiting the transpeptidase reaction, acting similarly to macrolides. UPDATED category_aro_name with thiamphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36595 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000456 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Derivative of Chloramphenicol. The nitro group (-NO2) is substituted by a sulfomethyl group (-SO2CH3). UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IIA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37013 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000669 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IIA is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with pleuromutilin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37014 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000670 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Pleuromutilins are natural fungal products that target bacterial protein translation by binding the the 23S rRNA, blocking the ribosome P site at the 50S subunit. They are mostly used for agriculture and veterinary purposes. UPDATED category_aro_name with tiamulin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37015 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000671 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tiamulin is a pleuromutilin derivative currently used in veterinary medicine. It binds to the 23 rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit to inhibit protein translation. UPDATED category_aro_name with madumycin II UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37016 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000672 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Madumycin II is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with griseoviridin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000673 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Griseoviridin is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with linezolid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35989 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000072 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Linezolid is a synthetic antibiotic used for the treatment of serious infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria that are resistant to several other antibiotics. It inhibits protein synthesis by binding to domain V of the 23S rRNA of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35964 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000046 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincomycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that comes from the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis. It binds to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes and inhibit early elongation of peptide chain by inhibiting transpeptidase reaction. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with oxazolidinone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36218 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000079 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Oxazolidinones are a class of synthetic antibiotics discovered the the 1980's. They inhibit protein synthesis by binding to domain V of the 23S rRNA of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. Linezolid is the only member of this class currently in clinical use. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptogramin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35945 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000026 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptogramin antibiotics are natural products produced by various members of the Streptomyces genus. These antibiotics bind to the P site of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The family consists of two subgroups, type A and type B, which are simultaneously produced by the same bacterial species in a ratio of roughly 70:30. UPDATED category_aro_name with azidamfenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36521 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000382 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Azidamfenicol is a water soluble derivative of chloramphenicol, sharing the same mode of action of inhibiting peptide synthesis by interacting with the 23S RNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit. UPDATED category_aro_name with clindamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35983 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000066 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Clindamycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that blocks A-site aminoacyl-tRNA binding. It is usually used to treat infections with anaerobic bacteria but can also be used to treat some protozoal diseases, such as malaria. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with Cfr 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36341 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000202 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Cfr genes produce enzymes which catalyze the methylation of the 23S rRNA subunit at position 8 of adenine-2503. Methylation of 23S rRNA at this site confers resistance to some classes of antibiotics, including streptogramins, chloramphenicols, florfenicols, linezolids and clindamycin. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. " 570 UPDATE Streptococcus pyogenes folP with mutation conferring resistance to sulfonamides sulfadiazine; sulfadoxine; sulfacetamide; sulfadimidine; mafenide; sulfonamide resistant dihydropteroate synthase folP; sulfisoxazole; antibiotic target alteration; sulfone antibiotic; sulfamethizole; sulfasalazine; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfamethoxazole; dapsone; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with sulfadiazine UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36463 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000324 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sulfadiazine is a potent inhibitor of dihydropteroate synthase, interfering with the tetrahydrofolic biosynthesis pathway. Tetrahydrofolic acid is essential for folate synthesis, a precursor to many nucleotides and amino acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with sulfadoxine UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36466 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000327 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sulfadoxine is an inhibitor of dihydropteroate synthase, interfering with the tetrahydrofolic biosynthesis pathway. Tetrahydrofolic acid is essential for folate synthesis, a precursor to many nucleotides and amino acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with sulfacetamide UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37027 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000683 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sulfacetamide is a very soluable sulfonamide antibiotic previously used to treat urinary tract infections. Its relatively low activity and toxicity to those with Stevens-Johnson syndrome have reduced its use and availability. UPDATED category_aro_name with sulfadimidine UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36464 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000325 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sulfadimidine is an alkaline sulfonamide antibiotic that inhibits dihydropteroate synthase, and enzyme in the tetrahydrofolic acid biosynthesis pathway. This interferes with the production of folate, which is a precursor to many amino acids and nucleotides. UPDATED category_aro_name with mafenide UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37028 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000684 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Mafenide is a sulfonamide used topically for treating burns. UPDATED category_aro_name with sulfonamide resistant dihydropteroate synthase folP UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 39999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003415 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Point mutations in dihydropteroate synthase folP prevent sulfonamide antibiotics from inhibiting its role in folate synthesis, thus conferring sulfonamide resistance UPDATED category_aro_name with sulfisoxazole UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36469 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000330 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sulfisoxazole is an inhibitor of dihydropteroate synthase, interfering with the tetrahydrofolic biosynthesis pathway. Tetrahydrofolic acid is essential for folate synthesis, a precursor to many nucleotides and amino acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with sulfone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 39985 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003401 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with A sulfone active against a wide range of bacteria but mainly employed for its actions against mycobacterium laprae. Its mechanism of action involves inhibition of folic acid synthesis in susceptible organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with sulfamethizole UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37043 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000699 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sulfamethizole is a short-acting sulfonamide that inhibits dihydropteroate synthetase. UPDATED category_aro_name with sulfasalazine UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37042 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000698 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sulfasalazine is a derivative of the early sulfonamide sulfapyridine (salicylazosulfapyridine). It was developed to increase water solubility and is taken orally for ulcerative colitis. UPDATED category_aro_name with sulfonamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36421 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000282 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Sulfonamides are broad spectrum, synthetic antibiotics that contain the sulfonamide group. Sulfonamides inhibit dihydropteroate synthase, which catalyzes the conversion of p-aminobenzoic acid to dihydropteroic acid as part of the tetrahydrofolic acid biosynthetic pathway. Tetrahydrofolic acid is essential for folate synthesis, a precursor of many nucleotides and amino acids. Many sulfamides are taken with trimethoprim, an inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, also disturbing the trihydrofolic acid synthesis pathway. UPDATED category_aro_name with sulfamethoxazole UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36468 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000329 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sulfamethoxazole is a sulfonamide antibiotic usually taken with trimethoprim, a diaminopyrimidine antibiotic. Sulfamethoxazole inhibits dihydropteroate synthase, essential to tetrahydrofolic acid biosynthesis. This pathway generates compounds used in the synthesis of many amino acids and nucleotides. UPDATED category_aro_name with dapsone UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 39996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003412 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dapsone is a sulfone in which it inhibits folic acid synthesis, such as the dihydropteroate synthase. " 577 UPDATE QnrB65 sparfloxacin; norfloxacin; quinolone resistance protein (qnr); gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; antibiotic target protection; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; nalidixic acid; moxifloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with quinolone resistance protein (qnr) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36558 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000419 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Qnr proteins are pentapeptide repeat proteins that mimic DNA and protect the cell from the activity of fluoroquinolone antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target protection UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. " 576 UPDATE MIR-5 antibiotic inactivation; monobactam; cephalosporin; cephamycin; MIR beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with MIR beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36197 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000058 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with MIR beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated beta-lactamases that confer resistance to oxyimino- and alpha-methoxy beta-lactams " 575 UPDATE AAC(3)-Ib antibiotic inactivation; AAC(3); aminoglycoside antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with AAC(3) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36461 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000322 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Acetylation of the aminoglycoside antibiotic on the amino group at position 3. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 574 UPDATE AAC(6')-Ia antibiotic inactivation; kanamycin A; aminoglycoside antibiotic; AAC(6'); isepamicin; sisomicin; arbekacin; gentamicin B; netilmicin; amikacin; dibekacin; neomycin; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with AAC(6') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36484 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000345 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Acetylation of the aminoglycoside antibiotic on the amino group at position 6'. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with netilmicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35956 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000038 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with dibekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35926 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 2808 UPDATE Propionibacteria 23S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to macrolide antibiotics antibiotic target alteration; glycopeptide antibiotic; vernamycin B-gamma; macrolide antibiotic; florfenicol; lincosamide antibiotic; thiamphenicol; 23S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to macrolide antibiotics; clindamycin; dalfopristin; pristinamycin IB; quinupristin; pristinamycin IA; bleomycin B2; bleomycinic acid; bleomycin A2; pristinamycin IIA; pleuromutilin antibiotic; madumycin II; griseoviridin; lincomycin; streptogramin antibiotic; azidamfenicol; phenicol antibiotic; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with vernamycin B-gamma UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37022 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000678 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Vernamycin B-gamma is a class B streptogramin derived from virginiamycin S1. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with florfenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36600 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000461 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Florfenicol is a fluorine derivative of chloramphenicol, where the nitro group (-NO2) is substituted by a sulfomethyl group (-SO2CH3) and the hydroxyl group (-OH), by a fluorine group (-F). The action mechanism is the same as chloramphenicol's, where the antibiotic binds to the 23S RNA of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincosamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35936 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincosamides (e.g. lincomycin, clindamycin) are a class of drugs which bind to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. This interaction inhibits early elongation of peptide chains by inhibiting the transpeptidase reaction, acting similarly to macrolides. UPDATED category_aro_name with thiamphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36595 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000456 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Derivative of Chloramphenicol. The nitro group (-NO2) is substituted by a sulfomethyl group (-SO2CH3). UPDATED category_aro_name with 23S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to macrolide antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41251 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004125 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucleotide point mutations in the 23S rRNA subunit may confer resistance to macrolide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with clindamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35983 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000066 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Clindamycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that blocks A-site aminoacyl-tRNA binding. It is usually used to treat infections with anaerobic bacteria but can also be used to treat some protozoal diseases, such as malaria. UPDATED category_aro_name with dalfopristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37018 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000674 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dalfopristin is a water-soluble semi-synthetic derivative of pristinamycin IIA. It is produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis and is used in combination with quinupristin in a 7:3 ratio. Both work together to inhibit protein synthesis, and is active against Gram-positive bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IB UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37019 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000675 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IB is a class B streptogramin similar to pristinamycin IA, the former containing a N-methyl-4-(methylamino)phenylalanine instead of a N-methyl-4-(dimethylamino)phenylalanine in its class A streptogramin counterpart (one less methyl group). UPDATED category_aro_name with quinupristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36723 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000584 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Quinupristin is a type B streptogramin and a semisynthetic derivative of pristinamycin 1A. It is a component of the drug Synercid and interacts with the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36722 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000583 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin 1A is a type B streptogramin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis. It binds to the P site of the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, preventing the extension of protein chains. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin B2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37036 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000692 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin B2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycinic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37034 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000690 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycinic acid is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin A2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37035 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000691 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin A2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IIA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37013 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000669 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IIA is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with pleuromutilin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37014 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000670 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Pleuromutilins are natural fungal products that target bacterial protein translation by binding the the 23S rRNA, blocking the ribosome P site at the 50S subunit. They are mostly used for agriculture and veterinary purposes. UPDATED category_aro_name with madumycin II UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37016 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000672 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Madumycin II is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with griseoviridin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000673 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Griseoviridin is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35964 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000046 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincomycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that comes from the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis. It binds to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes and inhibit early elongation of peptide chain by inhibiting transpeptidase reaction. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptogramin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35945 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000026 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptogramin antibiotics are natural products produced by various members of the Streptomyces genus. These antibiotics bind to the P site of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The family consists of two subgroups, type A and type B, which are simultaneously produced by the same bacterial species in a ratio of roughly 70:30. UPDATED category_aro_name with azidamfenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36521 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000382 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Azidamfenicol is a water soluble derivative of chloramphenicol, sharing the same mode of action of inhibiting peptide synthesis by interacting with the 23S RNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. " 2802 UPDATE Escherichia coli 23S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to erythromycin and telithromycin antibiotic target alteration; glycopeptide antibiotic; vernamycin B-gamma; macrolide antibiotic; telithromycin; florfenicol; lincosamide antibiotic; thiamphenicol; 23S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to macrolide antibiotics; clindamycin; dalfopristin; pristinamycin IB; quinupristin; pristinamycin IA; bleomycin B2; bleomycinic acid; bleomycin A2; pristinamycin IIA; pleuromutilin antibiotic; madumycin II; griseoviridin; lincomycin; streptogramin antibiotic; azidamfenicol; erythromycin; phenicol antibiotic; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with vernamycin B-gamma UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37022 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000678 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Vernamycin B-gamma is a class B streptogramin derived from virginiamycin S1. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with telithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35974 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000057 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Telithromycin is a semi-synthetic derivative of erythromycin. It is a 14-membered macrolide and is the first ketolide antibiotic to be used in clinics. Telithromycin binds the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with florfenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36600 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000461 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Florfenicol is a fluorine derivative of chloramphenicol, where the nitro group (-NO2) is substituted by a sulfomethyl group (-SO2CH3) and the hydroxyl group (-OH), by a fluorine group (-F). The action mechanism is the same as chloramphenicol's, where the antibiotic binds to the 23S RNA of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincosamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35936 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincosamides (e.g. lincomycin, clindamycin) are a class of drugs which bind to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. This interaction inhibits early elongation of peptide chains by inhibiting the transpeptidase reaction, acting similarly to macrolides. UPDATED category_aro_name with thiamphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36595 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000456 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Derivative of Chloramphenicol. The nitro group (-NO2) is substituted by a sulfomethyl group (-SO2CH3). UPDATED category_aro_name with 23S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to macrolide antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41251 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004125 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucleotide point mutations in the 23S rRNA subunit may confer resistance to macrolide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with clindamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35983 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000066 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Clindamycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that blocks A-site aminoacyl-tRNA binding. It is usually used to treat infections with anaerobic bacteria but can also be used to treat some protozoal diseases, such as malaria. UPDATED category_aro_name with dalfopristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37018 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000674 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dalfopristin is a water-soluble semi-synthetic derivative of pristinamycin IIA. It is produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis and is used in combination with quinupristin in a 7:3 ratio. Both work together to inhibit protein synthesis, and is active against Gram-positive bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IB UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37019 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000675 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IB is a class B streptogramin similar to pristinamycin IA, the former containing a N-methyl-4-(methylamino)phenylalanine instead of a N-methyl-4-(dimethylamino)phenylalanine in its class A streptogramin counterpart (one less methyl group). UPDATED category_aro_name with quinupristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36723 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000584 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Quinupristin is a type B streptogramin and a semisynthetic derivative of pristinamycin 1A. It is a component of the drug Synercid and interacts with the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36722 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000583 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin 1A is a type B streptogramin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis. It binds to the P site of the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, preventing the extension of protein chains. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin B2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37036 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000692 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin B2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycinic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37034 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000690 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycinic acid is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin A2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37035 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000691 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin A2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IIA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37013 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000669 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IIA is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with pleuromutilin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37014 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000670 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Pleuromutilins are natural fungal products that target bacterial protein translation by binding the the 23S rRNA, blocking the ribosome P site at the 50S subunit. They are mostly used for agriculture and veterinary purposes. UPDATED category_aro_name with madumycin II UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37016 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000672 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Madumycin II is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with griseoviridin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000673 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Griseoviridin is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35964 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000046 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincomycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that comes from the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis. It binds to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes and inhibit early elongation of peptide chain by inhibiting transpeptidase reaction. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptogramin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35945 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000026 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptogramin antibiotics are natural products produced by various members of the Streptomyces genus. These antibiotics bind to the P site of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The family consists of two subgroups, type A and type B, which are simultaneously produced by the same bacterial species in a ratio of roughly 70:30. UPDATED category_aro_name with azidamfenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36521 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000382 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Azidamfenicol is a water soluble derivative of chloramphenicol, sharing the same mode of action of inhibiting peptide synthesis by interacting with the 23S RNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. " 2803 UPDATE Mycobacterium tuberculosis thyA with mutation conferring resistance to para-aminosalicylic acid antibiotic target alteration; para-aminosalicylic acid; aminosalicylate resistant thymidylate synthase; ARO_category; model_param "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with para-aminosalicylic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40948 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004019 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with para-aminosalicylic acid (PAS) is an anti-tubercular antibiotic agent, often used in conjunction with Isoniazid for treatment of M. tuberculosis infections. PAS diminishes bacterial cell growth by limiting folic acid production. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminosalicylate resistant thymidylate synthase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41299 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004152 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistant form of thymidylate synthase (synthetase), an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of dUMP to dTMP in nucleotide biosynthesis. Loss-of-function mutations in thymidylate synthase confer resistance to p-aminosalicylic acid by disrupting the substrate-binding affinity and catalytic activity. DELETED 8082 UPDATED 8082 with -nt472:C " 2800 UPDATE cfrC macrolide antibiotic; linezolid; florfenicol; oxazolidinone antibiotic; antibiotic target alteration; streptogramin antibiotic; chloramphenicol; phenicol antibiotic; Cfr 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase; lincosamide antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with linezolid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35989 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000072 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Linezolid is a synthetic antibiotic used for the treatment of serious infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria that are resistant to several other antibiotics. It inhibits protein synthesis by binding to domain V of the 23S rRNA of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with florfenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36600 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000461 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Florfenicol is a fluorine derivative of chloramphenicol, where the nitro group (-NO2) is substituted by a sulfomethyl group (-SO2CH3) and the hydroxyl group (-OH), by a fluorine group (-F). The action mechanism is the same as chloramphenicol's, where the antibiotic binds to the 23S RNA of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with oxazolidinone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36218 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000079 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Oxazolidinones are a class of synthetic antibiotics discovered the the 1980's. They inhibit protein synthesis by binding to domain V of the 23S rRNA of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. Linezolid is the only member of this class currently in clinical use. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptogramin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35945 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000026 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptogramin antibiotics are natural products produced by various members of the Streptomyces genus. These antibiotics bind to the P site of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The family consists of two subgroups, type A and type B, which are simultaneously produced by the same bacterial species in a ratio of roughly 70:30. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with Cfr 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36341 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000202 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Cfr genes produce enzymes which catalyze the methylation of the 23S rRNA subunit at position 8 of adenine-2503. Methylation of 23S rRNA at this site confers resistance to some classes of antibiotics, including streptogramins, chloramphenicols, florfenicols, linezolids and clindamycin. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincosamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35936 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincosamides (e.g. lincomycin, clindamycin) are a class of drugs which bind to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. This interaction inhibits early elongation of peptide chains by inhibiting the transpeptidase reaction, acting similarly to macrolides. " 2806 UPDATE Escherichia coli 23S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to clindamycin 23S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to lincosamide antibiotics; antibiotic target alteration; glycopeptide antibiotic; vernamycin B-gamma; macrolide antibiotic; florfenicol; lincosamide antibiotic; thiamphenicol; clindamycin; dalfopristin; pristinamycin IB; quinupristin; pristinamycin IA; bleomycin B2; bleomycinic acid; bleomycin A2; pristinamycin IIA; pleuromutilin antibiotic; madumycin II; griseoviridin; lincomycin; streptogramin antibiotic; azidamfenicol; phenicol antibiotic; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with 23S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to lincosamide antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41349 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004187 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Point mutations in the 23S rRNA subunit may confer resistance to lincosamide antibiotics by reducing antibiotic binding-site affinity. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with vernamycin B-gamma UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37022 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000678 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Vernamycin B-gamma is a class B streptogramin derived from virginiamycin S1. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with florfenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36600 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000461 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Florfenicol is a fluorine derivative of chloramphenicol, where the nitro group (-NO2) is substituted by a sulfomethyl group (-SO2CH3) and the hydroxyl group (-OH), by a fluorine group (-F). The action mechanism is the same as chloramphenicol's, where the antibiotic binds to the 23S RNA of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincosamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35936 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincosamides (e.g. lincomycin, clindamycin) are a class of drugs which bind to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. This interaction inhibits early elongation of peptide chains by inhibiting the transpeptidase reaction, acting similarly to macrolides. UPDATED category_aro_name with thiamphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36595 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000456 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Derivative of Chloramphenicol. The nitro group (-NO2) is substituted by a sulfomethyl group (-SO2CH3). UPDATED category_aro_name with clindamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35983 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000066 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Clindamycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that blocks A-site aminoacyl-tRNA binding. It is usually used to treat infections with anaerobic bacteria but can also be used to treat some protozoal diseases, such as malaria. UPDATED category_aro_name with dalfopristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37018 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000674 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dalfopristin is a water-soluble semi-synthetic derivative of pristinamycin IIA. It is produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis and is used in combination with quinupristin in a 7:3 ratio. Both work together to inhibit protein synthesis, and is active against Gram-positive bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IB UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37019 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000675 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IB is a class B streptogramin similar to pristinamycin IA, the former containing a N-methyl-4-(methylamino)phenylalanine instead of a N-methyl-4-(dimethylamino)phenylalanine in its class A streptogramin counterpart (one less methyl group). UPDATED category_aro_name with quinupristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36723 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000584 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Quinupristin is a type B streptogramin and a semisynthetic derivative of pristinamycin 1A. It is a component of the drug Synercid and interacts with the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36722 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000583 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin 1A is a type B streptogramin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis. It binds to the P site of the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, preventing the extension of protein chains. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin B2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37036 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000692 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin B2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycinic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37034 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000690 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycinic acid is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin A2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37035 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000691 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin A2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IIA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37013 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000669 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IIA is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with pleuromutilin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37014 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000670 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Pleuromutilins are natural fungal products that target bacterial protein translation by binding the the 23S rRNA, blocking the ribosome P site at the 50S subunit. They are mostly used for agriculture and veterinary purposes. UPDATED category_aro_name with madumycin II UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37016 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000672 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Madumycin II is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with griseoviridin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000673 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Griseoviridin is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35964 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000046 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincomycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that comes from the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis. It binds to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes and inhibit early elongation of peptide chain by inhibiting transpeptidase reaction. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptogramin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35945 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000026 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptogramin antibiotics are natural products produced by various members of the Streptomyces genus. These antibiotics bind to the P site of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The family consists of two subgroups, type A and type B, which are simultaneously produced by the same bacterial species in a ratio of roughly 70:30. UPDATED category_aro_name with azidamfenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36521 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000382 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Azidamfenicol is a water soluble derivative of chloramphenicol, sharing the same mode of action of inhibiting peptide synthesis by interacting with the 23S RNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. " 2807 UPDATE Escherichia coli 23S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to clarithromycin antibiotic target alteration; glycopeptide antibiotic; vernamycin B-gamma; macrolide antibiotic; florfenicol; lincosamide antibiotic; thiamphenicol; 23S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to macrolide antibiotics; clarithromycin; clindamycin; dalfopristin; pristinamycin IB; quinupristin; pristinamycin IA; bleomycin B2; bleomycinic acid; bleomycin A2; pristinamycin IIA; pleuromutilin antibiotic; madumycin II; griseoviridin; lincomycin; streptogramin antibiotic; azidamfenicol; phenicol antibiotic; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with vernamycin B-gamma UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37022 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000678 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Vernamycin B-gamma is a class B streptogramin derived from virginiamycin S1. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with florfenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36600 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000461 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Florfenicol is a fluorine derivative of chloramphenicol, where the nitro group (-NO2) is substituted by a sulfomethyl group (-SO2CH3) and the hydroxyl group (-OH), by a fluorine group (-F). The action mechanism is the same as chloramphenicol's, where the antibiotic binds to the 23S RNA of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincosamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35936 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincosamides (e.g. lincomycin, clindamycin) are a class of drugs which bind to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. This interaction inhibits early elongation of peptide chains by inhibiting the transpeptidase reaction, acting similarly to macrolides. UPDATED category_aro_name with thiamphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36595 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000456 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Derivative of Chloramphenicol. The nitro group (-NO2) is substituted by a sulfomethyl group (-SO2CH3). UPDATED category_aro_name with 23S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to macrolide antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41251 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004125 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucleotide point mutations in the 23S rRNA subunit may confer resistance to macrolide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with clarithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35982 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000065 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Clarithromycin is a methyl derivative of erythromycin, sharing the 14-carbon macrolide ring. The antibiotic binds to the 50S subunit of the ribosome and is used to treat pharyngitis, tonsillitis, acute maxillary sinusitis, acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, pneumonia (especially atypical pneumonias associated with Chlamydia pneumoniae or TWAR), and skin structure infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with clindamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35983 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000066 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Clindamycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that blocks A-site aminoacyl-tRNA binding. It is usually used to treat infections with anaerobic bacteria but can also be used to treat some protozoal diseases, such as malaria. UPDATED category_aro_name with dalfopristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37018 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000674 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dalfopristin is a water-soluble semi-synthetic derivative of pristinamycin IIA. It is produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis and is used in combination with quinupristin in a 7:3 ratio. Both work together to inhibit protein synthesis, and is active against Gram-positive bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IB UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37019 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000675 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IB is a class B streptogramin similar to pristinamycin IA, the former containing a N-methyl-4-(methylamino)phenylalanine instead of a N-methyl-4-(dimethylamino)phenylalanine in its class A streptogramin counterpart (one less methyl group). UPDATED category_aro_name with quinupristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36723 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000584 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Quinupristin is a type B streptogramin and a semisynthetic derivative of pristinamycin 1A. It is a component of the drug Synercid and interacts with the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36722 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000583 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin 1A is a type B streptogramin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis. It binds to the P site of the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, preventing the extension of protein chains. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin B2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37036 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000692 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin B2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycinic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37034 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000690 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycinic acid is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin A2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37035 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000691 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin A2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IIA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37013 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000669 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IIA is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with pleuromutilin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37014 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000670 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Pleuromutilins are natural fungal products that target bacterial protein translation by binding the the 23S rRNA, blocking the ribosome P site at the 50S subunit. They are mostly used for agriculture and veterinary purposes. UPDATED category_aro_name with madumycin II UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37016 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000672 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Madumycin II is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with griseoviridin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000673 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Griseoviridin is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35964 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000046 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincomycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that comes from the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis. It binds to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes and inhibit early elongation of peptide chain by inhibiting transpeptidase reaction. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptogramin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35945 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000026 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptogramin antibiotics are natural products produced by various members of the Streptomyces genus. These antibiotics bind to the P site of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The family consists of two subgroups, type A and type B, which are simultaneously produced by the same bacterial species in a ratio of roughly 70:30. UPDATED category_aro_name with azidamfenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36521 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000382 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Azidamfenicol is a water soluble derivative of chloramphenicol, sharing the same mode of action of inhibiting peptide synthesis by interacting with the 23S RNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. " 2804 UPDATE Mycobacterium tuberculosis folC with mutation conferring resistance to para-aminosalicylic acid antibiotic target alteration; aminosalicylate resistant dihydrofolate synthase; para-aminosalicylic acid; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminosalicylate resistant dihydrofolate synthase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41302 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004155 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Dihydrofolate synthase (synthetase) enzymes resistant to aminosalicylates (inc. para-aminosalicylic acid) caused by mutation. Dihydrofolate synthase is required for bioactivation of p-aminosalicylic acid, and mutation in dihydrofolate synthase inhibits production of the dihydrofolate analog hydroxyl-dihydrofolate, thus preventing activation and conferring resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with para-aminosalicylic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40948 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004019 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with para-aminosalicylic acid (PAS) is an anti-tubercular antibiotic agent, often used in conjunction with Isoniazid for treatment of M. tuberculosis infections. PAS diminishes bacterial cell growth by limiting folic acid production. " 2805 UPDATE Mycoplasma gallisepticum 23S rRNA mutation conferring resistance to pleuromutilin antibiotics antibiotic target alteration; glycopeptide antibiotic; pleuromutilin; vernamycin B-gamma; macrolide antibiotic; florfenicol; 23S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to pleuromutilin antibiotics; lincosamide antibiotic; thiamphenicol; clindamycin; dalfopristin; pristinamycin IB; quinupristin; pristinamycin IA; bleomycin B2; bleomycinic acid; bleomycin A2; pristinamycin IIA; pleuromutilin antibiotic; madumycin II; griseoviridin; lincomycin; streptogramin antibiotic; azidamfenicol; phenicol antibiotic; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with pleuromutilin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37716 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3001317 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pleuromutilin is a natural product antibiotic produced by Clitopilus passeckerianus. Related antibiotics of clinical significance, such as tiamulin and retapamulin, are semi-synthetic derivatives of this compound. UPDATED category_aro_name with vernamycin B-gamma UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37022 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000678 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Vernamycin B-gamma is a class B streptogramin derived from virginiamycin S1. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with florfenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36600 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000461 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Florfenicol is a fluorine derivative of chloramphenicol, where the nitro group (-NO2) is substituted by a sulfomethyl group (-SO2CH3) and the hydroxyl group (-OH), by a fluorine group (-F). The action mechanism is the same as chloramphenicol's, where the antibiotic binds to the 23S RNA of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with 23S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to pleuromutilin antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41330 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004178 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Point mutations in the 23S rRNA subunit may confer resistance to pleuromutilin antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_name with lincosamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35936 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincosamides (e.g. lincomycin, clindamycin) are a class of drugs which bind to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. This interaction inhibits early elongation of peptide chains by inhibiting the transpeptidase reaction, acting similarly to macrolides. UPDATED category_aro_name with thiamphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36595 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000456 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Derivative of Chloramphenicol. The nitro group (-NO2) is substituted by a sulfomethyl group (-SO2CH3). UPDATED category_aro_name with clindamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35983 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000066 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Clindamycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that blocks A-site aminoacyl-tRNA binding. It is usually used to treat infections with anaerobic bacteria but can also be used to treat some protozoal diseases, such as malaria. UPDATED category_aro_name with dalfopristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37018 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000674 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dalfopristin is a water-soluble semi-synthetic derivative of pristinamycin IIA. It is produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis and is used in combination with quinupristin in a 7:3 ratio. Both work together to inhibit protein synthesis, and is active against Gram-positive bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IB UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37019 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000675 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IB is a class B streptogramin similar to pristinamycin IA, the former containing a N-methyl-4-(methylamino)phenylalanine instead of a N-methyl-4-(dimethylamino)phenylalanine in its class A streptogramin counterpart (one less methyl group). UPDATED category_aro_name with quinupristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36723 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000584 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Quinupristin is a type B streptogramin and a semisynthetic derivative of pristinamycin 1A. It is a component of the drug Synercid and interacts with the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36722 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000583 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin 1A is a type B streptogramin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis. It binds to the P site of the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, preventing the extension of protein chains. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin B2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37036 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000692 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin B2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycinic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37034 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000690 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycinic acid is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin A2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37035 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000691 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin A2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IIA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37013 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000669 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IIA is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with pleuromutilin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37014 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000670 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Pleuromutilins are natural fungal products that target bacterial protein translation by binding the the 23S rRNA, blocking the ribosome P site at the 50S subunit. They are mostly used for agriculture and veterinary purposes. UPDATED category_aro_name with madumycin II UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37016 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000672 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Madumycin II is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with griseoviridin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000673 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Griseoviridin is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35964 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000046 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincomycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that comes from the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis. It binds to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes and inhibit early elongation of peptide chain by inhibiting transpeptidase reaction. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptogramin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35945 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000026 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptogramin antibiotics are natural products produced by various members of the Streptomyces genus. These antibiotics bind to the P site of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The family consists of two subgroups, type A and type B, which are simultaneously produced by the same bacterial species in a ratio of roughly 70:30. UPDATED category_aro_name with azidamfenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36521 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000382 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Azidamfenicol is a water soluble derivative of chloramphenicol, sharing the same mode of action of inhibiting peptide synthesis by interacting with the 23S RNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. " 1421 UPDATE TEM-85 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 2406 UPDATE rpsJ tetracycline antibiotic; tetracycline-resistant ribosomal protection protein; antibiotic target protection; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline-resistant ribosomal protection protein UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35921 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with A family of proteins known to bind to the 30S ribosomal subunit. This interaction prevents tetracycline and tetracycline derivatives from inhibiting ribosomal function. Thus, these proteins confer elevated resistance to tetracycline derivatives as a ribosomal protection protein. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target protection UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. " 1997 UPDATE tlrC efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump; macrolide antibiotic; antibiotic efflux; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36002 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are present in all cells of all organisms and use the energy of ATP binding/hydrolysis to transport substrates across cell membranes. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. " 1422 UPDATE ACC-3 penam; monobactam; cephalosporin; ACC beta-lactamase; antibiotic inactivation; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with ACC beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36212 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000073 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with ACC beta-lactamases or Ambler class C beta-lactamases are AmpC beta-lactamases. They possess an interesting resistance phenotype due to their low activity against cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. " 1425 UPDATE RbpA rifampin; rifapentine; RbpA bacterial RNA polymerase-binding protein; antibiotic target protection; rifabutin; rifaximin; rifamycin antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with rifampin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36308 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000169 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifampin is a semi-synthetic rifamycin, and inhibits RNA synthesis by binding to RNA polymerase. Rifampin is the mainstay agent for the treatment of tuberculosis, leprosy and complicated Gram-positive infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifapentine UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36673 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000534 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifapentine is a semisynthetic rifamycin that inhibits DNA-dependent RNA synthesis. It is often used in the treatment of tuberculosis and leprosy. UPDATED category_aro_name with RbpA bacterial RNA polymerase-binding protein UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41407 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004243 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with RbpA is a family of bacterial RNA polymerase-binding proteins, which acts as a transcription factor and binds to the sigma subunit of RNA polymerase. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target protection UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifabutin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36669 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000530 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifabutin is a semisynthetic rifamycin used in tuberculosis therapy. It inhibits DNA-dependent RNA synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifaximin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36656 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000517 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifaximin is a semi-synthetic rifamycin used to treat traveller's diarrhea. Rifaximin inhibits RNA synthesis by binding to the beta subunit of bacterial RNA polymerase. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifamycin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36296 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000157 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifamycin antibiotics are a group of broad-spectrum ansamycin antibiotics that inhibit bacterial RNA polymerase by binding to a highly conserved region, blocking the oligonucleotide exit tunnel, and preventing the extension of nascent mRNAs. " 1424 UPDATE OXY-2-4 penam; OXY beta-lactamase; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; monobactam; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 38788 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3002388 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXY beta-lactamases are chromosomal class A beta-lactamases that are found in Klebsiella oxytoca. At constitutive low levels, OXY beta-lactamases confer resistance to aminopenicillins and carboxypenicillins. At high induced levels, OXY beta-lactamases confer resistance to penicillins, cephalosporins and aztreonam. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 1427 UPDATE acrD efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; aminoglycoside antibiotic; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; antibiotic efflux; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. " 2407 UPDATE Capnocytophaga gingivalis gyrA conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones antibiotic target alteration; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; nybomycin; fluoroquinolone resistant gyrA; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nybomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40463 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003780 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with A heterocyclic antibiotic that targets mutant gyrA (type II topoisomerase) containing an S84L substitution, counteracting acquired quinolone resistance. It is effective against quinolone-resistant Gram-positive bacteria including S. aureus and E. faecalis. Due to its ability to counteract quinolone resistance by targeting the mutant form of the gyrA protein, it is classified as a reverse antibiotic (RA). UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone resistant gyrA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 39876 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003292 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with DNA gyrase is responsible for DNA supercoiling and consists of two alpha and two beta subunits. GyrA point mutations confer resistance by preventing fluoroquinolone antibiotics from binding the alpha-subunit. " 1429 UPDATE SHV-60 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 1428 UPDATE cphA2 carbapenem; CphA beta-lactamase; antibiotic inactivation; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CphA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36720 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000581 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CphA is an Ambler Class B MBL; subclass B2 originally isolated from Aeromonas hydrophilia. This enzyme has specific activity against carbapenems and is active as a mono-zinc protein. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. " 939 UPDATE CTX-M-113 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 731 UPDATE IMP-11 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; carbapenem; cephalosporin; IMP beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with IMP beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36029 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Plasmid mediated IMP-type carbapenemases, of which at least 26 varieties are currently known, became established in Japan in the 1990s in enteric gram-negative organisms, Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter species. Integron-associated, sometimes within plasmids. Hydrolyses all beta-lactams except monobactams, and evades all beta-lactam inhibitors. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 730 UPDATE AAC(6')-IIc antibiotic inactivation; kanamycin A; aminoglycoside antibiotic; AAC(6'); isepamicin; sisomicin; arbekacin; gentamicin B; netilmicin; amikacin; dibekacin; neomycin; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with AAC(6') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36484 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000345 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Acetylation of the aminoglycoside antibiotic on the amino group at position 6'. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with netilmicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35956 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000038 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with dibekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35926 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 938 UPDATE QnrB70 sparfloxacin; norfloxacin; quinolone resistance protein (qnr); gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; antibiotic target protection; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; nalidixic acid; moxifloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with quinolone resistance protein (qnr) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36558 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000419 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Qnr proteins are pentapeptide repeat proteins that mimic DNA and protect the cell from the activity of fluoroquinolone antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target protection UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. " 735 UPDATE TEM-30 penam; antibiotic inactivation; monobactam; penem; cephalosporin; amoxicillin; clavulanate; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with amoxicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35981 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000064 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amoxicillin is a moderate-spectrum, bacteriolytic, beta-lactam antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections caused by susceptible microorganisms. A derivative of penicillin, it has a wider range of treatment but remains relatively ineffective against Gram-negative bacteria. It is commonly taken with clavulanic acid, a beta-lactamase inhibitor. Like other beta-lactams, amoxicillin interferes with the synthesis of peptidoglycan. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with clavulanate UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000079 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Adjuvant UPDATED category_aro_description with Clavulanic acid is a beta-lactamase inhibitor (marketed by GlaxoSmithKline, formerly Beecham) combined with penicillin group antibiotics to overcome certain types of antibiotic resistance. It is used to overcome resistance in bacteria that secrete beta-lactamase, which otherwise inactivates most penicillins. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 734 UPDATE vanTC glycopeptide antibiotic; glycopeptide resistance gene cluster; antibiotic target alteration; vanT; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide resistance gene cluster UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36373 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000234 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Genes that when expressed confer resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin type antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with vanT UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36511 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000372 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with VanT is a membrane bound serine racemase, converting L-serine to D-serine. It is associated with VanC, which incorporated D-serine into D-Ala-D-Ser terminal end of peptidoglycan subunits that have a decreased binding affinity with vancomycin. It was isolated from Enterococcus gallinarum. " 737 UPDATE MIR-8 antibiotic inactivation; monobactam; cephalosporin; cephamycin; MIR beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with MIR beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36197 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000058 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with MIR beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated beta-lactamases that confer resistance to oxyimino- and alpha-methoxy beta-lactams " 736 UPDATE arr-7 antibiotic inactivation; rifampin; rifapentine; rifabutin; rifampin ADP-ribosyltransferase (Arr); rifaximin; rifamycin antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifampin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36308 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000169 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifampin is a semi-synthetic rifamycin, and inhibits RNA synthesis by binding to RNA polymerase. Rifampin is the mainstay agent for the treatment of tuberculosis, leprosy and complicated Gram-positive infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifapentine UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36673 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000534 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifapentine is a semisynthetic rifamycin that inhibits DNA-dependent RNA synthesis. It is often used in the treatment of tuberculosis and leprosy. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifabutin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36669 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000530 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifabutin is a semisynthetic rifamycin used in tuberculosis therapy. It inhibits DNA-dependent RNA synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifampin ADP-ribosyltransferase (Arr) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36529 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000390 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzyme responsible for the ADP-ribosylative inactivation of rifampin at the 23-OH position using NAD+. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifaximin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36656 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000517 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifaximin is a semi-synthetic rifamycin used to treat traveller's diarrhea. Rifaximin inhibits RNA synthesis by binding to the beta subunit of bacterial RNA polymerase. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifamycin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36296 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000157 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifamycin antibiotics are a group of broad-spectrum ansamycin antibiotics that inhibit bacterial RNA polymerase by binding to a highly conserved region, blocking the oligonucleotide exit tunnel, and preventing the extension of nascent mRNAs. " 739 UPDATE LRA-18 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; class C LRA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with class C LRA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41395 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004231 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Beta-lactamases that are part of the LRA gene family and are classified as Class C beta-lactamases. " 738 UPDATE AAC(6')-Iae antibiotic inactivation; kanamycin A; aminoglycoside antibiotic; AAC(6'); isepamicin; sisomicin; arbekacin; gentamicin B; netilmicin; amikacin; dibekacin; neomycin; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with AAC(6') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36484 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000345 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Acetylation of the aminoglycoside antibiotic on the amino group at position 6'. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with netilmicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35956 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000038 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with dibekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35926 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 1359 UPDATE OXA-233 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1393 UPDATE THIN-B carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; THIN-B beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with THIN-B beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41378 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004214 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Beta-lactamases that are part of the THIN-B family, which is a subclass B3 beta-lactamase family and hydrolyze a broad spectrum of beta-lactams including penicillins, cephalosporins, and carbapenems. " 469 UPDATE SHV-49 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 2400 UPDATE oqxB antibiotic efflux; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; trimethoprim; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; diaminopyrimidine antibiotic; tigecycline; glycylcycline; ciprofloxacin; tetracycline antibiotic; nitrofuran antibiotic; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; nitrofurantoin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36327 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000188 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Trimethoprim is a synthetic 5-(3,4,5- trimethoxybenzyl) pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, inhibiting synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid. Tetrahydrofolic acid is an essential precursor in the de novo synthesis of the DNA nucleotide thymidine. Trimethoprim is a bacteriostatic antibiotic mainly used in the prophylaxis and treatment of urinary tract infections in combination with sulfamethoxazole, a sulfonamide antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with diaminopyrimidine antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36310 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000171 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Diaminopyrimidines are a class of organic compounds containing a pyrimidine ring substituted by two amine groups. They are inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme critical for DNA synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with tigecycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35949 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000030 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tigecycline is an glycylcycline antibiotic. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycylcycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35960 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000042 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycylcyclines are a new class of antibiotics derived from tetracycline. These tetracycline analogues are specifically designed to overcome two common mechanisms of tetracycline resistance. Presently, there is only one glycylcycline antibiotic for clinical use: tigecycline. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome, preventing the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with nitrofuran antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41240 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004116 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Nitrofurans are chemotherapeutic agents with antibacterial and antiprotozoal activity. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nitrofurantoin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35992 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000075 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nitrofurantoin is an antibiotic used to treat urinary tract infections. It inhibits enzyme synthesis by inhibiting essential enzymes involved in the citric acid cycle, as well as those involved in DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis. It is marketed under the following brand names: Furadantin, Macrobid, Macrodantin, Nitro Macro and Urantoin. " 465 UPDATE vanSO glycopeptide antibiotic; vanS; antibiotic target alteration; vancomycin; glycopeptide resistance gene cluster; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with vanS UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36210 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with VanS is similar to histidine protein kinases like EnvZ and acts as a response regulator by activating VanR. VanS is required for high level transcription of other van glycopeptide resistance genes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with vancomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35947 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000028 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Vancomycin is a glycopeptide antibiotic used in the prophylaxis and treatment of infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria. Vancomycin inhibits the synthesis of peptidoglycan, the major component of the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria. Its mechanism of action is unusual in that it acts by binding precursors of peptidoglycan, rather than by interacting with an enzyme. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide resistance gene cluster UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36373 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000234 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Genes that when expressed confer resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin type antibiotics. " 464 UPDATE NDM-13 antibiotic inactivation; penam; carbapenem; cephalosporin; cephamycin; NDM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with NDM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36196 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000057 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with NDM beta-lactamases or New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamases are class B beta-lactamases that confer resistance to a broad range of antibiotics including carbapenems, cephalosporins and penicillins. " 467 UPDATE CARB-3 penam; antibiotic inactivation; CARB beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CARB beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36230 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000091 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CARB beta-lactamases are class A lactamases that can hydrolyze carbenicillin. Many of the PSE beta-lactamases have been renamed as CARB-lactamases with the notable exception of PSE-2 which is now OXA-10. " 466 UPDATE CTX-M-76 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 1357 UPDATE CTX-M-132 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 460 UPDATE CMY-29 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 1355 UPDATE TEM-149 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 462 UPDATE Staphylococcus aureus pgsA mutations conferring resistance to daptomycin peptide antibiotic; antibiotic target alteration; daptomycin resistant pgsA; daptomycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with daptomycin resistant pgsA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 39627 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003080 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with pgsA or phosphatidylglycerophosphate synthetase is an integral membrane protein involved in phospholipid biosynthesis. It is a CDP-diacylglycerol-glycerol-3-phosphate 3-phosphatidyltransferase. Laboratory experiments have detected mutations conferring daptomycin resistance in Entercoccus. UPDATED category_aro_name with daptomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35985 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000068 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Daptomycin is a novel lipopeptide antibiotic used in the treatment of certain infections caused by Gram-positive organisms. Daptomycin interferes with the bacterial cell membrane, reducing membrane potential and inhibiting cell wall synthesis. " 1273 UPDATE otr(A) tetracycline antibiotic; tetracycline-resistant ribosomal protection protein; antibiotic target protection; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline-resistant ribosomal protection protein UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35921 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with A family of proteins known to bind to the 30S ribosomal subunit. This interaction prevents tetracycline and tetracycline derivatives from inhibiting ribosomal function. Thus, these proteins confer elevated resistance to tetracycline derivatives as a ribosomal protection protein. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target protection UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. " 2158 UPDATE Escherichia coli EF-Tu mutants conferring resistance to Pulvomycin pulvomycin; elfamycin resistant EF-Tu; GE2270A; LFF571; elfamycin antibiotic; enacyloxin IIa; antibiotic target alteration; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with pulvomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36725 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000586 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pulvomycin is a polyketide antibiotic that binds elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu) to inhibit protein biosynthesis by preventing the formation of the ternary complex (EF-Tu*GTP*aa-tRNA). Phenotypically, it was shown that pulvomycin sensitivity is dominant over resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with elfamycin resistant EF-Tu UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37711 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3001312 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Sequence variants of elongation factor Tu that confer resistance to elfamycin antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with GE2270A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37636 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3001237 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with GE2270A is the model molecule of cyclic thiazolyl peptide elfamycins. GE2270A is produced by Planobispora rosea. Biosynthesis of the molecule has been shown to originate as a ribosomally synthesized peptide that undergoes significant post-translational modification. Clinical use of cyclic thiazolyl peptides is hindered by their low water solubility and bioavailability. UPDATED category_aro_name with LFF571 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 39998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003414 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with LFF571 is a novel semi-synthetic thiopeptide antibiotic derived from GE2270. It has been shown to possess potent in vitro and in vivo activity against Gram-positive bacteria. It is hypothesized that it a translation inhibitor leading to cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with elfamycin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37618 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3001219 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Elfamycins are molecules that inhibit bacterial elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu), a key protein which brings aminoacyl-tRNA (aa-tRNA) to the ribosome during protein synthesis. Elfamycins defined by their target (EF-Tu), rather than a conserved chemical backbone. Elfamycins follow two mechanisms to disrupt protein synthesis: 1. kirromycins and enacyloxin fix EF-Tu in the GTP bound conformation and lock EF-Tu onto the ribosome, and 2. pulvomycin and GE2270 cover the binding site of aa-tRNA disallowing EF-Tu from being charged with aa-tRNA. All elfamycins cause increased the affinity of EF-Tu for GTP. UPDATED category_aro_name with enacyloxin IIa UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37641 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3001242 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Enacyloxin IIa is structurally distinct but acts in a similar mechanism to kirromycin-like elfamycins. It prohibits the transfer of the amino acid at the A site to the elongating peptide chain. It is most likely that the mechanism of action is that EF-Tu*GDP is locked in the EF-Tu*GTP form, and EF-Tu*GDP*aa-tRNA is immobilized on the ribosome. It is an open question whether enacyloxin IIa actually belongs to the kirromycin-like group of elfamycins due to their high similarity. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. " 1519 UPDATE vatE dalfopristin; antibiotic inactivation; streptogramin vat acetyltransferase; pristinamycin IIA; madumycin II; griseoviridin; streptogramin antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with dalfopristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37018 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000674 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dalfopristin is a water-soluble semi-synthetic derivative of pristinamycin IIA. It is produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis and is used in combination with quinupristin in a 7:3 ratio. Both work together to inhibit protein synthesis, and is active against Gram-positive bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptogramin vat acetyltransferase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36592 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000453 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with vat (Virginiamycin acetyltransferases) enzymes catalyze the transfer of an acetyl group from acetyl-CoA to the secondary alcohol of streptogramin A compounds, thus inactivating virginiamycin-like antibiotics and conferring resistance to these compounds. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IIA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37013 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000669 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IIA is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with madumycin II UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37016 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000672 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Madumycin II is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with griseoviridin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000673 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Griseoviridin is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptogramin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35945 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000026 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptogramin antibiotics are natural products produced by various members of the Streptomyces genus. These antibiotics bind to the P site of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The family consists of two subgroups, type A and type B, which are simultaneously produced by the same bacterial species in a ratio of roughly 70:30. " 1518 UPDATE EreA2 antibiotic inactivation; macrolide antibiotic; macrolide esterase; erythromycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide esterase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36459 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000320 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Hydrolytic enzymes that cleave the macrocycle lactone ring of macrolide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. " 1515 UPDATE NDM-3 antibiotic inactivation; penam; carbapenem; cephalosporin; cephamycin; NDM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with NDM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36196 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000057 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with NDM beta-lactamases or New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamases are class B beta-lactamases that confer resistance to a broad range of antibiotics including carbapenems, cephalosporins and penicillins. " 1514 UPDATE IMP-28 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; carbapenem; cephalosporin; IMP beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with IMP beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36029 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Plasmid mediated IMP-type carbapenemases, of which at least 26 varieties are currently known, became established in Japan in the 1990s in enteric gram-negative organisms, Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter species. Integron-associated, sometimes within plasmids. Hydrolyses all beta-lactams except monobactams, and evades all beta-lactam inhibitors. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 1517 UPDATE OXA-33 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 934 UPDATE IMP-8 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; carbapenem; cephalosporin; IMP beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with IMP beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36029 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Plasmid mediated IMP-type carbapenemases, of which at least 26 varieties are currently known, became established in Japan in the 1990s in enteric gram-negative organisms, Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter species. Integron-associated, sometimes within plasmids. Hydrolyses all beta-lactams except monobactams, and evades all beta-lactam inhibitors. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 1274 UPDATE VIM-10 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; carbapenem; cephalosporin; cephamycin; VIM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with VIM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36030 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000021 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with The Verone integron-encoded metallo-beta-lactamase (VIM) family was reported from Italy in 1999. There are, to date, 23 reported variants. VIM enzymes mostly occur in P. aeruginosa, also P. putida and, very rarely, Enterobacteriaceae. Integron-associated, sometimes within plasmids. Hydrolyses all beta-lactams except monobactams, and evades all beta-lactam inhibitors. There is a strong incidence of these in East Asia. " 1510 UPDATE vanTrL glycopeptide antibiotic; glycopeptide resistance gene cluster; antibiotic target alteration; vanT; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide resistance gene cluster UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36373 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000234 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Genes that when expressed confer resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin type antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with vanT UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36511 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000372 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with VanT is a membrane bound serine racemase, converting L-serine to D-serine. It is associated with VanC, which incorporated D-serine into D-Ala-D-Ser terminal end of peptidoglycan subunits that have a decreased binding affinity with vancomycin. It was isolated from Enterococcus gallinarum. " 1513 UPDATE QnrB64 sparfloxacin; norfloxacin; quinolone resistance protein (qnr); gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; antibiotic target protection; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; nalidixic acid; moxifloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with quinolone resistance protein (qnr) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36558 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000419 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Qnr proteins are pentapeptide repeat proteins that mimic DNA and protect the cell from the activity of fluoroquinolone antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target protection UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. " 1512 UPDATE SME-3 carbapenem; antibiotic inactivation; SME beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SME beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36194 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000055 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SME beta-lactamases are chromosome-mediated class A beta-lactamases that hydrolyze carbapenems in Serratia marcescens. " 281 UPDATE CMY-110 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 280 UPDATE CTX-M-11 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 582 UPDATE FOX-7 antibiotic inactivation; cephamycin; cephalosporin; FOX beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with FOX beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36206 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000067 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with FOX beta-lactamases are plasmid-encoded AmpC-type beta-lactamase which conferred resistance to broad-spectrum cephalosporins and cephamycins " 357 UPDATE VIM-38 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; carbapenem; cephalosporin; cephamycin; VIM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with VIM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36030 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000021 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with The Verone integron-encoded metallo-beta-lactamase (VIM) family was reported from Italy in 1999. There are, to date, 23 reported variants. VIM enzymes mostly occur in P. aeruginosa, also P. putida and, very rarely, Enterobacteriaceae. Integron-associated, sometimes within plasmids. Hydrolyses all beta-lactams except monobactams, and evades all beta-lactam inhibitors. There is a strong incidence of these in East Asia. " 356 UPDATE ErmU antibiotic target alteration; streptogramin antibiotic; Erm 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase; macrolide antibiotic; lincosamide antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptogramin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35945 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000026 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptogramin antibiotics are natural products produced by various members of the Streptomyces genus. These antibiotics bind to the P site of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The family consists of two subgroups, type A and type B, which are simultaneously produced by the same bacterial species in a ratio of roughly 70:30. UPDATED category_aro_name with Erm 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36699 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000560 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Erm proteins are part of the RNA methyltransferase family and methylate A2058 (E. coli nomenclature) of the 23S ribosomal RNA conferring degrees of resistance to Macrolides, Lincosamides and Streptogramin b. This is called the MLSb phenotype. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincosamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35936 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincosamides (e.g. lincomycin, clindamycin) are a class of drugs which bind to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. This interaction inhibits early elongation of peptide chains by inhibiting the transpeptidase reaction, acting similarly to macrolides. " 355 UPDATE TEM-1 penam; antibiotic inactivation; amoxicillin; penem; cephalosporin; cefalotin; monobactam; ampicillin; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefalotin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37084 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000704 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. It is resistant to staphylococci beta-lactamases but hydrolyzed by enterobacterial beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with amoxicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35981 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000064 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amoxicillin is a moderate-spectrum, bacteriolytic, beta-lactam antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections caused by susceptible microorganisms. A derivative of penicillin, it has a wider range of treatment but remains relatively ineffective against Gram-negative bacteria. It is commonly taken with clavulanic acid, a beta-lactamase inhibitor. Like other beta-lactams, amoxicillin interferes with the synthesis of peptidoglycan. UPDATED category_aro_name with ampicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36981 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000637 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ampicillin is a penicillin derivative that is highly acid stable, with its activity similar to benzylpenicillin. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 354 UPDATE QnrB24 sparfloxacin; norfloxacin; quinolone resistance protein (qnr); gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; antibiotic target protection; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; nalidixic acid; moxifloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with quinolone resistance protein (qnr) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36558 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000419 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Qnr proteins are pentapeptide repeat proteins that mimic DNA and protect the cell from the activity of fluoroquinolone antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target protection UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. " 353 UPDATE QnrB2 sparfloxacin; norfloxacin; quinolone resistance protein (qnr); gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; antibiotic target protection; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; nalidixic acid; moxifloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with quinolone resistance protein (qnr) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36558 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000419 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Qnr proteins are pentapeptide repeat proteins that mimic DNA and protect the cell from the activity of fluoroquinolone antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target protection UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. " 352 UPDATE PDC-5 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; carbapenem; ceftazidime; PDC beta-lactamase; monobactam; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftazidime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35977 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000060 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftazidime is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Unlike most third-generation agents, it is active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, however it has weaker activity against Gram-positive microorganisms and is not used for such infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with PDC beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36237 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000098 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with PDC beta-lactamases are class C beta-lactamases that are found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 351 UPDATE SHV-6 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 350 UPDATE ykkD antibiotic efflux; small multidrug resistance (SMR) antibiotic efflux pump; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; tetracycline antibiotic; streptomycin; aminoglycoside antibiotic; phenicol antibiotic; tetracycline; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with small multidrug resistance (SMR) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36004 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Small multidrug resistance (SMR) proteins are a relatively small family of transporters, restricted to prokaryotic cells. They are also the smallest multidrug transporters, with only four transmembrane alpha-helices and no significant extramembrane domain. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35958 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000040 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Streptomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. " 359 UPDATE TEM-112 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 358 UPDATE QnrB42 sparfloxacin; norfloxacin; quinolone resistance protein (qnr); gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; antibiotic target protection; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; nalidixic acid; moxifloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with quinolone resistance protein (qnr) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36558 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000419 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Qnr proteins are pentapeptide repeat proteins that mimic DNA and protect the cell from the activity of fluoroquinolone antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target protection UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. " 43 UPDATE tet(42) tetracycline antibiotic; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump; tetracycline; antibiotic efflux; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and ABC transporters comprise the two largest and most functionally diverse of the transporter superfamilies. However, MFS transporters are distinct from ABC transporters in both their primary sequence and structure and in the mechanism of energy coupling. As secondary transporters they are, like RND and SMR transporters, energized by the electrochemical proton gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. " 1033 UPDATE vanSN glycopeptide antibiotic; vanS; antibiotic target alteration; vancomycin; glycopeptide resistance gene cluster; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with vanS UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36210 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with VanS is similar to histidine protein kinases like EnvZ and acts as a response regulator by activating VanR. VanS is required for high level transcription of other van glycopeptide resistance genes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with vancomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35947 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000028 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Vancomycin is a glycopeptide antibiotic used in the prophylaxis and treatment of infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria. Vancomycin inhibits the synthesis of peptidoglycan, the major component of the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria. Its mechanism of action is unusual in that it acts by binding precursors of peptidoglycan, rather than by interacting with an enzyme. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide resistance gene cluster UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36373 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000234 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Genes that when expressed confer resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin type antibiotics. " 2323 UPDATE qacH efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; small multidrug resistance (SMR) antibiotic efflux pump; antibiotic efflux; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with small multidrug resistance (SMR) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36004 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Small multidrug resistance (SMR) proteins are a relatively small family of transporters, restricted to prokaryotic cells. They are also the smallest multidrug transporters, with only four transmembrane alpha-helices and no significant extramembrane domain. " 1447 UPDATE OKP-A-10 penam; antibiotic inactivation; OKP beta-lactamase; cephalosporin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with OKP beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 38817 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3002417 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OKP beta-lactamases are chromosomal class A beta-lactamase that confer resistance to penicillins and early cephalosporins in Klebsiella pneumoniae. OKP beta-lactamases can be subdivided into two groups: OKP-A and OKP-B which diverge by about 4.2% UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 2321 UPDATE cdeA antibiotic efflux; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) transporter; acridine dye; acriflavin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) transporter UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36251 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000112 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) transporters utilize the cationic gradient across the membrane as an energy source. Although there is a diverse substrate specificity, almost all MATE transporters recognize fluoroquinolones. Arciflavine, ethidium and aminoglycosides are also good substrates. UPDATED category_aro_name with acriflavin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35963 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000045 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Acriflavin is a topical antiseptic. It has the form of an orange or brown powder. It may be harmful in the eyes or if inhaled. Acriflavine is also used as treatment for external fungal infections of aquarium fish. UPDATED category_aro_name with acridine dye UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36193 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000054 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Acridine dyes are cell permeable, basic molecules with an acridine chromophore. These compounds intercalate DNA. The image shown represents the core structure of the acridine family, with specific dyes containing varying substituents. " 2326 UPDATE TLA-3 antibiotic inactivation; monobactam; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; cephalosporin; TLA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TLA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 39785 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003201 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with The TLA beta-lactamases are resistant to expanded-spectrum cephalosporins, aztreonam, ciprofloxacin, and ofloxacin but was susceptible to amikacin, cefotetan, and imipenem. " 2325 UPDATE Mrx antibiotic inactivation; macrolide phosphotransferase (MPH); macrolide antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide phosphotransferase (MPH) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36472 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000333 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolide phosphotransferases (MPH) are enzymes encoded by macrolide phosphotransferase genes (mph genes). These enzymes phosphorylate macrolides in GTP dependent manner at 2'-OH of desosamine sugar thereby inactivating them. Characterized MPH's are differentiated based on their substrate specificity. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. " 2324 UPDATE gadW penam; antibiotic efflux; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; protein(s) and two-component regulatory system modulating antibiotic efflux; norfloxacin; macrolide antibiotic; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; oxacillin; cloxacillin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; erythromycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Regulator UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with oxacillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35973 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000056 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Oxacillin is a penicillinase-resistant beta-lactam. It is similar to methicillin, and has replaced methicillin in clinical use. Oxacillin, especially in combination with other antibiotics, is effective against many penicillinase-producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. UPDATED category_aro_name with cloxacillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35930 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000011 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cloxacillin is a semisynthetic, isoxazolyl penicillin derivative in the beta-lactam class of antibiotics. It interferes with peptidogylcan synthesis and is commonly used for treating penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. " 2329 UPDATE MOX-9 penam; antibiotic inactivation; MOX beta-lactamase; cephamycin; cephalosporin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with MOX beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36222 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000083 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with MOX beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated AmpC-type beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 2328 UPDATE MUS-2 beta-lactamase carbapenem; antibiotic inactivation; MUS beta-lactamase; ARO_category; ARO_name "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with MUS beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41143 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004067 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Subclass B1 (metallo-) beta-lactamases found in Myroides spp., which confer resistance to carbapenam class beta-lactamase antibiotics. UPDATED ARO_name with MUS-2 " 1445 UPDATE AcrE penam; antibiotic efflux; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; cephalosporin; cephamycin; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. " 289 UPDATE OXA-85 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 288 UPDATE CMY-60 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 1112 UPDATE OXA-58 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1793 UPDATE DHA-14 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; cephamycin; DHA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with DHA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36207 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000068 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with DHA beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated AmpC β-lactamases that confer resistance to cephamycins and oxyimino-cephalosporins. " 5 UPDATE dfrF iclaprim; trimethoprim; brodimoprim; tetroxoprim; diaminopyrimidine antibiotic; antibiotic target replacement; trimethoprim resistant dihydrofolate reductase dfr; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with iclaprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36476 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000337 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Iclaprim is a bactericidal compound that inhibits dihydrofolate reductase. It is used against clinically important Gram-positive pathogens, including methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36327 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000188 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Trimethoprim is a synthetic 5-(3,4,5- trimethoxybenzyl) pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, inhibiting synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid. Tetrahydrofolic acid is an essential precursor in the de novo synthesis of the DNA nucleotide thymidine. Trimethoprim is a bacteriostatic antibiotic mainly used in the prophylaxis and treatment of urinary tract infections in combination with sulfamethoxazole, a sulfonamide antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with brodimoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36408 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000269 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Brodimoprim is a structural derivative of trimethoprim and an inhibitor of bacterial dihydrofolate reductase. The 4-methoxy group of trimethoprim is replaced with a bromine atom. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetroxoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36423 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000284 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetroxoprim is a trimethoprim derivative that inhibits bacterial dihydrofolate reductase. UPDATED category_aro_name with diaminopyrimidine antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36310 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000171 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Diaminopyrimidines are a class of organic compounds containing a pyrimidine ring substituted by two amine groups. They are inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme critical for DNA synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target replacement UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Replacement or substitution of antibiotic action target, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim resistant dihydrofolate reductase dfr UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37617 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3001218 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Alternative dihydropteroate synthase dfr present on plasmids produces alternate proteins that are less sensitive to trimethoprim from inhibiting its role in folate synthesis, thus conferring trimethoprim resistance. " 283 UPDATE CMY-85 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 282 UPDATE CTX-M-125 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 285 UPDATE TEM-11 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 284 UPDATE smeD antibiotic efflux; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; macrolide antibiotic; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; tetracycline antibiotic; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; phenicol antibiotic; tetracycline; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. " 287 UPDATE TEM-67 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 1114 UPDATE ACT-17 antibiotic inactivation; carbapenem; penam; ACT beta-lactamase; cephalosporin; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with ACT beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36211 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000072 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with ACT beta-lactamases, also known as AmpC beta-lactamases, are cephalosporinases that cannot be inhibited by clavulanate. These enzymes are encoded by genes located on the chromosome and can be induced by the presence of beta-lactam antibiotics. However recently, these genes have been found on plasmids and expressed at high constitutive levels in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 1441 UPDATE Enterobacter aerogenes omp36 with mutation penam; reduced permeability to antibiotic; penem; carbapenem; cephalosporin; cephamycin; General Bacterial Porin with reduced permeability to beta-lactams; monobactam; ARO_category; ARO_name "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with reduced permeability to antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36383 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000244 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Reduction in permeability to antibiotic, generally through reduced production of porins, can provide resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with General Bacterial Porin with reduced permeability to beta-lactams UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41445 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004281 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These are GBPs that are associated with decreased susceptibility to beta-lactams either through mutations in the porin protein, absence of the porin protein, or expression of the porin protein. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED ARO_name with Enterobacter aerogenes Omp36 " 1440 UPDATE CTX-M-103 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 263 UPDATE dfrA24 iclaprim; trimethoprim; brodimoprim; tetroxoprim; diaminopyrimidine antibiotic; antibiotic target replacement; trimethoprim resistant dihydrofolate reductase dfr; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with iclaprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36476 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000337 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Iclaprim is a bactericidal compound that inhibits dihydrofolate reductase. It is used against clinically important Gram-positive pathogens, including methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36327 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000188 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Trimethoprim is a synthetic 5-(3,4,5- trimethoxybenzyl) pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, inhibiting synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid. Tetrahydrofolic acid is an essential precursor in the de novo synthesis of the DNA nucleotide thymidine. Trimethoprim is a bacteriostatic antibiotic mainly used in the prophylaxis and treatment of urinary tract infections in combination with sulfamethoxazole, a sulfonamide antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with brodimoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36408 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000269 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Brodimoprim is a structural derivative of trimethoprim and an inhibitor of bacterial dihydrofolate reductase. The 4-methoxy group of trimethoprim is replaced with a bromine atom. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetroxoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36423 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000284 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetroxoprim is a trimethoprim derivative that inhibits bacterial dihydrofolate reductase. UPDATED category_aro_name with diaminopyrimidine antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36310 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000171 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Diaminopyrimidines are a class of organic compounds containing a pyrimidine ring substituted by two amine groups. They are inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme critical for DNA synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target replacement UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Replacement or substitution of antibiotic action target, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim resistant dihydrofolate reductase dfr UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37617 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3001218 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Alternative dihydropteroate synthase dfr present on plasmids produces alternate proteins that are less sensitive to trimethoprim from inhibiting its role in folate synthesis, thus conferring trimethoprim resistance. " 262 UPDATE VIM-8 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; carbapenem; cephalosporin; cephamycin; VIM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with VIM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36030 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000021 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with The Verone integron-encoded metallo-beta-lactamase (VIM) family was reported from Italy in 1999. There are, to date, 23 reported variants. VIM enzymes mostly occur in P. aeruginosa, also P. putida and, very rarely, Enterobacteriaceae. Integron-associated, sometimes within plasmids. Hydrolyses all beta-lactams except monobactams, and evades all beta-lactam inhibitors. There is a strong incidence of these in East Asia. " 261 UPDATE CMY-65 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 260 UPDATE ErmN antibiotic target alteration; vernamycin B-gamma; oleandomycin; macrolide antibiotic; telithromycin; tylosin; lincosamide antibiotic; dirithromycin; clarithromycin; clindamycin; dalfopristin; pristinamycin IB; quinupristin; pristinamycin IA; Erm 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase; pristinamycin IIA; madumycin II; griseoviridin; lincomycin; streptogramin antibiotic; roxithromycin; spiramycin; azithromycin; erythromycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with vernamycin B-gamma UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37022 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000678 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Vernamycin B-gamma is a class B streptogramin derived from virginiamycin S1. UPDATED category_aro_name with oleandomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37247 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000867 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Oleandomycin is a 14-membered macrolide produced by Streptomyces antibioticus. It is ssimilar to erythromycin, and contains a desosamine amino sugar and an oleandrose sugar. It targets the 50S ribosomal subunit to prevent protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with telithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35974 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000057 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Telithromycin is a semi-synthetic derivative of erythromycin. It is a 14-membered macrolide and is the first ketolide antibiotic to be used in clinics. Telithromycin binds the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with tylosin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36284 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000145 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tylosin is a 16-membered macrolide, naturally produced by Streptomyces fradiae. It interacts with the bacterial ribosome 50S subunit to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincosamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35936 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincosamides (e.g. lincomycin, clindamycin) are a class of drugs which bind to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. This interaction inhibits early elongation of peptide chains by inhibiting the transpeptidase reaction, acting similarly to macrolides. UPDATED category_aro_name with dirithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36315 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000176 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dirithromycin is an oxazine derivative of erythromycin, sharing the 14-carbon macrolide ring. The antibiotic binds to the 50S subunit of the ribosome to inhibit bacterial protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with clarithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35982 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000065 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Clarithromycin is a methyl derivative of erythromycin, sharing the 14-carbon macrolide ring. The antibiotic binds to the 50S subunit of the ribosome and is used to treat pharyngitis, tonsillitis, acute maxillary sinusitis, acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, pneumonia (especially atypical pneumonias associated with Chlamydia pneumoniae or TWAR), and skin structure infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with clindamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35983 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000066 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Clindamycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that blocks A-site aminoacyl-tRNA binding. It is usually used to treat infections with anaerobic bacteria but can also be used to treat some protozoal diseases, such as malaria. UPDATED category_aro_name with dalfopristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37018 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000674 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dalfopristin is a water-soluble semi-synthetic derivative of pristinamycin IIA. It is produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis and is used in combination with quinupristin in a 7:3 ratio. Both work together to inhibit protein synthesis, and is active against Gram-positive bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IB UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37019 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000675 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IB is a class B streptogramin similar to pristinamycin IA, the former containing a N-methyl-4-(methylamino)phenylalanine instead of a N-methyl-4-(dimethylamino)phenylalanine in its class A streptogramin counterpart (one less methyl group). UPDATED category_aro_name with quinupristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36723 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000584 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Quinupristin is a type B streptogramin and a semisynthetic derivative of pristinamycin 1A. It is a component of the drug Synercid and interacts with the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36722 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000583 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin 1A is a type B streptogramin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis. It binds to the P site of the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, preventing the extension of protein chains. UPDATED category_aro_name with Erm 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36699 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000560 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Erm proteins are part of the RNA methyltransferase family and methylate A2058 (E. coli nomenclature) of the 23S ribosomal RNA conferring degrees of resistance to Macrolides, Lincosamides and Streptogramin b. This is called the MLSb phenotype. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IIA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37013 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000669 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IIA is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with madumycin II UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37016 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000672 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Madumycin II is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with griseoviridin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000673 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Griseoviridin is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35964 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000046 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincomycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that comes from the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis. It binds to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes and inhibit early elongation of peptide chain by inhibiting transpeptidase reaction. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptogramin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35945 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000026 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptogramin antibiotics are natural products produced by various members of the Streptomyces genus. These antibiotics bind to the P site of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The family consists of two subgroups, type A and type B, which are simultaneously produced by the same bacterial species in a ratio of roughly 70:30. UPDATED category_aro_name with roxithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35946 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000027 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Roxithromycin is a semi-synthetic, 14-carbon ring macrolide antibiotic derived from erythromycin. It is used to treat respiratory tract, urinary and soft tissue infections. Roxithromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. UPDATED category_aro_name with spiramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36295 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000156 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Spiramycin is a 16-membered macrolide and is natural product produced by Streptomyces ambofaciens. It binds to the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes and inhibits peptidyl transfer activity to disrupt protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with azithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36297 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000158 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Azithromycin is a 15-membered macrolide and falls under the subclass of azalide. Like other macrolides, azithromycin binds bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The nitrogen substitution at the C-9a position prevents its degradation. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. " 267 UPDATE OXA-43 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 266 UPDATE QnrB13 sparfloxacin; norfloxacin; quinolone resistance protein (qnr); gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; antibiotic target protection; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; nalidixic acid; moxifloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with quinolone resistance protein (qnr) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36558 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000419 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Qnr proteins are pentapeptide repeat proteins that mimic DNA and protect the cell from the activity of fluoroquinolone antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target protection UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. " 265 UPDATE SHV-128 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 264 UPDATE lsaE antibiotic efflux; ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump; pleuromutilin; pleuromutilin antibiotic; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; lincosamide antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36002 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are present in all cells of all organisms and use the energy of ATP binding/hydrolysis to transport substrates across cell membranes. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincosamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35936 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincosamides (e.g. lincomycin, clindamycin) are a class of drugs which bind to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. This interaction inhibits early elongation of peptide chains by inhibiting the transpeptidase reaction, acting similarly to macrolides. UPDATED category_aro_name with pleuromutilin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37014 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000670 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Pleuromutilins are natural fungal products that target bacterial protein translation by binding the the 23S rRNA, blocking the ribosome P site at the 50S subunit. They are mostly used for agriculture and veterinary purposes. UPDATED category_aro_name with pleuromutilin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37716 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3001317 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pleuromutilin is a natural product antibiotic produced by Clitopilus passeckerianus. Related antibiotics of clinical significance, such as tiamulin and retapamulin, are semi-synthetic derivatives of this compound. " 286 UPDATE SHV-162 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 269 UPDATE CMY-8 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 268 UPDATE CfxA6 antibiotic inactivation; cephamycin; CfxA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with CfxA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 39434 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with cfxA beta-lactamases are class A beta-lactamases " 1290 UPDATE TEM-141 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 1291 UPDATE TEM-177 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 1296 UPDATE OKP-B-12 penam; antibiotic inactivation; OKP beta-lactamase; cephalosporin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with OKP beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 38817 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3002417 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OKP beta-lactamases are chromosomal class A beta-lactamase that confer resistance to penicillins and early cephalosporins in Klebsiella pneumoniae. OKP beta-lactamases can be subdivided into two groups: OKP-A and OKP-B which diverge by about 4.2% UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 2192 UPDATE TriA efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; triclosan; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; antibiotic efflux; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with triclosan UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37250 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000870 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Triclosan is a common antibacterial agent added to many consumer products as a biocide. It is an inhibitor of fatty acid biosynthesis by blocking enoyl-carrier protein reductase (FabI). UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. " 1297 UPDATE CTX-M-80 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 1294 UPDATE Sed-1 penam; Sed beta-lactamase; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with Sed beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41357 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004193 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Sed beta-lactamases are Class A beta-lactamases that are capable of hydrolyzing benzypenicillin, cephalothin, and cloxacillin. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. " 2259 UPDATE mphG antibiotic inactivation; macrolide phosphotransferase (MPH); macrolide antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide phosphotransferase (MPH) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36472 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000333 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolide phosphotransferases (MPH) are enzymes encoded by macrolide phosphotransferase genes (mph genes). These enzymes phosphorylate macrolides in GTP dependent manner at 2'-OH of desosamine sugar thereby inactivating them. Characterized MPH's are differentiated based on their substrate specificity. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. " 2257 UPDATE Planobispora rosea EF-Tu mutants conferring resistance to inhibitor GE2270A pulvomycin; elfamycin resistant EF-Tu; GE2270A; LFF571; elfamycin antibiotic; enacyloxin IIa; antibiotic target alteration; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with pulvomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36725 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000586 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pulvomycin is a polyketide antibiotic that binds elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu) to inhibit protein biosynthesis by preventing the formation of the ternary complex (EF-Tu*GTP*aa-tRNA). Phenotypically, it was shown that pulvomycin sensitivity is dominant over resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with elfamycin resistant EF-Tu UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37711 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3001312 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Sequence variants of elongation factor Tu that confer resistance to elfamycin antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with GE2270A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37636 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3001237 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with GE2270A is the model molecule of cyclic thiazolyl peptide elfamycins. GE2270A is produced by Planobispora rosea. Biosynthesis of the molecule has been shown to originate as a ribosomally synthesized peptide that undergoes significant post-translational modification. Clinical use of cyclic thiazolyl peptides is hindered by their low water solubility and bioavailability. UPDATED category_aro_name with LFF571 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 39998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003414 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with LFF571 is a novel semi-synthetic thiopeptide antibiotic derived from GE2270. It has been shown to possess potent in vitro and in vivo activity against Gram-positive bacteria. It is hypothesized that it a translation inhibitor leading to cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with elfamycin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37618 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3001219 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Elfamycins are molecules that inhibit bacterial elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu), a key protein which brings aminoacyl-tRNA (aa-tRNA) to the ribosome during protein synthesis. Elfamycins defined by their target (EF-Tu), rather than a conserved chemical backbone. Elfamycins follow two mechanisms to disrupt protein synthesis: 1. kirromycins and enacyloxin fix EF-Tu in the GTP bound conformation and lock EF-Tu onto the ribosome, and 2. pulvomycin and GE2270 cover the binding site of aa-tRNA disallowing EF-Tu from being charged with aa-tRNA. All elfamycins cause increased the affinity of EF-Tu for GTP. UPDATED category_aro_name with enacyloxin IIa UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37641 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3001242 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Enacyloxin IIa is structurally distinct but acts in a similar mechanism to kirromycin-like elfamycins. It prohibits the transfer of the amino acid at the A site to the elongating peptide chain. It is most likely that the mechanism of action is that EF-Tu*GDP is locked in the EF-Tu*GTP form, and EF-Tu*GDP*aa-tRNA is immobilized on the ribosome. It is an open question whether enacyloxin IIa actually belongs to the kirromycin-like group of elfamycins due to their high similarity. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. " 1295 UPDATE catII antibiotic inactivation; thiamphenicol; chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT); azidamfenicol; phenicol antibiotic; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with thiamphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36595 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000456 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Derivative of Chloramphenicol. The nitro group (-NO2) is substituted by a sulfomethyl group (-SO2CH3). UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36261 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000122 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Inactivates chloramphenicol by addition of an acyl group. cat is used to describe many variants of the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene in a range of organisms including Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Bacillus clausii, Bacillus subtilis, Campylobacter coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, Lactococcus lactis, Listeria monocytogenes, Listonella anguillarum Morganella morganii, Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella typhi, Serratia marcescens, Shigella flexneri, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Staphylococcus intermedius, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus suis and Streptomyces acrimycini UPDATED category_aro_name with azidamfenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36521 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000382 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Azidamfenicol is a water soluble derivative of chloramphenicol, sharing the same mode of action of inhibiting peptide synthesis by interacting with the 23S RNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. " 2251 UPDATE LpxC peptide antibiotic; antibiotic target alteration; Acinetobacter mutant Lpx gene conferring resistance to colistin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with Acinetobacter mutant Lpx gene conferring resistance to colistin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40191 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003581 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These genes are involved in the biosynthesis of lipid A in Gram-negative bacteria and mutations to this gene may cause resistance to antimicrobial peptides that target the outer membrane. Mutation by absence or insertion of ISAba11 sequence is a known cause of resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii▿. " 2476 UPDATE Halobacterium salinarum 16S rRNA mutation conferring resistance to pactamycin glycopeptide antibiotic; arbekacin; gentamicin B; tetracycline antibiotic; antibiotic target alteration; isepamicin; G418; aminoglycoside antibiotic; chlortetracycline; paromomycin; sisomicin; spectinomycin; netilmicin; apramycin; streptothricin; gentamicin C; streptomycin; 16S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to pactamycin; pactamycin; nucleoside antibiotic; peptide antibiotic; minocycline; hygromycin B; doxycycline; amikacin; bleomycin B2; bleomycinic acid; bleomycin A2; dibekacin; oxytetracycline; neomycin; kanamycin A; tigecycline; glycylcycline; demeclocycline; astromicin; butirosin; ribostamycin; tetracycline; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with G418 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000653 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A gentamicin class aminoglycoside antibiotic often used in mammalian cell culture work as a selectable marker for the neo cassette (APH3'). UPDATED category_aro_name with chlortetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36667 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000528 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chlortetracycline was an early, first-generation tetracycline antibiotic developed in the 1940's. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes, preventing the aminoacyl-tRNA from binding to the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with paromomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000657 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with An aminoglycoside antibiotic used for the treatment of parasitic infections. It is similar to neomycin sharing a similar spectrum of activity, but its hydroxyl group at the 6'-position instead of an amino group makes it resistant to AAC(6') modifying enzymes. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with dibekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35926 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with spectinomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35957 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000039 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Spectinomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Spectinomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit inhibiting translation. UPDATED category_aro_name with netilmicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35956 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000038 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. UPDATED category_aro_name with apramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35955 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000037 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Apramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections in animals. Apramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptothricin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35931 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000012 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptothricins are a group of N-glycoside antibiotics that include a carbamoylated D-glucosamine to which are attached a series of L-beta-lysine residues at position 2 and a streptolidine at position 1. Streptothricins vary by the number of beta-lysine residues (from 1 (nourseothricin) to 7) and target protein synthesis in bacteria and eukaryotes. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin C UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35933 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin C is a mixture of gentamicin C1, gentamicin C1a, and gentamicin C2 (these differ in substituents at position C6'). Gentamicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35958 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000040 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Streptomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with 16S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to pactamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40805 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003976 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Point mutations in bacterial 16S rRNA that confer resistance to antibiotic pactamycin UPDATED category_aro_name with pactamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40804 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003975 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic produced by Streptomyces pactum, considered a universal translation inhibitor UPDATED category_aro_name with nucleoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36174 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000034 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucleoside antibiotics are made of modified nucleosides and nucleotides with wide-ranging activities and means of antibacterial effects. This drug class includes aminonucleoside antibiotics, which contain an amino group. UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with minocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36291 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000152 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Minocycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with hygromycin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36353 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000214 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Hygromycin B is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Hygromycin B works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Hygromycin B has also been shown to interact with eukaryotic cells. UPDATED category_aro_name with doxycycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35986 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Doxycycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin B2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37036 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000692 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin B2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycinic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37034 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000690 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycinic acid is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin A2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37035 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000691 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin A2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with oxytetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37012 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000668 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Oxytetracycline is a derivative of tetracycline with a 5-hydroxyl group. Its activity is similar to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tigecycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35949 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000030 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tigecycline is an glycylcycline antibiotic. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycylcycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35960 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000042 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycylcyclines are a new class of antibiotics derived from tetracycline. These tetracycline analogues are specifically designed to overcome two common mechanisms of tetracycline resistance. Presently, there is only one glycylcycline antibiotic for clinical use: tigecycline. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome, preventing the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA. UPDATED category_aro_name with demeclocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37011 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000667 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Demeclocycline is a tetracycline analog with 7-chloro and 6-methyl groups. Due to its fast absorption and slow excretion, it maintains higher effective blood levels compared to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with astromicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35922 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Astromicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Astromicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with butirosin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35943 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000024 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Butirosin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Butirosin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with ribostamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35940 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000021 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ribostamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Ribostamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 988 UPDATE tet(J) tetracycline antibiotic; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump; tetracycline; antibiotic efflux; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and ABC transporters comprise the two largest and most functionally diverse of the transporter superfamilies. However, MFS transporters are distinct from ABC transporters in both their primary sequence and structure and in the mechanism of energy coupling. As secondary transporters they are, like RND and SMR transporters, energized by the electrochemical proton gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. " 989 UPDATE ErmG antibiotic target alteration; vernamycin B-gamma; oleandomycin; macrolide antibiotic; telithromycin; tylosin; lincosamide antibiotic; dirithromycin; clarithromycin; clindamycin; dalfopristin; pristinamycin IB; quinupristin; pristinamycin IA; Erm 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase; pristinamycin IIA; madumycin II; griseoviridin; lincomycin; streptogramin antibiotic; roxithromycin; spiramycin; azithromycin; erythromycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with vernamycin B-gamma UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37022 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000678 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Vernamycin B-gamma is a class B streptogramin derived from virginiamycin S1. UPDATED category_aro_name with oleandomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37247 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000867 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Oleandomycin is a 14-membered macrolide produced by Streptomyces antibioticus. It is ssimilar to erythromycin, and contains a desosamine amino sugar and an oleandrose sugar. It targets the 50S ribosomal subunit to prevent protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with telithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35974 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000057 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Telithromycin is a semi-synthetic derivative of erythromycin. It is a 14-membered macrolide and is the first ketolide antibiotic to be used in clinics. Telithromycin binds the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with tylosin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36284 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000145 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tylosin is a 16-membered macrolide, naturally produced by Streptomyces fradiae. It interacts with the bacterial ribosome 50S subunit to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincosamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35936 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincosamides (e.g. lincomycin, clindamycin) are a class of drugs which bind to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. This interaction inhibits early elongation of peptide chains by inhibiting the transpeptidase reaction, acting similarly to macrolides. UPDATED category_aro_name with dirithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36315 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000176 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dirithromycin is an oxazine derivative of erythromycin, sharing the 14-carbon macrolide ring. The antibiotic binds to the 50S subunit of the ribosome to inhibit bacterial protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with clarithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35982 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000065 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Clarithromycin is a methyl derivative of erythromycin, sharing the 14-carbon macrolide ring. The antibiotic binds to the 50S subunit of the ribosome and is used to treat pharyngitis, tonsillitis, acute maxillary sinusitis, acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, pneumonia (especially atypical pneumonias associated with Chlamydia pneumoniae or TWAR), and skin structure infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with clindamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35983 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000066 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Clindamycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that blocks A-site aminoacyl-tRNA binding. It is usually used to treat infections with anaerobic bacteria but can also be used to treat some protozoal diseases, such as malaria. UPDATED category_aro_name with dalfopristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37018 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000674 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dalfopristin is a water-soluble semi-synthetic derivative of pristinamycin IIA. It is produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis and is used in combination with quinupristin in a 7:3 ratio. Both work together to inhibit protein synthesis, and is active against Gram-positive bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IB UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37019 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000675 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IB is a class B streptogramin similar to pristinamycin IA, the former containing a N-methyl-4-(methylamino)phenylalanine instead of a N-methyl-4-(dimethylamino)phenylalanine in its class A streptogramin counterpart (one less methyl group). UPDATED category_aro_name with quinupristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36723 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000584 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Quinupristin is a type B streptogramin and a semisynthetic derivative of pristinamycin 1A. It is a component of the drug Synercid and interacts with the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36722 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000583 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin 1A is a type B streptogramin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis. It binds to the P site of the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, preventing the extension of protein chains. UPDATED category_aro_name with Erm 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36699 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000560 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Erm proteins are part of the RNA methyltransferase family and methylate A2058 (E. coli nomenclature) of the 23S ribosomal RNA conferring degrees of resistance to Macrolides, Lincosamides and Streptogramin b. This is called the MLSb phenotype. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IIA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37013 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000669 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IIA is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with madumycin II UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37016 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000672 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Madumycin II is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with griseoviridin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000673 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Griseoviridin is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35964 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000046 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincomycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that comes from the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis. It binds to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes and inhibit early elongation of peptide chain by inhibiting transpeptidase reaction. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptogramin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35945 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000026 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptogramin antibiotics are natural products produced by various members of the Streptomyces genus. These antibiotics bind to the P site of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The family consists of two subgroups, type A and type B, which are simultaneously produced by the same bacterial species in a ratio of roughly 70:30. UPDATED category_aro_name with roxithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35946 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000027 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Roxithromycin is a semi-synthetic, 14-carbon ring macrolide antibiotic derived from erythromycin. It is used to treat respiratory tract, urinary and soft tissue infections. Roxithromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. UPDATED category_aro_name with spiramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36295 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000156 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Spiramycin is a 16-membered macrolide and is natural product produced by Streptomyces ambofaciens. It binds to the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes and inhibits peptidyl transfer activity to disrupt protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with azithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36297 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000158 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Azithromycin is a 15-membered macrolide and falls under the subclass of azalide. Like other macrolides, azithromycin binds bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The nitrogen substitution at the C-9a position prevents its degradation. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. " 982 UPDATE TEM-153 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 983 UPDATE GES-20 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; GES beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with GES beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36205 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000066 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with GES beta-lactamases or Guiana extended-spectrum beta-lactamases are related to the other plasmid-located class A beta-lactamases " 980 UPDATE y56 beta-lactamase penam; antibiotic inactivation; BlaA beta-lactamase; cephalosporin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with BlaA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41354 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004190 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with BlaA beta-lactamases are Class A beta-lactamases first identified in Yersinia enterocolitica and have the ability to hydrolize penicilins and cephalosporins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 981 UPDATE OXA-86 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 986 UPDATE baeS antibiotic efflux; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; protein(s) and two-component regulatory system modulating antibiotic efflux; aminocoumarin antibiotic; novobiocin; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; aminoglycoside antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Regulator UPDATED category_aro_name with novobiocin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36250 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000111 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Novobiocin is an aminocoumarin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spheroides and Streptomyces niveus, and binds DNA gyrase subunit B inhibiting ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminocoumarin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36242 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000103 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminocoumarin antibiotics bind DNA gyrase subunit B to inhibit ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 987 UPDATE CTX-M-4 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 984 UPDATE Bartonella bacilliformis gyrA conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones nybomycin; grepafloxacin; trovafloxacin; ofloxacin; norfloxacin; nalidixic acid; lomefloxacin; gatifloxacin; fluoroquinolone resistant gyrA; levofloxacin; sparfloxacin; antibiotic target alteration; enoxacin; ciprofloxacin; pefloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; moxifloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with nybomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40463 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003780 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with A heterocyclic antibiotic that targets mutant gyrA (type II topoisomerase) containing an S84L substitution, counteracting acquired quinolone resistance. It is effective against quinolone-resistant Gram-positive bacteria including S. aureus and E. faecalis. Due to its ability to counteract quinolone resistance by targeting the mutant form of the gyrA protein, it is classified as a reverse antibiotic (RA). UPDATED category_aro_name with grepafloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37009 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000665 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Grepafloxacin is a broad-spectrum antibacterial quinoline. It is no longer taken due to its high toxicity. UPDATED category_aro_name with trovafloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37008 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000664 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Trovafloxacin is a trifluoroquinalone with a broad spectrum of activity that acts by inhibiting the uncoiling of supercoiled DNA. While potent against many Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, it is less active against pseudomonads and Cl. difficile. It is usually taken as the prodrug trovafloxacin mesylate or alatrofloxacin mesylate for oral or intravenous administration, respectively. UPDATED category_aro_name with ofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37007 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000663 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ofloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a methyl-substituted oxazine ring. It has a broad spectrum of activity including many enterobacteria and mycoplasma but most anaerobes are resistant. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with lomefloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37004 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000660 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Lomefloxacin is a difluoropiperazinyl quinolone, sharing similar activities with other fluoroquinolones. It is used to treat urinary tract infections. Relative to other fluoroquinolones, it has a longer half life and has higher serum concentrations. UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone resistant gyrA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 39876 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003292 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with DNA gyrase is responsible for DNA supercoiling and consists of two alpha and two beta subunits. GyrA point mutations confer resistance by preventing fluoroquinolone antibiotics from binding the alpha-subunit. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with enoxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35942 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000023 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Enoxacin belongs to a group called fluoroquinolones. Its mode of action depends upon blocking bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to DNA gyrase and causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with pefloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37142 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000762 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pefloxacin is structurally and functionally similar to norfloxacin. It is poorly active against mycobacteria, while anaerobes are resistant. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. " 2478 UPDATE Helicobacter pylori 16S rRNA mutation conferring resistance to tetracycline glycopeptide antibiotic; arbekacin; gentamicin B; tetracycline antibiotic; antibiotic target alteration; isepamicin; G418; chlortetracycline; paromomycin; sisomicin; spectinomycin; netilmicin; apramycin; streptothricin; gentamicin C; amikacin; aminoglycoside antibiotic; nucleoside antibiotic; peptide antibiotic; minocycline; hygromycin B; doxycycline; streptomycin; bleomycin B2; bleomycinic acid; butirosin; dibekacin; oxytetracycline; bleomycin A2; neomycin; kanamycin A; tigecycline; glycylcycline; demeclocycline; astromicin; 16S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to tetracycline derivatives; ribostamycin; tetracycline; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with G418 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000653 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A gentamicin class aminoglycoside antibiotic often used in mammalian cell culture work as a selectable marker for the neo cassette (APH3'). UPDATED category_aro_name with chlortetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36667 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000528 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chlortetracycline was an early, first-generation tetracycline antibiotic developed in the 1940's. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes, preventing the aminoacyl-tRNA from binding to the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with paromomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000657 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with An aminoglycoside antibiotic used for the treatment of parasitic infections. It is similar to neomycin sharing a similar spectrum of activity, but its hydroxyl group at the 6'-position instead of an amino group makes it resistant to AAC(6') modifying enzymes. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with dibekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35926 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with spectinomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35957 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000039 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Spectinomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Spectinomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit inhibiting translation. UPDATED category_aro_name with netilmicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35956 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000038 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. UPDATED category_aro_name with apramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35955 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000037 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Apramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections in animals. Apramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptothricin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35931 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000012 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptothricins are a group of N-glycoside antibiotics that include a carbamoylated D-glucosamine to which are attached a series of L-beta-lysine residues at position 2 and a streptolidine at position 1. Streptothricins vary by the number of beta-lysine residues (from 1 (nourseothricin) to 7) and target protein synthesis in bacteria and eukaryotes. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin C UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35933 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin C is a mixture of gentamicin C1, gentamicin C1a, and gentamicin C2 (these differ in substituents at position C6'). Gentamicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with nucleoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36174 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000034 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucleoside antibiotics are made of modified nucleosides and nucleotides with wide-ranging activities and means of antibacterial effects. This drug class includes aminonucleoside antibiotics, which contain an amino group. UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with minocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36291 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000152 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Minocycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with hygromycin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36353 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000214 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Hygromycin B is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Hygromycin B works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Hygromycin B has also been shown to interact with eukaryotic cells. UPDATED category_aro_name with doxycycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35986 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Doxycycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35958 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000040 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Streptomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin B2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37036 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000692 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin B2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycinic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37034 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000690 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycinic acid is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin A2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37035 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000691 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin A2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with demeclocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37011 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000667 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Demeclocycline is a tetracycline analog with 7-chloro and 6-methyl groups. Due to its fast absorption and slow excretion, it maintains higher effective blood levels compared to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with oxytetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37012 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000668 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Oxytetracycline is a derivative of tetracycline with a 5-hydroxyl group. Its activity is similar to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with butirosin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35943 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000024 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Butirosin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Butirosin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tigecycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35949 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000030 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tigecycline is an glycylcycline antibiotic. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycylcycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35960 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000042 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycylcyclines are a new class of antibiotics derived from tetracycline. These tetracycline analogues are specifically designed to overcome two common mechanisms of tetracycline resistance. Presently, there is only one glycylcycline antibiotic for clinical use: tigecycline. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome, preventing the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA. UPDATED category_aro_name with astromicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35922 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Astromicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Astromicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with 16S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to tetracycline derivatives UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40280 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003669 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Point mutations in the bacterial 16S rRNA region shown clinically to confer resistance to tetracycline and tetracycline derivatives (polyketide antibiotics). UPDATED category_aro_name with ribostamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35940 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000021 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ribostamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Ribostamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 115 UPDATE TEM-87 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 252 UPDATE APH(9)-Ia antibiotic inactivation; aminoglycoside antibiotic; APH(9); spectinomycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with APH(9) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36292 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000153 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Phosphorylation of spectinomycin on the hydroxyl group at position 9 UPDATED category_aro_name with spectinomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35957 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000039 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Spectinomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Spectinomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit inhibiting translation. " 1790 UPDATE vanHF glycopeptide antibiotic; glycopeptide resistance gene cluster; vanH; antibiotic target alteration; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide resistance gene cluster UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36373 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000234 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Genes that when expressed confer resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin type antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with vanH UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36015 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with VanH is a D-specific alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase that synthesizes D-lactate. D-lactate is incorporated into the end of the peptidoglycan subunits, decreasing vancomycin binding affinity. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. " 116 UPDATE QnrB18 sparfloxacin; norfloxacin; quinolone resistance protein (qnr); gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; antibiotic target protection; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; nalidixic acid; moxifloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with quinolone resistance protein (qnr) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36558 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000419 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Qnr proteins are pentapeptide repeat proteins that mimic DNA and protect the cell from the activity of fluoroquinolone antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target protection UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. " 111 UPDATE Escherichia coli gyrB conferring resistance to aminocoumarin clorobiocin; aminocoumarin antibiotic; novobiocin; coumermycin A1; antibiotic target alteration; aminocoumarin resistant gyrB; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with clorobiocin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36271 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000132 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Clorobiocin is an aminocoumarin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces roseochromogenes, and binds DNA gyrase subunit B to inhibit ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminocoumarin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36242 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000103 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminocoumarin antibiotics bind DNA gyrase subunit B to inhibit ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with novobiocin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36250 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000111 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Novobiocin is an aminocoumarin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spheroides and Streptomyces niveus, and binds DNA gyrase subunit B inhibiting ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with coumermycin A1 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36289 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000150 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Coumermycin A1 is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces rishiriensis, and binds DNA gyrase subunit B to inhibit ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminocoumarin resistant gyrB UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36618 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000479 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Point mutations in DNA gyrase subunit B (gyrB) can result in resistance to aminocoumarins. These mutations usually involve arginine residues in organisms. " 110 UPDATE AAC(6')-Iu antibiotic inactivation; kanamycin A; aminoglycoside antibiotic; AAC(6'); isepamicin; sisomicin; arbekacin; gentamicin B; netilmicin; amikacin; dibekacin; neomycin; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with AAC(6') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36484 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000345 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Acetylation of the aminoglycoside antibiotic on the amino group at position 6'. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with netilmicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35956 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000038 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with dibekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35926 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 113 UPDATE VEB-5 antibiotic inactivation; monobactam; cephalosporin; VEB beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with VEB beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36182 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000043 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with VEB beta-lactamases or Vietnamese extended-spectrum beta-lactamases are class A beta-lactamases that confer high-level resistance to oxyimino cephalosporins and to aztreonam " 112 UPDATE FosA5 fosfomycin; fosfomycin thiol transferase; antibiotic inactivation; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with fosfomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35944 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000025 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Fosfomycin (also known as phosphomycin and phosphonomycin) is a broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by certain Streptomyces species. It is effective on gram positive and negative bacteria as it targets the cell wall, an essential feature shared by both bacteria. Its specific target is MurA (MurZ in E.coli), which attaches phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, a step of commitment to cell wall synthesis. In the active site of MurA, the active cysteine molecule is alkylated which stops the catalytic reaction. UPDATED category_aro_name with fosfomycin thiol transferase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36272 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000133 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Catalyzes the addition of a thiol group from a nucleophilic molecule to fosfomycin. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. " 119 UPDATE VIM-12 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; carbapenem; cephalosporin; cephamycin; VIM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with VIM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36030 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000021 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with The Verone integron-encoded metallo-beta-lactamase (VIM) family was reported from Italy in 1999. There are, to date, 23 reported variants. VIM enzymes mostly occur in P. aeruginosa, also P. putida and, very rarely, Enterobacteriaceae. Integron-associated, sometimes within plasmids. Hydrolyses all beta-lactams except monobactams, and evades all beta-lactam inhibitors. There is a strong incidence of these in East Asia. " 118 UPDATE LRA-9 penam; antibiotic inactivation; subclass B3 LRA beta-lactamase; cephalosporin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with subclass B3 LRA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41390 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004226 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Beta-lactamases that are part of the LRA gene family and are classified as B3 (metallo-) beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 2785 UPDATE Klebsiella pneumoniae OmpK37 penam; carbapenem; penem; reduced permeability to antibiotic; cefotaxime; cephalosporin; cephamycin; General Bacterial Porin with reduced permeability to beta-lactams; monobactam; cefoxitin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with reduced permeability to antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36383 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000244 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Reduction in permeability to antibiotic, generally through reduced production of porins, can provide resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefotaxime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36989 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000645 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefotaxime is a semisynthetic cephalosporin taken parenterally. It is resistant to most beta-lactamases and active against Gram-negative rods and cocci due to its aminothiazoyl and methoximino functional groups. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with General Bacterial Porin with reduced permeability to beta-lactams UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41445 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004281 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These are GBPs that are associated with decreased susceptibility to beta-lactams either through mutations in the porin protein, absence of the porin protein, or expression of the porin protein. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefoxitin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35927 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefoxitin is a cephamycin antibiotic often grouped with the second generation cephalosporins. Cefoxitin is bactericidal and acts by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. Cefoxitin's 7-alpha-methoxy group and 3' leaving group make it a poor substrate for most beta-lactamases. " 2787 UPDATE Moraxella catarrhalis M35 penam; reduced permeability to antibiotic; General Bacterial Porin with reduced permeability to beta-lactams; penem; carbapenem; cephalosporin; cephamycin; monobactam; amoxicillin; resistance by absence; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with reduced permeability to antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36383 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000244 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Reduction in permeability to antibiotic, generally through reduced production of porins, can provide resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with General Bacterial Porin with reduced permeability to beta-lactams UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41445 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004281 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These are GBPs that are associated with decreased susceptibility to beta-lactams either through mutations in the porin protein, absence of the porin protein, or expression of the porin protein. UPDATED category_aro_name with amoxicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35981 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000064 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amoxicillin is a moderate-spectrum, bacteriolytic, beta-lactam antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections caused by susceptible microorganisms. A derivative of penicillin, it has a wider range of treatment but remains relatively ineffective against Gram-negative bacteria. It is commonly taken with clavulanic acid, a beta-lactamase inhibitor. Like other beta-lactams, amoxicillin interferes with the synthesis of peptidoglycan. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance by absence UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40429 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003764 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mechanism of antibiotic resistance conferred by deletion of gene (usually a porin) " 2786 UPDATE Burkholderia pseudomallei Omp38 penam; reduced permeability to antibiotic; imipenem; penem; benzylpenicillin; cephalosporin; carbapenem; ceftazidime; cephamycin; General Bacterial Porin with reduced permeability to beta-lactams; monobactam; cefoxitin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with reduced permeability to antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36383 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000244 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Reduction in permeability to antibiotic, generally through reduced production of porins, can provide resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with imipenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36309 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000170 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Imipenem is a broad-spectrum antibiotic and is usually taken with cilastatin, which prevents hydrolysis of imipenem by renal dehydropeptidase-I. It is resistant to hydrolysis by most other beta-lactamases. Notable exceptions are the KPC beta-lactamases and Ambler Class B enzymes. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftazidime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35977 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000060 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftazidime is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Unlike most third-generation agents, it is active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, however it has weaker activity against Gram-positive microorganisms and is not used for such infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with benzylpenicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36976 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000632 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Benzylpenicillin, commonly referred to as penicillin G, is effective against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. It is unstable in acid. UPDATED category_aro_name with General Bacterial Porin with reduced permeability to beta-lactams UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41445 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004281 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These are GBPs that are associated with decreased susceptibility to beta-lactams either through mutations in the porin protein, absence of the porin protein, or expression of the porin protein. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefoxitin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35927 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefoxitin is a cephamycin antibiotic often grouped with the second generation cephalosporins. Cefoxitin is bactericidal and acts by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. Cefoxitin's 7-alpha-methoxy group and 3' leaving group make it a poor substrate for most beta-lactamases. " 2781 UPDATE porin OmpC penam; carbapenem; penem; cephaloridine; reduced permeability to antibiotic; cefazolin; cephalosporin; cephamycin; General Bacterial Porin with reduced permeability to beta-lactams; monobactam; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephaloridine UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41256 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004129 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephaloridine is a semisynthetic, broad-spectrum, first-generation cephalosporin with antibacterial activity. Cephaloridine binds to and inactivates penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) located on the inner membrane of the bacterial cell wall. PBPs are enzymes involved in the terminal stages of assembling the bacterial cell wall and in reshaping the cell wall during growth and division. Inactivation of PBPs interferes with the cross-linkage of peptidoglycan chains necessary for bacterial cell wall strength and rigidity. This results in the weakening of the bacterial cell wall and causes cell lysis. UPDATED category_aro_name with reduced permeability to antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36383 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000244 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Reduction in permeability to antibiotic, generally through reduced production of porins, can provide resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefazolin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35975 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000058 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefazolin (INN), also known as cefazoline or cephazolin, is a first generation cephalosporin antibiotic. It is administered parenterally, and is active against a broad spectrum of bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with General Bacterial Porin with reduced permeability to beta-lactams UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41445 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004281 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These are GBPs that are associated with decreased susceptibility to beta-lactams either through mutations in the porin protein, absence of the porin protein, or expression of the porin protein. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 2780 UPDATE FosA7 fosfomycin; fosfomycin thiol transferase; antibiotic inactivation; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with fosfomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35944 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000025 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Fosfomycin (also known as phosphomycin and phosphonomycin) is a broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by certain Streptomyces species. It is effective on gram positive and negative bacteria as it targets the cell wall, an essential feature shared by both bacteria. Its specific target is MurA (MurZ in E.coli), which attaches phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, a step of commitment to cell wall synthesis. In the active site of MurA, the active cysteine molecule is alkylated which stops the catalytic reaction. UPDATED category_aro_name with fosfomycin thiol transferase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36272 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000133 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Catalyzes the addition of a thiol group from a nucleophilic molecule to fosfomycin. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. " 2783 UPDATE Vibrio cholerae OmpT peptide antibiotic; BPI; General Bacterial Porin with reduced permeability to peptide antibiotics; reduced permeability to antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with BPI UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41245 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004121 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bactericidal/permeability-increasing (BPI) protein is a member of a new generation of proteins known as super-antibiotics that are implicated as endotoxin neutralising agents. The potent (nM) cytotoxicity of BPI is limited to gram-negative bacteria (GNB), reflecting the high affinity (<10 nM) of BPI for bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Binding of BPI to live bacteria via LPS causes immediate growth arrest, actual killing coincides with later damage to the inner membrane. UPDATED category_aro_name with General Bacterial Porin with reduced permeability to peptide antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41446 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004282 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These are GBPs that are associated with decreased susceptibility to peptide antibiotics either through mutations in the porin protein, absence of the porin protein, or expression of the porin protein. UPDATED category_aro_name with reduced permeability to antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36383 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000244 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Reduction in permeability to antibiotic, generally through reduced production of porins, can provide resistance. " 2782 UPDATE Vibrio cholerae OmpU peptide antibiotic; BPI; General Bacterial Porin with reduced permeability to peptide antibiotics; reduced permeability to antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with BPI UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41245 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004121 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bactericidal/permeability-increasing (BPI) protein is a member of a new generation of proteins known as super-antibiotics that are implicated as endotoxin neutralising agents. The potent (nM) cytotoxicity of BPI is limited to gram-negative bacteria (GNB), reflecting the high affinity (<10 nM) of BPI for bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Binding of BPI to live bacteria via LPS causes immediate growth arrest, actual killing coincides with later damage to the inner membrane. UPDATED category_aro_name with General Bacterial Porin with reduced permeability to peptide antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41446 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004282 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These are GBPs that are associated with decreased susceptibility to peptide antibiotics either through mutations in the porin protein, absence of the porin protein, or expression of the porin protein. UPDATED category_aro_name with reduced permeability to antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36383 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000244 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Reduction in permeability to antibiotic, generally through reduced production of porins, can provide resistance. " 2789 UPDATE Escherichia coli mipA reduced permeability to antibiotic; nalidixic acid; kanamycin A; MipA-interacting Protein; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; streptomycin; aminoglycoside antibiotic; resistance by absence; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with reduced permeability to antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36383 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000244 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Reduction in permeability to antibiotic, generally through reduced production of porins, can provide resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with MipA-interacting Protein UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41444 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004280 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with The MltA-interacting Protein (MipA) family consists mainly of homologs to MipA and OmpV proteins. Proteins of this family, are predicted to form a ß-barrel. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35958 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000040 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Streptomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance by absence UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40429 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003764 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mechanism of antibiotic resistance conferred by deletion of gene (usually a porin) " 2788 UPDATE Escherichia coli LamB chlortetracycline; nalidixic acid; balofloxacin; reduced permeability to antibiotic; Sugar Porin (SP); ciprofloxacin; tetracycline antibiotic; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; resistance by absence; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with chlortetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36667 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000528 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chlortetracycline was an early, first-generation tetracycline antibiotic developed in the 1940's. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes, preventing the aminoacyl-tRNA from binding to the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with balofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41257 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004130 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Balofloxacin is an 8-methoxy fluoroquinolone antibiotic. It shows potent bactericidal activity and inhibits the supercoiling activity of DNA gyrase of S. aureus, E. coli, and P. aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with reduced permeability to antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36383 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000244 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Reduction in permeability to antibiotic, generally through reduced production of porins, can provide resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with Sugar Porin (SP) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41443 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004279 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Members of the Sugar Porin family tend to facilitate the transport of maltodextrins and other sugars across the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. These porins form a homotrimeric structure. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance by absence UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40429 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003764 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mechanism of antibiotic resistance conferred by deletion of gene (usually a porin) " 1797 UPDATE ErmY antibiotic target alteration; streptogramin antibiotic; Erm 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase; macrolide antibiotic; lincosamide antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptogramin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35945 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000026 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptogramin antibiotics are natural products produced by various members of the Streptomyces genus. These antibiotics bind to the P site of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The family consists of two subgroups, type A and type B, which are simultaneously produced by the same bacterial species in a ratio of roughly 70:30. UPDATED category_aro_name with Erm 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36699 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000560 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Erm proteins are part of the RNA methyltransferase family and methylate A2058 (E. coli nomenclature) of the 23S ribosomal RNA conferring degrees of resistance to Macrolides, Lincosamides and Streptogramin b. This is called the MLSb phenotype. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincosamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35936 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincosamides (e.g. lincomycin, clindamycin) are a class of drugs which bind to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. This interaction inhibits early elongation of peptide chains by inhibiting the transpeptidase reaction, acting similarly to macrolides. " 2079 UPDATE sgm kanamycin A; aminoglycoside antibiotic; isepamicin; 16S rRNA methyltransferase (G1405); sisomicin; arbekacin; gentamicin B; netilmicin; antibiotic target alteration; gentamicin C; amikacin; dibekacin; G418; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with dibekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35926 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with 16S rRNA methyltransferase (G1405) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41435 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004271 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Methyltransferases that methylate the G1405 position of 16S rRNA, which is part of an aminoglycoside binding site. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with netilmicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35956 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000038 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin C UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35933 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin C is a mixture of gentamicin C1, gentamicin C1a, and gentamicin C2 (these differ in substituents at position C6'). Gentamicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with G418 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000653 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A gentamicin class aminoglycoside antibiotic often used in mammalian cell culture work as a selectable marker for the neo cassette (APH3'). UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 2078 UPDATE Mycobacterium chelonae 16S rRNA mutation conferring resistance to kanamycin A glycopeptide antibiotic; arbekacin; gentamicin B; tetracycline antibiotic; antibiotic target alteration; isepamicin; G418; chlortetracycline; paromomycin; sisomicin; spectinomycin; netilmicin; apramycin; streptothricin; gentamicin C; streptomycin; aminoglycoside antibiotic; nucleoside antibiotic; 16s rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics; peptide antibiotic; minocycline; hygromycin B; doxycycline; amikacin; bleomycin B2; bleomycinic acid; bleomycin A2; dibekacin; oxytetracycline; neomycin; kanamycin A; tigecycline; glycylcycline; demeclocycline; astromicin; butirosin; ribostamycin; tetracycline; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with G418 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000653 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A gentamicin class aminoglycoside antibiotic often used in mammalian cell culture work as a selectable marker for the neo cassette (APH3'). UPDATED category_aro_name with chlortetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36667 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000528 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chlortetracycline was an early, first-generation tetracycline antibiotic developed in the 1940's. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes, preventing the aminoacyl-tRNA from binding to the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with paromomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000657 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with An aminoglycoside antibiotic used for the treatment of parasitic infections. It is similar to neomycin sharing a similar spectrum of activity, but its hydroxyl group at the 6'-position instead of an amino group makes it resistant to AAC(6') modifying enzymes. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with dibekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35926 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with spectinomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35957 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000039 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Spectinomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Spectinomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit inhibiting translation. UPDATED category_aro_name with netilmicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35956 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000038 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. UPDATED category_aro_name with apramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35955 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000037 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Apramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections in animals. Apramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptothricin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35931 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000012 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptothricins are a group of N-glycoside antibiotics that include a carbamoylated D-glucosamine to which are attached a series of L-beta-lysine residues at position 2 and a streptolidine at position 1. Streptothricins vary by the number of beta-lysine residues (from 1 (nourseothricin) to 7) and target protein synthesis in bacteria and eukaryotes. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin C UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35933 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin C is a mixture of gentamicin C1, gentamicin C1a, and gentamicin C2 (these differ in substituents at position C6'). Gentamicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35958 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000040 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Streptomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with nucleoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36174 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000034 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucleoside antibiotics are made of modified nucleosides and nucleotides with wide-ranging activities and means of antibacterial effects. This drug class includes aminonucleoside antibiotics, which contain an amino group. UPDATED category_aro_name with 16s rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40277 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Point mutations in the 16S rRNA of bacteria can confer resistance to aminoglycosides. UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with minocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36291 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000152 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Minocycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with hygromycin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36353 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000214 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Hygromycin B is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Hygromycin B works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Hygromycin B has also been shown to interact with eukaryotic cells. UPDATED category_aro_name with doxycycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35986 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Doxycycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin B2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37036 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000692 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin B2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycinic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37034 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000690 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycinic acid is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin A2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37035 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000691 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin A2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with demeclocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37011 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000667 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Demeclocycline is a tetracycline analog with 7-chloro and 6-methyl groups. Due to its fast absorption and slow excretion, it maintains higher effective blood levels compared to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with oxytetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37012 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000668 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Oxytetracycline is a derivative of tetracycline with a 5-hydroxyl group. Its activity is similar to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tigecycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35949 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000030 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tigecycline is an glycylcycline antibiotic. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycylcycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35960 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000042 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycylcyclines are a new class of antibiotics derived from tetracycline. These tetracycline analogues are specifically designed to overcome two common mechanisms of tetracycline resistance. Presently, there is only one glycylcycline antibiotic for clinical use: tigecycline. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome, preventing the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA. UPDATED category_aro_name with astromicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35922 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Astromicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Astromicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with butirosin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35943 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000024 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Butirosin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Butirosin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with ribostamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35940 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000021 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ribostamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Ribostamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 2073 UPDATE Escherichia coli 16S rRNA (rrsB) mutation conferring resistance to G418 glycopeptide antibiotic; arbekacin; gentamicin B; tetracycline antibiotic; antibiotic target alteration; isepamicin; G418; chlortetracycline; paromomycin; sisomicin; spectinomycin; netilmicin; apramycin; streptothricin; gentamicin C; streptomycin; aminoglycoside antibiotic; nucleoside antibiotic; 16s rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics; peptide antibiotic; minocycline; hygromycin B; doxycycline; amikacin; bleomycin B2; bleomycinic acid; bleomycin A2; dibekacin; oxytetracycline; neomycin; kanamycin A; tigecycline; glycylcycline; demeclocycline; astromicin; butirosin; ribostamycin; tetracycline; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with G418 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000653 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A gentamicin class aminoglycoside antibiotic often used in mammalian cell culture work as a selectable marker for the neo cassette (APH3'). UPDATED category_aro_name with chlortetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36667 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000528 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chlortetracycline was an early, first-generation tetracycline antibiotic developed in the 1940's. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes, preventing the aminoacyl-tRNA from binding to the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with paromomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000657 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with An aminoglycoside antibiotic used for the treatment of parasitic infections. It is similar to neomycin sharing a similar spectrum of activity, but its hydroxyl group at the 6'-position instead of an amino group makes it resistant to AAC(6') modifying enzymes. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with dibekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35926 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with spectinomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35957 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000039 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Spectinomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Spectinomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit inhibiting translation. UPDATED category_aro_name with netilmicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35956 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000038 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. UPDATED category_aro_name with apramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35955 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000037 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Apramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections in animals. Apramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptothricin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35931 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000012 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptothricins are a group of N-glycoside antibiotics that include a carbamoylated D-glucosamine to which are attached a series of L-beta-lysine residues at position 2 and a streptolidine at position 1. Streptothricins vary by the number of beta-lysine residues (from 1 (nourseothricin) to 7) and target protein synthesis in bacteria and eukaryotes. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin C UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35933 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin C is a mixture of gentamicin C1, gentamicin C1a, and gentamicin C2 (these differ in substituents at position C6'). Gentamicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35958 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000040 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Streptomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with nucleoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36174 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000034 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucleoside antibiotics are made of modified nucleosides and nucleotides with wide-ranging activities and means of antibacterial effects. This drug class includes aminonucleoside antibiotics, which contain an amino group. UPDATED category_aro_name with 16s rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40277 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Point mutations in the 16S rRNA of bacteria can confer resistance to aminoglycosides. UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with minocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36291 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000152 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Minocycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with hygromycin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36353 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000214 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Hygromycin B is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Hygromycin B works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Hygromycin B has also been shown to interact with eukaryotic cells. UPDATED category_aro_name with doxycycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35986 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Doxycycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin B2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37036 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000692 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin B2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycinic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37034 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000690 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycinic acid is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin A2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37035 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000691 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin A2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with demeclocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37011 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000667 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Demeclocycline is a tetracycline analog with 7-chloro and 6-methyl groups. Due to its fast absorption and slow excretion, it maintains higher effective blood levels compared to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with oxytetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37012 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000668 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Oxytetracycline is a derivative of tetracycline with a 5-hydroxyl group. Its activity is similar to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tigecycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35949 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000030 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tigecycline is an glycylcycline antibiotic. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycylcycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35960 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000042 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycylcyclines are a new class of antibiotics derived from tetracycline. These tetracycline analogues are specifically designed to overcome two common mechanisms of tetracycline resistance. Presently, there is only one glycylcycline antibiotic for clinical use: tigecycline. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome, preventing the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA. UPDATED category_aro_name with astromicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35922 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Astromicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Astromicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with butirosin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35943 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000024 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Butirosin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Butirosin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with ribostamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35940 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000021 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ribostamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Ribostamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 2072 UPDATE NmcR penam; carbapenem; NmcA beta-lactamase; cefazolin; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; cephamycin; amoxicillin; ampicillin; clavulanate; cefoxitin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with NmcA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41359 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004195 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with nmcA beta-lactamases are chromosomal-encoded Class A beta-lactamases first isolated from Enterobacter cloacae, specifically a clinical strain known as NOR-1. nmcA beta-lactamases have been shown to hydrolyze carbapenems. UPDATED category_aro_name with amoxicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35981 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000064 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amoxicillin is a moderate-spectrum, bacteriolytic, beta-lactam antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections caused by susceptible microorganisms. A derivative of penicillin, it has a wider range of treatment but remains relatively ineffective against Gram-negative bacteria. It is commonly taken with clavulanic acid, a beta-lactamase inhibitor. Like other beta-lactams, amoxicillin interferes with the synthesis of peptidoglycan. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefazolin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35975 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000058 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefazolin (INN), also known as cefazoline or cephazolin, is a first generation cephalosporin antibiotic. It is administered parenterally, and is active against a broad spectrum of bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with ampicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36981 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000637 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ampicillin is a penicillin derivative that is highly acid stable, with its activity similar to benzylpenicillin. UPDATED category_aro_name with clavulanate UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000079 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Adjuvant UPDATED category_aro_description with Clavulanic acid is a beta-lactamase inhibitor (marketed by GlaxoSmithKline, formerly Beecham) combined with penicillin group antibiotics to overcome certain types of antibiotic resistance. It is used to overcome resistance in bacteria that secrete beta-lactamase, which otherwise inactivates most penicillins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefoxitin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35927 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefoxitin is a cephamycin antibiotic often grouped with the second generation cephalosporins. Cefoxitin is bactericidal and acts by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. Cefoxitin's 7-alpha-methoxy group and 3' leaving group make it a poor substrate for most beta-lactamases. " 2071 UPDATE AAC(6')-Ib8 antibiotic inactivation; kanamycin A; aminoglycoside antibiotic; AAC(6'); isepamicin; sisomicin; arbekacin; gentamicin B; netilmicin; amikacin; dibekacin; neomycin; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with AAC(6') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36484 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000345 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Acetylation of the aminoglycoside antibiotic on the amino group at position 6'. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with netilmicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35956 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000038 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with dibekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35926 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 2070 UPDATE Mycobacterium tuberculosis 16S rRNA mutation conferring resistance to amikacin glycopeptide antibiotic; arbekacin; gentamicin B; tetracycline antibiotic; antibiotic target alteration; isepamicin; G418; chlortetracycline; paromomycin; sisomicin; spectinomycin; netilmicin; apramycin; streptothricin; gentamicin C; streptomycin; aminoglycoside antibiotic; nucleoside antibiotic; 16s rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics; peptide antibiotic; minocycline; hygromycin B; doxycycline; amikacin; bleomycin B2; bleomycinic acid; bleomycin A2; dibekacin; oxytetracycline; neomycin; kanamycin A; tigecycline; glycylcycline; demeclocycline; astromicin; butirosin; ribostamycin; tetracycline; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with G418 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000653 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A gentamicin class aminoglycoside antibiotic often used in mammalian cell culture work as a selectable marker for the neo cassette (APH3'). UPDATED category_aro_name with chlortetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36667 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000528 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chlortetracycline was an early, first-generation tetracycline antibiotic developed in the 1940's. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes, preventing the aminoacyl-tRNA from binding to the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with paromomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000657 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with An aminoglycoside antibiotic used for the treatment of parasitic infections. It is similar to neomycin sharing a similar spectrum of activity, but its hydroxyl group at the 6'-position instead of an amino group makes it resistant to AAC(6') modifying enzymes. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with dibekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35926 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with spectinomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35957 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000039 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Spectinomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Spectinomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit inhibiting translation. UPDATED category_aro_name with netilmicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35956 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000038 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. UPDATED category_aro_name with apramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35955 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000037 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Apramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections in animals. Apramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptothricin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35931 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000012 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptothricins are a group of N-glycoside antibiotics that include a carbamoylated D-glucosamine to which are attached a series of L-beta-lysine residues at position 2 and a streptolidine at position 1. Streptothricins vary by the number of beta-lysine residues (from 1 (nourseothricin) to 7) and target protein synthesis in bacteria and eukaryotes. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin C UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35933 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin C is a mixture of gentamicin C1, gentamicin C1a, and gentamicin C2 (these differ in substituents at position C6'). Gentamicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35958 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000040 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Streptomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with nucleoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36174 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000034 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucleoside antibiotics are made of modified nucleosides and nucleotides with wide-ranging activities and means of antibacterial effects. This drug class includes aminonucleoside antibiotics, which contain an amino group. UPDATED category_aro_name with 16s rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40277 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Point mutations in the 16S rRNA of bacteria can confer resistance to aminoglycosides. UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with minocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36291 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000152 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Minocycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with hygromycin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36353 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000214 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Hygromycin B is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Hygromycin B works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Hygromycin B has also been shown to interact with eukaryotic cells. UPDATED category_aro_name with doxycycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35986 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Doxycycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin B2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37036 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000692 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin B2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycinic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37034 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000690 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycinic acid is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin A2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37035 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000691 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin A2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with demeclocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37011 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000667 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Demeclocycline is a tetracycline analog with 7-chloro and 6-methyl groups. Due to its fast absorption and slow excretion, it maintains higher effective blood levels compared to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with oxytetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37012 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000668 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Oxytetracycline is a derivative of tetracycline with a 5-hydroxyl group. Its activity is similar to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tigecycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35949 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000030 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tigecycline is an glycylcycline antibiotic. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycylcycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35960 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000042 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycylcyclines are a new class of antibiotics derived from tetracycline. These tetracycline analogues are specifically designed to overcome two common mechanisms of tetracycline resistance. Presently, there is only one glycylcycline antibiotic for clinical use: tigecycline. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome, preventing the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA. UPDATED category_aro_name with astromicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35922 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Astromicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Astromicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with butirosin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35943 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000024 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Butirosin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Butirosin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with ribostamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35940 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000021 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ribostamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Ribostamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 2077 UPDATE Mycobacterium smegmatis 16S rRNA (rrsA) mutation conferring resistance to neomycin glycopeptide antibiotic; arbekacin; gentamicin B; tetracycline antibiotic; antibiotic target alteration; isepamicin; G418; chlortetracycline; paromomycin; sisomicin; spectinomycin; netilmicin; apramycin; streptothricin; gentamicin C; streptomycin; aminoglycoside antibiotic; nucleoside antibiotic; 16s rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics; peptide antibiotic; minocycline; hygromycin B; doxycycline; amikacin; bleomycin B2; bleomycinic acid; bleomycin A2; dibekacin; oxytetracycline; neomycin; kanamycin A; tigecycline; glycylcycline; demeclocycline; astromicin; butirosin; ribostamycin; tetracycline; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with G418 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000653 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A gentamicin class aminoglycoside antibiotic often used in mammalian cell culture work as a selectable marker for the neo cassette (APH3'). UPDATED category_aro_name with chlortetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36667 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000528 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chlortetracycline was an early, first-generation tetracycline antibiotic developed in the 1940's. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes, preventing the aminoacyl-tRNA from binding to the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with paromomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000657 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with An aminoglycoside antibiotic used for the treatment of parasitic infections. It is similar to neomycin sharing a similar spectrum of activity, but its hydroxyl group at the 6'-position instead of an amino group makes it resistant to AAC(6') modifying enzymes. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with dibekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35926 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with spectinomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35957 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000039 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Spectinomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Spectinomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit inhibiting translation. UPDATED category_aro_name with netilmicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35956 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000038 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. UPDATED category_aro_name with apramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35955 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000037 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Apramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections in animals. Apramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptothricin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35931 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000012 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptothricins are a group of N-glycoside antibiotics that include a carbamoylated D-glucosamine to which are attached a series of L-beta-lysine residues at position 2 and a streptolidine at position 1. Streptothricins vary by the number of beta-lysine residues (from 1 (nourseothricin) to 7) and target protein synthesis in bacteria and eukaryotes. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin C UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35933 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin C is a mixture of gentamicin C1, gentamicin C1a, and gentamicin C2 (these differ in substituents at position C6'). Gentamicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35958 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000040 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Streptomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with nucleoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36174 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000034 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucleoside antibiotics are made of modified nucleosides and nucleotides with wide-ranging activities and means of antibacterial effects. This drug class includes aminonucleoside antibiotics, which contain an amino group. UPDATED category_aro_name with 16s rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40277 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Point mutations in the 16S rRNA of bacteria can confer resistance to aminoglycosides. UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with minocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36291 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000152 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Minocycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with hygromycin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36353 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000214 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Hygromycin B is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Hygromycin B works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Hygromycin B has also been shown to interact with eukaryotic cells. UPDATED category_aro_name with doxycycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35986 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Doxycycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin B2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37036 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000692 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin B2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycinic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37034 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000690 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycinic acid is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin A2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37035 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000691 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin A2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with demeclocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37011 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000667 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Demeclocycline is a tetracycline analog with 7-chloro and 6-methyl groups. Due to its fast absorption and slow excretion, it maintains higher effective blood levels compared to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with oxytetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37012 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000668 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Oxytetracycline is a derivative of tetracycline with a 5-hydroxyl group. Its activity is similar to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tigecycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35949 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000030 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tigecycline is an glycylcycline antibiotic. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycylcycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35960 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000042 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycylcyclines are a new class of antibiotics derived from tetracycline. These tetracycline analogues are specifically designed to overcome two common mechanisms of tetracycline resistance. Presently, there is only one glycylcycline antibiotic for clinical use: tigecycline. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome, preventing the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA. UPDATED category_aro_name with astromicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35922 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Astromicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Astromicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with butirosin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35943 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000024 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Butirosin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Butirosin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with ribostamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35940 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000021 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ribostamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Ribostamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 2076 UPDATE Neisseria gonorrhoeae 16S rRNA mutation conferring resistance to spectinomycin glycopeptide antibiotic; arbekacin; gentamicin B; tetracycline antibiotic; antibiotic target alteration; isepamicin; G418; chlortetracycline; paromomycin; sisomicin; spectinomycin; netilmicin; apramycin; streptothricin; gentamicin C; streptomycin; aminoglycoside antibiotic; nucleoside antibiotic; 16s rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics; peptide antibiotic; minocycline; hygromycin B; doxycycline; amikacin; bleomycin B2; bleomycinic acid; bleomycin A2; dibekacin; oxytetracycline; neomycin; kanamycin A; tigecycline; glycylcycline; demeclocycline; astromicin; butirosin; ribostamycin; tetracycline; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with G418 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000653 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A gentamicin class aminoglycoside antibiotic often used in mammalian cell culture work as a selectable marker for the neo cassette (APH3'). UPDATED category_aro_name with chlortetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36667 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000528 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chlortetracycline was an early, first-generation tetracycline antibiotic developed in the 1940's. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes, preventing the aminoacyl-tRNA from binding to the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with paromomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000657 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with An aminoglycoside antibiotic used for the treatment of parasitic infections. It is similar to neomycin sharing a similar spectrum of activity, but its hydroxyl group at the 6'-position instead of an amino group makes it resistant to AAC(6') modifying enzymes. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with dibekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35926 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with spectinomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35957 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000039 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Spectinomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Spectinomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit inhibiting translation. UPDATED category_aro_name with netilmicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35956 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000038 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. UPDATED category_aro_name with apramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35955 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000037 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Apramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections in animals. Apramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptothricin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35931 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000012 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptothricins are a group of N-glycoside antibiotics that include a carbamoylated D-glucosamine to which are attached a series of L-beta-lysine residues at position 2 and a streptolidine at position 1. Streptothricins vary by the number of beta-lysine residues (from 1 (nourseothricin) to 7) and target protein synthesis in bacteria and eukaryotes. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin C UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35933 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin C is a mixture of gentamicin C1, gentamicin C1a, and gentamicin C2 (these differ in substituents at position C6'). Gentamicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35958 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000040 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Streptomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with nucleoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36174 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000034 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucleoside antibiotics are made of modified nucleosides and nucleotides with wide-ranging activities and means of antibacterial effects. This drug class includes aminonucleoside antibiotics, which contain an amino group. UPDATED category_aro_name with 16s rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40277 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Point mutations in the 16S rRNA of bacteria can confer resistance to aminoglycosides. UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with minocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36291 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000152 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Minocycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with hygromycin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36353 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000214 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Hygromycin B is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Hygromycin B works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Hygromycin B has also been shown to interact with eukaryotic cells. UPDATED category_aro_name with doxycycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35986 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Doxycycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin B2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37036 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000692 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin B2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycinic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37034 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000690 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycinic acid is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin A2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37035 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000691 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin A2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with demeclocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37011 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000667 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Demeclocycline is a tetracycline analog with 7-chloro and 6-methyl groups. Due to its fast absorption and slow excretion, it maintains higher effective blood levels compared to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with oxytetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37012 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000668 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Oxytetracycline is a derivative of tetracycline with a 5-hydroxyl group. Its activity is similar to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tigecycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35949 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000030 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tigecycline is an glycylcycline antibiotic. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycylcycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35960 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000042 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycylcyclines are a new class of antibiotics derived from tetracycline. These tetracycline analogues are specifically designed to overcome two common mechanisms of tetracycline resistance. Presently, there is only one glycylcycline antibiotic for clinical use: tigecycline. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome, preventing the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA. UPDATED category_aro_name with astromicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35922 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Astromicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Astromicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with butirosin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35943 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000024 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Butirosin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Butirosin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with ribostamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35940 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000021 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ribostamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Ribostamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 2075 UPDATE Salmonella enterica soxR with mutation conferring antibiotic resistance tetracycline antibiotic; antibiotic target alteration; antibiotic efflux; ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump; major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; norfloxacin; cephalosporin; cefalotin; ciprofloxacin; protein(s) and two-component regulatory system modulating antibiotic efflux; rifampin; ampicillin; penam; triclosan; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; tigecycline; glycylcycline; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; chloramphenicol; phenicol antibiotic; tetracycline; rifamycin antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Regulator DELETED 35950 UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36002 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are present in all cells of all organisms and use the energy of ATP binding/hydrolysis to transport substrates across cell membranes. UPDATED category_aro_name with major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and ABC transporters comprise the two largest and most functionally diverse of the transporter superfamilies. However, MFS transporters are distinct from ABC transporters in both their primary sequence and structure and in the mechanism of energy coupling. As secondary transporters they are, like RND and SMR transporters, energized by the electrochemical proton gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with ampicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36981 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000637 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ampicillin is a penicillin derivative that is highly acid stable, with its activity similar to benzylpenicillin. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with triclosan UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37250 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000870 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Triclosan is a common antibacterial agent added to many consumer products as a biocide. It is an inhibitor of fatty acid biosynthesis by blocking enoyl-carrier protein reductase (FabI). UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefalotin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37084 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000704 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. It is resistant to staphylococci beta-lactamases but hydrolyzed by enterobacterial beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with tigecycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35949 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000030 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tigecycline is an glycylcycline antibiotic. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycylcycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35960 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000042 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycylcyclines are a new class of antibiotics derived from tetracycline. These tetracycline analogues are specifically designed to overcome two common mechanisms of tetracycline resistance. Presently, there is only one glycylcycline antibiotic for clinical use: tigecycline. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome, preventing the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifampin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36308 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000169 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifampin is a semi-synthetic rifamycin, and inhibits RNA synthesis by binding to RNA polymerase. Rifampin is the mainstay agent for the treatment of tuberculosis, leprosy and complicated Gram-positive infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifamycin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36296 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000157 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifamycin antibiotics are a group of broad-spectrum ansamycin antibiotics that inhibit bacterial RNA polymerase by binding to a highly conserved region, blocking the oligonucleotide exit tunnel, and preventing the extension of nascent mRNAs. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. " 2074 UPDATE Salmonella enterica 16S rRNA (rrsD) mutation conferring resistance to spectinomycin glycopeptide antibiotic; arbekacin; gentamicin B; tetracycline antibiotic; antibiotic target alteration; isepamicin; G418; chlortetracycline; paromomycin; sisomicin; spectinomycin; netilmicin; apramycin; streptothricin; gentamicin C; streptomycin; aminoglycoside antibiotic; nucleoside antibiotic; 16s rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics; peptide antibiotic; minocycline; hygromycin B; doxycycline; amikacin; bleomycin B2; bleomycinic acid; bleomycin A2; dibekacin; oxytetracycline; neomycin; kanamycin A; tigecycline; glycylcycline; demeclocycline; astromicin; butirosin; ribostamycin; tetracycline; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with G418 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000653 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A gentamicin class aminoglycoside antibiotic often used in mammalian cell culture work as a selectable marker for the neo cassette (APH3'). UPDATED category_aro_name with chlortetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36667 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000528 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chlortetracycline was an early, first-generation tetracycline antibiotic developed in the 1940's. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes, preventing the aminoacyl-tRNA from binding to the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with paromomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000657 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with An aminoglycoside antibiotic used for the treatment of parasitic infections. It is similar to neomycin sharing a similar spectrum of activity, but its hydroxyl group at the 6'-position instead of an amino group makes it resistant to AAC(6') modifying enzymes. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with dibekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35926 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with spectinomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35957 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000039 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Spectinomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Spectinomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit inhibiting translation. UPDATED category_aro_name with netilmicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35956 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000038 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. UPDATED category_aro_name with apramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35955 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000037 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Apramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections in animals. Apramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptothricin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35931 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000012 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptothricins are a group of N-glycoside antibiotics that include a carbamoylated D-glucosamine to which are attached a series of L-beta-lysine residues at position 2 and a streptolidine at position 1. Streptothricins vary by the number of beta-lysine residues (from 1 (nourseothricin) to 7) and target protein synthesis in bacteria and eukaryotes. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin C UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35933 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin C is a mixture of gentamicin C1, gentamicin C1a, and gentamicin C2 (these differ in substituents at position C6'). Gentamicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35958 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000040 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Streptomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with nucleoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36174 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000034 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucleoside antibiotics are made of modified nucleosides and nucleotides with wide-ranging activities and means of antibacterial effects. This drug class includes aminonucleoside antibiotics, which contain an amino group. UPDATED category_aro_name with 16s rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40277 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Point mutations in the 16S rRNA of bacteria can confer resistance to aminoglycosides. UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with minocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36291 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000152 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Minocycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with hygromycin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36353 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000214 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Hygromycin B is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Hygromycin B works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Hygromycin B has also been shown to interact with eukaryotic cells. UPDATED category_aro_name with doxycycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35986 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Doxycycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin B2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37036 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000692 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin B2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycinic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37034 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000690 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycinic acid is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin A2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37035 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000691 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin A2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with demeclocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37011 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000667 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Demeclocycline is a tetracycline analog with 7-chloro and 6-methyl groups. Due to its fast absorption and slow excretion, it maintains higher effective blood levels compared to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with oxytetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37012 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000668 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Oxytetracycline is a derivative of tetracycline with a 5-hydroxyl group. Its activity is similar to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tigecycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35949 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000030 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tigecycline is an glycylcycline antibiotic. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycylcycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35960 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000042 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycylcyclines are a new class of antibiotics derived from tetracycline. These tetracycline analogues are specifically designed to overcome two common mechanisms of tetracycline resistance. Presently, there is only one glycylcycline antibiotic for clinical use: tigecycline. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome, preventing the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA. UPDATED category_aro_name with astromicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35922 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Astromicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Astromicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with butirosin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35943 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000024 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Butirosin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Butirosin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with ribostamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35940 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000021 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ribostamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Ribostamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 1388 UPDATE oleB efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump; macrolide antibiotic; oleandomycin; antibiotic efflux; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36002 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are present in all cells of all organisms and use the energy of ATP binding/hydrolysis to transport substrates across cell membranes. UPDATED category_aro_name with oleandomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37247 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000867 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Oleandomycin is a 14-membered macrolide produced by Streptomyces antibioticus. It is ssimilar to erythromycin, and contains a desosamine amino sugar and an oleandrose sugar. It targets the 50S ribosomal subunit to prevent protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. " 1796 UPDATE CMY-119 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 1035 UPDATE Streptococcus pneumoniae PBP2b conferring resistance to amoxicillin ceftaroline; ampicillin; flucloxacillin; ceftibuten; cefditoren; piperacillin; cefpodoxime; cefixime; cefdinir; meropenem; carbapenem; imipenem; aztreonam; cefradine; isopenicillin N; cefazolin; penicillin N; ceftazidime; cefepime; penicillin; antibiotic target alteration; oxacillin; cefmetazole; moxalactam; cloxacillin; cefadroxil; ceftriaxone; methicillin; loracarbef; ceftizoxime; cephalosporin; cefotaxime; cefaclor; Penicillin-binding protein mutations conferring resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics; cefonicid; monobactam; cefuroxime; amoxicillin; mezlocillin; azlocillin; cefalexin; doripenem; cefotiam; ertapenem; penam; cefprozil; cephapirin; ceftobiprole; benzylpenicillin; phenoxymethylpenicillin; cephamycin; carbenicillin; cefalotin; ceftiofur; mecillinam; propicillin; cefoxitin; dicloxacillin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftibuten UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36992 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000648 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftibuten is a semisynthetic cephalosporin active against Gram-negative bacilli. It is resistant against many plasmid-mediated beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with flucloxacillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36980 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000636 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Flucloxacillin is similar to cloxacillin, with an extra additional fluorine atom. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefditoren UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36993 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000649 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefditoren is a semisynthetic cephalosporin active against staphylococci, streptococci, and and most enterobacteria. It is resistant to staphylococcal and most enterobacterial beta-lactamases, and is usually taken as the prodrug cefditoren pivoxil. UPDATED category_aro_name with piperacillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35995 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000078 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Piperacillin is an acetylureidopenicillin and has an extended spectrum of targets relative to other beta-lactam antibiotics. It inhibits cell wall synthesis in bacteria, and is usually taken with the beta-lactamase inhibitor tazobactam to overcome penicillin-resistant bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefpodoxime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000647 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefpodoxime is a semisynthetic cephalosporin that acts similarly to cefotaxime with broad-spectrum activity. It is stable to many plasmid-mediated beta-lactamses. Cefpodoxime is consumed as the prodrug cefpodoxime proxetil. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefixime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36990 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000646 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefixime is a cephalosporin resistant to most beta-lactamases. It is active against many enterobacteria, but activity against staphylococci is poor. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefdinir UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36994 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000650 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefdinir is similar to cefixime with a modified side-chain at its 7-amino position. It also shares similar activity with cefixime but is more active against staphylococci. It has also be shown to enhance phagocytosis. UPDATED category_aro_name with meropenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35990 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000073 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Meropenem is an ultra-broad spectrum injectable antibiotic used to treat a wide variety of infections, including meningitis and pneumonia. It is a beta-lactam and belongs to the subgroup of carbapenem, similar to imipenem and ertapenem. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with imipenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36309 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000170 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Imipenem is a broad-spectrum antibiotic and is usually taken with cilastatin, which prevents hydrolysis of imipenem by renal dehydropeptidase-I. It is resistant to hydrolysis by most other beta-lactamases. Notable exceptions are the KPC beta-lactamases and Ambler Class B enzymes. UPDATED category_aro_name with aztreonam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36689 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000550 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Aztreonam was the first monobactam discovered, and is greatly effective against Gram-negative bacteria while inactive against Gram-positive bacteria. Artreonam is a poor substrate for beta-lactamases, and may even act as an inhibitor. In Gram-negative bacteria, Aztreonam interferes with filamentation, inhibiting cell division and leading to cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with ampicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36981 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000637 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ampicillin is a penicillin derivative that is highly acid stable, with its activity similar to benzylpenicillin. UPDATED category_aro_name with isopenicillin N UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37085 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000705 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Isopenicillin N is a natural penicillin derivative produced by Penicillium chrysogenum with activity similar to penicillin N. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefazolin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35975 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000058 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefazolin (INN), also known as cefazoline or cephazolin, is a first generation cephalosporin antibiotic. It is administered parenterally, and is active against a broad spectrum of bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with penicillin N UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37086 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Penicillin N is a penicillin derivative produced by Cephalosporium acremonium. UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftazidime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35977 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000060 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftazidime is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Unlike most third-generation agents, it is active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, however it has weaker activity against Gram-positive microorganisms and is not used for such infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefepime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35976 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000059 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefepime (INN) is a fourth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic developed in 1994. It contains an aminothiazolyl group that decreases its affinity with beta-lactamases. Cefepime shows high binding affinity with penicillin-binding proteins and has an extended spectrum of activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, with greater activity against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms than third-generation agents. UPDATED category_aro_name with penicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35971 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000054 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Penicillin (sometimes abbreviated PCN) is a beta-lactam antibiotic used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. It works by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with oxacillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35973 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000056 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Oxacillin is a penicillinase-resistant beta-lactam. It is similar to methicillin, and has replaced methicillin in clinical use. Oxacillin, especially in combination with other antibiotics, is effective against many penicillinase-producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefmetazole UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40928 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefmetazole is a semi-synthetic cephamycin antibiotic with broad spectrum antibiotic activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, that disrupt cell wall synthesis through binding to PBPs causing cell lysis. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxalactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40944 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxalactam (Latamoxef) is a broad spectrum cephalosporin (oxacephem) and beta-lactam antibiotic. Moxalactam binding to PBPs inhibits peptidoglycan cross-linkage in the cell wall, resulting in cell death. Moxalactam is proposed to be effective against meningitides as it passes the blood-brain barrier. UPDATED category_aro_name with cloxacillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35930 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000011 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cloxacillin is a semisynthetic, isoxazolyl penicillin derivative in the beta-lactam class of antibiotics. It interferes with peptidogylcan synthesis and is commonly used for treating penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftaroline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36995 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000651 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftaroline is a novel cephalosporin active against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Like other cephalosporins it binds penicillin-binding proteins to inhibit cell wall synthesis. It strongly binds with PBP2a, associated with methicillin resistance. It is taken orally as the prodrug ceftaroline fosamil. UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftriaxone UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35979 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000062 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftriaxone is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. The presence of an aminothiazolyl sidechain increases ceftriazone's resistance to beta-lactamases. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with methicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35934 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Derived from penicillin to combat penicillin-resistance, methicillin is insensitive to beta-lactamases (also known as penicillinases) secreted by many penicillin-resistant bacteria. Methicillin is bactericidal, and acts by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with loracarbef UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40943 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Loracarbef is a second-generation cephalosporin (carbacephem) and broad spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic. Loracarbef inhibits PBPs through binding, disrupting peptidoglycan cell wall cross-linkage and resulting in cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftizoxime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40934 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftizoxime is a third-generation cephalosporin and broad spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic. Ceftizoxime causes bacterial cell lysis through peptidoglycan cross-linking inhibition by binding to PBPs. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefotaxime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36989 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000645 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefotaxime is a semisynthetic cephalosporin taken parenterally. It is resistant to most beta-lactamases and active against Gram-negative rods and cocci due to its aminothiazoyl and methoximino functional groups. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefaclor UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000644 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefaclor is a semisynthetic cephalosporin derived from cephalexin. It has broad-spectrum antibiotic activity. UPDATED category_aro_name with Penicillin-binding protein mutations conferring resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40661 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003938 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutations in PBP transpeptidases that change the affinity for penicillin thereby conferring resistance to penicillin antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_name with cefonicid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40929 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefonicid is a second-generation cephalosporin-class beta-lactam antibiotic with broad spectrum activity. Particularly used against urinary tract infections and lower respiratory infections. Causes cell lysis by inactivation of PBPs through binding, inhibiting peptidoglycan synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefuroxime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35980 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000063 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefuroxime is a second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with increased stability with beta-lactamases than first-generation cephalosporins. Cefuroxime is active against Gram-positive organisms but less active against methicillin-resistant strains. UPDATED category_aro_name with amoxicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35981 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000064 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amoxicillin is a moderate-spectrum, bacteriolytic, beta-lactam antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections caused by susceptible microorganisms. A derivative of penicillin, it has a wider range of treatment but remains relatively ineffective against Gram-negative bacteria. It is commonly taken with clavulanic acid, a beta-lactamase inhibitor. Like other beta-lactams, amoxicillin interferes with the synthesis of peptidoglycan. UPDATED category_aro_name with mezlocillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36983 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000639 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Mezlocillin is a penicillin derivative taken parenterally. UPDATED category_aro_name with azlocillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36982 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000638 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Azlocillin is a semisynthetic derivative of penicillin that is notably active against Ps. aeruginosa and other Gram-negative bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefalexin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36985 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000641 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefalexin is a cephalosporin antibiotic that causes filamentation. It is resistant to staphylococcal beta-lactamase, but degraded by enterobacterial beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with doripenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36984 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000640 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Doripenem is a carbapenem with a broad range of activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and along with meropenem, it is the most active beta-lactam antibiotic against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefotiam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36987 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000643 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefotiam is a cephalosporin antibiotic with similar activity to cefuroxime but more active against enterobacteria. It is consumed orally as the prodrug cefotiam hexetil. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefadroxil UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36986 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000642 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefadroxil, or p-hydroxycephalexin, is an cephalosporin antibiotic similar to cefalexin. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefprozil UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefprozil is a cephalosporin and beta-lactam antibiotic with bactericidal activity. It selectively binds to PBPs and inhibits peptidoglycan synthesis, a major cell wall component, resulting in cell lysis. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephapirin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephapirin is a first-generation cephalosporin and broad spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic. Inactivation of penicillin-binding proteins through cephapirin binding disrupts peptidoglycan cross-linking, resulting in cell lysis. UPDATED category_aro_name with dicloxacillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36979 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000635 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dicloxacillin is a penicillin derivative that has an extra chlorine atom in comparison to cloxacillin. While more active than cloxacillin, its high affinity for serum protein reduces its activity in human serum in vitro. UPDATED category_aro_name with benzylpenicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36976 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000632 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Benzylpenicillin, commonly referred to as penicillin G, is effective against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. It is unstable in acid. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenoxymethylpenicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36977 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000633 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenoxymethylpenicillin, or penicillin V, is a penicillin derivative that is acid stable but less active than benzylpenicillin (penicillin G). UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftobiprole UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35978 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000061 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftobiprole (Zeftera/Zevtera) is a next generation (5th generation) cephalosporin antibiotic with activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterococci. Ceftobiprole inhibits transpeptidases essential to building cell walls, and is a poor substrate for most beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbenicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35961 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000043 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbenicillin is a semi-synthetic antibiotic belonging to the carboxypenicillin subgroup of the penicillins. It has gram-negative coverage which includes Pseudomonas aeruginosa but limited gram-positive coverage. The carboxypenicillins are susceptible to degradation by beta-lactamase enzymes. Carbenicillin antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefalotin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37084 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000704 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. It is resistant to staphylococci beta-lactamases but hydrolyzed by enterobacterial beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftiofur UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40933 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftiofur is a third-generation broad spectrum cephalosporin and beta-lactam antibiotic. It causes cell lysis by disrupting peptidoglycan cross-linkage and cell wall formation by binding to PBPs. UPDATED category_aro_name with mecillinam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37141 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000761 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Mecillinam is a broad-spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic that was semi-synthetically derived to have a different drug centre, being a 6-alpha-amidinopenicillanate instead of a 6-alpha-acylaminopenicillanate. Contrasting most beta-lactam drugs, mecillinam is most active against Gram-negative bacteria. It binds specifically to penicillin binding protein 2 (PBP2). UPDATED category_aro_name with propicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36978 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000634 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Propicillin is an orally taken penicillin derivative that has high absorption but poor activity. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefoxitin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35927 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefoxitin is a cephamycin antibiotic often grouped with the second generation cephalosporins. Cefoxitin is bactericidal and acts by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. Cefoxitin's 7-alpha-methoxy group and 3' leaving group make it a poor substrate for most beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with ertapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35987 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000070 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ertapenem is a carbapenem antibiotic and is highly resistant to beta-lactamases like other carbapenems. It inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefradine UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40936 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004009 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefradine is a first-generation cephalosporin and broad spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic. Cefradine binding to penicillin-binding proteins disrupts cell wall peptidoglycan cross-linkage, resulting in cell lysis. " 1389 UPDATE KPC-22 antibiotic inactivation; penam; carbapenem; cephalosporin; monobactam; KPC beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with KPC beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36198 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000059 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenem resistant (KPC) beta-lactamases are notorious for their ability to efficiently hydrolyze carbapenems, unlike other Ambler Class A beta-lactamases. There are currently 9 variants reported worldwide. These enzymes were first isolated from Klebsiella pneumoniae strains in 2001 in the United States. Hospital outbreaks have since been reported in Greece and Israel and KPC carrying strains are now endemic to New York facilities. KPC-1 and KPC-2 have been shown to be identical and are now referred to as KPC-2. " 2679 UPDATE MexAB-OprM with MexR mutations confers resistance to multiple antibiotics sulfonamide antibiotic; penem; panipenem; tetracycline antibiotic; clavulanate; meropenem; antibiotic efflux; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; aztreonam; trimethoprim; aminocoumarin antibiotic; cephalosporin; macrolide antibiotic; carbapenem; ceftazidime; ciprofloxacin; cephamycin; ceftriaxone; peptide antibiotic; diaminopyrimidine antibiotic; ampicillin; amoxicillin; penam; sulfamethoxazole; novobiocin; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole; tetracycline; monobactam; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; erythromycin; phenicol antibiotic; azithromycin; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with panipenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40362 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003708 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Panipenem is a carbapenem antibacterial agent with a broad spectrum of in vitro activity covering a wide range of Gram-negative and Gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic bacterial. It is used in combination with betamipron to inhibit panipenem uptake into the renal tubule and prevent nephrotoxicity. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with clavulanate UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000079 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Adjuvant UPDATED category_aro_description with Clavulanic acid is a beta-lactamase inhibitor (marketed by GlaxoSmithKline, formerly Beecham) combined with penicillin group antibiotics to overcome certain types of antibiotic resistance. It is used to overcome resistance in bacteria that secrete beta-lactamase, which otherwise inactivates most penicillins. UPDATED category_aro_name with meropenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35990 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000073 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Meropenem is an ultra-broad spectrum injectable antibiotic used to treat a wide variety of infections, including meningitis and pneumonia. It is a beta-lactam and belongs to the subgroup of carbapenem, similar to imipenem and ertapenem. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with aztreonam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36689 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000550 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Aztreonam was the first monobactam discovered, and is greatly effective against Gram-negative bacteria while inactive against Gram-positive bacteria. Artreonam is a poor substrate for beta-lactamases, and may even act as an inhibitor. In Gram-negative bacteria, Aztreonam interferes with filamentation, inhibiting cell division and leading to cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36327 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000188 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Trimethoprim is a synthetic 5-(3,4,5- trimethoxybenzyl) pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, inhibiting synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid. Tetrahydrofolic acid is an essential precursor in the de novo synthesis of the DNA nucleotide thymidine. Trimethoprim is a bacteriostatic antibiotic mainly used in the prophylaxis and treatment of urinary tract infections in combination with sulfamethoxazole, a sulfonamide antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminocoumarin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36242 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000103 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminocoumarin antibiotics bind DNA gyrase subunit B to inhibit ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftazidime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35977 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000060 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftazidime is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Unlike most third-generation agents, it is active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, however it has weaker activity against Gram-positive microorganisms and is not used for such infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40957 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004024 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with An antibiotic cocktail containing the diaminopyrimidine antibiotic Trimethoprim and the sulfonamide antibiotic sulfamethoxazole (1 TMP:5 SMX). UPDATED category_aro_name with ceftriaxone UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35979 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000062 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ceftriaxone is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. The presence of an aminothiazolyl sidechain increases ceftriazone's resistance to beta-lactamases. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with diaminopyrimidine antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36310 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000171 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Diaminopyrimidines are a class of organic compounds containing a pyrimidine ring substituted by two amine groups. They are inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme critical for DNA synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with ampicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36981 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000637 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ampicillin is a penicillin derivative that is highly acid stable, with its activity similar to benzylpenicillin. UPDATED category_aro_name with amoxicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35981 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000064 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amoxicillin is a moderate-spectrum, bacteriolytic, beta-lactam antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections caused by susceptible microorganisms. A derivative of penicillin, it has a wider range of treatment but remains relatively ineffective against Gram-negative bacteria. It is commonly taken with clavulanic acid, a beta-lactamase inhibitor. Like other beta-lactams, amoxicillin interferes with the synthesis of peptidoglycan. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with sulfamethoxazole UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36468 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000329 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sulfamethoxazole is a sulfonamide antibiotic usually taken with trimethoprim, a diaminopyrimidine antibiotic. Sulfamethoxazole inhibits dihydropteroate synthase, essential to tetrahydrofolic acid biosynthesis. This pathway generates compounds used in the synthesis of many amino acids and nucleotides. UPDATED category_aro_name with novobiocin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36250 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000111 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Novobiocin is an aminocoumarin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spheroides and Streptomyces niveus, and binds DNA gyrase subunit B inhibiting ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with azithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36297 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000158 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Azithromycin is a 15-membered macrolide and falls under the subclass of azalide. Like other macrolides, azithromycin binds bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The nitrogen substitution at the C-9a position prevents its degradation. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with sulfonamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36421 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000282 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Sulfonamides are broad spectrum, synthetic antibiotics that contain the sulfonamide group. Sulfonamides inhibit dihydropteroate synthase, which catalyzes the conversion of p-aminobenzoic acid to dihydropteroic acid as part of the tetrahydrofolic acid biosynthetic pathway. Tetrahydrofolic acid is essential for folate synthesis, a precursor of many nucleotides and amino acids. Many sulfamides are taken with trimethoprim, an inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, also disturbing the trihydrofolic acid synthesis pathway. " 1209 UPDATE QnrB45 sparfloxacin; norfloxacin; quinolone resistance protein (qnr); gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; antibiotic target protection; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; nalidixic acid; moxifloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with quinolone resistance protein (qnr) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36558 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000419 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Qnr proteins are pentapeptide repeat proteins that mimic DNA and protect the cell from the activity of fluoroquinolone antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target protection UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. " 1208 UPDATE SHV-173 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 1986 UPDATE OXA-309 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1987 UPDATE QnrA1 sparfloxacin; norfloxacin; quinolone resistance protein (qnr); gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; antibiotic target protection; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; nalidixic acid; moxifloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with quinolone resistance protein (qnr) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36558 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000419 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Qnr proteins are pentapeptide repeat proteins that mimic DNA and protect the cell from the activity of fluoroquinolone antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target protection UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. " 1984 UPDATE SHV-144 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 1985 UPDATE SHV-7 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 1982 UPDATE IMP-9 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; carbapenem; cephalosporin; IMP beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with IMP beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36029 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Plasmid mediated IMP-type carbapenemases, of which at least 26 varieties are currently known, became established in Japan in the 1990s in enteric gram-negative organisms, Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter species. Integron-associated, sometimes within plasmids. Hydrolyses all beta-lactams except monobactams, and evades all beta-lactam inhibitors. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 1983 UPDATE vanTN glycopeptide antibiotic; glycopeptide resistance gene cluster; antibiotic target alteration; vanT; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide resistance gene cluster UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36373 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000234 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Genes that when expressed confer resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin type antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with vanT UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36511 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000372 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with VanT is a membrane bound serine racemase, converting L-serine to D-serine. It is associated with VanC, which incorporated D-serine into D-Ala-D-Ser terminal end of peptidoglycan subunits that have a decreased binding affinity with vancomycin. It was isolated from Enterococcus gallinarum. " 1980 UPDATE OXA-247 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1981 UPDATE vanA glycopeptide resistance gene cluster; van ligase; teicoplanin; glycopeptide antibiotic; antibiotic target alteration; vancomycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide resistance gene cluster UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36373 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000234 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Genes that when expressed confer resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin type antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with van ligase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 39340 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3002906 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with van ligases synthesize alternative substrates for peptidoglycan synthesis that reduce vancomycin binding affinity. UPDATED category_aro_name with teicoplanin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35948 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000029 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Teicoplanin is a glycopeptide antibiotic used in the prophylaxis and treatment of serious infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria. Teicoplanin has a unique acyl-aliphatic chain, and binds to cell wall precursors to inhibit transglycosylation and transpeptidation. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with vancomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35947 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000028 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Vancomycin is a glycopeptide antibiotic used in the prophylaxis and treatment of infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria. Vancomycin inhibits the synthesis of peptidoglycan, the major component of the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria. Its mechanism of action is unusual in that it acts by binding precursors of peptidoglycan, rather than by interacting with an enzyme. " 1638 UPDATE CMY-111 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 1639 UPDATE SHV-84 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 1988 UPDATE CMY-7 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 1989 UPDATE Klebsiella pneumoniae acrR with mutation conferring multidrug antibiotic resistance penam; antibiotic efflux; triclosan; rifampin; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; protein(s) and two-component regulatory system modulating antibiotic efflux; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; antibiotic target alteration; tetracycline antibiotic; cephalosporin; cefalotin; tigecycline; glycylcycline; ampicillin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; rifamycin antibiotic; phenicol antibiotic; tetracycline; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Regulator DELETED 35950 UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with triclosan UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37250 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000870 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Triclosan is a common antibacterial agent added to many consumer products as a biocide. It is an inhibitor of fatty acid biosynthesis by blocking enoyl-carrier protein reductase (FabI). UPDATED category_aro_name with rifampin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36308 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000169 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifampin is a semi-synthetic rifamycin, and inhibits RNA synthesis by binding to RNA polymerase. Rifampin is the mainstay agent for the treatment of tuberculosis, leprosy and complicated Gram-positive infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. UPDATED category_aro_name with ampicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36981 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000637 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ampicillin is a penicillin derivative that is highly acid stable, with its activity similar to benzylpenicillin. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefalotin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37084 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000704 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefalotin is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic activate against staphylococci. It is resistant to staphylococci beta-lactamases but hydrolyzed by enterobacterial beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with tigecycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35949 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000030 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tigecycline is an glycylcycline antibiotic. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycylcycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35960 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000042 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycylcyclines are a new class of antibiotics derived from tetracycline. These tetracycline analogues are specifically designed to overcome two common mechanisms of tetracycline resistance. Presently, there is only one glycylcycline antibiotic for clinical use: tigecycline. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome, preventing the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifamycin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36296 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000157 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifamycin antibiotics are a group of broad-spectrum ansamycin antibiotics that inhibit bacterial RNA polymerase by binding to a highly conserved region, blocking the oligonucleotide exit tunnel, and preventing the extension of nascent mRNAs. " 2815 UPDATE Mycobacterium kansasii 23S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to clarithromycin antibiotic target alteration; glycopeptide antibiotic; vernamycin B-gamma; macrolide antibiotic; florfenicol; lincosamide antibiotic; thiamphenicol; 23S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to macrolide antibiotics; clarithromycin; clindamycin; dalfopristin; pristinamycin IB; quinupristin; pristinamycin IA; bleomycin B2; bleomycinic acid; bleomycin A2; pristinamycin IIA; pleuromutilin antibiotic; madumycin II; griseoviridin; lincomycin; streptogramin antibiotic; azidamfenicol; phenicol antibiotic; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with vernamycin B-gamma UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37022 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000678 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Vernamycin B-gamma is a class B streptogramin derived from virginiamycin S1. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with florfenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36600 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000461 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Florfenicol is a fluorine derivative of chloramphenicol, where the nitro group (-NO2) is substituted by a sulfomethyl group (-SO2CH3) and the hydroxyl group (-OH), by a fluorine group (-F). The action mechanism is the same as chloramphenicol's, where the antibiotic binds to the 23S RNA of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincosamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35936 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincosamides (e.g. lincomycin, clindamycin) are a class of drugs which bind to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. This interaction inhibits early elongation of peptide chains by inhibiting the transpeptidase reaction, acting similarly to macrolides. UPDATED category_aro_name with thiamphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36595 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000456 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Derivative of Chloramphenicol. The nitro group (-NO2) is substituted by a sulfomethyl group (-SO2CH3). UPDATED category_aro_name with 23S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to macrolide antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41251 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004125 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucleotide point mutations in the 23S rRNA subunit may confer resistance to macrolide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with clarithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35982 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000065 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Clarithromycin is a methyl derivative of erythromycin, sharing the 14-carbon macrolide ring. The antibiotic binds to the 50S subunit of the ribosome and is used to treat pharyngitis, tonsillitis, acute maxillary sinusitis, acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, pneumonia (especially atypical pneumonias associated with Chlamydia pneumoniae or TWAR), and skin structure infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with clindamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35983 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000066 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Clindamycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that blocks A-site aminoacyl-tRNA binding. It is usually used to treat infections with anaerobic bacteria but can also be used to treat some protozoal diseases, such as malaria. UPDATED category_aro_name with dalfopristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37018 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000674 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dalfopristin is a water-soluble semi-synthetic derivative of pristinamycin IIA. It is produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis and is used in combination with quinupristin in a 7:3 ratio. Both work together to inhibit protein synthesis, and is active against Gram-positive bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IB UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37019 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000675 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IB is a class B streptogramin similar to pristinamycin IA, the former containing a N-methyl-4-(methylamino)phenylalanine instead of a N-methyl-4-(dimethylamino)phenylalanine in its class A streptogramin counterpart (one less methyl group). UPDATED category_aro_name with quinupristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36723 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000584 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Quinupristin is a type B streptogramin and a semisynthetic derivative of pristinamycin 1A. It is a component of the drug Synercid and interacts with the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36722 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000583 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin 1A is a type B streptogramin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis. It binds to the P site of the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, preventing the extension of protein chains. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin B2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37036 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000692 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin B2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycinic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37034 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000690 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycinic acid is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin A2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37035 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000691 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin A2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IIA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37013 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000669 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IIA is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with pleuromutilin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37014 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000670 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Pleuromutilins are natural fungal products that target bacterial protein translation by binding the the 23S rRNA, blocking the ribosome P site at the 50S subunit. They are mostly used for agriculture and veterinary purposes. UPDATED category_aro_name with madumycin II UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37016 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000672 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Madumycin II is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with griseoviridin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000673 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Griseoviridin is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35964 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000046 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincomycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that comes from the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis. It binds to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes and inhibit early elongation of peptide chain by inhibiting transpeptidase reaction. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptogramin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35945 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000026 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptogramin antibiotics are natural products produced by various members of the Streptomyces genus. These antibiotics bind to the P site of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The family consists of two subgroups, type A and type B, which are simultaneously produced by the same bacterial species in a ratio of roughly 70:30. UPDATED category_aro_name with azidamfenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36521 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000382 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Azidamfenicol is a water soluble derivative of chloramphenicol, sharing the same mode of action of inhibiting peptide synthesis by interacting with the 23S RNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. " 2814 UPDATE Mycobacterium intracellulare 23S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to azithromycin antibiotic target alteration; glycopeptide antibiotic; vernamycin B-gamma; macrolide antibiotic; florfenicol; lincosamide antibiotic; thiamphenicol; 23S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to macrolide antibiotics; clindamycin; dalfopristin; pristinamycin IB; quinupristin; pristinamycin IA; bleomycin B2; bleomycinic acid; bleomycin A2; pristinamycin IIA; pleuromutilin antibiotic; madumycin II; griseoviridin; lincomycin; streptogramin antibiotic; azidamfenicol; phenicol antibiotic; azithromycin; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with vernamycin B-gamma UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37022 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000678 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Vernamycin B-gamma is a class B streptogramin derived from virginiamycin S1. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with florfenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36600 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000461 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Florfenicol is a fluorine derivative of chloramphenicol, where the nitro group (-NO2) is substituted by a sulfomethyl group (-SO2CH3) and the hydroxyl group (-OH), by a fluorine group (-F). The action mechanism is the same as chloramphenicol's, where the antibiotic binds to the 23S RNA of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincosamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35936 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincosamides (e.g. lincomycin, clindamycin) are a class of drugs which bind to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. This interaction inhibits early elongation of peptide chains by inhibiting the transpeptidase reaction, acting similarly to macrolides. UPDATED category_aro_name with thiamphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36595 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000456 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Derivative of Chloramphenicol. The nitro group (-NO2) is substituted by a sulfomethyl group (-SO2CH3). UPDATED category_aro_name with 23S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to macrolide antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41251 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004125 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucleotide point mutations in the 23S rRNA subunit may confer resistance to macrolide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with clindamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35983 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000066 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Clindamycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that blocks A-site aminoacyl-tRNA binding. It is usually used to treat infections with anaerobic bacteria but can also be used to treat some protozoal diseases, such as malaria. UPDATED category_aro_name with dalfopristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37018 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000674 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dalfopristin is a water-soluble semi-synthetic derivative of pristinamycin IIA. It is produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis and is used in combination with quinupristin in a 7:3 ratio. Both work together to inhibit protein synthesis, and is active against Gram-positive bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IB UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37019 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000675 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IB is a class B streptogramin similar to pristinamycin IA, the former containing a N-methyl-4-(methylamino)phenylalanine instead of a N-methyl-4-(dimethylamino)phenylalanine in its class A streptogramin counterpart (one less methyl group). UPDATED category_aro_name with quinupristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36723 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000584 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Quinupristin is a type B streptogramin and a semisynthetic derivative of pristinamycin 1A. It is a component of the drug Synercid and interacts with the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36722 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000583 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin 1A is a type B streptogramin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis. It binds to the P site of the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, preventing the extension of protein chains. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin B2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37036 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000692 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin B2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycinic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37034 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000690 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycinic acid is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin A2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37035 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000691 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin A2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IIA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37013 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000669 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IIA is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with pleuromutilin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37014 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000670 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Pleuromutilins are natural fungal products that target bacterial protein translation by binding the the 23S rRNA, blocking the ribosome P site at the 50S subunit. They are mostly used for agriculture and veterinary purposes. UPDATED category_aro_name with madumycin II UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37016 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000672 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Madumycin II is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with griseoviridin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000673 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Griseoviridin is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35964 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000046 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincomycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that comes from the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis. It binds to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes and inhibit early elongation of peptide chain by inhibiting transpeptidase reaction. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptogramin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35945 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000026 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptogramin antibiotics are natural products produced by various members of the Streptomyces genus. These antibiotics bind to the P site of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The family consists of two subgroups, type A and type B, which are simultaneously produced by the same bacterial species in a ratio of roughly 70:30. UPDATED category_aro_name with azidamfenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36521 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000382 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Azidamfenicol is a water soluble derivative of chloramphenicol, sharing the same mode of action of inhibiting peptide synthesis by interacting with the 23S RNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with azithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36297 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000158 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Azithromycin is a 15-membered macrolide and falls under the subclass of azalide. Like other macrolides, azithromycin binds bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The nitrogen substitution at the C-9a position prevents its degradation. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. " 2817 UPDATE Streptococcus pneumoniae 23S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to macrolide antibiotics antibiotic target alteration; glycopeptide antibiotic; vernamycin B-gamma; macrolide antibiotic; florfenicol; lincosamide antibiotic; thiamphenicol; 23S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to macrolide antibiotics; clindamycin; dalfopristin; pristinamycin IB; quinupristin; pristinamycin IA; bleomycin B2; bleomycinic acid; bleomycin A2; pristinamycin IIA; pleuromutilin antibiotic; madumycin II; griseoviridin; lincomycin; streptogramin antibiotic; azidamfenicol; phenicol antibiotic; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with vernamycin B-gamma UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37022 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000678 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Vernamycin B-gamma is a class B streptogramin derived from virginiamycin S1. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with florfenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36600 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000461 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Florfenicol is a fluorine derivative of chloramphenicol, where the nitro group (-NO2) is substituted by a sulfomethyl group (-SO2CH3) and the hydroxyl group (-OH), by a fluorine group (-F). The action mechanism is the same as chloramphenicol's, where the antibiotic binds to the 23S RNA of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincosamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35936 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincosamides (e.g. lincomycin, clindamycin) are a class of drugs which bind to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. This interaction inhibits early elongation of peptide chains by inhibiting the transpeptidase reaction, acting similarly to macrolides. UPDATED category_aro_name with thiamphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36595 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000456 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Derivative of Chloramphenicol. The nitro group (-NO2) is substituted by a sulfomethyl group (-SO2CH3). UPDATED category_aro_name with 23S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to macrolide antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41251 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004125 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucleotide point mutations in the 23S rRNA subunit may confer resistance to macrolide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with clindamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35983 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000066 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Clindamycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that blocks A-site aminoacyl-tRNA binding. It is usually used to treat infections with anaerobic bacteria but can also be used to treat some protozoal diseases, such as malaria. UPDATED category_aro_name with dalfopristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37018 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000674 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dalfopristin is a water-soluble semi-synthetic derivative of pristinamycin IIA. It is produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis and is used in combination with quinupristin in a 7:3 ratio. Both work together to inhibit protein synthesis, and is active against Gram-positive bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IB UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37019 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000675 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IB is a class B streptogramin similar to pristinamycin IA, the former containing a N-methyl-4-(methylamino)phenylalanine instead of a N-methyl-4-(dimethylamino)phenylalanine in its class A streptogramin counterpart (one less methyl group). UPDATED category_aro_name with quinupristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36723 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000584 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Quinupristin is a type B streptogramin and a semisynthetic derivative of pristinamycin 1A. It is a component of the drug Synercid and interacts with the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36722 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000583 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin 1A is a type B streptogramin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis. It binds to the P site of the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, preventing the extension of protein chains. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin B2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37036 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000692 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin B2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycinic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37034 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000690 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycinic acid is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin A2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37035 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000691 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin A2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IIA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37013 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000669 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IIA is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with pleuromutilin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37014 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000670 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Pleuromutilins are natural fungal products that target bacterial protein translation by binding the the 23S rRNA, blocking the ribosome P site at the 50S subunit. They are mostly used for agriculture and veterinary purposes. UPDATED category_aro_name with madumycin II UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37016 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000672 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Madumycin II is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with griseoviridin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000673 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Griseoviridin is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35964 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000046 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincomycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that comes from the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis. It binds to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes and inhibit early elongation of peptide chain by inhibiting transpeptidase reaction. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptogramin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35945 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000026 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptogramin antibiotics are natural products produced by various members of the Streptomyces genus. These antibiotics bind to the P site of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The family consists of two subgroups, type A and type B, which are simultaneously produced by the same bacterial species in a ratio of roughly 70:30. UPDATED category_aro_name with azidamfenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36521 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000382 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Azidamfenicol is a water soluble derivative of chloramphenicol, sharing the same mode of action of inhibiting peptide synthesis by interacting with the 23S RNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. " 2816 UPDATE Mycobacterium smegmatis 23S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to clarithromycin antibiotic target alteration; glycopeptide antibiotic; vernamycin B-gamma; macrolide antibiotic; florfenicol; lincosamide antibiotic; thiamphenicol; 23S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to macrolide antibiotics; clarithromycin; clindamycin; dalfopristin; pristinamycin IB; quinupristin; pristinamycin IA; bleomycin B2; bleomycinic acid; bleomycin A2; pristinamycin IIA; pleuromutilin antibiotic; madumycin II; griseoviridin; lincomycin; streptogramin antibiotic; azidamfenicol; phenicol antibiotic; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with vernamycin B-gamma UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37022 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000678 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Vernamycin B-gamma is a class B streptogramin derived from virginiamycin S1. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with florfenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36600 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000461 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Florfenicol is a fluorine derivative of chloramphenicol, where the nitro group (-NO2) is substituted by a sulfomethyl group (-SO2CH3) and the hydroxyl group (-OH), by a fluorine group (-F). The action mechanism is the same as chloramphenicol's, where the antibiotic binds to the 23S RNA of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincosamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35936 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincosamides (e.g. lincomycin, clindamycin) are a class of drugs which bind to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. This interaction inhibits early elongation of peptide chains by inhibiting the transpeptidase reaction, acting similarly to macrolides. UPDATED category_aro_name with thiamphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36595 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000456 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Derivative of Chloramphenicol. The nitro group (-NO2) is substituted by a sulfomethyl group (-SO2CH3). UPDATED category_aro_name with 23S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to macrolide antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41251 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004125 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucleotide point mutations in the 23S rRNA subunit may confer resistance to macrolide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with clarithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35982 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000065 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Clarithromycin is a methyl derivative of erythromycin, sharing the 14-carbon macrolide ring. The antibiotic binds to the 50S subunit of the ribosome and is used to treat pharyngitis, tonsillitis, acute maxillary sinusitis, acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, pneumonia (especially atypical pneumonias associated with Chlamydia pneumoniae or TWAR), and skin structure infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with clindamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35983 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000066 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Clindamycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that blocks A-site aminoacyl-tRNA binding. It is usually used to treat infections with anaerobic bacteria but can also be used to treat some protozoal diseases, such as malaria. UPDATED category_aro_name with dalfopristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37018 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000674 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dalfopristin is a water-soluble semi-synthetic derivative of pristinamycin IIA. It is produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis and is used in combination with quinupristin in a 7:3 ratio. Both work together to inhibit protein synthesis, and is active against Gram-positive bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IB UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37019 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000675 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IB is a class B streptogramin similar to pristinamycin IA, the former containing a N-methyl-4-(methylamino)phenylalanine instead of a N-methyl-4-(dimethylamino)phenylalanine in its class A streptogramin counterpart (one less methyl group). UPDATED category_aro_name with quinupristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36723 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000584 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Quinupristin is a type B streptogramin and a semisynthetic derivative of pristinamycin 1A. It is a component of the drug Synercid and interacts with the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36722 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000583 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin 1A is a type B streptogramin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis. It binds to the P site of the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, preventing the extension of protein chains. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin B2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37036 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000692 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin B2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycinic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37034 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000690 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycinic acid is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin A2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37035 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000691 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin A2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IIA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37013 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000669 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IIA is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with pleuromutilin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37014 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000670 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Pleuromutilins are natural fungal products that target bacterial protein translation by binding the the 23S rRNA, blocking the ribosome P site at the 50S subunit. They are mostly used for agriculture and veterinary purposes. UPDATED category_aro_name with madumycin II UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37016 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000672 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Madumycin II is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with griseoviridin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000673 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Griseoviridin is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35964 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000046 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincomycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that comes from the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis. It binds to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes and inhibit early elongation of peptide chain by inhibiting transpeptidase reaction. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptogramin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35945 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000026 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptogramin antibiotics are natural products produced by various members of the Streptomyces genus. These antibiotics bind to the P site of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The family consists of two subgroups, type A and type B, which are simultaneously produced by the same bacterial species in a ratio of roughly 70:30. UPDATED category_aro_name with azidamfenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36521 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000382 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Azidamfenicol is a water soluble derivative of chloramphenicol, sharing the same mode of action of inhibiting peptide synthesis by interacting with the 23S RNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. " 2811 UPDATE Mycobacterium avium 23S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to clarithromycin antibiotic target alteration; glycopeptide antibiotic; vernamycin B-gamma; macrolide antibiotic; florfenicol; lincosamide antibiotic; thiamphenicol; 23S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to macrolide antibiotics; clarithromycin; clindamycin; dalfopristin; pristinamycin IB; quinupristin; pristinamycin IA; bleomycin B2; bleomycinic acid; bleomycin A2; pristinamycin IIA; pleuromutilin antibiotic; madumycin II; griseoviridin; lincomycin; streptogramin antibiotic; azidamfenicol; phenicol antibiotic; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with vernamycin B-gamma UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37022 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000678 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Vernamycin B-gamma is a class B streptogramin derived from virginiamycin S1. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with florfenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36600 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000461 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Florfenicol is a fluorine derivative of chloramphenicol, where the nitro group (-NO2) is substituted by a sulfomethyl group (-SO2CH3) and the hydroxyl group (-OH), by a fluorine group (-F). The action mechanism is the same as chloramphenicol's, where the antibiotic binds to the 23S RNA of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincosamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35936 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincosamides (e.g. lincomycin, clindamycin) are a class of drugs which bind to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. This interaction inhibits early elongation of peptide chains by inhibiting the transpeptidase reaction, acting similarly to macrolides. UPDATED category_aro_name with thiamphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36595 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000456 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Derivative of Chloramphenicol. The nitro group (-NO2) is substituted by a sulfomethyl group (-SO2CH3). UPDATED category_aro_name with 23S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to macrolide antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41251 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004125 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucleotide point mutations in the 23S rRNA subunit may confer resistance to macrolide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with clarithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35982 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000065 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Clarithromycin is a methyl derivative of erythromycin, sharing the 14-carbon macrolide ring. The antibiotic binds to the 50S subunit of the ribosome and is used to treat pharyngitis, tonsillitis, acute maxillary sinusitis, acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, pneumonia (especially atypical pneumonias associated with Chlamydia pneumoniae or TWAR), and skin structure infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with clindamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35983 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000066 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Clindamycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that blocks A-site aminoacyl-tRNA binding. It is usually used to treat infections with anaerobic bacteria but can also be used to treat some protozoal diseases, such as malaria. UPDATED category_aro_name with dalfopristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37018 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000674 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dalfopristin is a water-soluble semi-synthetic derivative of pristinamycin IIA. It is produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis and is used in combination with quinupristin in a 7:3 ratio. Both work together to inhibit protein synthesis, and is active against Gram-positive bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IB UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37019 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000675 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IB is a class B streptogramin similar to pristinamycin IA, the former containing a N-methyl-4-(methylamino)phenylalanine instead of a N-methyl-4-(dimethylamino)phenylalanine in its class A streptogramin counterpart (one less methyl group). UPDATED category_aro_name with quinupristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36723 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000584 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Quinupristin is a type B streptogramin and a semisynthetic derivative of pristinamycin 1A. It is a component of the drug Synercid and interacts with the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36722 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000583 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin 1A is a type B streptogramin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis. It binds to the P site of the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, preventing the extension of protein chains. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin B2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37036 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000692 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin B2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycinic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37034 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000690 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycinic acid is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin A2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37035 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000691 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin A2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IIA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37013 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000669 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IIA is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with pleuromutilin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37014 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000670 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Pleuromutilins are natural fungal products that target bacterial protein translation by binding the the 23S rRNA, blocking the ribosome P site at the 50S subunit. They are mostly used for agriculture and veterinary purposes. UPDATED category_aro_name with madumycin II UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37016 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000672 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Madumycin II is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with griseoviridin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000673 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Griseoviridin is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35964 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000046 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincomycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that comes from the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis. It binds to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes and inhibit early elongation of peptide chain by inhibiting transpeptidase reaction. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptogramin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35945 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000026 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptogramin antibiotics are natural products produced by various members of the Streptomyces genus. These antibiotics bind to the P site of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The family consists of two subgroups, type A and type B, which are simultaneously produced by the same bacterial species in a ratio of roughly 70:30. UPDATED category_aro_name with azidamfenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36521 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000382 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Azidamfenicol is a water soluble derivative of chloramphenicol, sharing the same mode of action of inhibiting peptide synthesis by interacting with the 23S RNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. " 2810 UPDATE Mycobacterium abscessus 23S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to clarithromycin antibiotic target alteration; glycopeptide antibiotic; vernamycin B-gamma; macrolide antibiotic; florfenicol; lincosamide antibiotic; thiamphenicol; 23S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to macrolide antibiotics; clarithromycin; clindamycin; dalfopristin; pristinamycin IB; quinupristin; pristinamycin IA; bleomycin B2; bleomycinic acid; bleomycin A2; pristinamycin IIA; pleuromutilin antibiotic; madumycin II; griseoviridin; lincomycin; streptogramin antibiotic; azidamfenicol; phenicol antibiotic; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with vernamycin B-gamma UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37022 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000678 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Vernamycin B-gamma is a class B streptogramin derived from virginiamycin S1. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with florfenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36600 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000461 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Florfenicol is a fluorine derivative of chloramphenicol, where the nitro group (-NO2) is substituted by a sulfomethyl group (-SO2CH3) and the hydroxyl group (-OH), by a fluorine group (-F). The action mechanism is the same as chloramphenicol's, where the antibiotic binds to the 23S RNA of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincosamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35936 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincosamides (e.g. lincomycin, clindamycin) are a class of drugs which bind to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. This interaction inhibits early elongation of peptide chains by inhibiting the transpeptidase reaction, acting similarly to macrolides. UPDATED category_aro_name with thiamphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36595 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000456 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Derivative of Chloramphenicol. The nitro group (-NO2) is substituted by a sulfomethyl group (-SO2CH3). UPDATED category_aro_name with 23S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to macrolide antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41251 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004125 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucleotide point mutations in the 23S rRNA subunit may confer resistance to macrolide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with clarithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35982 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000065 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Clarithromycin is a methyl derivative of erythromycin, sharing the 14-carbon macrolide ring. The antibiotic binds to the 50S subunit of the ribosome and is used to treat pharyngitis, tonsillitis, acute maxillary sinusitis, acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, pneumonia (especially atypical pneumonias associated with Chlamydia pneumoniae or TWAR), and skin structure infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with clindamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35983 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000066 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Clindamycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that blocks A-site aminoacyl-tRNA binding. It is usually used to treat infections with anaerobic bacteria but can also be used to treat some protozoal diseases, such as malaria. UPDATED category_aro_name with dalfopristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37018 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000674 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dalfopristin is a water-soluble semi-synthetic derivative of pristinamycin IIA. It is produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis and is used in combination with quinupristin in a 7:3 ratio. Both work together to inhibit protein synthesis, and is active against Gram-positive bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IB UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37019 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000675 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IB is a class B streptogramin similar to pristinamycin IA, the former containing a N-methyl-4-(methylamino)phenylalanine instead of a N-methyl-4-(dimethylamino)phenylalanine in its class A streptogramin counterpart (one less methyl group). UPDATED category_aro_name with quinupristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36723 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000584 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Quinupristin is a type B streptogramin and a semisynthetic derivative of pristinamycin 1A. It is a component of the drug Synercid and interacts with the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36722 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000583 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin 1A is a type B streptogramin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis. It binds to the P site of the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, preventing the extension of protein chains. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin B2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37036 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000692 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin B2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycinic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37034 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000690 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycinic acid is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin A2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37035 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000691 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin A2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IIA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37013 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000669 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IIA is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with pleuromutilin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37014 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000670 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Pleuromutilins are natural fungal products that target bacterial protein translation by binding the the 23S rRNA, blocking the ribosome P site at the 50S subunit. They are mostly used for agriculture and veterinary purposes. UPDATED category_aro_name with madumycin II UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37016 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000672 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Madumycin II is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with griseoviridin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000673 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Griseoviridin is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35964 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000046 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincomycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that comes from the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis. It binds to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes and inhibit early elongation of peptide chain by inhibiting transpeptidase reaction. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptogramin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35945 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000026 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptogramin antibiotics are natural products produced by various members of the Streptomyces genus. These antibiotics bind to the P site of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The family consists of two subgroups, type A and type B, which are simultaneously produced by the same bacterial species in a ratio of roughly 70:30. UPDATED category_aro_name with azidamfenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36521 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000382 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Azidamfenicol is a water soluble derivative of chloramphenicol, sharing the same mode of action of inhibiting peptide synthesis by interacting with the 23S RNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. " 2813 UPDATE Mycobacterium intracellulare 23S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to clarithromycin antibiotic target alteration; glycopeptide antibiotic; vernamycin B-gamma; macrolide antibiotic; florfenicol; lincosamide antibiotic; thiamphenicol; 23S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to macrolide antibiotics; clarithromycin; clindamycin; dalfopristin; pristinamycin IB; quinupristin; pristinamycin IA; bleomycin B2; bleomycinic acid; bleomycin A2; pristinamycin IIA; pleuromutilin antibiotic; madumycin II; griseoviridin; lincomycin; streptogramin antibiotic; azidamfenicol; phenicol antibiotic; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with vernamycin B-gamma UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37022 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000678 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Vernamycin B-gamma is a class B streptogramin derived from virginiamycin S1. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with florfenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36600 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000461 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Florfenicol is a fluorine derivative of chloramphenicol, where the nitro group (-NO2) is substituted by a sulfomethyl group (-SO2CH3) and the hydroxyl group (-OH), by a fluorine group (-F). The action mechanism is the same as chloramphenicol's, where the antibiotic binds to the 23S RNA of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincosamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35936 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincosamides (e.g. lincomycin, clindamycin) are a class of drugs which bind to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. This interaction inhibits early elongation of peptide chains by inhibiting the transpeptidase reaction, acting similarly to macrolides. UPDATED category_aro_name with thiamphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36595 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000456 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Derivative of Chloramphenicol. The nitro group (-NO2) is substituted by a sulfomethyl group (-SO2CH3). UPDATED category_aro_name with 23S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to macrolide antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41251 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004125 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucleotide point mutations in the 23S rRNA subunit may confer resistance to macrolide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with clarithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35982 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000065 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Clarithromycin is a methyl derivative of erythromycin, sharing the 14-carbon macrolide ring. The antibiotic binds to the 50S subunit of the ribosome and is used to treat pharyngitis, tonsillitis, acute maxillary sinusitis, acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, pneumonia (especially atypical pneumonias associated with Chlamydia pneumoniae or TWAR), and skin structure infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with clindamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35983 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000066 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Clindamycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that blocks A-site aminoacyl-tRNA binding. It is usually used to treat infections with anaerobic bacteria but can also be used to treat some protozoal diseases, such as malaria. UPDATED category_aro_name with dalfopristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37018 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000674 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dalfopristin is a water-soluble semi-synthetic derivative of pristinamycin IIA. It is produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis and is used in combination with quinupristin in a 7:3 ratio. Both work together to inhibit protein synthesis, and is active against Gram-positive bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IB UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37019 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000675 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IB is a class B streptogramin similar to pristinamycin IA, the former containing a N-methyl-4-(methylamino)phenylalanine instead of a N-methyl-4-(dimethylamino)phenylalanine in its class A streptogramin counterpart (one less methyl group). UPDATED category_aro_name with quinupristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36723 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000584 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Quinupristin is a type B streptogramin and a semisynthetic derivative of pristinamycin 1A. It is a component of the drug Synercid and interacts with the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36722 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000583 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin 1A is a type B streptogramin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis. It binds to the P site of the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, preventing the extension of protein chains. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin B2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37036 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000692 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin B2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycinic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37034 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000690 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycinic acid is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin A2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37035 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000691 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin A2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IIA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37013 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000669 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IIA is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with pleuromutilin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37014 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000670 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Pleuromutilins are natural fungal products that target bacterial protein translation by binding the the 23S rRNA, blocking the ribosome P site at the 50S subunit. They are mostly used for agriculture and veterinary purposes. UPDATED category_aro_name with madumycin II UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37016 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000672 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Madumycin II is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with griseoviridin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000673 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Griseoviridin is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35964 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000046 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincomycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that comes from the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis. It binds to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes and inhibit early elongation of peptide chain by inhibiting transpeptidase reaction. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptogramin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35945 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000026 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptogramin antibiotics are natural products produced by various members of the Streptomyces genus. These antibiotics bind to the P site of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The family consists of two subgroups, type A and type B, which are simultaneously produced by the same bacterial species in a ratio of roughly 70:30. UPDATED category_aro_name with azidamfenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36521 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000382 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Azidamfenicol is a water soluble derivative of chloramphenicol, sharing the same mode of action of inhibiting peptide synthesis by interacting with the 23S RNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. " 2812 UPDATE Mycobacterium chelonae 23S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to clarithromycin antibiotic target alteration; glycopeptide antibiotic; vernamycin B-gamma; macrolide antibiotic; florfenicol; lincosamide antibiotic; thiamphenicol; 23S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to macrolide antibiotics; clarithromycin; clindamycin; dalfopristin; pristinamycin IB; quinupristin; pristinamycin IA; bleomycin B2; bleomycinic acid; bleomycin A2; pristinamycin IIA; pleuromutilin antibiotic; madumycin II; griseoviridin; lincomycin; streptogramin antibiotic; azidamfenicol; phenicol antibiotic; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with vernamycin B-gamma UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37022 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000678 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Vernamycin B-gamma is a class B streptogramin derived from virginiamycin S1. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with florfenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36600 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000461 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Florfenicol is a fluorine derivative of chloramphenicol, where the nitro group (-NO2) is substituted by a sulfomethyl group (-SO2CH3) and the hydroxyl group (-OH), by a fluorine group (-F). The action mechanism is the same as chloramphenicol's, where the antibiotic binds to the 23S RNA of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincosamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35936 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincosamides (e.g. lincomycin, clindamycin) are a class of drugs which bind to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. This interaction inhibits early elongation of peptide chains by inhibiting the transpeptidase reaction, acting similarly to macrolides. UPDATED category_aro_name with thiamphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36595 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000456 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Derivative of Chloramphenicol. The nitro group (-NO2) is substituted by a sulfomethyl group (-SO2CH3). UPDATED category_aro_name with 23S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to macrolide antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41251 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004125 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucleotide point mutations in the 23S rRNA subunit may confer resistance to macrolide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with clarithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35982 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000065 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Clarithromycin is a methyl derivative of erythromycin, sharing the 14-carbon macrolide ring. The antibiotic binds to the 50S subunit of the ribosome and is used to treat pharyngitis, tonsillitis, acute maxillary sinusitis, acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, pneumonia (especially atypical pneumonias associated with Chlamydia pneumoniae or TWAR), and skin structure infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with clindamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35983 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000066 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Clindamycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that blocks A-site aminoacyl-tRNA binding. It is usually used to treat infections with anaerobic bacteria but can also be used to treat some protozoal diseases, such as malaria. UPDATED category_aro_name with dalfopristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37018 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000674 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dalfopristin is a water-soluble semi-synthetic derivative of pristinamycin IIA. It is produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis and is used in combination with quinupristin in a 7:3 ratio. Both work together to inhibit protein synthesis, and is active against Gram-positive bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IB UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37019 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000675 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IB is a class B streptogramin similar to pristinamycin IA, the former containing a N-methyl-4-(methylamino)phenylalanine instead of a N-methyl-4-(dimethylamino)phenylalanine in its class A streptogramin counterpart (one less methyl group). UPDATED category_aro_name with quinupristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36723 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000584 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Quinupristin is a type B streptogramin and a semisynthetic derivative of pristinamycin 1A. It is a component of the drug Synercid and interacts with the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36722 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000583 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin 1A is a type B streptogramin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis. It binds to the P site of the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, preventing the extension of protein chains. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin B2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37036 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000692 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin B2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycinic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37034 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000690 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycinic acid is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin A2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37035 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000691 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin A2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IIA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37013 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000669 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IIA is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with pleuromutilin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37014 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000670 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Pleuromutilins are natural fungal products that target bacterial protein translation by binding the the 23S rRNA, blocking the ribosome P site at the 50S subunit. They are mostly used for agriculture and veterinary purposes. UPDATED category_aro_name with madumycin II UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37016 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000672 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Madumycin II is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with griseoviridin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000673 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Griseoviridin is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35964 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000046 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincomycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that comes from the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis. It binds to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes and inhibit early elongation of peptide chain by inhibiting transpeptidase reaction. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptogramin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35945 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000026 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptogramin antibiotics are natural products produced by various members of the Streptomyces genus. These antibiotics bind to the P site of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The family consists of two subgroups, type A and type B, which are simultaneously produced by the same bacterial species in a ratio of roughly 70:30. UPDATED category_aro_name with azidamfenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36521 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000382 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Azidamfenicol is a water soluble derivative of chloramphenicol, sharing the same mode of action of inhibiting peptide synthesis by interacting with the 23S RNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. " 560 UPDATE OXA-77 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 561 UPDATE OKP-B-8 penam; antibiotic inactivation; OKP beta-lactamase; cephalosporin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with OKP beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 38817 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3002417 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OKP beta-lactamases are chromosomal class A beta-lactamase that confer resistance to penicillins and early cephalosporins in Klebsiella pneumoniae. OKP beta-lactamases can be subdivided into two groups: OKP-A and OKP-B which diverge by about 4.2% UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 562 UPDATE TEM-187 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 563 UPDATE OKP-B-6 penam; antibiotic inactivation; OKP beta-lactamase; cephalosporin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with OKP beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 38817 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3002417 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OKP beta-lactamases are chromosomal class A beta-lactamase that confer resistance to penicillins and early cephalosporins in Klebsiella pneumoniae. OKP beta-lactamases can be subdivided into two groups: OKP-A and OKP-B which diverge by about 4.2% UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 2819 UPDATE Escherichia coli 23S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to oxazolidinone antibiotics antibiotic target alteration; glycopeptide antibiotic; vernamycin B-gamma; macrolide antibiotic; florfenicol; lincosamide antibiotic; thiamphenicol; oxazolidinone antibiotic; clindamycin; dalfopristin; pristinamycin IB; quinupristin; pristinamycin IA; bleomycin B2; bleomycinic acid; bleomycin A2; pristinamycin IIA; pleuromutilin antibiotic; madumycin II; griseoviridin; lincomycin; streptogramin antibiotic; azidamfenicol; 23S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to oxazolidinone antibiotics; phenicol antibiotic; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with vernamycin B-gamma UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37022 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000678 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Vernamycin B-gamma is a class B streptogramin derived from virginiamycin S1. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with florfenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36600 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000461 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Florfenicol is a fluorine derivative of chloramphenicol, where the nitro group (-NO2) is substituted by a sulfomethyl group (-SO2CH3) and the hydroxyl group (-OH), by a fluorine group (-F). The action mechanism is the same as chloramphenicol's, where the antibiotic binds to the 23S RNA of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincosamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35936 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincosamides (e.g. lincomycin, clindamycin) are a class of drugs which bind to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. This interaction inhibits early elongation of peptide chains by inhibiting the transpeptidase reaction, acting similarly to macrolides. UPDATED category_aro_name with thiamphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36595 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000456 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Derivative of Chloramphenicol. The nitro group (-NO2) is substituted by a sulfomethyl group (-SO2CH3). UPDATED category_aro_name with oxazolidinone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36218 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000079 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Oxazolidinones are a class of synthetic antibiotics discovered the the 1980's. They inhibit protein synthesis by binding to domain V of the 23S rRNA of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. Linezolid is the only member of this class currently in clinical use. UPDATED category_aro_name with clindamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35983 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000066 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Clindamycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that blocks A-site aminoacyl-tRNA binding. It is usually used to treat infections with anaerobic bacteria but can also be used to treat some protozoal diseases, such as malaria. UPDATED category_aro_name with dalfopristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37018 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000674 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dalfopristin is a water-soluble semi-synthetic derivative of pristinamycin IIA. It is produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis and is used in combination with quinupristin in a 7:3 ratio. Both work together to inhibit protein synthesis, and is active against Gram-positive bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IB UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37019 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000675 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IB is a class B streptogramin similar to pristinamycin IA, the former containing a N-methyl-4-(methylamino)phenylalanine instead of a N-methyl-4-(dimethylamino)phenylalanine in its class A streptogramin counterpart (one less methyl group). UPDATED category_aro_name with quinupristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36723 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000584 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Quinupristin is a type B streptogramin and a semisynthetic derivative of pristinamycin 1A. It is a component of the drug Synercid and interacts with the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36722 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000583 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin 1A is a type B streptogramin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis. It binds to the P site of the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, preventing the extension of protein chains. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin B2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37036 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000692 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin B2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycinic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37034 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000690 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycinic acid is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin A2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37035 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000691 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin A2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IIA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37013 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000669 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IIA is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with pleuromutilin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37014 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000670 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Pleuromutilins are natural fungal products that target bacterial protein translation by binding the the 23S rRNA, blocking the ribosome P site at the 50S subunit. They are mostly used for agriculture and veterinary purposes. UPDATED category_aro_name with madumycin II UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37016 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000672 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Madumycin II is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with griseoviridin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000673 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Griseoviridin is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35964 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000046 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincomycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that comes from the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis. It binds to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes and inhibit early elongation of peptide chain by inhibiting transpeptidase reaction. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptogramin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35945 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000026 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptogramin antibiotics are natural products produced by various members of the Streptomyces genus. These antibiotics bind to the P site of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The family consists of two subgroups, type A and type B, which are simultaneously produced by the same bacterial species in a ratio of roughly 70:30. UPDATED category_aro_name with azidamfenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36521 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000382 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Azidamfenicol is a water soluble derivative of chloramphenicol, sharing the same mode of action of inhibiting peptide synthesis by interacting with the 23S RNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit. UPDATED category_aro_name with 23S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to oxazolidinone antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41323 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004172 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Point mutations in the 23S rRNA subunit may confer resistance to oxazolidinone antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. " 2818 UPDATE Streptomyces ambofaciens 23S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to macrolide antibiotics antibiotic target alteration; glycopeptide antibiotic; vernamycin B-gamma; macrolide antibiotic; florfenicol; lincosamide antibiotic; thiamphenicol; 23S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to macrolide antibiotics; clindamycin; dalfopristin; pristinamycin IB; quinupristin; pristinamycin IA; bleomycin B2; bleomycinic acid; bleomycin A2; pristinamycin IIA; pleuromutilin antibiotic; madumycin II; griseoviridin; lincomycin; streptogramin antibiotic; azidamfenicol; phenicol antibiotic; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with vernamycin B-gamma UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37022 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000678 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Vernamycin B-gamma is a class B streptogramin derived from virginiamycin S1. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with florfenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36600 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000461 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Florfenicol is a fluorine derivative of chloramphenicol, where the nitro group (-NO2) is substituted by a sulfomethyl group (-SO2CH3) and the hydroxyl group (-OH), by a fluorine group (-F). The action mechanism is the same as chloramphenicol's, where the antibiotic binds to the 23S RNA of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincosamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35936 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincosamides (e.g. lincomycin, clindamycin) are a class of drugs which bind to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. This interaction inhibits early elongation of peptide chains by inhibiting the transpeptidase reaction, acting similarly to macrolides. UPDATED category_aro_name with thiamphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36595 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000456 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Derivative of Chloramphenicol. The nitro group (-NO2) is substituted by a sulfomethyl group (-SO2CH3). UPDATED category_aro_name with 23S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to macrolide antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41251 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004125 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucleotide point mutations in the 23S rRNA subunit may confer resistance to macrolide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with clindamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35983 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000066 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Clindamycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that blocks A-site aminoacyl-tRNA binding. It is usually used to treat infections with anaerobic bacteria but can also be used to treat some protozoal diseases, such as malaria. UPDATED category_aro_name with dalfopristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37018 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000674 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dalfopristin is a water-soluble semi-synthetic derivative of pristinamycin IIA. It is produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis and is used in combination with quinupristin in a 7:3 ratio. Both work together to inhibit protein synthesis, and is active against Gram-positive bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IB UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37019 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000675 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IB is a class B streptogramin similar to pristinamycin IA, the former containing a N-methyl-4-(methylamino)phenylalanine instead of a N-methyl-4-(dimethylamino)phenylalanine in its class A streptogramin counterpart (one less methyl group). UPDATED category_aro_name with quinupristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36723 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000584 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Quinupristin is a type B streptogramin and a semisynthetic derivative of pristinamycin 1A. It is a component of the drug Synercid and interacts with the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36722 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000583 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin 1A is a type B streptogramin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis. It binds to the P site of the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, preventing the extension of protein chains. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin B2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37036 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000692 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin B2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycinic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37034 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000690 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycinic acid is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with bleomycin A2 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37035 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000691 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Bleomycin A2 is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus taken as a mixture of bleomycins. It induces stand breaks in bacterial nucleic acids. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IIA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37013 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000669 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IIA is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with pleuromutilin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37014 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000670 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Pleuromutilins are natural fungal products that target bacterial protein translation by binding the the 23S rRNA, blocking the ribosome P site at the 50S subunit. They are mostly used for agriculture and veterinary purposes. UPDATED category_aro_name with madumycin II UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37016 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000672 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Madumycin II is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with griseoviridin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000673 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Griseoviridin is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35964 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000046 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincomycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that comes from the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis. It binds to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes and inhibit early elongation of peptide chain by inhibiting transpeptidase reaction. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptogramin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35945 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000026 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptogramin antibiotics are natural products produced by various members of the Streptomyces genus. These antibiotics bind to the P site of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The family consists of two subgroups, type A and type B, which are simultaneously produced by the same bacterial species in a ratio of roughly 70:30. UPDATED category_aro_name with azidamfenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36521 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000382 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Azidamfenicol is a water soluble derivative of chloramphenicol, sharing the same mode of action of inhibiting peptide synthesis by interacting with the 23S RNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. " 566 UPDATE OXA-32 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 567 UPDATE CTX-M-41 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 1188 UPDATE ErmV antibiotic target alteration; streptogramin antibiotic; Erm 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase; macrolide antibiotic; lincosamide antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptogramin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35945 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000026 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptogramin antibiotics are natural products produced by various members of the Streptomyces genus. These antibiotics bind to the P site of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The family consists of two subgroups, type A and type B, which are simultaneously produced by the same bacterial species in a ratio of roughly 70:30. UPDATED category_aro_name with Erm 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36699 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000560 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Erm proteins are part of the RNA methyltransferase family and methylate A2058 (E. coli nomenclature) of the 23S ribosomal RNA conferring degrees of resistance to Macrolides, Lincosamides and Streptogramin b. This is called the MLSb phenotype. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincosamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35936 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincosamides (e.g. lincomycin, clindamycin) are a class of drugs which bind to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. This interaction inhibits early elongation of peptide chains by inhibiting the transpeptidase reaction, acting similarly to macrolides. " 1189 UPDATE vatB dalfopristin; antibiotic inactivation; streptogramin vat acetyltransferase; pristinamycin IIA; madumycin II; griseoviridin; streptogramin antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with dalfopristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37018 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000674 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dalfopristin is a water-soluble semi-synthetic derivative of pristinamycin IIA. It is produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis and is used in combination with quinupristin in a 7:3 ratio. Both work together to inhibit protein synthesis, and is active against Gram-positive bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptogramin vat acetyltransferase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36592 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000453 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with vat (Virginiamycin acetyltransferases) enzymes catalyze the transfer of an acetyl group from acetyl-CoA to the secondary alcohol of streptogramin A compounds, thus inactivating virginiamycin-like antibiotics and conferring resistance to these compounds. UPDATED category_aro_name with pristinamycin IIA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37013 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000669 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pristinamycin IIA is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with madumycin II UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37016 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000672 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Madumycin II is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with griseoviridin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000673 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Griseoviridin is a streptogramin A antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptogramin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35945 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000026 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptogramin antibiotics are natural products produced by various members of the Streptomyces genus. These antibiotics bind to the P site of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The family consists of two subgroups, type A and type B, which are simultaneously produced by the same bacterial species in a ratio of roughly 70:30. " 1186 UPDATE OXA-327 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1187 UPDATE OXA-248 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1184 UPDATE OXA-182 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1185 UPDATE OXA-176 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1182 UPDATE CTX-M-105 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 1183 UPDATE tetQ chlortetracycline; demeclocycline; oxytetracycline; tetracycline antibiotic; tetracycline; antibiotic target protection; minocycline; tetracycline-resistant ribosomal protection protein; doxycycline; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with chlortetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36667 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000528 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chlortetracycline was an early, first-generation tetracycline antibiotic developed in the 1940's. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes, preventing the aminoacyl-tRNA from binding to the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with demeclocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37011 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000667 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Demeclocycline is a tetracycline analog with 7-chloro and 6-methyl groups. Due to its fast absorption and slow excretion, it maintains higher effective blood levels compared to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with oxytetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37012 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000668 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Oxytetracycline is a derivative of tetracycline with a 5-hydroxyl group. Its activity is similar to other tetracyclines. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36189 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000050 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with These antibiotics are derived from tetracycline, a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35968 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000051 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by many Streptomyces. It works by inhibiting action of the prokaryotic 30S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target protection UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with minocycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36291 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000152 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Minocycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetracycline-resistant ribosomal protection protein UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35921 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with A family of proteins known to bind to the 30S ribosomal subunit. This interaction prevents tetracycline and tetracycline derivatives from inhibiting ribosomal function. Thus, these proteins confer elevated resistance to tetracycline derivatives as a ribosomal protection protein. UPDATED category_aro_name with doxycycline UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35986 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Doxycycline is second generation semi-synthetic derivative of the tetracycline group of antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and preventing the aminotransferase-tRNA from associating with the ribosome. " 1180 UPDATE mdsC penam; antibiotic efflux; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; penem; carbapenem; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; cephalosporin; cephamycin; monobactam; phenicol antibiotic; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. " 1181 UPDATE cmeA antibiotic efflux; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; macrolide antibiotic; cefotaxime; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; cephalosporin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; fusidic acid; erythromycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cefotaxime UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36989 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000645 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cefotaxime is a semisynthetic cephalosporin taken parenterally. It is resistant to most beta-lactamases and active against Gram-negative rods and cocci due to its aminothiazoyl and methoximino functional groups. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with fusidic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37139 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000759 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Fusidic acid is the only commercially available fusidane, a group of steroid-like antibiotics. It is most active against Gram-positive bacteria, and acts by inhibiting elongation factor G to block protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. " 726 UPDATE PC1 beta-lactamase (blaZ) penam; antibiotic inactivation; blaZ beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with blaZ beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41361 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004197 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with blaZ beta-lactamases are Class A beta-lactamases. These beta-lactamases are responsible for penicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aures. " 727 UPDATE ErmS antibiotic target alteration; streptogramin antibiotic; Erm 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase; macrolide antibiotic; lincosamide antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptogramin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35945 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000026 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptogramin antibiotics are natural products produced by various members of the Streptomyces genus. These antibiotics bind to the P site of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The family consists of two subgroups, type A and type B, which are simultaneously produced by the same bacterial species in a ratio of roughly 70:30. UPDATED category_aro_name with Erm 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36699 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000560 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Erm proteins are part of the RNA methyltransferase family and methylate A2058 (E. coli nomenclature) of the 23S ribosomal RNA conferring degrees of resistance to Macrolides, Lincosamides and Streptogramin b. This is called the MLSb phenotype. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincosamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35936 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincosamides (e.g. lincomycin, clindamycin) are a class of drugs which bind to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. This interaction inhibits early elongation of peptide chains by inhibiting the transpeptidase reaction, acting similarly to macrolides. " 724 UPDATE AAC(6')-Ij antibiotic inactivation; kanamycin A; aminoglycoside antibiotic; AAC(6'); isepamicin; sisomicin; arbekacin; gentamicin B; netilmicin; amikacin; dibekacin; neomycin; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with AAC(6') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36484 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000345 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Acetylation of the aminoglycoside antibiotic on the amino group at position 6'. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with netilmicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35956 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000038 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with dibekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35926 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 725 UPDATE GES-11 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; GES beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with GES beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36205 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000066 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with GES beta-lactamases or Guiana extended-spectrum beta-lactamases are related to the other plasmid-located class A beta-lactamases " 1748 UPDATE lsaC pleuromutilin; ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump; antibiotic efflux; pleuromutilin antibiotic; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; streptogramin antibiotic; lincosamide antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with pleuromutilin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37716 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3001317 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pleuromutilin is a natural product antibiotic produced by Clitopilus passeckerianus. Related antibiotics of clinical significance, such as tiamulin and retapamulin, are semi-synthetic derivatives of this compound. UPDATED category_aro_name with ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36002 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are present in all cells of all organisms and use the energy of ATP binding/hydrolysis to transport substrates across cell membranes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with pleuromutilin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37014 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000670 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Pleuromutilins are natural fungal products that target bacterial protein translation by binding the the 23S rRNA, blocking the ribosome P site at the 50S subunit. They are mostly used for agriculture and veterinary purposes. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptogramin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35945 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000026 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptogramin antibiotics are natural products produced by various members of the Streptomyces genus. These antibiotics bind to the P site of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The family consists of two subgroups, type A and type B, which are simultaneously produced by the same bacterial species in a ratio of roughly 70:30. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincosamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35936 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincosamides (e.g. lincomycin, clindamycin) are a class of drugs which bind to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. This interaction inhibits early elongation of peptide chains by inhibiting the transpeptidase reaction, acting similarly to macrolides. " 1749 UPDATE IMP-18 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; carbapenem; cephalosporin; IMP beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with IMP beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36029 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Plasmid mediated IMP-type carbapenemases, of which at least 26 varieties are currently known, became established in Japan in the 1990s in enteric gram-negative organisms, Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter species. Integron-associated, sometimes within plasmids. Hydrolyses all beta-lactams except monobactams, and evades all beta-lactam inhibitors. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 720 UPDATE BcI penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; Bc beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with Bc beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36716 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000577 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Bacillus cereus beta-lactamases are zinc metallo-beta-lactamases that hydrolyze a large number of penicillins and cephalosporins. " 721 UPDATE OXA-28 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1744 UPDATE cmrA antibiotic efflux; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump; phenicol antibiotic; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and ABC transporters comprise the two largest and most functionally diverse of the transporter superfamilies. However, MFS transporters are distinct from ABC transporters in both their primary sequence and structure and in the mechanism of energy coupling. As secondary transporters they are, like RND and SMR transporters, energized by the electrochemical proton gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. " 1745 UPDATE KPC-2 antibiotic inactivation; penam; carbapenem; cephalosporin; monobactam; KPC beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with KPC beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36198 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000059 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenem resistant (KPC) beta-lactamases are notorious for their ability to efficiently hydrolyze carbapenems, unlike other Ambler Class A beta-lactamases. There are currently 9 variants reported worldwide. These enzymes were first isolated from Klebsiella pneumoniae strains in 2001 in the United States. Hospital outbreaks have since been reported in Greece and Israel and KPC carrying strains are now endemic to New York facilities. KPC-1 and KPC-2 have been shown to be identical and are now referred to as KPC-2. " 1746 UPDATE IMP-24 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; carbapenem; cephalosporin; IMP beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with IMP beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36029 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Plasmid mediated IMP-type carbapenemases, of which at least 26 varieties are currently known, became established in Japan in the 1990s in enteric gram-negative organisms, Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter species. Integron-associated, sometimes within plasmids. Hydrolyses all beta-lactams except monobactams, and evades all beta-lactam inhibitors. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 1747 UPDATE CMY-103 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 1740 UPDATE TEM-53 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 1741 UPDATE OXA-359 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1742 UPDATE SHV-28 carbapenem; penam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; SHV beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with SHV beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36024 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000015 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with SHV-1 shares 68 percent of its amino acids with TEM-1 and has a similar overall structure. The SHV-1 beta-lactamase is most commonly found in K. pneumoniae and is responsible for up to 20% of the plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in this species. ESBLs in this family also have amino acid changes around the active site, most commonly at positions 238 or 238 and 240. More than 60 SHV varieties are known. " 1743 UPDATE OXA-338 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1164 UPDATE MIR-9 antibiotic inactivation; monobactam; cephalosporin; cephamycin; MIR beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with MIR beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36197 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000058 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with MIR beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated beta-lactamases that confer resistance to oxyimino- and alpha-methoxy beta-lactams " 1165 UPDATE OKP-A-4 penam; antibiotic inactivation; OKP beta-lactamase; cephalosporin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with OKP beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 38817 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3002417 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OKP beta-lactamases are chromosomal class A beta-lactamase that confer resistance to penicillins and early cephalosporins in Klebsiella pneumoniae. OKP beta-lactamases can be subdivided into two groups: OKP-A and OKP-B which diverge by about 4.2% UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 1166 UPDATE Staphylococcus aureus gyrA conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones nybomycin; grepafloxacin; trovafloxacin; ofloxacin; norfloxacin; nalidixic acid; lomefloxacin; gatifloxacin; fluoroquinolone resistant gyrA; levofloxacin; sparfloxacin; antibiotic target alteration; enoxacin; ciprofloxacin; pefloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; moxifloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with nybomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40463 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003780 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with A heterocyclic antibiotic that targets mutant gyrA (type II topoisomerase) containing an S84L substitution, counteracting acquired quinolone resistance. It is effective against quinolone-resistant Gram-positive bacteria including S. aureus and E. faecalis. Due to its ability to counteract quinolone resistance by targeting the mutant form of the gyrA protein, it is classified as a reverse antibiotic (RA). UPDATED category_aro_name with grepafloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37009 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000665 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Grepafloxacin is a broad-spectrum antibacterial quinoline. It is no longer taken due to its high toxicity. UPDATED category_aro_name with trovafloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37008 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000664 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Trovafloxacin is a trifluoroquinalone with a broad spectrum of activity that acts by inhibiting the uncoiling of supercoiled DNA. While potent against many Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, it is less active against pseudomonads and Cl. difficile. It is usually taken as the prodrug trovafloxacin mesylate or alatrofloxacin mesylate for oral or intravenous administration, respectively. UPDATED category_aro_name with ofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37007 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000663 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ofloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a methyl-substituted oxazine ring. It has a broad spectrum of activity including many enterobacteria and mycoplasma but most anaerobes are resistant. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with lomefloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37004 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000660 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Lomefloxacin is a difluoropiperazinyl quinolone, sharing similar activities with other fluoroquinolones. It is used to treat urinary tract infections. Relative to other fluoroquinolones, it has a longer half life and has higher serum concentrations. UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone resistant gyrA UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 39876 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003292 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with DNA gyrase is responsible for DNA supercoiling and consists of two alpha and two beta subunits. GyrA point mutations confer resistance by preventing fluoroquinolone antibiotics from binding the alpha-subunit. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with enoxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35942 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000023 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Enoxacin belongs to a group called fluoroquinolones. Its mode of action depends upon blocking bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to DNA gyrase and causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with pefloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37142 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000762 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pefloxacin is structurally and functionally similar to norfloxacin. It is poorly active against mycobacteria, while anaerobes are resistant. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. " 1167 UPDATE norB antibiotic efflux; major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump; sparfloxacin; norfloxacin; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; moxifloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and ABC transporters comprise the two largest and most functionally diverse of the transporter superfamilies. However, MFS transporters are distinct from ABC transporters in both their primary sequence and structure and in the mechanism of energy coupling. As secondary transporters they are, like RND and SMR transporters, energized by the electrochemical proton gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. " 1160 UPDATE QnrB34 sparfloxacin; norfloxacin; quinolone resistance protein (qnr); gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; antibiotic target protection; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; nalidixic acid; moxifloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with quinolone resistance protein (qnr) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36558 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000419 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Qnr proteins are pentapeptide repeat proteins that mimic DNA and protect the cell from the activity of fluoroquinolone antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target protection UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. " 1161 UPDATE lsaB pleuromutilin; ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump; antibiotic efflux; pleuromutilin antibiotic; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; streptogramin antibiotic; lincosamide antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with pleuromutilin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37716 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3001317 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pleuromutilin is a natural product antibiotic produced by Clitopilus passeckerianus. Related antibiotics of clinical significance, such as tiamulin and retapamulin, are semi-synthetic derivatives of this compound. UPDATED category_aro_name with ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36002 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are present in all cells of all organisms and use the energy of ATP binding/hydrolysis to transport substrates across cell membranes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with pleuromutilin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37014 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000670 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Pleuromutilins are natural fungal products that target bacterial protein translation by binding the the 23S rRNA, blocking the ribosome P site at the 50S subunit. They are mostly used for agriculture and veterinary purposes. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptogramin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35945 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000026 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptogramin antibiotics are natural products produced by various members of the Streptomyces genus. These antibiotics bind to the P site of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The family consists of two subgroups, type A and type B, which are simultaneously produced by the same bacterial species in a ratio of roughly 70:30. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincosamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35936 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincosamides (e.g. lincomycin, clindamycin) are a class of drugs which bind to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. This interaction inhibits early elongation of peptide chains by inhibiting the transpeptidase reaction, acting similarly to macrolides. " 1162 UPDATE aadA15 antibiotic inactivation; aminoglycoside antibiotic; ANT(3''); streptomycin; spectinomycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with ANT(3'') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41439 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004275 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucleotidylylation of streptomycin at the hydroxyl group at position 3'' UPDATED category_aro_name with streptomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35958 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000040 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Streptomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with spectinomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35957 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000039 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Spectinomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Spectinomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit inhibiting translation. " 1163 UPDATE CMY-94 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 1168 UPDATE NDM-9 antibiotic inactivation; penam; carbapenem; cephalosporin; cephamycin; NDM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with NDM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36196 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000057 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with NDM beta-lactamases or New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamases are class B beta-lactamases that confer resistance to a broad range of antibiotics including carbapenems, cephalosporins and penicillins. " 1169 UPDATE OXA-360 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1366 UPDATE cmx antibiotic efflux; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump; phenicol antibiotic; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and ABC transporters comprise the two largest and most functionally diverse of the transporter superfamilies. However, MFS transporters are distinct from ABC transporters in both their primary sequence and structure and in the mechanism of energy coupling. As secondary transporters they are, like RND and SMR transporters, energized by the electrochemical proton gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. " 48 UPDATE OXA-90 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 49 UPDATE tsnR peptide antibiotic; antibiotic target alteration; thiostrepton; non-erm 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase (A1067); ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with peptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36192 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000053 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Peptide antibiotics have a wide range of antibacterial mechanisms, depending on the amino acids that make up the antibiotic, although most act to disrupt the cell membrane in some manner. Subclasses of peptide antibiotics can include additional sidechains of other types, such as lipids in the case of the lipopeptide antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with thiostrepton UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37030 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000686 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Thiostrepton is a cyclic peptide active against Gram-positive bacteria. It is produced by streptomyces bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with non-erm 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase (A1067) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 39499 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003065 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Non-erm 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferases modify adenosine 1067 to confer resistance to peptide antibiotics " 46 UPDATE CMY-114 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 47 UPDATE OXA-60 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 44 UPDATE golS penam; antibiotic efflux; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; protein(s) and two-component regulatory system modulating antibiotic efflux; penem; carbapenem; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; cephalosporin; cephamycin; monobactam; phenicol antibiotic; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Regulator UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. " 45 UPDATE mdtP antibiotic efflux; major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; acridine dye; puromycin; acriflavin; nucleoside antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and ABC transporters comprise the two largest and most functionally diverse of the transporter superfamilies. However, MFS transporters are distinct from ABC transporters in both their primary sequence and structure and in the mechanism of energy coupling. As secondary transporters they are, like RND and SMR transporters, energized by the electrochemical proton gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with acridine dye UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36193 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000054 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Acridine dyes are cell permeable, basic molecules with an acridine chromophore. These compounds intercalate DNA. The image shown represents the core structure of the acridine family, with specific dyes containing varying substituents. UPDATED category_aro_name with puromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35965 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000047 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Puromycin is an aminonucleoside antibiotic, derived from Streptomyces alboniger, that causes premature chain termination during ribosomal protein translation. UPDATED category_aro_name with acriflavin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35963 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000045 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Acriflavin is a topical antiseptic. It has the form of an orange or brown powder. It may be harmful in the eyes or if inhaled. Acriflavine is also used as treatment for external fungal infections of aquarium fish. UPDATED category_aro_name with nucleoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36174 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000034 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucleoside antibiotics are made of modified nucleosides and nucleotides with wide-ranging activities and means of antibacterial effects. This drug class includes aminonucleoside antibiotics, which contain an amino group. " 42 UPDATE OXY-6-1 penam; OXY beta-lactamase; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; monobactam; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 38788 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3002388 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXY beta-lactamases are chromosomal class A beta-lactamases that are found in Klebsiella oxytoca. At constitutive low levels, OXY beta-lactamases confer resistance to aminopenicillins and carboxypenicillins. At high induced levels, OXY beta-lactamases confer resistance to penicillins, cephalosporins and aztreonam. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 2034 UPDATE TEM-108 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 40 UPDATE QnrB58 sparfloxacin; norfloxacin; quinolone resistance protein (qnr); gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; antibiotic target protection; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; nalidixic acid; moxifloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with quinolone resistance protein (qnr) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36558 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000419 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Qnr proteins are pentapeptide repeat proteins that mimic DNA and protect the cell from the activity of fluoroquinolone antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target protection UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. " 41 UPDATE rmtH antibiotic target alteration; aminoglycoside antibiotic; 16S rRNA methyltransferase (G1405); ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with 16S rRNA methyltransferase (G1405) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41435 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004271 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Methyltransferases that methylate the G1405 position of 16S rRNA, which is part of an aminoglycoside binding site. " 1568 UPDATE OXA-183 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1569 UPDATE catD antibiotic inactivation; thiamphenicol; chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT); azidamfenicol; phenicol antibiotic; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with thiamphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36595 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000456 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Derivative of Chloramphenicol. The nitro group (-NO2) is substituted by a sulfomethyl group (-SO2CH3). UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36261 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000122 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Inactivates chloramphenicol by addition of an acyl group. cat is used to describe many variants of the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene in a range of organisms including Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Bacillus clausii, Bacillus subtilis, Campylobacter coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, Lactococcus lactis, Listeria monocytogenes, Listonella anguillarum Morganella morganii, Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella typhi, Serratia marcescens, Shigella flexneri, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Staphylococcus intermedius, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus suis and Streptomyces acrimycini UPDATED category_aro_name with azidamfenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36521 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000382 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Azidamfenicol is a water soluble derivative of chloramphenicol, sharing the same mode of action of inhibiting peptide synthesis by interacting with the 23S RNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. " 1298 UPDATE lsaA dalfopristin; pleuromutilin; ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump; antibiotic efflux; pleuromutilin antibiotic; quinupristin; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; streptogramin antibiotic; clindamycin; lincosamide antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with dalfopristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37018 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000674 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dalfopristin is a water-soluble semi-synthetic derivative of pristinamycin IIA. It is produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis and is used in combination with quinupristin in a 7:3 ratio. Both work together to inhibit protein synthesis, and is active against Gram-positive bacteria. UPDATED category_aro_name with pleuromutilin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37716 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3001317 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pleuromutilin is a natural product antibiotic produced by Clitopilus passeckerianus. Related antibiotics of clinical significance, such as tiamulin and retapamulin, are semi-synthetic derivatives of this compound. UPDATED category_aro_name with ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36002 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are present in all cells of all organisms and use the energy of ATP binding/hydrolysis to transport substrates across cell membranes. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with pleuromutilin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37014 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000670 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Pleuromutilins are natural fungal products that target bacterial protein translation by binding the the 23S rRNA, blocking the ribosome P site at the 50S subunit. They are mostly used for agriculture and veterinary purposes. UPDATED category_aro_name with quinupristin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36723 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000584 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Quinupristin is a type B streptogramin and a semisynthetic derivative of pristinamycin 1A. It is a component of the drug Synercid and interacts with the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome to inhibit protein synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptogramin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35945 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000026 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptogramin antibiotics are natural products produced by various members of the Streptomyces genus. These antibiotics bind to the P site of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The family consists of two subgroups, type A and type B, which are simultaneously produced by the same bacterial species in a ratio of roughly 70:30. UPDATED category_aro_name with clindamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35983 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000066 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Clindamycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that blocks A-site aminoacyl-tRNA binding. It is usually used to treat infections with anaerobic bacteria but can also be used to treat some protozoal diseases, such as malaria. UPDATED category_aro_name with lincosamide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35936 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Lincosamides (e.g. lincomycin, clindamycin) are a class of drugs which bind to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. This interaction inhibits early elongation of peptide chains by inhibiting the transpeptidase reaction, acting similarly to macrolides. " 1299 UPDATE AAC(6')-Ic antibiotic inactivation; kanamycin A; aminoglycoside antibiotic; AAC(6'); isepamicin; sisomicin; arbekacin; gentamicin B; netilmicin; amikacin; dibekacin; neomycin; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with kanamycin A UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35966 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000049 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Kanamycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with isepamicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36996 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000652 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A semi-synthetic derivative of gentamicin B (hydroxyamino propionyl genamicin B). It is modified to combat microbial inactivation and has a slightly larger spectrum of activity compared to other aminoglycosides, including Ser marcescens, Enterobacteria, and K pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with AAC(6') UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36484 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000345 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Acetylation of the aminoglycoside antibiotic on the amino group at position 6'. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with sisomicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35953 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000035 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Sisomicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with arbekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000654 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with A synthetic derivative (1-N-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl) of dibekacin used in Japan. It is active against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and shows synergy with ampicillin when treating gentamicin and vancomycin resistant enterocci. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with netilmicin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35956 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000038 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin. UPDATED category_aro_name with amikacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35932 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with dibekacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35926 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000007 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Dibekacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with neomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35924 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000005 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Neomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 1560 UPDATE OKP-B-20 penam; antibiotic inactivation; OKP beta-lactamase; cephalosporin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with OKP beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 38817 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3002417 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OKP beta-lactamases are chromosomal class A beta-lactamase that confer resistance to penicillins and early cephalosporins in Klebsiella pneumoniae. OKP beta-lactamases can be subdivided into two groups: OKP-A and OKP-B which diverge by about 4.2% UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 1561 UPDATE vanTG glycopeptide antibiotic; glycopeptide resistance gene cluster; antibiotic target alteration; vanT; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide resistance gene cluster UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36373 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000234 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Genes that when expressed confer resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin type antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with vanT UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36511 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000372 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with VanT is a membrane bound serine racemase, converting L-serine to D-serine. It is associated with VanC, which incorporated D-serine into D-Ala-D-Ser terminal end of peptidoglycan subunits that have a decreased binding affinity with vancomycin. It was isolated from Enterococcus gallinarum. " 1562 UPDATE aad(6) antibiotic inactivation; streptomycin; aminoglycoside antibiotic; ANT(6); ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with streptomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35958 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000040 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Streptomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Streptomycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with ANT(6) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36364 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000225 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Nucelotidylylation of streptomycin at the hydroxyl group at position 6 " 1563 UPDATE CTX-M-63 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 1564 UPDATE QnrB16 sparfloxacin; norfloxacin; quinolone resistance protein (qnr); gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; antibiotic target protection; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; nalidixic acid; moxifloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with quinolone resistance protein (qnr) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36558 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000419 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Qnr proteins are pentapeptide repeat proteins that mimic DNA and protect the cell from the activity of fluoroquinolone antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target protection UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. " 1565 UPDATE ACT-18 antibiotic inactivation; carbapenem; penam; ACT beta-lactamase; cephalosporin; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with ACT beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36211 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000072 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with ACT beta-lactamases, also known as AmpC beta-lactamases, are cephalosporinases that cannot be inhibited by clavulanate. These enzymes are encoded by genes located on the chromosome and can be induced by the presence of beta-lactam antibiotics. However recently, these genes have been found on plasmids and expressed at high constitutive levels in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 1566 UPDATE vanXD glycopeptide antibiotic; glycopeptide resistance gene cluster; vanX; antibiotic target alteration; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide resistance gene cluster UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36373 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000234 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Genes that when expressed confer resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin type antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with vanX UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36020 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000011 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with VanX is a D,D-dipeptidase that cleaves D-Ala-D-Ala but not D-Ala-D-Lac, ensuring that the latter dipeptide that has reduced binding affinity with vancomycin is used to synthesize peptidoglycan substrate. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. " 1567 UPDATE FosB fosfomycin; fosfomycin thiol transferase; antibiotic inactivation; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with fosfomycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35944 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000025 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Fosfomycin (also known as phosphomycin and phosphonomycin) is a broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by certain Streptomyces species. It is effective on gram positive and negative bacteria as it targets the cell wall, an essential feature shared by both bacteria. Its specific target is MurA (MurZ in E.coli), which attaches phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, a step of commitment to cell wall synthesis. In the active site of MurA, the active cysteine molecule is alkylated which stops the catalytic reaction. UPDATED category_aro_name with fosfomycin thiol transferase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36272 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000133 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Catalyzes the addition of a thiol group from a nucleophilic molecule to fosfomycin. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. " 1713 UPDATE vanYM glycopeptide antibiotic; glycopeptide resistance gene cluster; antibiotic target alteration; vanY; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36220 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000081 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Glycopeptide antibiotics are natural products produced non-ribosomally by Actinomycetales bacteria. With the exception of bleomycins, they act by binding the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursors of the growing bacterial cell wall and are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria. This inhibits transglycosylation leading to cell death due to osmotic stress. UPDATED category_aro_name with glycopeptide resistance gene cluster UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36373 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000234 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Genes that when expressed confer resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin type antibiotics. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with vanY UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36216 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000077 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with VanY is a D,D-carboxypeptidase that cleaves removes the terminal D-Ala from peptidoglycan for the addition of D-Lactate. The D-Ala-D-Lac peptidoglycan subunits have reduced binding affinity with vancomycin compared to D-Ala-D-Ala. " 474 UPDATE dfrD iclaprim; trimethoprim; brodimoprim; tetroxoprim; diaminopyrimidine antibiotic; antibiotic target replacement; trimethoprim resistant dihydrofolate reductase dfr; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with iclaprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36476 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000337 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Iclaprim is a bactericidal compound that inhibits dihydrofolate reductase. It is used against clinically important Gram-positive pathogens, including methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36327 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000188 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Trimethoprim is a synthetic 5-(3,4,5- trimethoxybenzyl) pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, inhibiting synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid. Tetrahydrofolic acid is an essential precursor in the de novo synthesis of the DNA nucleotide thymidine. Trimethoprim is a bacteriostatic antibiotic mainly used in the prophylaxis and treatment of urinary tract infections in combination with sulfamethoxazole, a sulfonamide antibiotic. UPDATED category_aro_name with brodimoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36408 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000269 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Brodimoprim is a structural derivative of trimethoprim and an inhibitor of bacterial dihydrofolate reductase. The 4-methoxy group of trimethoprim is replaced with a bromine atom. UPDATED category_aro_name with tetroxoprim UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36423 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000284 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tetroxoprim is a trimethoprim derivative that inhibits bacterial dihydrofolate reductase. UPDATED category_aro_name with diaminopyrimidine antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36310 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000171 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Diaminopyrimidines are a class of organic compounds containing a pyrimidine ring substituted by two amine groups. They are inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme critical for DNA synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target replacement UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35998 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Replacement or substitution of antibiotic action target, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with trimethoprim resistant dihydrofolate reductase dfr UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37617 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3001218 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Alternative dihydropteroate synthase dfr present on plasmids produces alternate proteins that are less sensitive to trimethoprim from inhibiting its role in folate synthesis, thus conferring trimethoprim resistance. " 796 UPDATE iri antibiotic inactivation; rifampin monooxygenase; rifampin; rifapentine; rifabutin; rifaximin; rifamycin antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifampin monooxygenase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36584 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000445 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzyme responsible for the decolorization of rifampin by monoxygenation. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifampin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36308 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000169 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifampin is a semi-synthetic rifamycin, and inhibits RNA synthesis by binding to RNA polymerase. Rifampin is the mainstay agent for the treatment of tuberculosis, leprosy and complicated Gram-positive infections. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifapentine UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36673 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000534 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifapentine is a semisynthetic rifamycin that inhibits DNA-dependent RNA synthesis. It is often used in the treatment of tuberculosis and leprosy. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifabutin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36669 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000530 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifabutin is a semisynthetic rifamycin used in tuberculosis therapy. It inhibits DNA-dependent RNA synthesis. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifaximin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36656 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000517 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifaximin is a semi-synthetic rifamycin used to treat traveller's diarrhea. Rifaximin inhibits RNA synthesis by binding to the beta subunit of bacterial RNA polymerase. UPDATED category_aro_name with rifamycin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36296 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000157 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Rifamycin antibiotics are a group of broad-spectrum ansamycin antibiotics that inhibit bacterial RNA polymerase by binding to a highly conserved region, blocking the oligonucleotide exit tunnel, and preventing the extension of nascent mRNAs. " 2033 UPDATE mtrR penam; antibiotic efflux; major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; protein(s) and two-component regulatory system modulating antibiotic efflux; linoleic acid; macrolide antibiotic; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; antibacterial free fatty acids; penicillin; palmitic acid; oleic acid; azithromycin; erythromycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Regulator UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with major facilitator superfamily (MFS) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010002 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters and ABC transporters comprise the two largest and most functionally diverse of the transporter superfamilies. However, MFS transporters are distinct from ABC transporters in both their primary sequence and structure and in the mechanism of energy coupling. As secondary transporters they are, like RND and SMR transporters, energized by the electrochemical proton gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. UPDATED category_aro_name with linoleic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40730 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003959 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Linoleic acid is a polyunsaturated omega-6 fatty acid. Linoleic acid has been found to have antibacterial activity, particularly in inhibiting the growth of Gram-positive bacterial species. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. UPDATED category_aro_name with efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36298 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000159 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_description with Efflux proteins that pump antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibacterial free fatty acids UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40727 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003956 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Amongst the diverse and potent biological activities of free fatty acids (FFAs) is the ability to kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria. The antibacterial properties of FFAs are used by many organisms to defend against parasitic or pathogenic bacteria. The prime target of FFA action is the cell membrane, where FFAs disrupt the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation. Besides interfering with cellular energy production, FFA action may also result from the inhibition of enzyme activity, impairment of nutrient uptake, generation of peroxidation and auto-oxidation degradation products or direct lysis of bacterial cells. UPDATED category_aro_name with penicillin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35971 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000054 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Penicillin (sometimes abbreviated PCN) is a beta-lactam antibiotic used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. It works by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with palmitic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40728 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003957 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Palmitic acid is the most common saturated fatty acid found in animals, plants, and microorganisms. Palmitic acid is found to have antibacterial properties. UPDATED category_aro_name with oleic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40729 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003958 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Oleic acid is a fatty acid that occurs naturally in various animal and vegetable fats and oils. Oleic acid is found to have antibacterial activity, particularly in inhibiting the growth of several Gram-positive bacterial species. UPDATED category_aro_name with azithromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36297 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000158 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Azithromycin is a 15-membered macrolide and falls under the subclass of azalide. Like other macrolides, azithromycin binds bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. The nitrogen substitution at the C-9a position prevents its degradation. UPDATED category_aro_name with erythromycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35925 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000006 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with a 14-carbon ring that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. Erythromycin may possess bacteriocidal activity, particularly at higher concentrations by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S rRNA complex, inhibiting peptidyl-tRNA translocation. Thus, protein synthesis and subsequently structure/function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. " 1711 UPDATE AQU-1 antibiotic inactivation; AQU beta-lactamase; cephalosporin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with AQU beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 39426 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3002992 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with AQU beta-lactamases are chromosomal class C beta-lactamases that confer resistance to cephalosporins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. " 1381 UPDATE CcrA carbapenem; antibiotic inactivation; CcrA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CcrA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 41364 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004200 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CcrA beta-lactamases are chromosomal-encoded carbapenemase commonly found in Bacteroides fragilis isolates. " 1710 UPDATE Mycobacterium leprae gyrB conferring resistance to fluoroquinolone aminocoumarin antibiotic; antibiotic target alteration; moxifloxacin; fluoroquinolone resistant gyrB; grepafloxacin; trovafloxacin; ofloxacin; norfloxacin; nalidixic acid; lomefloxacin; gatifloxacin; coumermycin A1; ciprofloxacin; fleroxacin; levofloxacin; sparfloxacin; clorobiocin; novobiocin; Clofazimine; clinafloxacin; enoxacin; pefloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; cinoxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with aminocoumarin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36242 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000103 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminocoumarin antibiotics bind DNA gyrase subunit B to inhibit ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone resistant gyrB UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37244 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000864 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Point mutations in DNA gyrase subunit B (gyrB) observed in Mycobacterium tuberculosis can result in resistance to fluoroquinolones. UPDATED category_aro_name with grepafloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37009 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000665 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Grepafloxacin is a broad-spectrum antibacterial quinoline. It is no longer taken due to its high toxicity. UPDATED category_aro_name with trovafloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37008 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000664 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Trovafloxacin is a trifluoroquinalone with a broad spectrum of activity that acts by inhibiting the uncoiling of supercoiled DNA. While potent against many Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, it is less active against pseudomonads and Cl. difficile. It is usually taken as the prodrug trovafloxacin mesylate or alatrofloxacin mesylate for oral or intravenous administration, respectively. UPDATED category_aro_name with ofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37007 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000663 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ofloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a methyl-substituted oxazine ring. It has a broad spectrum of activity including many enterobacteria and mycoplasma but most anaerobes are resistant. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with lomefloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37004 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000660 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Lomefloxacin is a difluoropiperazinyl quinolone, sharing similar activities with other fluoroquinolones. It is used to treat urinary tract infections. Relative to other fluoroquinolones, it has a longer half life and has higher serum concentrations. UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with coumermycin A1 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36289 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000150 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Coumermycin A1 is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces rishiriensis, and binds DNA gyrase subunit B to inhibit ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fleroxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40940 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004013 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Fleroxacin is a broad spectrum fluoroquinolone antibiotic that inhibits the DNA supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, resulting in double-stranded DNA breaks and subsequent cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with clorobiocin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36271 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000132 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Clorobiocin is an aminocoumarin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces roseochromogenes, and binds DNA gyrase subunit B to inhibit ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with novobiocin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36250 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000111 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Novobiocin is an aminocoumarin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spheroides and Streptomyces niveus, and binds DNA gyrase subunit B inhibiting ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with Clofazimine UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004012 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Clofazimine is a fluoroquinolone-class phenazine dye used for the treatment of leprosy. Clofazimine binds to DNA and disrupts bacterial DNA gyrase, thereby causing double-stranded DNA breaks, and subsequent cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with clinafloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40938 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004011 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Clinafloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic and gyrase (DNA topoisomerase II) inhibitor. It binds to DNA gyrase and disrupts replication by causing double-stranded DNA breaks, resulting in cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with enoxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35942 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000023 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Enoxacin belongs to a group called fluoroquinolones. Its mode of action depends upon blocking bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to DNA gyrase and causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with pefloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37142 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000762 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Pefloxacin is structurally and functionally similar to norfloxacin. It is poorly active against mycobacteria, while anaerobes are resistant. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with cinoxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40937 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3004010 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Cinoxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic primarily used for the treatment of urinary tract infections in adults. Cinoxacin binds to DNA gyrase, resulting in double-stranded DNA breaks and cell death. " 1717 UPDATE OXA-230 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1716 UPDATE OXA-398 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 1715 UPDATE OXA-73 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 2032 UPDATE CTX-M-62 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; CTX-M beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with CTX-M beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36025 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with These enzymes were named for their greater activity against cefotaxime than other oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates (eg, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, or cefepime). Rather than arising by mutation, they represent examples of plasmid acquisition of beta-lactamase genes normally found on the chromosome of Kluyvera species, a group of rarely pathogenic commensal organisms. These enzymes are not very closely related to TEM or SHV beta-lactamases in that they show only approximately 40% identity with these two commonly isolated beta-lactamases. Despite their name, a few are more active on ceftazidime than cefotaxime. CTX-M-15 was recently found in bacterial strains expressing NDM-1 and were responsible for resistance to aztreonam. " 1201 UPDATE CARB-22 penam; antibiotic inactivation; CARB beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CARB beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36230 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000091 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CARB beta-lactamases are class A lactamases that can hydrolyze carbenicillin. Many of the PSE beta-lactamases have been renamed as CARB-lactamases with the notable exception of PSE-2 which is now OXA-10. " 790 UPDATE CMY-32 antibiotic inactivation; CMY beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with CMY beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36208 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000069 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with CMY beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated class C beta-lactamases that encodes for resistance to cephamycins. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 472 UPDATE TEM-128 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 473 UPDATE mphE antibiotic inactivation; macrolide phosphotransferase (MPH); macrolide antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide phosphotransferase (MPH) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36472 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000333 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolide phosphotransferases (MPH) are enzymes encoded by macrolide phosphotransferase genes (mph genes). These enzymes phosphorylate macrolides in GTP dependent manner at 2'-OH of desosamine sugar thereby inactivating them. Characterized MPH's are differentiated based on their substrate specificity. UPDATED category_aro_name with macrolide antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35919 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Macrolides are a group of drugs (typically antibiotics) that have a large macrocyclic lactone ring of 12-16 carbons to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. Macrolides bind to the 50S-subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting the synthesis of vital proteins. " 470 UPDATE OXA-4 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 471 UPDATE TEM-151 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; cephalosporin; monobactam; TEM beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with monobactam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35923 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Monobactams are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Unlike penams and cephems, monobactams do not have any ring fused to its four-member lactam structure. Monobactam antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with TEM beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36023 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with TEM-1 is the most commonly-encountered beta-lactamase in gram-negative bacteria. Up to 90% of ampicillin resistance in E. coli is due to the production of TEM-1. Also responsible for the ampicillin and penicillin resistance that is seen in H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae in increasing numbers. Although TEM-type beta-lactamases are most often found in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, they are also found in other species of gram-negative bacteria with increasing frequency. The amino acid substitutions responsible for the ESBL phenotype cluster around the active site of the enzyme and change its configuration, allowing access to oxyimino-beta-lactam substrates. Opening the active site to beta-lactam substrates also typically enhances the susceptibility of the enzyme to b-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. Although the inhibitor-resistant beta-lactamases are not ESBLs, they are often discussed with ESBLs because they are also derivatives of the classical TEM- or SHV-type enzymes. These enzymes were at first given the designation IRT for inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamase; however, all have subsequently been renamed with numerical TEM designations. There are at least 19 distinct inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases have been found mainly in clinical isolates of E. coli, but also some strains of K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, P. mirabilis, and Citrobacter freundii. Although the inhibitor-resistant TEM variants are resistant to inhibition by clavulanic acid and sulbactam, thereby showing clinical resistance to the beta-lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Co-amoxiclav), ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ampicillin/sulbactam, they normally remain susceptible to inhibition by tazobactam and subsequently the combination of piperacillin/tazobactam, although resistance has been described. " 476 UPDATE amrB efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; aminoglycoside antibiotic; resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump; antibiotic efflux; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) proteins are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and have diverse substrate specificities and physiological roles. However, there are relatively few RND transporters and they are secondary transporters, energized not by ATP binding/hydrolysis but by proton movement down the transmembrane electrochemical gradient. " 477 UPDATE catP antibiotic inactivation; thiamphenicol; chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT); azidamfenicol; phenicol antibiotic; chloramphenicol; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with thiamphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36595 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000456 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Derivative of Chloramphenicol. The nitro group (-NO2) is substituted by a sulfomethyl group (-SO2CH3). UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36261 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000122 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Inactivates chloramphenicol by addition of an acyl group. cat is used to describe many variants of the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene in a range of organisms including Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Bacillus clausii, Bacillus subtilis, Campylobacter coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, Lactococcus lactis, Listeria monocytogenes, Listonella anguillarum Morganella morganii, Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella typhi, Serratia marcescens, Shigella flexneri, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Staphylococcus intermedius, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus suis and Streptomyces acrimycini UPDATED category_aro_name with azidamfenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36521 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000382 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Azidamfenicol is a water soluble derivative of chloramphenicol, sharing the same mode of action of inhibiting peptide synthesis by interacting with the 23S RNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit. UPDATED category_aro_name with phenicol antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36526 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000387 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Phenicols are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics acting on bacterial protein synthesis. More specifically, the phenicols block peptide elongation by binding to the peptidyltansferase centre of the 70S ribosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with chloramphenicol UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36524 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000385 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. It was the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale. It functions by inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing peptide bond formation. " 1360 UPDATE Bartonella bacilliformis gyrB conferring resistance to aminocoumarin clorobiocin; aminocoumarin antibiotic; novobiocin; coumermycin A1; antibiotic target alteration; aminocoumarin resistant gyrB; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with clorobiocin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36271 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000132 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Clorobiocin is an aminocoumarin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces roseochromogenes, and binds DNA gyrase subunit B to inhibit ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminocoumarin antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36242 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000103 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminocoumarin antibiotics bind DNA gyrase subunit B to inhibit ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with novobiocin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36250 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000111 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Novobiocin is an aminocoumarin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spheroides and Streptomyces niveus, and binds DNA gyrase subunit B inhibiting ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with coumermycin A1 UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36289 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000150 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Coumermycin A1 is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces rishiriensis, and binds DNA gyrase subunit B to inhibit ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target alteration UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35997 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Mutational alteration or enzymatic modification of antibiotic target which results in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminocoumarin resistant gyrB UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36618 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000479 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Point mutations in DNA gyrase subunit B (gyrB) can result in resistance to aminocoumarins. These mutations usually involve arginine residues in organisms. " 475 UPDATE OXA-106 penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; OXA beta-lactamase; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with OXA beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36026 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000017 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with OXA beta-lactamases were long recognized as a less common but also plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase variety that could hydrolyze oxacillin and related anti-staphylococcal penicillins. These beta-lactamases differ from the TEM and SHV enzymes in that they belong to molecular class D and functional group 2d. The OXA-type beta-lactamases confer resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin and are characterized by their high hydrolytic activity against oxacillin and cloxacillin and the fact that they are poorly inhibited by clavulanic acid. Amino acid substitutions in OXA enzymes can also give the ESBL phenotype. The OXA beta-lactamase family was originally created as a phenotypic rather than a genotypic group for a few beta-lactamases that had a specific hydrolysis profile. Therefore, there is as little as 20% sequence homology among some of the members of this family. However, recent additions to this family show some degree of homology to one or more of the existing members of the OXA beta-lactamase family. Some confer resistance predominantly to ceftazidime, but OXA-17 confers greater resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime than it does resistance to ceftazidime. " 478 UPDATE AAC(3)-IIa antibiotic inactivation; AAC(3); gentamicin B; gentamicin C; aminoglycoside antibiotic; tobramycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with AAC(3) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36461 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000322 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Acetylation of the aminoglycoside antibiotic on the amino group at position 3. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin B UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000655 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin B is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibacterial. UPDATED category_aro_name with gentamicin C UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35933 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000014 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gentamicin C is a mixture of gentamicin C1, gentamicin C1a, and gentamicin C2 (these differ in substituents at position C6'). Gentamicin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with aminoglycoside antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35935 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000016 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that are mostly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These molecules consist of aminated sugars attached to a dibasic cyclitol. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. UPDATED category_aro_name with tobramycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35969 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000052 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Tobramycin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. " 479 UPDATE IMP-29 penam; antibiotic inactivation; penem; carbapenem; cephalosporin; IMP beta-lactamase; cephamycin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with penam UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36017 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000008 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penams, often referred to as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections. Penicillins are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria are now resistant. All penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics in the penam sub-group, and are used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic inactivation UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36000 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001004 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with penem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 40360 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3003706 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Penems are a class of unsaturated beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. All penems are all synthetically made and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. They are structurally similar to carbapenems, however, where carbapenems have a carbon, penems have a sulfur. UPDATED category_aro_name with carbapenem UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35939 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Carbapenems are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and have a structure which renders them highly resistant to beta-lactamases. Carbapenem antibiotics are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephalosporin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35951 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000032 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics, containing the beta-lactam ring fused with a dihydrothiazolidine ring. Together with cephamycins they belong to a sub-group called cephems. Cephalosporin are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. UPDATED category_aro_name with IMP beta-lactamase UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36029 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000020 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Plasmid mediated IMP-type carbapenemases, of which at least 26 varieties are currently known, became established in Japan in the 1990s in enteric gram-negative organisms, Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter species. Integron-associated, sometimes within plasmids. Hydrolyses all beta-lactams except monobactams, and evades all beta-lactam inhibitors. UPDATED category_aro_name with cephamycin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35962 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000044 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Cephamycins are a group of beta-lactam antibiotics, very similar to cephalosporins. Together with cephalosporins, they form a sub-group of antibiotics known as cephems. Cephamycins are bactericidal, and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, especially in Gram-positive organisms. The 7-alpha-methoxy group increases resistance to beta-lactamases. " 1368 UPDATE abeM antibiotic efflux; triclosan; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; ofloxacin; norfloxacin; multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) transporter; acridine dye; acriflavin; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Efflux Component UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic efflux UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36001 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0010000 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Antibiotic resistance via the transport of antibiotics out of the cell. UPDATED category_aro_name with triclosan UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37250 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000870 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Triclosan is a common antibacterial agent added to many consumer products as a biocide. It is an inhibitor of fatty acid biosynthesis by blocking enoyl-carrier protein reductase (FabI). UPDATED category_aro_name with ofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37007 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000663 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ofloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a methyl-substituted oxazine ring. It has a broad spectrum of activity including many enterobacteria and mycoplasma but most anaerobes are resistant. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) transporter UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36251 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000112 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Directed pumping of antibiotic out of a cell to confer resistance. Multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) transporters utilize the cationic gradient across the membrane as an energy source. Although there is a diverse substrate specificity, almost all MATE transporters recognize fluoroquinolones. Arciflavine, ethidium and aminoglycosides are also good substrates. UPDATED category_aro_name with acridine dye UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36193 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000054 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with Acridine dyes are cell permeable, basic molecules with an acridine chromophore. These compounds intercalate DNA. The image shown represents the core structure of the acridine family, with specific dyes containing varying substituents. UPDATED category_aro_name with acriflavin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35963 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000045 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Acriflavin is a topical antiseptic. It has the form of an orange or brown powder. It may be harmful in the eyes or if inhaled. Acriflavine is also used as treatment for external fungal infections of aquarium fish. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. " 1369 UPDATE QnrB69 sparfloxacin; norfloxacin; quinolone resistance protein (qnr); gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; antibiotic target protection; ciprofloxacin; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; nalidixic acid; moxifloxacin; ARO_category "UPDATED category_aro_name with sparfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37010 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000666 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Sparfloxacin is a dimethylpiperazinyl difluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase. It is active against aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some mycobacteria. It has moderate activity against some anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with norfloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37006 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000662 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Norfloxacin is a 6-fluoro, 7-piperazinyl quinolone with a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is inactive against most anaerobes. UPDATED category_aro_name with quinolone resistance protein (qnr) UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 36558 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000419 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with AMR Gene Family UPDATED category_aro_description with Qnr proteins are pentapeptide repeat proteins that mimic DNA and protect the cell from the activity of fluoroquinolone antibiotics UPDATED category_aro_name with gatifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37003 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000659 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxy, 7-piperazinyl, 6-fluoroquinolone that can be taken orally or by intravenous administration. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactive against non-fermenting Gram-negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. UPDATED category_aro_name with levofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35988 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000071 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Levofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. Its main target is topoisomerase IV, inhibiting its function and disrupting DNA replication. UPDATED category_aro_name with antibiotic target protection UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35999 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0001003 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Resistance Mechanism UPDATED category_aro_description with Protection of antibiotic action target from antibiotic binding, which process will result in antibiotic resistance. UPDATED category_aro_name with ciprofloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35954 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000036 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Ciprofloxacin is a bacteriocidal fluoroquinolone. It blocks bacterial DNA replication by binding to the toposiomerase II or IV-DNA complex (or cleavable complex), thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial chromosome. UPDATED category_aro_name with fluoroquinolone antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35920 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000001 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Drug Class UPDATED category_aro_description with The fluoroquinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics that are 4-quinolone-3-carboxylates. These compounds interact with topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) to disrupt bacterial DNA replication, damage DNA, and cause cell death. UPDATED category_aro_name with nalidixic acid UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 37005 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 3000661 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Nalidixic acid is a quinolone derivative of naphthyridine active against many enterobacteria, but ineffective against Ps aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, and anaerobes. Acquired resistance is common in nalidixic acid treatments. UPDATED category_aro_name with moxifloxacin UPDATED category_aro_cvterm_id with 35991 UPDATED category_aro_accession with 0000074 UPDATED category_aro_class_name with Antibiotic UPDATED category_aro_description with Moxifloxacin is a fourth generation synthetic fluoroquinolone chemotherapeutic agent, and has been shown to be significantly more active than levofloxacin (4 to 8 times more) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA topoisomerases. " 2332 DELETE mfd antibiotic target protection protein; determinant of fluoroquinolone resistance; N/A N/A 874 DELETE AAC(1)-I antibiotic inactivation enzyme; determinant of aminoglycoside resistance; N/A N/A 777 DELETE mdtL efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; N/A N/A 2776 DELETE Escherichia coli rob efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; protein(s) and two-component regulatory system modulating antibiotic efflux; N/A N/A 2764 DELETE Escherichia coli CpxR efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; protein(s) and two-component regulatory system modulating antibiotic efflux; N/A N/A 538 DELETE Enterobacter cloacae rob efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; protein(s) and two-component regulatory system modulating antibiotic efflux; N/A N/A 212 ADD Staphylococcus aureus parC conferring resistance to fluoroquinolone fluoroquinolone self resistant parC; grepafloxacin; trovafloxacin; ofloxacin; norfloxacin; nalidixic acid; lomefloxacin; gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; sparfloxacin; enoxacin; ciprofloxacin; pefloxacin; antibiotic target alteration; fluoroquinolone resistant parC; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; moxifloxacin; N/A N/A 2848 ADD MCR-4 peptide antibiotic; MCR phosphoethanolamine transferase; antibiotic target alteration; colistin B; colistin A; N/A N/A 2849 ADD MCR-5 peptide antibiotic; MCR phosphoethanolamine transferase; antibiotic target alteration; colistin B; colistin A; N/A N/A 2846 ADD BUT-1 antibiotic inactivation; N/A N/A 2844 ADD Rhodobacter sphaeroides ampC beta-lactamase penam; antibiotic inactivation; benzylpenicillin; ampC-type beta-lactamase; cephalosporin; N/A N/A 2845 ADD Laribacter hongkongensis ampC beta-lactamase penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; ampC-type beta-lactamase; N/A N/A 2842 ADD Vibrio cholerae varG carbapenem; antibiotic inactivation; subclass B1 Vibrio cholerae varG beta-lactamase; meropenem; N/A N/A 2843 ADD Escherichia coli ampC beta-lactamase penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; penicillin; ampC-type beta-lactamase; N/A N/A 2841 ADD Escherichia coli 23S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to chloramphenicol antibiotic target alteration; glycopeptide antibiotic; vernamycin B-gamma; macrolide antibiotic; florfenicol; lincosamide antibiotic; thiamphenicol; 23S rRNA with mutation conferring resistance to phenicol antibiotics; clindamycin; dalfopristin; pristinamycin IB; quinupristin; pristinamycin IA; bleomycin B2; bleomycinic acid; bleomycin A2; pristinamycin IIA; pleuromutilin antibiotic; madumycin II; griseoviridin; lincomycin; streptogramin antibiotic; azidamfenicol; phenicol antibiotic; chloramphenicol; N/A N/A 2859 ADD PDC-80 PDC beta-lactamase; monobactam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; carbapenem; N/A N/A 2858 ADD PDC-79 PDC beta-lactamase; monobactam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; carbapenem; N/A N/A 2851 ADD Escherichia coli gyrA with mutation conferring resistance to triclosan antibiotic target alteration; triclosan; triclosan resistant gyrA; N/A N/A 2850 ADD Salmonella enterica gyrA with mutation conferring resistance to triclosan antibiotic target alteration; triclosan; triclosan resistant gyrA; N/A N/A 2853 ADD PDC-74 PDC beta-lactamase; monobactam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; carbapenem; N/A N/A 2852 ADD PDC-73 PDC beta-lactamase; monobactam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; carbapenem; N/A N/A 2855 ADD PDC-76 PDC beta-lactamase; monobactam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; carbapenem; N/A N/A 2854 ADD PDC-75 PDC beta-lactamase; monobactam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; carbapenem; N/A N/A 2857 ADD PDC-78 PDC beta-lactamase; monobactam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; carbapenem; N/A N/A 2856 ADD PDC-77 PDC beta-lactamase; monobactam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; carbapenem; N/A N/A 2314 ADD Acinetobacter baumannii gyrA conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones nybomycin; grepafloxacin; trovafloxacin; ofloxacin; norfloxacin; nalidixic acid; lomefloxacin; gatifloxacin; fluoroquinolone resistant gyrA; levofloxacin; sparfloxacin; enoxacin; ciprofloxacin; pefloxacin; antibiotic target alteration; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; moxifloxacin; N/A N/A 2315 ADD Acinetobacter baumannii parC conferring resistance to fluoroquinolone grepafloxacin; trovafloxacin; ofloxacin; norfloxacin; nalidixic acid; lomefloxacin; gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; sparfloxacin; enoxacin; ciprofloxacin; pefloxacin; antibiotic target alteration; fluoroquinolone resistant parC; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; moxifloxacin; N/A N/A 2394 ADD Staphylococcus aureus menA with mutation conferring resistance to lysocin peptide antibiotic; antibiotic target alteration; Lysocin E; lysocin resistant menA; N/A N/A 2256 ADD Staphylococcus aureus fusE with mutation conferring resistance to fusidic acid antibiotic resistant fusE; antibiotic target alteration; fusidic acid; N/A N/A 2254 ADD Staphylococcus aureus fusA with mutation conferring resistance to fusidic acid antibiotic target alteration; fusidic acid; antibiotic resistant fusA; N/A N/A 2250 ADD fusC antibiotic inactivation; fusidic acid; fusidic acid inactivation enzyme; N/A N/A 2308 ADD Acinetobacter baumannii OprD conferring resistance to imipenem penam; carbapenem; imipenem; penem; reduced permeability to antibiotic; Outer Membrane Porin (Opr); cephalosporin; cephamycin; monobactam; resistance by absence; N/A N/A 2301 ADD Enterococcus faecalis YybT with mutation conferring daptomycin resistance peptide antibiotic; antibiotic target alteration; daptomycin; daptomycin resistant YybT; N/A N/A 2300 ADD Acinetobacter baumannii ampC beta-lactamase penam; antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; cefepime; piperacillin; ampC-type beta-lactamase; N/A N/A 2305 ADD Enterococcus faecalis gshF with mutation conferring daptomycin resistance peptide antibiotic; antibiotic target alteration; daptomycin; daptomycin resistant gshF; N/A N/A 2307 ADD carO carbapenem; reduced permeability to antibiotic; resistance by absence; CarO porin; N/A N/A 2381 ADD Staphylococcus aureus UhpT with mutation conferring resistance to fosfomycin fosfomycin; antibiotic target alteration; UhpT; N/A N/A 2380 ADD Staphylococcus aureus GlpT with mutation conferring resistance to fosfomycin fosfomycin; antibiotic target alteration; GlpT; N/A N/A 2268 ADD eatAv pleuromutilin; ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump; antibiotic efflux; pleuromutilin antibiotic; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; streptogramin antibiotic; lincosamide antibiotic; N/A N/A 2263 ADD optrA oxazolidinone antibiotic; ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pump; antibiotic efflux; efflux pump complex or subunit conferring antibiotic resistance; N/A N/A 2288 ADD Mycobacterium bovis ndh with mutation conferring resistance to isoniazid isoniazid; antibiotic target alteration; antibiotic resistant ndh; N/A N/A 2285 ADD Staphylococcus aureus murA with mutation conferring resistance to fosfomycin fosfomycin; antibiotic target alteration; murA transferase; N/A N/A 2286 ADD Borrelia burgdorferi murA with mutation conferring resistance to fosfomycin fosfomycin; antibiotic target alteration; murA transferase; N/A N/A 2287 ADD Mycobacterium smegmatis ndh with mutation conferring resistance to isoniazid isoniazid; antibiotic target alteration; antibiotic resistant ndh; N/A N/A 2276 ADD Staphylococcus aureus ileS with mutation conferring resistance to mupirocin antibiotic resistant isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase (ileS); antibiotic target alteration; mupirocin; N/A N/A 2271 ADD Staphylococcus mupB conferring resistance to mupirocin antibiotic resistant isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase (ileS); antibiotic target alteration; mupirocin; N/A N/A 2270 ADD Staphylococcus mupA conferring resistance to mupirocin antibiotic resistant isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase (ileS); antibiotic target alteration; mupirocin; N/A N/A 2272 ADD Enterococcus faecalis cls with mutation conferring resistance to daptomycin peptide antibiotic; antibiotic target alteration; daptomycin resistant cls; daptomycin; N/A N/A 2378 ADD Escherichia coli CyaA with mutation conferring resistance to fosfomycin cya adenylate cyclase; fosfomycin; antibiotic target alteration; N/A N/A 2379 ADD Escherichia coli CyaA with mutation conferring resistance to fosfomycin cya adenylate cyclase; fosfomycin; antibiotic target alteration; N/A N/A 2374 ADD Escherichia coli UhpA with mutation conferring resistance to fosfomycin fosfomycin; antibiotic target alteration; UhpA; UhpT; N/A N/A 2376 ADD Escherichia coli UhpA with mutation conferring resistance to fosfomycin fosfomycin; antibiotic target alteration; UhpA; UhpT; N/A N/A 2377 ADD Escherichia coli PtsI with mutation conferring resistance to fosfomycin fosfomycin; PtsI phosphotransferase; antibiotic target alteration; N/A N/A 2370 ADD ADC-81 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; ADC beta-lactamase; N/A N/A 2371 ADD ADC-82 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; ADC beta-lactamase; N/A N/A 2299 ADD Staphylococcus aureus walK with mutation conferring resistance to daptomycin peptide antibiotic; antibiotic target alteration; daptomycin resistant walK; daptomycin; N/A N/A 2293 ADD Bacillus subtilis pgsA with mutation conferring resistance to daptomycin peptide antibiotic; antibiotic target alteration; daptomycin resistant pgsA; daptomycin; N/A N/A 2297 ADD Enterococcus faecalis liaR mutant conferring daptomycin resistance peptide antibiotic; antibiotic target alteration; daptomycin resistant liaR; daptomycin; N/A N/A 2296 ADD Enterococcus faecalis liaS mutant conferring daptomycin resistance peptide antibiotic; antibiotic target alteration; daptomycin resistant liaS; daptomycin; N/A N/A 2295 ADD Enterococcus faecium liaF mutant conferring daptomycin resistance peptide antibiotic; antibiotic target alteration; daptomycin resistant liaF; daptomycin; N/A N/A 2369 ADD ADC-80 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; ADC beta-lactamase; N/A N/A 2368 ADD ADC-79 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; ADC beta-lactamase; N/A N/A 2367 ADD ADC-78 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; ADC beta-lactamase; N/A N/A 2366 ADD ADC-77 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; ADC beta-lactamase; N/A N/A 2365 ADD ADC-76 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; ADC beta-lactamase; N/A N/A 2364 ADD ADC-75 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; ADC beta-lactamase; N/A N/A 2363 ADD ADC-74 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; ADC beta-lactamase; N/A N/A 2362 ADD ADC-61 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; ADC beta-lactamase; N/A N/A 2361 ADD ADC-56 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; ADC beta-lactamase; N/A N/A 2360 ADD ADC-44 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; ADC beta-lactamase; N/A N/A 651 ADD Staphylococcus aureus mprF peptide antibiotic; antibiotic target alteration; defensin resistant mprF; defensin; N/A N/A 2358 ADD ADC-42 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; ADC beta-lactamase; N/A N/A 2359 ADD ADC-43 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; ADC beta-lactamase; N/A N/A 2352 ADD ADC-22 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; ADC beta-lactamase; N/A N/A 2353 ADD ADC-23 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; ADC beta-lactamase; N/A N/A 2350 ADD ADC-20 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; ADC beta-lactamase; N/A N/A 2351 ADD ADC-21 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; ADC beta-lactamase; N/A N/A 2356 ADD ADC-39 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; ADC beta-lactamase; N/A N/A 2357 ADD ADC-41 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; ADC beta-lactamase; N/A N/A 2354 ADD ADC-25 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; ADC beta-lactamase; N/A N/A 2355 ADD ADC-31 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; ADC beta-lactamase; N/A N/A 2860 ADD PDC-81 PDC beta-lactamase; monobactam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; carbapenem; N/A N/A 2861 ADD PDC-82 PDC beta-lactamase; monobactam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; carbapenem; N/A N/A 2862 ADD PDC-83 PDC beta-lactamase; monobactam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; carbapenem; N/A N/A 2863 ADD PDC-84 PDC beta-lactamase; monobactam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; carbapenem; N/A N/A 2864 ADD PDC-85 PDC beta-lactamase; monobactam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; carbapenem; N/A N/A 2865 ADD PDC-86 PDC beta-lactamase; monobactam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; carbapenem; N/A N/A 2866 ADD PDC-87 PDC beta-lactamase; monobactam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; carbapenem; N/A N/A 2867 ADD PDC-88 PDC beta-lactamase; monobactam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; carbapenem; N/A N/A 2868 ADD PDC-89 PDC beta-lactamase; monobactam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; carbapenem; N/A N/A 2869 ADD PDC-90 PDC beta-lactamase; monobactam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; carbapenem; N/A N/A 2345 ADD ADC-15 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; ADC beta-lactamase; N/A N/A 2344 ADD ADC-14 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; ADC beta-lactamase; N/A N/A 2347 ADD ADC-17 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; ADC beta-lactamase; N/A N/A 2346 ADD ADC-16 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; ADC beta-lactamase; N/A N/A 2341 ADD ADC-8 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; ADC beta-lactamase; N/A N/A 2340 ADD ADC-7 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; ADC beta-lactamase; N/A N/A 2343 ADD ADC-13 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; ADC beta-lactamase; N/A N/A 2342 ADD ADC-12 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; ADC beta-lactamase; N/A N/A 953 ADD Enterococcus faecalis liaF mutant conferring daptomycin resistance peptide antibiotic; antibiotic target alteration; daptomycin resistant liaF; daptomycin; N/A N/A 2349 ADD ADC-19 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; ADC beta-lactamase; N/A N/A 2348 ADD ADC-18 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; ADC beta-lactamase; N/A N/A 2872 ADD PDC-93 PDC beta-lactamase; monobactam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; carbapenem; N/A N/A 2871 ADD PDC-92 PDC beta-lactamase; monobactam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; carbapenem; N/A N/A 2870 ADD PDC-91 PDC beta-lactamase; monobactam; cephalosporin; antibiotic inactivation; carbapenem; N/A N/A 2334 ADD ADC-1 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; ADC beta-lactamase; N/A N/A 2336 ADD ADC-3 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; ADC beta-lactamase; N/A N/A 2337 ADD ADC-4 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; ADC beta-lactamase; N/A N/A 2338 ADD ADC-5 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; ADC beta-lactamase; N/A N/A 2339 ADD ADC-6 antibiotic inactivation; cephalosporin; ADC beta-lactamase; N/A N/A